European Middle Ages, Black Death, Renaissance, Hundred Years War, Era of Discovery,

ReformationAP World History

Ch. 9, 14, 15, 16

• When Rome collapsed @ 500 A.D. Europe experienced disorder and chaos.

• The Germanic

• Tribes were brutal: murdering, plundering, and slavery.

• Europe fell into disrepair.

Cities ceased to exist. Villagers stayed in their own areas. Farming became less productive.

• Germanic tribes divided Western Europe into many small kingdoms.

• Starvation was common.

• 4 out of 5 children died in infancy.

• People forgot how to be civilized – forgot how to read.

• During this time, Europe was cut off from advanced civilizations in the Middle East, China, and India.

•

The Germanic peoples

• had no cities or written laws.

• elected kings to lead them in war.

• Rewarded warrior nobles who swore loyalty to the king with weapons and loot.

• The Franks were

the strongest of the Germanic tribes. Clovis, king of the Franks, conquered Gaul and then converted to Christianity, the religion of the people in Gaul.

•

By doing so, he gained a powerful ally in the Christian Church of Rome.

• Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000

• In the 5th century, Roman Empire broke down. Europe was politically fragmented, with Germanic kings ruling a number of dissimilar kingdoms.

• Western Europe continued to suffer invasions -- Muslim Arabs and Berbers took the Iberian Peninsula and pushed into France.

• 8th century, the Carolingians united various Frankish kingdoms into a larger empire. At its height, under Charlemagne, the empire included Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. The empire was subdivided by Charlemagne’s grandsons and was never united again.

• Vikings attacked England, France, and Spain in the late 8th and 9th centuries.

• Vikings also settled Iceland and Normandy, from which the Norman William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066. (Battle of Hastings)

• Coast of NW France

became home to a tribe of Vikings in 911 after the Frankish king, Charles the Simple, struck a bargain with the marauding, seafaring Vikings.

• Deciding it would be easier and less destructive to grant land from his kingdom to the Vikings rather than face their invasions--

• Charles surrendered a coastal region of thick forests, rolling hills, and rich pastures to the Normans.

• The Normans recognized Charles as their king and agreed to convert to Christianity.

• The Vikings intermarried with local women, and adopted the French language.

• Normandy was a land of pastures where horses thrived. The Normans became expert riders.

• Such horse-bound fighting men developed into an elite group of military servants to their king known as knights.

• Knights soon became the standard warriors of kings across Europe.

Dominance of English• Indo-European / offspring of proto-Germanic

• 5th – 6th centuries: – migration of Danish, North German Frisian, Jutes, Angles, and

Saxons– many dialects, West Saxon dominated (Standard Old English)

• 1066: Norman Conquest– in 11th century French dominated nobility

• 1204: tie with France severed– Middle English (French enriched)

• 15th – 16th centuries: Early Modern English

• A Self-Sufficient

Economy• economic transformation

included de-urbanization and a decline in trade.

• Self-sufficient farming estates called manors were the primary centers of agricultural production. Manors grew from the need for self-sufficiency and self-defense.

• The lord of a manor had almost unlimited power over his agricultural workers—the serfs.

• Need for military security led to new military technology: the stirrup, bigger horses, armor and weapons of the knight.

• Equipment was expensive, knights therefore needed land to support themselves.

• Kings & nobles granted land (a fief) to a man in return for a promise to supply military service. By the 10th century, these fiefs had become hereditary.

• Kings were weak because they depended on their vassals—who might very well hold fiefs from and be obliged to more than one lord. Vassals held most of a king’s realm, and most of the vassals granted substantial parts of land to their vassals.

• Kings and nobles had limited ability to administer and tax their realms. Their power was further limited by their inability to tax the vast landholdings of the Church.

• For most medieval people, the lord’s manor was the government.

• Noble women were pawns in marriage politics. Women could own land, however, and non-noble women worked alongside the men.

