NUTRITION 1. Lipoproteins The bloodstream is water-based, so cholesterol and other lipids need to be...

NUTRITIONNUTRITION

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LipoproteinsLipoproteins

The bloodstream is water-based, so cholesterol and The bloodstream is water-based, so cholesterol and other lipids need to be transported by a protein carrier other lipids need to be transported by a protein carrier which has a region that is lipophilic. which has a region that is lipophilic.

These protein carriers are called lipoproteins. These protein carriers are called lipoproteins.

There are four major groups of lipoproteins, which in There are four major groups of lipoproteins, which in order of size, largest to smallest, are order of size, largest to smallest, are – ChylomicronsChylomicrons– VLDL (very low density lipoproteins)VLDL (very low density lipoproteins)– LDL (low density lipoproteins)LDL (low density lipoproteins)– HDL (high density lipoproteins)HDL (high density lipoproteins)

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Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

LDL particles are formed when lipoprotein lipase LDL particles are formed when lipoprotein lipase breaks a triglyceride molecule off VLDL breaks a triglyceride molecule off VLDL lipoproteins, which converts them into LDL, lipoproteins, which converts them into LDL, which is smaller and denser (fewer fat molecules which is smaller and denser (fewer fat molecules with the same protein transport shell). with the same protein transport shell).

Studies have shown that higher levels of LDL Studies have shown that higher levels of LDL particles promote health problems and particles promote health problems and cardiovascular disease, so LDL are often cardiovascular disease, so LDL are often informally called the bad cholesterol (L stands informally called the bad cholesterol (L stands for lousy!).for lousy!).

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Cholesterol Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a waxy steroid of fat that is Cholesterol is a waxy steroid of fat that is produced in the liver or intestines. produced in the liver or intestines.

It is used to produce hormones and cell It is used to produce hormones and cell membranes. membranes.

It is an essential structural component of cell It is an essential structural component of cell membranes and is required to establish proper membranes and is required to establish proper membrane permeability and fluidity. membrane permeability and fluidity.

In addition, cholesterol is an important In addition, cholesterol is an important component for the manufacture of bile, steroid component for the manufacture of bile, steroid hormones, and vitamin D.hormones, and vitamin D.

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Cholesterol is recycled. It is excreted by the liver via the bile into the Cholesterol is recycled. It is excreted by the liver via the bile into the digestive tract, and about 50% of it is reabsorbed back into the digestive tract, and about 50% of it is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. bloodstream.

In the liver, cholesterol is converted to bile, which is then stored in In the liver, cholesterol is converted to bile, which is then stored in the gallbladder. the gallbladder.

Bile contains bile salts, which emulsify fats in the digestive tract to Bile contains bile salts, which emulsify fats in the digestive tract to aid in the intestinal absorption of fat molecules as well as the fat-aid in the intestinal absorption of fat molecules as well as the fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K. soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K.

Cholesterol is an important precursor molecule for the synthesis of Cholesterol is an important precursor molecule for the synthesis of vitamin D and the steroid hormones, including the adrenal gland vitamin D and the steroid hormones, including the adrenal gland hormones cortisol and aldosterone, as well as the sex hormones hormones cortisol and aldosterone, as well as the sex hormones progesterone, estrogens, and testosterone, and their derivatives.progesterone, estrogens, and testosterone, and their derivatives.

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When a cell requires cholesterol, it synthesizes When a cell requires cholesterol, it synthesizes the necessary LDL receptors, and inserts them the necessary LDL receptors, and inserts them into the plasma membrane. into the plasma membrane.

LDL particles which are carrying cholesterol in LDL particles which are carrying cholesterol in the blood stream bind to these extracellular LDL the blood stream bind to these extracellular LDL receptors and the cholesterol is brought into the receptors and the cholesterol is brought into the cell and either used or stored. cell and either used or stored.

The LDL receptors are then removed from the The LDL receptors are then removed from the plasma membrane.plasma membrane.

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LDLLDL

LDL particles can also transport cholesterol into the artery LDL particles can also transport cholesterol into the artery wall. wall.

When the cholesterol in the arterial wall becomes oxidized When the cholesterol in the arterial wall becomes oxidized by a free radical (loses a Hby a free radical (loses a H++ ion), it hardens and forms a ion), it hardens and forms a plaque (atherosclerosis). plaque (atherosclerosis).

Over time, a plaque can break off and travel in the Over time, a plaque can break off and travel in the bloodstream as a fat embolism, lodge in a smaller blood bloodstream as a fat embolism, lodge in a smaller blood vessel, and block blood flow distal to that point. vessel, and block blood flow distal to that point.

If this occurs in the brain, it causes a stroke. If it occurs in If this occurs in the brain, it causes a stroke. If it occurs in the coronary arteries, it causes a heart attack. the coronary arteries, it causes a heart attack.

Therefore, a high LDL level is a predictor of cardiovascular Therefore, a high LDL level is a predictor of cardiovascular problems.problems.

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Medicines to lower LDLMedicines to lower LDL

StatinsStatins reduce high levels of LDL particles by reduce high levels of LDL particles by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis. To compensate inhibiting cholesterol synthesis. To compensate for the decreased cholesterol availability, for the decreased cholesterol availability, synthesis of hepatic LDL receptors is increased, synthesis of hepatic LDL receptors is increased, resulting in an increased clearance of LDL resulting in an increased clearance of LDL particles from the blood.particles from the blood.

EzetimibeEzetimibe reduces intestinal absorption of reduces intestinal absorption of cholesterol, thus can powerfully reduce LDL cholesterol, thus can powerfully reduce LDL particle concentrations when combined with particle concentrations when combined with statins.statins.

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Dietary control of LDLDietary control of LDL

The most effective approach has been The most effective approach has been minimizing fat stores in the greater omentum in minimizing fat stores in the greater omentum in addition to minimizing total body fat. addition to minimizing total body fat.

Fat stored in the greater omentum is mobilized Fat stored in the greater omentum is mobilized before subcutaneous fat. before subcutaneous fat.

Greater omentum fat also produces an enzyme Greater omentum fat also produces an enzyme called resistin, which increases insulin called resistin, which increases insulin resistance (causing Diabetes Mellitus) and resistance (causing Diabetes Mellitus) and lowers circulating VLDL concentrations (which lowers circulating VLDL concentrations (which increases LDL levels). increases LDL levels).

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Dietary control of LDLDietary control of LDL

That is why it is better to have fat in your That is why it is better to have fat in your subcutaneous areas (junk in the trunk) than a fat subcutaneous areas (junk in the trunk) than a fat belly. belly.

