The Renaissance and Reformation

The Renaissance: The Re-birth of learning1300-1600

Mr. GieslerGlobal Studies

What was the Renaissance?

It was a revival of learning in: art, literature and science

Artists studied classical art from Greece and Rome

Writers studied classical literature from Greece and Rome

Europeans brought Greek ideas into the modern world

Rediscovering its past

Europeans sought their greatness in ancient Greece and Rome

Heading into the future• For the first time, artists

looked at the individual

Where did the Renaissance begin?

The Renaissance began in Florence, Italy

The Renaissance began in SouthernEurope and then spread to NorthernEurope

Why Florence?

It was a city-state with self-government

Kings and Popes did not involve them in wars

The city was run by wealthy merchants

They connected the rest ofEurope with the Silk Road totrade with China

Merchants financed theRenaissance

They sponsored individualartists

Medici Family

Bankers; tops among merchants and bankers in the region

Cosimo de Medici First in the family to gain control and powerin Government

Lorenzo de Medici Grandson of Cosimo; most notable, politician, patron or financial supporter of thearts

The Role of the Church

The Pope sponsored Artists

The Catholic Church had been doing this for centuries

Italy was the home of the Roman Empire

Artist studied Greek and Roman art for ideas

Why did Europe experience the Renaissance?

New wealth from trade, industry andBanking

They had money and leisure time to paint and think

Opening its eyes to the world

The Middle East and China were far more advanced than Europe

Humanism vs. Scholasticism

What is humanism?• It is the official philosophy of the

Renaissance• It is the rediscovery of man as an

individual

What is Scholasticism?• It was medieval thought It was the

Age of Faith• People were very religious

What did medieval scholars think?

Scholasticism people are by nature sinners

People should despise the world

People should concentrate on getting into heaven

Apply Greek philosophy to the Christian religion

The purpose of learning was to understand God’s will

What did humanist artists and writers think?

They studied people and lifein this world

They stressed the importanceof human beings

They cared about the individual

Every person has dignity andworth, and deserves the respectof every other person

The purpose of learning is to achieve a happy life

Each person should live life to the fullest and welcomenew experiences

Each person should better himself in this world, ratherthan wait for a happy life in heaven

What did humanist artists and writers think?

Renaissance (Humanist) Thought

During the Renaissance, everybody wasreligious Humanism was not opposed to religion

Many paintings during the Renaissancedealt with religious subjects

Humanism was a balance between faith(from the heart) and reason (from thebrain)

How has humanism shaped our world today? ReligionMartin Luther convinced people thateveryone should be able to read the bible

GovernmentOur political system is based on the idea thatevery individual can vote and participate

FreedomOur Bill of Rights recognizes that every individual has rights

EducationOur public schools are based on theright of every individual to be educated

The ArtsEvery artist must express himself/herself as an individual

Before the Renaissance

Humans believed that life was a journey to suffer through in order to achieve eternal salvation

Philosophers now promoted the idea of "Live for today”

The greatest ideas that came about during the Renaissance were of art and architecture.

Art and architecture were tied together as most pictures were transformed into statues and most were also put on walls which required skill.

Art during the renaissance was changed into becoming more life-like and alive rather than dark as seen in the middle ages.

Reformation

Problems with the Church

Church officials are more caught up in worldly affairs such as power, money, and lavish lifestyles

Reformation:Movement for religious reformSelling of Indulgences:(Indulgence is a forgiveness for sins that are sold to people for money)

Buying your way into heaven and forgiveness

Who was Martin Luther

Studied to be a lawyerSurvived a lightening stormPromised God if he lived he would become a monk

John Tetzel (The Pope’s Master Salesman) Receives permission from the Pope to sell indulgencesPayment for forgiveness

Luther’s response is his writing of the 95 ThesesA list of 95 arguments against indulgencesPosts this list on the church doors calling for a of sins meeting or debate – ideas become more popular than he would have guessed

Martin Luther’s Basic Ideas

Salvation through faith aloneGood deeds are not necessary for salvationBible is the sole source of religious truthAll have equal access to God through prayer and the Bible