• The Law of the Church• The Church has system of

justice to guide people’s conduct

• All medieval Christians expected to obey canon law—Church law

• Canon law governs marriages and religious practices

• Popes have power over political leaders through threat of excommunication —banishment from Church, denial of salvation

• -interdiction—king’s subjects denied sacraments and services

• Kings and emperors expected to obey pope’s commands

• The Church and the Holy

Roman Empire• Otto I Allies with the Church• Otto I (Otto the Great) is

crowned king of Germany in 936

• Limits strength of nobles with help of clergy

• Gains support of bishops and abbots (heads of monasteries)

• Invades Italy on pope’s behalf; pope crowns him emperor in 962

• Signs of Future Conflicts• Otto’s German-Italian lands

become Holy Roman Empire

• Holy Roman Empire is the strongest European power until about 1100

• The Crusades• The Beginning of the

Crusades• In 1093, Byzantine

emperor asks for help fighting the Turks

• Pope Urban II issues a call for a Crusade—a “holy war”

• Goals of the Crusades• 1. God 2. Gold 3. Glory• Pope wants to reclaim

Jerusalem and reunite Christianity

• Kings use the Crusades to send away knights who cause trouble

• Younger sons hope to earn land or win glory by fighting

• Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth through trade

• The First and Second

Crusades• Pope promises

Crusaders who die a place in heaven

• First Crusade: three armies gather at Constantinople in 1097

• Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099

• Captured lands along coast divided into four Crusader states

• Muslims take back Edessa in 1144; Second Crusade fails to retake it

• In 1187 Saladin—Muslim leader and Kurdish warrior—retakes Jerusalem

• The Third Crusade• Third Crusade led by three

powerful rulers• One is Richard the Lion-

Hearted—king of England• Phillip II of France abandons

Crusade after arguing with Richard

• Frederick I of Germany drowns during the journey

• In 1192 Richard and Saladin make peace after many battles

• Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows Christian pilgrims to enter city

• Later Crusades• Fourth Crusade:

Crusaders loot Constantinople in 1204

• Two other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail to weaken Muslims

• The Children’s Crusade• In 1212 thousands of children

die or are enslaved in failed crusade

• A Spanish Crusade• Most of Spain controlled by

Moors, a Muslim people• Christians fight Reconquista—

drive Muslims from Spain, 1100 to 1492

• Spain has Inquisition—court to suppress heresy; expels non-Christians

• The Crusades Change Life• Crusades show power of

Church in convincing thousands to fight

• Women who stay home manage the estate and business affairs

• Merchants expand trade, bring back many goods from Southwest Asia

• Failure of later crusades weakens pope and nobles, strengthens kings

• Crusades create lasting bitterness between Muslims and Christians

• Development of

Guilds• Guilds develop—

organization of people in the same occupation

• Merchant guilds begin first; they keep prices up, provide security

• Skilled artisans, men and women, form craft guilds

• Guilds set standards for quality, prices, wages, working conditions

• Guilds supervise training of new members of their craft

• The wealth of guilds influences government and economy

• How the Church Spread• Frankish rulers convert

Germanic peoples to Christianity

• Missionaries travel to convert Germanic and Celtic groups

• Church builds monasteries -where monks live to study and serve God

• Italian monk, Benedict, writes rules that govern monastic life

• Monks establish schools, preserve learning through libraries

• Papal Power Expands Under Gregory I

• In 590, Gregory I, also called Gregory the Great, becomes pope

• Church becomes secular—a political power

• Pope’s palace becomes center of Roman government

• Uses Church money to raise armies, care for poor, negotiate treaties

• Social Classes Are Well Defined

• Medieval feudal system classifies people into three social groups

• -those who fight: nobles and knights

• -those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the Church

• -those who work: peasants• Social class is usually

inherited; majority of people are peasants

• Most peasants are serfs—people lawfully bound to place of birth

• Serfs aren’t slaves, but what they produce belongs to their lord

• Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism

• The Lord’s Estate: a manor, was an economic system (manor system)