Having a large waistline measurement is an Having a large waistline measurement is an indicator of how high your LDL and triglyceride indicator of how high your LDL and triglyceride levels are, and therefore, is an indicator of levels are, and therefore, is an indicator of cardiovascular health. cardiovascular health.

Lowering blood triglyceride levels also reduces Lowering blood triglyceride levels also reduces LDL.LDL.

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Antioxidants and LDLAntioxidants and LDL

Because LDL particles appear harmless Because LDL particles appear harmless until they are within the blood vessel walls until they are within the blood vessel walls and oxidized by free radicals, it is and oxidized by free radicals, it is postulated that ingesting antioxidants and postulated that ingesting antioxidants and minimizing free radical exposure may minimizing free radical exposure may reduce LDL's contribution to reduce LDL's contribution to atherosclerosis, though results are not atherosclerosis, though results are not conclusive.conclusive.

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AntioxidantsAntioxidants

An antioxidant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the An antioxidant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons or hydrogen from a reaction that transfers electrons or hydrogen from a substance to an oxidizing agent. substance to an oxidizing agent.

Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals. In turn, these Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals. In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions. When the chain reaction radicals can start chain reactions. When the chain reaction occurs in a cell, it can cause damage or death to the cell. occurs in a cell, it can cause damage or death to the cell.

Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions. They do this by being reduced themselves, so reactions. They do this by being reduced themselves, so antioxidants are often reducing agents such as ascorbic antioxidants are often reducing agents such as ascorbic acid.acid.

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Although oxidation reactions are crucial for life, they can Although oxidation reactions are crucial for life, they can also be damaging; plants and animals maintain complex also be damaging; plants and animals maintain complex systems of multiple types of antioxidants, such as systems of multiple types of antioxidants, such as glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E as well as enzymes glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E as well as enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and various such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and various peroxidases. Low levels of antioxidants cause oxidative peroxidases. Low levels of antioxidants cause oxidative stress and may damage or kill cells.stress and may damage or kill cells.

As oxidative stress appears to be an important part of many As oxidative stress appears to be an important part of many human diseases, the use of antioxidants in pharmacology is human diseases, the use of antioxidants in pharmacology is intensively studied, particularly as treatments for stroke and intensively studied, particularly as treatments for stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, oxidative stress is neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, oxidative stress is both the cause and the consequence of disease.both the cause and the consequence of disease.

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High-density lipoprotein High-density lipoprotein (HDL)(HDL)

HDL particles are able to remove cholesterol HDL particles are able to remove cholesterol from within arterial plaques and transport it back from within arterial plaques and transport it back to the liver for excretion or re-utilization, which is to the liver for excretion or re-utilization, which is the main reason why the cholesterol carried the main reason why the cholesterol carried within HDL particles is called "good cholesterol" within HDL particles is called "good cholesterol" (H stands for healthy!). (H stands for healthy!).

While high HDL levels might correlate with better While high HDL levels might correlate with better cardiovascular health, increasing one's HDL cardiovascular health, increasing one's HDL does not increase cardiovascular health beyond does not increase cardiovascular health beyond normal limits.normal limits.

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HDLHDLHDL transports cholesterol mostly to the liver or organs HDL transports cholesterol mostly to the liver or organs that use cholesterol such as adrenal glands, ovaries, and that use cholesterol such as adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes. testes.

The cholesterol delivered to the liver is combined with The cholesterol delivered to the liver is combined with broken down hemoglobin and converted into the bile, which broken down hemoglobin and converted into the bile, which is then used to break down intestinal fats into small enough is then used to break down intestinal fats into small enough particles for digestive enzymes to work. particles for digestive enzymes to work.

The cholesterol delivered to adrenal glands, ovaries, and The cholesterol delivered to adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes is used for the synthesis of steroid hormones. testes is used for the synthesis of steroid hormones.

Another function of HDL is to inhibit oxidation, Another function of HDL is to inhibit oxidation, inflammation, and coagulation by platelets. These inflammation, and coagulation by platelets. These properties contribute to the ability of HDL to protect from properties contribute to the ability of HDL to protect from atherosclerosis.atherosclerosis.

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Medicines to increase HDLMedicines to increase HDL

Niacin (vitamin B3) and magnesium Niacin (vitamin B3) and magnesium increases HDL.increases HDL.

Apo-A1 Milano, the most effective proven Apo-A1 Milano, the most effective proven HDL agent, is in commercial production by HDL agent, is in commercial production by a Canadian company, Sembiosys, may a Canadian company, Sembiosys, may still be several years away from clinical still be several years away from clinical availability.availability.

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Triglycerides (TG)Triglycerides (TG)

A triglyceride is made of glycerol and three A triglyceride is made of glycerol and three fatty acids. fatty acids.

There are many triglycerides, depending There are many triglycerides, depending on the oil source, some are highly on the oil source, some are highly unsaturated, some less so. unsaturated, some less so.

They are the main constituents of They are the main constituents of vegetable oil (typically unsaturated) and vegetable oil (typically unsaturated) and animal fats (typically saturated). animal fats (typically saturated).

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Triglycerides are a mechanism for storing Triglycerides are a mechanism for storing unused calories, and their high unused calories, and their high concentrations in blood correlates with the concentrations in blood correlates with the consumption of starchy and fatty foods.consumption of starchy and fatty foods.

Triglycerides are too large to be absorbed Triglycerides are too large to be absorbed by the small intestine, so the pancreatic by the small intestine, so the pancreatic enzyme lipase acts releases the fatty enzyme lipase acts releases the fatty acids so they can be absorbed (lipolysis).acids so they can be absorbed (lipolysis).

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Triglycerides are broken down to fatty Triglycerides are broken down to fatty acids to be used as an energy source acids to be used as an energy source when glucose is not available. when glucose is not available.

They contain more than twice as much They contain more than twice as much energy as carbohydrates and proteins.energy as carbohydrates and proteins.

They are also a component of VLDL and They are also a component of VLDL and chylomicrons, so they are also important chylomicrons, so they are also important transporters of dietary fat.transporters of dietary fat.

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When fatty acids from triglycerides are absorbed When fatty acids from triglycerides are absorbed in the intestine, they enter the cells that make up in the intestine, they enter the cells that make up the intestinal lining, where they are rebuilt and the intestinal lining, where they are rebuilt and packaged with cholesterol and proteins to form packaged with cholesterol and proteins to form chylomicrons. chylomicrons.

These are excreted from the intestinal cells and These are excreted from the intestinal cells and collected by the lymph system (lacteals in the collected by the lymph system (lacteals in the intestinal villi), which transport them to the intestinal villi), which transport them to the thoracic lymph duct, and are dumped into the thoracic lymph duct, and are dumped into the subclavian vein to be mixed into the blood.subclavian vein to be mixed into the blood.

