1. PEP532:Diabetes, Blood Lipids, and Exercise

2. What is diabetes?

A condition where the body cannot produce or properly use insulin

• Problematic because insulin is needed to get glucose into cells

Type I :Body does not produce insulin

Type II : Insulin is produced, but does not function

Gestational Diabetes : 5-10% of women develop diabetes (Type II) during pregnancy

Pre-diabetes : glucose levels are high, but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetic

http://www.diabetes.org/about-diabetes.jsp

3. What is diabetes?

Detected using fasting blood glucose test, or an oral glucose tolerance test (fasting test is preferable)

Pre-diabetes was formerly referred to as "glucose intolerance", or an inability to regulate glucose well

• Blood glucose is elevated, but not high enough to be considered diabetic

Fasting Blood Glucose Category [mg/dL] Normal 70-100 Pre-diabetes 100-125 Diabetes >125 4. What is diabetes?

The pancreas is the organ that produces insulin and glucagon (Islets of Langerhans)

• Beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin and monitor blood glucose

5. Type I

Sometimes referred to as Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

Immune system attacks the pancreatic beta cells, so insulin cannot be produced

• These patients must rely on an exogenous supply of insulin

Accountsfor only 5-10% of diagnosed cases of diabetes

• Generally children or young adults

• Autoimmune, genetic, and/or environmental causes

• No known way to prevent it

6. Type II

Sometimes referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Usually begins as insulin resistance, then progresses to the point that the pancreas loses the ability to produce it

Accounts for about 90-95% of the cases of diagnosed diabetes

Factors are: age, obesity, family history, impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and ethnicity

7. Ethnicity is a strong predictor 8. Insulin resistance (IR)

Refers to the body's inability to respond to and use the insulin it produces

Type II diabetics produce insulin, but doses that are adequate in non-diabetics are not sufficient

• Type II diabetics have to produce increasingly greater amounts of insulin to produce "the same effect"

9. Why is it a problem?

If diabetes progresses without treatment:

• Blindness

• Kidney damage

• Cardiovascular disease

• Poor wound healing

• • 71,000 amputations in 2004 alone

Typically, other diseases tend to be prevalent in Type II

• High cholesterol and blood pressure, and obesity

Costs the USA $174 billion in 2007 alone

• $116 billion on direct medical costs

• $50 billion due to disability, work loss, mortality

10. How prevalent?

Approximately 7.8% of (24 million!) Americans are diabetic

• 6.8% are diagnosed, 1.9% are not diagnosed

Prevalence goes up a great deal with age 11. How prevalent?

There were 1.6 million NEW cases of diagnosed diabetes in 2007 alone!

12. How prevalent?

Type II diabetes in children