• Serfs and free peasants maintain the lord’s estate, give grain

• The lord provides housing, farmland, protection from bandits

• The Harshness of

Manor Life• Peasants pay taxes to

use mill and bakery; pay a tithe to priest

• Tithe—a church tax—is equal to one-tenth of a peasant’s income

• Serfs live in crowded cottages with dirt floors, straw for beds

• Daily grind of raising crops, livestock; feeding and clothing family

• Poor diet, illness, malnutrition make life expectancy 35 years

• Serfs generally accept their lives as part of God’s plan

• Development of

Guilds• Guilds develop—

organization of people in the same occupation

• Merchant guilds begin first; they keep prices up, provide security

• Skilled artisans, men and women, form craft guilds

• Guilds set standards for quality, prices, wages, working conditions

• Guilds supervise training of new members of their craft

• The wealth of guilds influences government and economy

• Fairs and Trade• Europe sees

Commercial Revolution—changes in business and trade

• Trade fairs are held several times a year in towns

• Trade routes open to Asia, North Africa, and Byzantine ports

• Business and Banking

• Merchants develop credit to avoid carrying large sums of money

• Merchants take out loans to purchase goods, and banking grows

• Society Changes• Economic changes lead to the

growth of cities and of paying jobs

• The Age of Chivalry The

code of chivalry for knights glorifies combat and romantic love.

• The Technology of Warfare Changes

• Leather saddle and stirrups enable knights to handle heavy weapons

• In 700s, mounted knights become most important part of an army

• The Warrior’s Role in Feudal Society

• By 1000s, western Europe is a battleground of warring nobles

• Feudal lords raise private armies of knights

• Knights rewarded with land; provides income needed for weapons

• Knights’ other activities help train them for combat

• The Code of Chivalry• By 1100s knights obey

code of chivalry—a set of ideals on how to act

• They are to protect weak and poor; serve feudal lord, God, chosen lady

• A Knight’s Training• Boys begin to train for

knighthood at age 7; usually knighted at 21

• Knights gain experience in local wars and tournaments — mock battles

• Brutal Reality of Warfare

• Castles are huge fortresses where lords live

• Attacking armies use wide range of strategies and weapons

• Origins and

Impact of the Plague

• In 1300s, Europe suffers bubonic plague—extremely deadly disease

• Begins in Asia; spreads to Italy and other countries over trade routes

• About one-third of Europe’s population dies in the epidemic

• China: the population dropped from around 125 million to 90 million over the course of the 14thc.

• Effects of the

Plague• Town

populations fall, trade declines, prices rise

• Some serfs leave manors for paying work

• Many Jews blamed and killed; Church suffers weakened stature

• Plague came to Europe in

1347.

• By 1350 it had moved out of western Europe. In the space of two years, 1 out of every 3 people was dead.

• Some areas suffered little, others suffered far more.

• Between 45% and 75% of Florence died in a single year. One-third died in the first six months. Its entire economic system collapsed for a time.

• In Venice, 60% died over the course of 18 months: five hundred to six hundred a day at the height.

• In Europe, the Jews were

easy targets of blame. They were not the only group accused of poisoning water or witchcraft bringing on the plague, but they suffered the anger of mob violence over a wide area.

• There were massacres, and many more cases of the Jews being expelled from towns. On one day in Strassbourg in 1349, nearly 200 Jews were burned to death by an angry mob.

http://eeyore.astro.uiuc.edu/pics/germany/castles/castle.jpg

• The Literature of

Chivalry• Epic poems recount a

hero’s deeds andadventures

• The Song of Roland is about Charlemagne’s knights fighting Muslims

• Love Poems and Songs• Knights’ duties to ladies

are as important as those to their lords

• Troubadours—traveling poet-musicians—write and sing short verses

• Most celebrated woman of the age is Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204)

• Eleanor’s son, Richard the Lion-Hearted, also wrote songs and poems

• Women’s Role in

Feudal Society• Status of Women• According to the Church

and feudal society, women are inferior to men

• Noblewomen can inherit land, defend castle, send knights to war on lord’s request

• Usually confined to activities of the home or convent

• Peasant Women• Most labor in home and

field, bear children, provide for family

• Poor, powerless, do household tasks at young age

• The Power of the

Church• Church leaders and

political leaders compete for power and authority.