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Various tissues can capture the chylomicrons, releasing Various tissues can capture the chylomicrons, releasing the triglycerides to be used as a source of energy. the triglycerides to be used as a source of energy.

Fat and liver cells can synthesize and store triglycerides. Fat and liver cells can synthesize and store triglycerides.

When glucose levels are low, the body requires fatty acids When glucose levels are low, the body requires fatty acids as an energy source. as an energy source.

The hormone glucagon signals lipase to break down the The hormone glucagon signals lipase to break down the triglycerides to release free fatty acids. triglycerides to release free fatty acids.

When glucose levels are low, the brain cannot utilize fatty When glucose levels are low, the brain cannot utilize fatty acids as an energy source, but the glycerol component of acids as an energy source, but the glycerol component of triglycerides can be converted into glucose by way of triglycerides can be converted into glucose by way of gluconeogenesis. It can also be converted into glucose by gluconeogenesis. It can also be converted into glucose by glycolysis.glycolysis.

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Although there is no known mechanism by which Although there is no known mechanism by which triglycerides cause heart disease, there is a triglycerides cause heart disease, there is a strong relationship between triglyceride level strong relationship between triglyceride level and LDL-cholesterol level, which does cause and LDL-cholesterol level, which does cause heart disease.heart disease.

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Triglycerides (TG)Triglycerides (TG)Diets that have carbohydrates accounting for more than Diets that have carbohydrates accounting for more than 60% of the total energy intake can increase triglyceride 60% of the total energy intake can increase triglyceride levels. levels.

This correlation is stronger for those with a Body Mass This correlation is stronger for those with a Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/mIndex (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m22. .

The correlation is also stronger in those with insulin The correlation is also stronger in those with insulin resistance (more common among overweight and resistance (more common among overweight and obese). obese).

When a high carbohydrate diet causes high levels of When a high carbohydrate diet causes high levels of triglycerides in the blood, the condition is called triglycerides in the blood, the condition is called carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia. carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia.

This also causes a high glycemic index, which causes This also causes a high glycemic index, which causes overproduction of insulin.overproduction of insulin.

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Glycemic index (GI)Glycemic index (GI)

The glycemic index is a measure of the effects of The glycemic index is a measure of the effects of carbohydrates on blood sugar levels. carbohydrates on blood sugar levels.

Carbohydrates that break down quickly during Carbohydrates that break down quickly during digestion and release glucose rapidly into the digestion and release glucose rapidly into the bloodstream have a high GI (example is simple bloodstream have a high GI (example is simple sugar); carbohydrates that break down more slowly, sugar); carbohydrates that break down more slowly, releasing glucose more gradually into the releasing glucose more gradually into the bloodstream, have a low GI (example is starch).bloodstream, have a low GI (example is starch).

Foods with a lower GI are better for diabetics since Foods with a lower GI are better for diabetics since they have slower rates of digestion and absorption they have slower rates of digestion and absorption and cause a lower insulin demand.and cause a lower insulin demand.

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Body Mass Index (BMI)Body Mass Index (BMI)

Body mass index estimates body fat based Body mass index estimates body fat based on an individual's weight and height. on an individual's weight and height.

BMI does not actually measure the BMI does not actually measure the percentage of body fat. percentage of body fat.

To get an exact measurement of body fat, To get an exact measurement of body fat, you have to be weighed under water.you have to be weighed under water.

Body mass index is defined as the Body mass index is defined as the individual's body weight divided by the individual's body weight divided by the square of his or her height, recorded as square of his or her height, recorded as kg/mkg/m22..

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BMIBMI

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BMIBMI

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Triglyceride levels are also reduced by Triglyceride levels are also reduced by exercise and omega-3 fatty acids from exercise and omega-3 fatty acids from fish, flax seed oil, and other sources.fish, flax seed oil, and other sources.

Recommendation in the U.S. is that one Recommendation in the U.S. is that one ingest up to 3 grams a day of such oils.ingest up to 3 grams a day of such oils.

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Omega 3 Fatty Acids

Omega 3 Fatty Acids: Essential Fatty Acids

Essential means they are not made by the body and need to be in our foods.

Omega 3 Fatty Acids are essential to normal growth in young children.

There are other benefits: rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, cancer.

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Omega 3 Fatty Acids

Fish Oil is being publicized as being a good source of Omega 3 Fatty Acids.Unfortunately, fish oils contain high levels of vitamin A and E.Excess vitamins A and E are very toxic and stored in the liver.Try to get Omega 3 Fatty Acids without the concentrated fish oil products being advertised.

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Natural Sources of Omega 3 Fatty Acids

Fish: salmon, herring, mackerel, anchovies and sardines Flax (linseed) and its oil (15 g) is six times richer than most fish oils. Eggs produced by chickens fed a diet of greens and insects Grass-fed beef Grain-fed chickenMilk and cheese from grass-fed cows

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Botanical sources of Omega 3 Fatty Acids

sage

Kiwifruit

Chinese gooseberry

Raspberry

Butternuts

Walnuts

Pecan nuts

Hazel nuts

Flax SeedsFlax Seeds

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Iron, omega-3s tied to different effects on kids' brains

http://www.foxnews.com/health/2012/11/08/iron-omega-3s-tied-to-different-effects-on-kids-brains/

Study finds 33 percent of nation's seafood mislabeled, http://fxn.ws/YLU6Pm

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OLD FOOD PYRAMID

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NEW FOOD PYRAMID

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New Food Pyramid

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Impressionist Food Pyramid

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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesThe quickest, most readily available source The quickest, most readily available source of energy for the body is glucose. of energy for the body is glucose. Carbohydrates are broken down to glucose. Carbohydrates are broken down to glucose. Between eating periods, the blood glucose level Between eating periods, the blood glucose level should be maintained properly.should be maintained properly.If there is not enough glucose available, amino If there is not enough glucose available, amino acids can be broken down to glucose. The best acids can be broken down to glucose. The best place to find amino acids are in proteins. The place to find amino acids are in proteins. The best place to find proteins is muscle, including best place to find proteins is muscle, including heart muscle. Most body cells can use other heart muscle. Most body cells can use other things for energy, but the brain can only use things for energy, but the brain can only use glucose.glucose. Therefore, the body needs Therefore, the body needs carbohydrates in the diet, or it will start carbohydrates in the diet, or it will start breaking down muscle, including cardiac breaking down muscle, including cardiac muscle. muscle. 4040