Luther’s Movement GrowsAs ideas spread over Europe, the church wants Luther to recant or take back what he said – he refuses

Results: Excommunicated from the churchCharles V calls Luther to the Diet of WormsLuther is told to recant, again refusesLuther was to be arrested after he left WormsA member of the Diet (Prince of Saxony) arranged safe passage for Luther as he left Worms

Luther was taken to Wartburg CastleAt Wartburg Luther translated the New Testament into GermanViolence continued between Protestant and Catholics

The Peace of Augsburg (1555)Signed to bring peace to GermanyThe German princes could decide what religion they wanted to embraceGermany was basically split into two

Protestants in the North Catholics in the South

John CalvinInstitutes of Christian ReligionSet forth his religious beliefs and gave advice on how to organize the Protestant Church

IdeasFaith alone is key to salvationBible is only source of religious truthGod alone decides who is savedPredestination: idea that God decided long ago who was would gain salvationFrench Calvinists are called “Huguenots”Fighting rages on for years between Huguenots and Catholics in France

John Calvin (1509-1564)

Institutes of Christian ReligionCalvin’s book that set forth his religious beliefs andgave advice on how to organize theProtestant Church

Ideas:Faith alone is key to salvationBible is only source of religious truthGod alone decides who is savedPredestinationIdea that God decided long ago who would go toheaven

John Calvin

French Calvinists are called “Huguenots”Fighting rages on for years between Huguenots and Catholics in FranceIdeal Government was a TheocracyCalvin governed Geneva, Switzerland -very strict rulesNo bright color clothing, no playing card games etc.If you broke the strict rules you would be kicked out

John Calvin cont.

John Knox: Scottish man who visited GenevaBrought Calvin’s ideas to ScotlandPresbyterians: Scottish Calvinists, each church was governed by elders also known as Presbyters

Anabaptists

People should be baptized again as adults

Refused to fight in wars

Church and State were separate

Survived by the Mennonites and the Amish

Influenced Quakers and Baptist religionsThese both split from the Anglican Church

Catholic ReformationCouncil of TrentReaffirmed traditional Catholic ViewsSays the Bible was not the only source of religious TruthEnded many of the abuses in the Church Ignatius of LoyolaConverted from a military life to a life of religion and ServiceBegins the Jesuit Order of PriestMissionaries, education, service, “Helping Hand”

Catholic Reformation

3 Main Goals of the JesuitsFounded many schools throughout EuropeCan you think of any Jesuit schools today??Convert non-Christians to ChristianityMissionaries in China, India, Africa, and the AmericasStop Protestantism from spreading Were a driving force in keeping Poland and Southern Germany Catholic

Why is all this Important

Religion no longer united EuropePaved the way for modern nationsMonarchs gained power, Catholic Church lost much of its power set the stage for the modern worldAmerica is predominantly a Christian countryMany of us trace our Religious beliefs to these reformers

Protestantism Reaches England

King Henry VIIIAt first, Englandwas 100%Catholic – by law, but their king had Protestant leanings.Henry VIII –English king who desperately wanted a son.

England and Henry VIII

Why did Henry VIII Challenge the Church? Henry’s wife, Catherine of Aragon, had a daughter. Annulment – Henry asks the Church to annul his marriage. The church refuses

It’s good to be king!!Henry asks Parliament to make him leader of the English Church.Act of Supremacy – Parliament makes Henry head of the English Church – a protestant “Anglican” church.

This guy really needs a son!

Divorces Catherine andmarries Anne Boleyn.

Anne has a daughter (Elizabeth)and refuses to divorce Henry.

Henry has Anne beheaded on false charges of infidelity.

Henry marries four more times before finally havinga viable son.

What religion is England?

Edward VIBecame King at 9Protestants take over

MaryWas CatholicRestored the Catholic Church…Kills a lot of protestants

Elizabeth IWas ProtestantHeads the Anglican Church (only legal church in England)Her church pleased both moderate Catholics and moderate Protestants