• The Structure of the Church

• Power within Church is organized by status; pope is supreme authority

• Clergy—religious officials—includes bishops, priests, and others

• Bishops supervise priests, settle Church disputes

• Religion as a Unifying Force• Religion important in Middle

Ages; shared beliefs bond people

• Clergy administers the sacraments—rites to achieve salvation

• Village church is place of worship and celebration

• The Age of Faith• Spiritual Revival

• Starting in 900s, monasteries help bring about a spiritual revival

• Reformers help restore and expand Church power

• Problems in the Church

• Some Church officials marry even though the Church objects

• Some officials practice simony—selling religious offices

• Kings use lay investiture to appoint bishops

• Reformers believe only the Church should appoint bishops

• Reform and Church

Organization• Starting in 1100s, popes

reorganize Church like a kingdom

• Pope’s advisors make Church laws; diplomats travel throughout Europe

• Church collects tithes; uses money to care for sick, poor

• New Religious Orders• Dominican and

Franciscan orders form

• Friars in these orders vow poverty; travel and preach to the poor

• Some new orders for women are founded

• Cathedrals—Cities of

God• Early Cathedrals• Between 800–1100,

churches are built in Romanesque style

• Style includes thick walls and pillars, small windows, round arches

• A New Style of Church Architecture

• Gothic style evolves around 1100; term from Germanic tribe, Goths

• Gothic style has large, tall windows for more light; pointed arches

• Churches have stained glass windows, many sculptures

• About 500 Gothic churches are built from 1170 to 1270

St. Denis Cathedral, Paris

• The Emperor Clashes with

the Pope• Emperor Henry IV and Pope

Gregory VII • Pope Gregory VII bans lay

investiture—kings appointing Church officials

• Henry IV orders pope to resign; Gregory VIII excommunicates Henry

• Showdown at Canossa• Henry goes to Canossa, Italy,

to beg Gregory for forgiveness • Gregory forgives Henry, but

lay investiture problem is not solved

• Concordat of Worms• Concordat of Worms is 1122

compromise in Worms, Germany

• Compromise: pope appoints bishops, emperor can veto appointment

• Changes in Medieval

Society• The feudal system declines as

agriculture, trade, finance, towns, and universities develop.

• Changes in Agriculture• From 800 to 1200 the climate

warms, opening more land to farming

• Changes in technology result in more food production Switch to Horsepower

• Harnessed horses replace oxen in pulling plows and wagons

• Horses plow three times as much a day, increasing food supply

• The Three-Field System• Around 800 three-field

system used—plant two fields, let one rest

• This produces more food and leads to population increase

• The Revival of Learning • The Muslim Connection• Christian scholars read

translations of Greek works made by Muslims

• Crusaders return with Muslim knowledge of navigation, ships, weapons

• Scholars and the University

• Groups of scholars gather to teach and learn; form universities

• Written works not in Latin but in vernacular—everyday language

• Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy

• Thomas Aquinas, a religious scholar, mixes Greek and Christian thought

• He is a scholastic—university man; debates issues to increase knowledge

• England and France Develop • England Absorbs Waves of

Invaders • Early Invasions• Danish Vikings invade England

throughout the 800s• Alfred the Great and his

successors gradually unite England

• Danish king Canute invades in 1016, uniting Vikings and Anglo-Saxons

• The Norman Conquest• In 1066, England is invaded

for last time by William the Conqueror (Battle of Hastings)