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesSimple carbohydrates (e.g., sugars) are Simple carbohydrates (e.g., sugars) are “empty calories” “empty calories” because they contribute to because they contribute to energy needs and weight gain without supplying energy needs and weight gain without supplying any other nutritional requirements. any other nutritional requirements. Examples of simple carbohydrates are fat-Examples of simple carbohydrates are fat-free ice cream, cakes, and cookies. Plain free ice cream, cakes, and cookies. Plain white sugar from a box (called refined sugar) white sugar from a box (called refined sugar) has no vitamins or minerals.has no vitamins or minerals.Dietary carbohydrates should be complex Dietary carbohydrates should be complex and not simple carbohydrates. Complex and not simple carbohydrates. Complex sources of carbohydrates include whole sources of carbohydrates include whole grain pasta, rice, breadgrain pasta, rice, bread, and cereal. Less , and cereal. Less desirable complex carbohydrates (to be avoided desirable complex carbohydrates (to be avoided by overweight people) are potatoes and corn, by overweight people) are potatoes and corn, since they have a lot of carbohydrates in them.since they have a lot of carbohydrates in them. 4141

ProteinsProteins

Foods rich in protein include red meat, Foods rich in protein include red meat, fish, poultry, dairy products, legumes fish, poultry, dairy products, legumes (i.e., peas(i.e., peas and beans), nuts, and and beans), nuts, and cereals. cereals. When you eat protein it is broken When you eat protein it is broken down into amino acids and turned into down into amino acids and turned into tissues like muscles, skin, hair, and nails. tissues like muscles, skin, hair, and nails. It’s also used to make proteins such as It’s also used to make proteins such as hemoglobin, plasma proteins, enzymes, hemoglobin, plasma proteins, enzymes, and hormones.and hormones.

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ProteinsProteins

Protein formation requires 23 different Protein formation requires 23 different types of amino acids. types of amino acids.

Of these, nineOf these, nine amino acids are required amino acids are required from the diet in adults because the from the diet in adults because the body is unable to produce them. body is unable to produce them.

These are called the essential amino These are called the essential amino acids.acids.

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ProteinsProteinsSome protein sources, such as meat, provide all Some protein sources, such as meat, provide all 23 types of amino acids. But a diet of only a few 23 types of amino acids. But a diet of only a few types of vegetables and grains supply us with only types of vegetables and grains supply us with only a few of the essential amino acids. If just one a few of the essential amino acids. If just one amino acid is missing from the body, none of the amino acid is missing from the body, none of the other 23 work right. It’s like trying to paint a other 23 work right. It’s like trying to paint a picture when you are missing one color.picture when you are missing one color.

Therefore, you should combine foods to acquire all Therefore, you should combine foods to acquire all the essential amino acids. For example, the the essential amino acids. For example, the combinations of cereal with milk give a good combinations of cereal with milk give a good balance of proteins. So does combining rice with balance of proteins. So does combining rice with beans or peas.beans or peas.

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ProteinsProteins

Amino acids are not stored in the body, and a Amino acids are not stored in the body, and a daily supply is needed.daily supply is needed. However, it does not However, it does not take very much protein to meet the daily take very much protein to meet the daily requirement. requirement. Two servings of meat a day (equal in total Two servings of meat a day (equal in total quantity to a deck of cards) is usually enough. quantity to a deck of cards) is usually enough. Some meats (e.g., hamburger) are high in Some meats (e.g., hamburger) are high in protein but also high in fat. Everything protein but also high in fat. Everything considered, it is probably a good idea to depend considered, it is probably a good idea to depend on protein from plant origins (whole-grain on protein from plant origins (whole-grain cereals, dark breads, and legumes) to a greater cereals, dark breads, and legumes) to a greater extent than is often the custom in the United extent than is often the custom in the United States. Those who get most of their protein from States. Those who get most of their protein from meat are getting about 42% fat. meat are getting about 42% fat.

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ProteinsProteins

Protein and/or amino acid supplements Protein and/or amino acid supplements are not good because they are not are not good because they are not digested as well. digested as well.

They can also give you an excess of one They can also give you an excess of one amino acid or another. amino acid or another.

An excess of just one amino acid causes a An excess of just one amino acid causes a deficiency in absorption of the other amino deficiency in absorption of the other amino acids.acids.

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3 things you need to know about eating protein, http://fxn.ws/OFWbeQ

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LipidsLipids

Fat and cholesterol are both lipids. Fat Fat and cholesterol are both lipids. Fat is present not only in butter, margarine, is present not only in butter, margarine, and oils, but also in animal meats (even and oils, but also in animal meats (even chicken and turkey has some fat). chicken and turkey has some fat).

Not only does it cause weight gain, but it Not only does it cause weight gain, but it also increases the risk of cancer and also increases the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. cardiovascular disease.

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LipidsLipidsSaturated fats, whether in butter or margarine, can raise Saturated fats, whether in butter or margarine, can raise LDL (bad) cholesterol levels, while polyunsaturated fats LDL (bad) cholesterol levels, while polyunsaturated fats lower LDL cholesterol levels. lower LDL cholesterol levels. Examples of good polyunsaturated fats are olive oil, Examples of good polyunsaturated fats are olive oil, canola oil, corn oil, and safflower oil. Notice that these canola oil, corn oil, and safflower oil. Notice that these are all liquid at room temperature and come from plants. are all liquid at room temperature and come from plants. Pure, non-hydrogenated palm and coconut oil is also good, but not partially hydrogenated (that is dangerous “trans” fat). If you overheat (deep fry) a good oil, it will become hydrogenated (cloudy), so you turn it into a bad oil.Saturated (bad) fats, are solids at room temperature, Saturated (bad) fats, are solids at room temperature, usually have an animal origin. usually have an animal origin. Red meats, although high in protein, also have a lot Red meats, although high in protein, also have a lot of saturated fats; of saturated fats; that’s why chicken, turkey, and fish that’s why chicken, turkey, and fish are better sources of protein.are better sources of protein. 5050

Weight LossWeight Loss

A woman who is about 5 feet 4 inches tall, and exercises A woman who is about 5 feet 4 inches tall, and exercises lightly, requires about 2,100 Calories per day. lightly, requires about 2,100 Calories per day. For a man 5 feet 10 inches tall, who exercises lightly, the For a man 5 feet 10 inches tall, who exercises lightly, the requirements are about 2,900 Calories a day. requirements are about 2,900 Calories a day. Those who wish to lose weight need to reduce their Those who wish to lose weight need to reduce their calories and/or increase their exercising. calories and/or increase their exercising. One pound of fat requires about 3,500 calories to be One pound of fat requires about 3,500 calories to be burned off.burned off. Therefore, how many days will it take to lose one pound Therefore, how many days will it take to lose one pound of fat if you eat 500 calories less per day? 7 days. If you of fat if you eat 500 calories less per day? 7 days. If you lose more than that, it’s probably just water loss.lose more than that, it’s probably just water loss.Every 30 mins of aerobic exercise burns off 500 calories.Every 30 mins of aerobic exercise burns off 500 calories.Every 3.5 hours, you can burn off one pound of fat.Every 3.5 hours, you can burn off one pound of fat.

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Exercise treats depression Exercise treats depression better than medicinebetter than medicine

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Weight LossWeight LossLow-Carbohydrate DietsLow-Carbohydrate DietsThe dramatic weight loss that occurs with a low-carbohydrate The dramatic weight loss that occurs with a low-carbohydrate diet is not due to a loss of fat; it is due to a loss of muscle diet is not due to a loss of fat; it is due to a loss of muscle mass and water. When a normal diet is resumed, so is the mass and water. When a normal diet is resumed, so is the normal weight.normal weight.Liquid DietsLiquid DietsMuscle is still broken down to provide energy. A few people Muscle is still broken down to provide energy. A few people on this regime have died, probably because even the heart on this regime have died, probably because even the heart muscle was not spared by the body.muscle was not spared by the body.Single-Category DietsSingle-Category DietsThese diets rely on the intake of only one kind of food, either These diets rely on the intake of only one kind of food, either a fruit or vegetable or rice alone. However, no single type of a fruit or vegetable or rice alone. However, no single type of food provides the balance of nutrients needed to maintain food provides the balance of nutrients needed to maintain health. Some dieters on strange diets suffer the health. Some dieters on strange diets suffer the consequences—in one instance an individual lost hair and consequences—in one instance an individual lost hair and fingernails.fingernails.

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VitaminsVitamins

Vitamins are needed for metabolism because Vitamins are needed for metabolism because they make a lot of the body’s enzymes.they make a lot of the body’s enzymes. An enzyme is what breaks a complex molecule An enzyme is what breaks a complex molecule down into a smaller one. down into a smaller one. To break down a carbohydrate into a sugar To break down a carbohydrate into a sugar requires enzymes. requires enzymes. Vitamins can have other functions, too. For Vitamins can have other functions, too. For example, vitamin A makes the visual pigment example, vitamin A makes the visual pigment that prevents night blindness. that prevents night blindness. Altogether there are 13 vitamins, which are Altogether there are 13 vitamins, which are divided into those that are fat soluble and those divided into those that are fat soluble and those that are water soluble. that are water soluble.

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VitaminsVitaminsThere are four There are four fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, and K. fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, and K. All All the other vitamins are water soluble. the other vitamins are water soluble. The reason this is important is that excess fat-soluble The reason this is important is that excess fat-soluble vitamins will be stored in the body’s fat cells and can vitamins will be stored in the body’s fat cells and can easily get to a toxic level. easily get to a toxic level. Water soluble vitamins can be excreted in the kidney, and Water soluble vitamins can be excreted in the kidney, and as long as the person has been drinking a good amount of as long as the person has been drinking a good amount of water during the day, the excess water soluble vitamins water during the day, the excess water soluble vitamins will just flush out.will just flush out.However, if the person is not well hydrated (urine is However, if the person is not well hydrated (urine is yellow, not colorless), those vitamins can cause problems, yellow, not colorless), those vitamins can cause problems, too; the kidneys can burn out from the excess acids. too; the kidneys can burn out from the excess acids. The liver is also a place where excess vitamin A is stored. The liver is also a place where excess vitamin A is stored. As a matter of fact, if you eat one polar bear liver, you will As a matter of fact, if you eat one polar bear liver, you will die of vitamin A poisoning!die of vitamin A poisoning!

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VitaminsVitaminsA pregnant woman has to be especially careful A pregnant woman has to be especially careful about taking in too much of vitamins A, D, E, and K about taking in too much of vitamins A, D, E, and K because they will cross the placenta and reach the because they will cross the placenta and reach the baby’s body and intoxicate it. baby’s body and intoxicate it. Where on a fetus is fat? A fetus doesn’t have any Where on a fetus is fat? A fetus doesn’t have any fat until it is in the last month or two of pregnancy. fat until it is in the last month or two of pregnancy. Until then, the only fat is on the myelin sheath that Until then, the only fat is on the myelin sheath that surrounds the nerve cells. surrounds the nerve cells. If these vitamins lodge here, they will interfere with If these vitamins lodge here, they will interfere with nerve conduction in the brain. The corpus callosum nerve conduction in the brain. The corpus callosum is the white area (myelinated) in the brain. It allows is the white area (myelinated) in the brain. It allows the right and left sides of the brain to communicate. the right and left sides of the brain to communicate. Autism is a problem with this structure.Autism is a problem with this structure.

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Vitamin A toxicityVitamin A toxicity

Excessive vitamin A consumption can lead to Excessive vitamin A consumption can lead to nausea, irritability, anorexia (reduced appetite), nausea, irritability, anorexia (reduced appetite), vomiting, blurry vision, headaches, hair loss, vomiting, blurry vision, headaches, hair loss, muscle and abdominal pain and weakness, muscle and abdominal pain and weakness, drowsiness, and altered mental status. drowsiness, and altered mental status.

In chronic cases, hair loss, dry skin, drying of the In chronic cases, hair loss, dry skin, drying of the mucous membranes, fever, insomnia, fatigue, mucous membranes, fever, insomnia, fatigue, weight loss, bone fractures, anemia, and weight loss, bone fractures, anemia, and diarrhea can all be evident on top of the diarrhea can all be evident on top of the symptoms associated with less serious toxicitysymptoms associated with less serious toxicity..

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New USDA for VitaminsNew USDA for Vitamins

Vit A : 3000 IUVit A : 3000 IU

Vit D: 400 IU Vit D: 400 IU

Vit E: 30 IU Vit E: 30 IU

Vit K: 100 IUVit K: 100 IU

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Vit A : 3000 IUVit D: 400 IU Vit E: 30 IU Vit K: 100 IU

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Caplique Prenatal Vitamins


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You DO need folic acid, B12, iron and calcium

VitaminsVitamins

Vitamin CVitamin CVitamin C is found especially in citrus fruitsVitamin C is found especially in citrus fruits, such as , such as oranges, tangerines, lemons, etc.oranges, tangerines, lemons, etc.