• He defeats his rival for English crown, becomes king

• William keeps one-fifth of land; hands out rest to supporters

• England’s Evolving

Government

• King and Vassal

• English rulers’ goal: to control lands in both England and France

• Henry II —king of England—gains more French land through marriage

• Henry is king in England and a vassal in France

• Juries and Common Law

• Henry sends judges to all parts of England and institutes juries

• The judges’ decisions form English common law—unified body of laws

• Common law forms the basis of law in many English-speaking countries

• The Magna Carta• In 1215 English nobles

force King John to sign Magna Carta

• Magna Carta—limits king’s power and guarantees basic political rights

• English people argue the rights are for all people, not just nobles

• The Model Parliament• In 1295, Edward I

summons wealthy townsmen and knights to raise taxes

• Together with bishops and lords, they form a parliament—legislative body

• Parliament has two houses: House of Lords, House of Commons

• A Church Divided • Pope and King Collide• In 1300, Pope Boniface

VIII asserts authority over France’s Philip IV

• Philip has him imprisoned; pope dies soon after

• Avignon and the Great Schism

• In 1305, French pope is chosen; moves to Avignon—city in France

• In 1378, two popes chosen—one in Rome, one in Avignon

• Each declares the other false, causing split called Great Schism

• In 1417, Council of Constance ends schism, chooses Martin V as pope

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DENOUNCES

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Decline of the Church• Schism – People lose faith in Church…

–Too political! –Too confusing!

• Education – People are breaking away from Church doctrine–Vernacular Bible reveals truth about

religion• The Plague – Black Death

• The Hundred Years’ War England and France• Hundred Years’ War—lasts from 1337–1453, between

England and France• English king Edward III claims French throne• War marks the end of medieval society; change in style of

warfare • The Longbow Changes Warfare• In 1346, English army with longbows beats much larger French

army• The English win other victories with longbows in 1356 and 1415• Victory of longbows signals end of reliance on knights

• The Impact of the Hundred Years’ War

• Hundred Years’ War ends in 1453

• France and England experience major changes

-rise in nationalistic feelings; king becomes national leader

• -power and prestige of French monarch increases

• -religious devotion and the code of chivalry crumbles

• England begins period of turmoil, War of the Roses

•

Battles in which the English Longbow began the process of

making “knights in shining armor” obsolete:

• Crecy  1346

  Poitiers  1356

• Agincourt  1415

• Joan of Arc—French

peasant girl who believes in visions of saints

• She leads French army to victory at Orléans; Charles VII crowned king

• In 1430 England’s allies, the Burgundians, capture Joan in battle

• The Church condemns Joan as a witch and heretic

• On May 30, 1431, she is burned at the stake

•

The Renaissance

•

• I cannot live under pressures from patrons, let alone paint. -- Michelangelo

• MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI (b. March 6, 1475,Florence, Italy--d. Feb. 18, 1564, Rome)

• He was a

Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.

• What

was the Renaissance?

• Period of European history from the early 14th to the late 16th century.

• It originally

referred to the revival of the values and artistic styles of classical antiquity (Greece & Rome) during that period, especially in Italy.

• Today the concept of the Renaissance is a cultural and intellectual movement; there is a distinctive Renaissance style in music, literature and the arts.

• The chief patrons

of Renaissance art and literature were the merchant classes of Florence and Venice.

• They created their own distinctive home and workplace, fitted for both business and family.

• The later

Renaissance was marked by a growth of bureaucracy: an increase in state authority in the areas of justice and taxation, and the creation of larger regional states.

The Reformation

• Humanists and Printers• Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) and

Geoffrey Chaucer (1340–1400) were among the great writers of the later Middle Ages. Dante’s Divine Comedy tells the story of the author’s journey through the nine layers of Hell and his entry into Paradise, while Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales is a rich portrayal of the lives of everyday people in late medieval England.

• Dante influenced the intellectual movement of the humanists—men who were interested in the humanities and in the classical literature of Greece and Rome.

• Humanists worked to restore the original texts of Latin and Greek authors and of the Bible through exhaustive comparative analysis of the many various versions that had been produced over the centuries.

• Pope Nicholas V established the Vatican Library, and the Dutch humanist Erasmus produced a critical edition of the New Testament.

• The influence of the humanist writers was increased by the development of the printing press. Johann Gutenberg perfected the art of printing in 1454; Gutenberg’s press and more than two hundred others had produced at least 10 million printed works by 1500.

• Martin Luther protested the

selling of Indulgences.• He nailed “95 Theses” to

the church door in Wittenberg, Oct. 31, 1517.

• Only wanted to debate –• Ended up being

excommunicated by Pope Leo X.

• Condemned by Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.

•

• Powerful friend of Luther, Frederick the Wise, hid Luther in his castle for a year.

• While there, translated the Bible into German (only took him 3 months)

• Luther decided to carry out his changes.

• Thought the Bible was the only authority.

• “Saved through Faith

• Alone”

• No professional

• Priesthood.

• Protestantism Begins.

Politics, not religion, caused

the English Reformation.

England had recently ended several years of vicious wars because there was not a male heir to the throne – the War of the Roses.

THE SIX WIVES OF HENRY VIII

                           

Catherine of Aragonmarried. 1509 - 1533

(daughter: Mary) Divorced

                           

Anne Boleynmarried. 1533 - 1536(daughter: Elizabeth)

Executed

                           

Jane Seymourmarried. 1536 - 1537

(Son: Edward VI) Died

                           

Anne of Clevesmarried. 1540 Jan. - July

Divorced

                           

Kathryn Howardmarried. 1540 - 1542

Executed

                           

Katherine Parrmarried. 1543 - 1547

Widowed

THE TUDOR MONARCHS

                           

Henry VII1485 - 1509

                           

Henry VIII 1509 - 1547

             

Edward VI1547 - 1553

                           

Jane GreyJuly 1553

9 days

                           

Mary I1553 – 1558

“Bloody Mary”

                           

Elizabeth I1558 - 1603

Elizabethan Age• Arts, literature, theater

flourished during Elizabeth’s reign.

• Sponsored William Shakespeare

• England becomes a major world power.

• Colonialism will begin during her time.

• Remembered as the best of the English monarchs, ever.

• The Spanish Armada

• Phillip II of Spain sent his navy to invade England

• The primary goal of the Spanish attack was to stamp out the Protestant movement and to claim England as Philip’s own.

• Elizabeth I made a deal with Pirates to weaken the Spanish fleet. They would get to keep most of the loot they stole, and she wouldn’t have them arrested.

• (She knighted Sir Francis Drake for it)

• Major sea battle: Nasty storm sunk much of the Spanish fleet, English set fire to the rest. England won.

Era of DiscoveryBackground: 1300s,

Europe imports large amounts of spices and other goods from Asia.

• Problems with hostile kingdoms in the Middle East caused European merchants to look for different ways to get to Asia.

• Everyone in Europe wanted to get to China and the Spice Islands (Indonesia).

• Motives were:• God: to spread the

Catholic faith• Gold: Tales of

wealth and riches• Glory: Excitement of

discovery • European monarchies were now powerful and rich enough to support these expeditions.

• Explorers in

search of the spices and riches of the Far East believed they had reached Asia.

• Columbus thought that he had reached the Indies.

• He died still believing that he had reached Indonesia.

• New technologies:

• Cartography – better maps

• Compass – helps to know your direction

• Astrolabe – using the horizon and stars, you can figure out what the latitude is.

1688

• Colony: settlement of people in a new territory, linked w/ parent country by trade and government control.

• Mercantilism: theory- a nation’s prosperity depended on a lot of gold & silver for a balance of trade.

• Countries should export more than they import. Colonies provided raw materials to support the “mother country”

• The Portuguese

Trading Empire• Prince Henry, the

Navigator: sponsored a school and fleets to sail along western coast of Africa.

• Set up trading posts – not colonies.

• Found/Named Gold Coast of Africa.

• Controlled large amount of Spice Islands.

• Portugal claimed the unexplored territories east of Treaty of Tordesillas line.

The Spanish Trading Empire• Created when Columbus went west.• Spain & Portugal, 1494: Treaty of

Tordesillas divided Atlantic Ocean and S. America with a North-South line.

• Spain claimed territories to the west.• Encomienda: made Native Americans

subjects of Queen Isabella. Meant Spanish had the right to make them laborers (Disease/slavery=dead)

• Within 30 yrs: Spanish/Catholic culture had largely replaced all Native American political and social structures.

The Slave Trade• Sugar plantations in Americas needed

lots of labor – Native population too small (dead).

• Started the Triangular Trade:

• Slaves shipped and sold in Americas

• Raw materials shipped to Europe

• Finished manufactured goods returned

• Middle Passage: high death rates during the journey due to horrible conditions