Vitamin DVitamin DSkin cells contain a molecule that is converted to Skin cells contain a molecule that is converted to vitamin D after UV exposure. vitamin D after UV exposure. Vitamin D promotes the Vitamin D promotes the absorption of calcium by the intestines. The lack of absorption of calcium by the intestines. The lack of vitamin D leads to rickets in children. Rickets, vitamin D leads to rickets in children. Rickets, characterized by a bowing of the legs, is caused by characterized by a bowing of the legs, is caused by defective mineralization of the skeleton. Most milk today defective mineralization of the skeleton. Most milk today is fortified with vitamin D, which helps prevent the is fortified with vitamin D, which helps prevent the occurrence of rickets.occurrence of rickets.

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As a cell is functioning, it generates molecules As a cell is functioning, it generates molecules that have an extra electron, which is called a that have an extra electron, which is called a free radical. free radical. These free radicals want to run around and get These free radicals want to run around and get rid of their extra electron (this is called reducing rid of their extra electron (this is called reducing the recipient molecule), but none of the other the recipient molecule), but none of the other molecules want one, either. molecules want one, either. The parts of a cell that usually get stuck with a The parts of a cell that usually get stuck with a free radical include DNA, proteins, enzymes, free radical include DNA, proteins, enzymes, and cell membranes. and cell membranes. This leads to damage there, and can even lead This leads to damage there, and can even lead to cancer.to cancer.

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Substances that can deactivate this extra Substances that can deactivate this extra electron are called antioxidants.electron are called antioxidants.

Vitamins C, E, and A are believed to defend Vitamins C, E, and A are believed to defend the body against free radicals, and therefore the body against free radicals, and therefore they are termed antioxidants. they are termed antioxidants.

These vitamins are especially abundant in These vitamins are especially abundant in fruits and vegetables. fruits and vegetables.

We should eat at least five servings of fruits We should eat at least five servings of fruits and vegetables a day.and vegetables a day.

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It is not wise to take vitamin It is not wise to take vitamin supplements instead of improving supplements instead of improving intake of fruits and vegetables. intake of fruits and vegetables. There are many beneficial compounds There are many beneficial compounds in fruits that cannot be obtained from a in fruits that cannot be obtained from a vitamin pill. The fiber helps to prevent vitamin pill. The fiber helps to prevent colon cancer.colon cancer.In addition, excess vitamins can cause In addition, excess vitamins can cause damage, especially the ones that are damage, especially the ones that are stored in fat, which are A, D, E, and K. stored in fat, which are A, D, E, and K.

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How Certain Vegetables How Certain Vegetables Combat CancerCombat Cancer

Breast cancer, the second leading cause of Breast cancer, the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women, can be protected cancer deaths in women, can be protected against by eating cabbage and near relatives of against by eating cabbage and near relatives of cabbage such as broccoli and cauliflower.cabbage such as broccoli and cauliflower.

They contain compounds called isothiocyanates They contain compounds called isothiocyanates which have cancer-preventive and anti-which have cancer-preventive and anti-carcinogenic activities.carcinogenic activities.

Broccoli and broccoli sprouts have the highest Broccoli and broccoli sprouts have the highest amount of the isothiocyanates.amount of the isothiocyanates.

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MineralsMinerals

In addition to vitamins, various minerals are required by In addition to vitamins, various minerals are required by the body. the body. For example, calcium is needed for bones, teeth, nerve For example, calcium is needed for bones, teeth, nerve conduction, and muscle contraction. conduction, and muscle contraction. Phosphorus makes up nucleic acids and ATP, which is Phosphorus makes up nucleic acids and ATP, which is the body’s main energy molecule.the body’s main energy molecule.Iodine is needed for thyroid hormone. Iodine is needed for thyroid hormone. Sodium and chloride regulate the body’s water balance Sodium and chloride regulate the body’s water balance and blood pressure. and blood pressure.

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MineralsMinerals

Potassium and sodium are important in muscle Potassium and sodium are important in muscle contraction and nerve conduction. contraction and nerve conduction. High-potassium foods: cantaloupe, avocados, potatoes, beans, bananas, fish, raisins, apricots, dates, and cocoa powder (think chocolate). Magnesium, zinc, and copper are needed for enzymes to Magnesium, zinc, and copper are needed for enzymes to work. work. Magnesium helps muscles relax (counters the effects of calcium) and is critical in most enzymes in the body. Foods with magnesium include seeds, brans (wheat, rice, and oat), spinach, and cocoa. Any leafy greens have a high amount of magnesium because the center of the chlorophyll molecule is magnesium.

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MineralsMinerals

IronIron is needed for hemoglobin, which is needed for hemoglobin, which transports oxygen around the body in the transports oxygen around the body in the red blood cells. red blood cells.

Adult females need more iron in the diet Adult females need more iron in the diet than males since they lose some than males since they lose some hemoglobin each month during hemoglobin each month during menstruationmenstruation. .

If males take vitamins with iron, they can If males take vitamins with iron, they can get constipated from too much iron.get constipated from too much iron.

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MineralsMineralsCalciumCalcium

Many people take calcium supplements to counteract Many people take calcium supplements to counteract osteoporosis, a degenerative bone disease that many osteoporosis, a degenerative bone disease that many people get as they age.people get as they age.

Calcium supplements and vitamin D foods in Calcium supplements and vitamin D foods in addition to exercise is the best way to avoid addition to exercise is the best way to avoid osteoporosis because the stimulation from using the osteoporosis because the stimulation from using the bones will cause the body to absorb the calcium bones will cause the body to absorb the calcium supplement better.supplement better.

The best source of calcium is from dairy products The best source of calcium is from dairy products and green leafy vegetables.and green leafy vegetables.

Calcium supplements have added vitamin D, so you Calcium supplements have added vitamin D, so you might want to take Tums for calcium instead of a might want to take Tums for calcium instead of a supplement.supplement. 7171

Calcium supplements are bad Calcium supplements are bad because of the added vitamin Dbecause of the added vitamin D

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Note the toxic level of vitamin D

Best Calcium ProductBest Calcium Product

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You still need another 200 mg of calcium per day.

MineralsMineralsSodiumSodium

You only need 500 mg a day of salt, but the You only need 500 mg a day of salt, but the average American takes in 4,000 mg every day. average American takes in 4,000 mg every day.

Excess salt can cause high blood pressureExcess salt can cause high blood pressure. .

About one-third of the salt in out diet is from the About one-third of the salt in out diet is from the food; another one-third is added during food; another one-third is added during commercial processing; and we add the last commercial processing; and we add the last one-third either during home cooking or at the one-third either during home cooking or at the table in the form of table salt.table in the form of table salt.

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GlucosamineGlucosamine

Glucosamine is an amino sugar and a prominent Glucosamine is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the synthesis of certain proteins and lipids.precursor in the synthesis of certain proteins and lipids.

Glucosamine is part of the structure of chitin, which Glucosamine is part of the structure of chitin, which compose the exoskeletons of crustaceans and other compose the exoskeletons of crustaceans and other arthropods, cell walls in fungi and many higher arthropods, cell walls in fungi and many higher organisms. organisms.

Glucosamine is one of the most abundant Glucosamine is one of the most abundant monosaccharides. It is produced commercially by the monosaccharides. It is produced commercially by the hydrolysis of crustacean exoskeletons or, less commonly hydrolysis of crustacean exoskeletons or, less commonly by fermentation of a grain such as corn or wheat. In the by fermentation of a grain such as corn or wheat. In the US it is one of the most common non-vitamin, non-US it is one of the most common non-vitamin, non-mineral, dietary supplements used by adults.mineral, dietary supplements used by adults.

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Oral glucosamine is a dietary supplement and is not a Oral glucosamine is a dietary supplement and is not a pharmaceutical drug. It is illegal in the US to market any pharmaceutical drug. It is illegal in the US to market any dietary supplement as a treatment for any disease or dietary supplement as a treatment for any disease or condition. condition.

Glucosamine is marketed to support the structure and Glucosamine is marketed to support the structure and function of joints and the marketing is targeted to people function of joints and the marketing is targeted to people suffering from osteoarthritis. suffering from osteoarthritis.

Commonly sold forms of glucosamine are glucosamine Commonly sold forms of glucosamine are glucosamine sulfate, glucosamine hydrochloride, and n-acetyl sulfate, glucosamine hydrochloride, and n-acetyl glucosamine, but only glucosamine sulfate is given a glucosamine, but only glucosamine sulfate is given a "likely effective" rating for treating osteoarthritis."likely effective" rating for treating osteoarthritis.

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Since glucosamine is a precursor for Since glucosamine is a precursor for glycosaminoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans are a glycosaminoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans are a major component of joint cartilage, marketers advertise major component of joint cartilage, marketers advertise glucosamine to help to prevent cartilage degeneration glucosamine to help to prevent cartilage degeneration and treat arthritis. and treat arthritis.

It is safe to use within recommended guidelines, but is It is safe to use within recommended guidelines, but is not necessarily effective. If you eat cartilage, it does not not necessarily effective. If you eat cartilage, it does not mean you will grow new cartilage.mean you will grow new cartilage.

Beyond recommended dosages, glucosamine may Beyond recommended dosages, glucosamine may damage pancreatic cells, possibly increasing the risk of damage pancreatic cells, possibly increasing the risk of developing diabetes.developing diabetes.

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Energy DrinksEnergy Drinks

F.D.A. has confirmed a total of 18 filings involving fatalities and over 150 others involving injuries that mentioned one of four top-selling energy drinks — Red Bull, Monster Energy, Rockstar and 5-Hour Energy. Another federal report found over 13,000 emergency room visits in 2009 cited an energy drink as a possible cause.

The New York Times reported that it had received more than 90 filings about 5-Hour Energy, including ones that cited its possible involvement in 13 fatalities. In October 2012, the agency said it had received five fatality reports that cited Monster Energy.

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Red BullRed BullSwedish officials are investigating the deaths of three young Swedish officials are investigating the deaths of three young people (two age 15 and one age 18) who were drinking Red people (two age 15 and one age 18) who were drinking Red Bull. The two younger boys who died had used Red Bull as a Bull. The two younger boys who died had used Red Bull as a mixer with alcohol, while the third drank several cans of the mixer with alcohol, while the third drank several cans of the energy drink after a strenuous workout and later died of energy drink after a strenuous workout and later died of massive massive kidney failure. .

Alcohol and caffeine are both diuretics, and combined with Alcohol and caffeine are both diuretics, and combined with activities that cause sweating, the kidneys can go into failure.activities that cause sweating, the kidneys can go into failure.

France, Denmark and Norway allow Red Bull to be sold only France, Denmark and Norway allow Red Bull to be sold only in pharmacies. Greek officials last week recommended that in pharmacies. Greek officials last week recommended that the drink not be used after strenuous exercise or be mixed the drink not be used after strenuous exercise or be mixed with alcohol.with alcohol.

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Excess Vitamin B6Excess Vitamin B6

Overdosage of pyridoxine causes destruction of the dorsal root ganglia. Overdosage of pyridoxine causes destruction of the dorsal root ganglia. Although vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin and is excreted in the urine, Although vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin and is excreted in the urine, doses of pyridoxine in excess of the RDI over long periods of time result in doses of pyridoxine in excess of the RDI over long periods of time result in painful and ultimately irreversible neurological problems.painful and ultimately irreversible neurological problems.

The primary symptoms are pain and numbness of the extremities, and in The primary symptoms are pain and numbness of the extremities, and in severe cases difficulty walking. Sensory neuropathy typically develops at severe cases difficulty walking. Sensory neuropathy typically develops at doses of pyridoxine in excess of 1,000 mg per day. However, there have doses of pyridoxine in excess of 1,000 mg per day. However, there have been a few case reports of individuals who developed sensory neuropathies been a few case reports of individuals who developed sensory neuropathies at doses of less than 500 mg daily over a period of months. None of the at doses of less than 500 mg daily over a period of months. None of the studies, in which an objective neurological examination was performed, studies, in which an objective neurological examination was performed, found evidence of sensory nerve damage at intakes of pyridoxine below 200 found evidence of sensory nerve damage at intakes of pyridoxine below 200 mg/day. This condition is usually reversible when supplementation is mg/day. This condition is usually reversible when supplementation is stopped.stopped.


Cardiovascular ProblemsCardiovascular ProblemsPeople who take too much vitamin B12 may People who take too much vitamin B12 may experience cardiovascular problems.experience cardiovascular problems.Excess vitamin B12 can interfere with blood flow to the Excess vitamin B12 can interfere with blood flow to the heart and lungs, resulting in congestive heart failure or heart and lungs, resulting in congestive heart failure or peripheral vascular thrombosis, a condition that occurs peripheral vascular thrombosis, a condition that occurs when a blood clot forms in a blood vessel. Too much when a blood clot forms in a blood vessel. Too much vitamin B12 can also cause pulmonary edema, a vitamin B12 can also cause pulmonary edema, a condition that arises when air sacs form in the lungs. condition that arises when air sacs form in the lungs. Symptoms of a B12 overdose may include loss of Symptoms of a B12 overdose may include loss of breath and pain and numbness in the arms and legs.breath and pain and numbness in the arms and legs.


Gastrointestinal ProblemsGastrointestinal ProblemsNausea, upset stomach, indigestion, vomiting Nausea, upset stomach, indigestion, vomiting and mild diarrhea.and mild diarrhea.Skin RashesSkin RashesSevere inflammatory facial acne, mild itchy Severe inflammatory facial acne, mild itchy skin, body rashes or folliculitis of the hair skin, body rashes or folliculitis of the hair follicles. follicles. One person experienced acne rosacea after One person experienced acne rosacea after ingesting 100mcg of B12 and 100mg of B6 ingesting 100mcg of B12 and 100mg of B6 on a daily basis. on a daily basis.

Tips for making healthy lunches fun to eat

http://fxn.ws/Ou4dYf

Calorie Calculator:Calorie Calculator:http://www.scoobysworkshop.com/caloriecalculator.htmhttp://www.scoobysworkshop.com/caloriecalculator.htm

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Eating DisordersEating Disorders

ObesityObesity

BulimiaBulimia

Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa

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ObesityObesity

Obesity is about 50 pounds over the ideal Obesity is about 50 pounds over the ideal weight. weight.

Moderate obesity is about 75 pounds Moderate obesity is about 75 pounds overweight, and severe obesity is 100 overweight, and severe obesity is 100 pounds overweight. pounds overweight.

Morbid obesity (danger of causing death) Morbid obesity (danger of causing death) would be about 200 or more pounds over would be about 200 or more pounds over weight.weight.

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ObesityObesity

During childhood, some of our cells have not During childhood, some of our cells have not differentiated into specialized cells yet. differentiated into specialized cells yet. If a child eats a lot of food during infancy and If a child eats a lot of food during infancy and childhood, most of those “blank” cells will childhood, most of those “blank” cells will become fat cells. become fat cells. For the rest of their life, that person will have For the rest of their life, that person will have more fat cells than average. more fat cells than average. When you lose weight, the fat cells just shrink; When you lose weight, the fat cells just shrink; they don’t disappear. they don’t disappear. It’s very important to start infants and children It’s very important to start infants and children out in life without too much fat in their diets. out in life without too much fat in their diets. The risk of heart disease and diabetes is higher The risk of heart disease and diabetes is higher in obese individuals. in obese individuals.

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ObesityObesity

For people who are more than 100 pounds For people who are more than 100 pounds overweight, they may have a surgery that overweight, they may have a surgery that staples the stomach into a smaller pouch staples the stomach into a smaller pouch so they feel full after just a few so they feel full after just a few tablespoons of food. tablespoons of food. They still need to watch their diet and They still need to watch their diet and make sure they get enough nutrients.make sure they get enough nutrients.They also have to be careful about not They also have to be careful about not jamming excess food in deliberately, jamming excess food in deliberately, because the stomach can stretch out because the stomach can stretch out again.again. 8989

BulimiaBulimia

People with this condition have the habit of eating to People with this condition have the habit of eating to excess (called binge eating) and then purging excess (called binge eating) and then purging themselves by some artificial means, such as self-themselves by some artificial means, such as self-induced vomiting or use of a laxativeinduced vomiting or use of a laxative. . Bulimic individuals are over-concerned about their body Bulimic individuals are over-concerned about their body shape and weight, and therefore they may be on a very shape and weight, and therefore they may be on a very restrictive diet. restrictive diet. A restrictive diet may bring on the desire to binge, and A restrictive diet may bring on the desire to binge, and typically the person chooses to consume sweets, like typically the person chooses to consume sweets, like cakes, cookies, and ice cream. cakes, cookies, and ice cream. Then, a feeling of guilt most likely brings on the next Then, a feeling of guilt most likely brings on the next phase, which is a purging of all the calories that have phase, which is a purging of all the calories that have been taken in.been taken in.The problem is, vomiting or diarrhea causes loss of The problem is, vomiting or diarrhea causes loss of electrolytes.electrolytes.

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BulimiaBulimia

Bulimia causes an abnormal heart rhythm, Bulimia causes an abnormal heart rhythm, and damage to the kidneys can result in and damage to the kidneys can result in death.death. Vomiting up the food causes the stomach Vomiting up the food causes the stomach acids to eat away at the pharynx, esophagus, acids to eat away at the pharynx, esophagus, and teeth.and teeth. Dental problems are frequent, and the Dental problems are frequent, and the esophagus and stomach may even rupture and esophagus and stomach may even rupture and tear due to strong contractions during vomiting.tear due to strong contractions during vomiting.

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In anorexia nervosa, a morbid fear of gaining In anorexia nervosa, a morbid fear of gaining weight causes the person to be on a very weight causes the person to be on a very restrictive diet. restrictive diet. Athletes such as distance runners, wrestlers, Athletes such as distance runners, wrestlers, and dancers are at risk of anorexia nervosaand dancers are at risk of anorexia nervosa because they believe that being thin gives them because they believe that being thin gives them a competitive edge. a competitive edge. No matter how thin they have become, people No matter how thin they have become, people with anorexia nervosa think they are overweight, with anorexia nervosa think they are overweight, so they may not seek medical help.so they may not seek medical help.

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Their symptoms of starvation include Their symptoms of starvation include low blood low blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, constipation, being pressure, irregular heartbeat, constipation, being cold, and they tend to get stress fractures.cold, and they tend to get stress fractures.Menstruation ceases in females; the internal organs Menstruation ceases in females; the internal organs including the brain don’t function well, and the skin including the brain don’t function well, and the skin dries up. Eventually, the digestive tract doesn’t dries up. Eventually, the digestive tract doesn’t function properly, so the food they do eat cannot function properly, so the food they do eat cannot provide nutrients. provide nutrients. When death is imminent, the only recourse may be When death is imminent, the only recourse may be hospitalization and force-feeding. hospitalization and force-feeding. One psychological reason behind anorexia is that it One psychological reason behind anorexia is that it makes people feel like they have some control over their makes people feel like they have some control over their lives.lives.

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Isabelle Caro

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Isabelle Caro

French model Isabelle Caro died at age 28 on Nov. 17, 2010.

She was 5’5” and weighed 59 pounds.

“I had a very complicated childhood, very difficult, very painful. My mother's big phobia was that I would grow. She spent her time measuring my height. She wouldn't let me go outside because she'd heard that fresh air makes children grow, and that's why I was kept at home. It was completely traumatic.”

Caro's mother killed herself the following week, unable to cope with guilt as she blamed herself for Caro's death.

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The Pink Method DietThe Pink Method Diet

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