Ecological Footprint Idris Said
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ecologicalfootprintIDRIS MOHD SAIDSchool of International Tropical ForestryUniversiti Malaysia Sabah
KURSUS PENGURUSAN BIODIVERSITI DAN KONSERVASI
PUSAT KECEMERLANGAN PENGURUSAN ALAM SEKITAR,
INTAN SABAH 2-6 November 2009FIRST PRESENTED AT:
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LIFE and made from water
every living thing.
- Al Anbiya: 30
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"Only after the last tree has been cut down.
Only after the last river has been poisoned.
Only after the last fish has been caught.
Only then will you find that
MONEY CANNOT BE EATEN
CREE INDIAN
WISDOMMoney cannot be eaten
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Be cool, take your breath....
and just relax
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80 billi l i i th PHYSICAL U i
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~80 billion galaxies in the PHYSICAL Universe
100 400 billi t i th Milk W
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~100-400 billion stars in the Milky Way
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1 PROGRAM
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Tarikh / Masa 08.00 08.30 08.30 10.30 10.3011.00
11.00 13.00 13.0014.30
14.30 16.30
2 November 2009
Pendaftaran dan
Taklimat Kursus
(INTAN)
Dasar Biodiversiti Negara dan
Pelan Induk Biodiversiti
Kebangsaan
(Pn. Noraina Masduki)
MinumPagi
Pengenalan kepada Biodiversiti
dan Sistem Ekologi
(Pn. Noraina Masduki)
MakanTengahari
Pemuliharaan Biodiversiti
dan Tadbirurus
Ekosistem
Dr. Abdul Fatah Amin
Sabah Biodiversity
Centre
3 November 2009
Ecological Footprint dalam
Perancangan PembangunanMapan
(UMS)
Ecological Footprint Practicum
(UMS)Ecological Footprint
Practicum
(UMS)
4 November 2009
Pengurusan LanskapSemulajadi
(Dr. Ahmad Jailani Mohamed
Yunus)
Kesan Kemusnahan Habitat dan
Fragmetasi Hutan Keatas
Biodiversiti
(Encik Anuar Mohammad)
Pusat Penyelidikan Perhutanan
Sepilok
PerundanganKepelbagaian Biologi
(UMS)
5 November 2009Pulau Manukan
(Taman-Taman Sabah)Pulau Manukan
(Taman-Taman Sabah)Persediaan Pelan
Tindakan Konservasi
(INTAN)
6 November 2009
Pembentangan Pelan
Tindakan Konservasi
(INTAN)
Penutup dan Penyampaian Sijil
(INTAN)
KURSUS PENGURUSAN BIODIVERSITI DAN KONSERVASI
PUSAT KECEMERLANGAN PENGURUSAN ALAM SEKITAR, INTAN SABAH
2-6 November 2009
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2 MODULE
M d l 4 K E l i l F t i t d l
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Modul ini memberikan penekanan kepadakaedah ecological footprintyang merupakansatu pengukuran terhadap keperluan manusiaterhadap perkhidmatan ekosistem dunia ini.Ianya juga bertujuan untuk membandingkankeperluan manusia dan kapasiti ekologi bumi
untuk menyediakan perkhidmatannya. Ianyamengkhususkan dan mewakili keseluruhanaspek biologi yang produktif sama ada di lautdan di darat untuk menyediakan sumber yangbakal digunakan oleh manusia disamping untuk
menyerap atau menerima apa-apa sisa yangbakal ditinggalkan. Dengan penilaian ini ianyadapat menganggarkan sebanyak mana duniaatau ekosistem untuk mampu menyediakankeperluan manusia dan kehidupan lain.
Modul 4: Konsep Ecological Footprintdalam
Perancangan Pembangunan Mapan
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Modul 5: Ecological Footprint Practicum
Metodologi-metodologi yang digunakanuntuk mengukur ecological footprintadalah berbagai. Namun begitu, apa yangpenting adalah ketepatan data-datastatistik yang berkaitan supaya analisisyang dihasilkan adalah signifikan danmenggambar keadaan yang sebenar. Nilaifootprintakan dikategorikan kepada (i)karbon, (ii) makanan, (iii) tempat tinggaldan barangan dan (iv) perkhidmatan.Pengukuran ini boleh dilakukan secaramanual dengan menggunakan equationyang telah digunapakai oleh GlobalFootprint Network 2008 ataumenggunakan perisian yang berkaitan.
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The ecological footprint is a measure of human
demand on the Earth's E C O S Y S T E M S
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3 HISTORY
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THOMAS MALTHUS
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The Malthusian growth model,
sometimes called the simpleexponential growth model, is
essentially exponential growth
based on a constant rate of
compound interest. The model isnamed after the Reverend
Thomas Malthus, who authored
An Essay on the Principle of
Population, one of the earliest
and most influential books on
population.
Thomas Malthus
THOMAS MALTHUS
March 25, 2008, 2:02 pm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth -
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, , pMalthus was right!
The Wall Street Journal has an article titled New Limits to Growth Revive Malthusian Fears, which
begins:
.Now and then across the centuries, powerful voices have warned that human activity
would overwhelm the earths resources. The Cassandras always proved wrong. Each
time, there were new resources to discover, new technologies to propel growth.
Today the old fears are back.
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120613138379155707.htmlhttp://online.wsj.com/article/SB120613138379155707.html -
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http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2007/10/malthusian_myop.html
http://static.flatworldknowledge.
com/sites/all/files/imagecache/b
ook/30773/fwk-rittenecon-
fig33_005.jpg
?
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I think I may fairly make two postulata. First, That food isnecessary to the existence of man. Secondly, That thepassion between the sexes is necessary and will remainnearly in its present state. These two laws, ever since we
have had any knowledge of mankind, appear to have beenfixed laws of our nature, and, as we have not hitherto seenany alteration in them, we have no right to conclude thatthey will ever cease to be what they now are, without animmediate act of power in that Being who first arranged
the system of the universe, and for the advantage of hiscreatures, still executes, according to fixed laws, all itsvarious operations....Assuming then my postulata as granted, I say, that the
power of population is indefinitely greater than the powerin the earth to produce subsistence for man. Population,when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio.
Malthus 1798, Chapter 1
An Essay on the Principle of Population
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Rachel Carson: THE SILENT SPRING
1962
SERIOUS EFFECTS ON BIRD POPULATIONS DUE TO DDT
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3-1 limits
totogrowth
1972 Limits to Growth
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1972 Limits to Growth
CLUB OF ROME
Th Li it
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The Limits
Limits to growth include both the material and energy that
are extracted from the Earth, and the capacity of theplanet to absorb the pollutants that are generated as those
materials and energy are used.
Streams of material and energy flow from the planetarysources through the economic system to the planetary
sinks where wastes and pollutants end up.
There are limits, however, to the rates at which sources
can produce these materials and energy without harm topeople, the economy, or the earth's processes of
regeneration and regulation.
LAND
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LAND
SEA
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SEA
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LAND & SEAEvil has appeared on land and sea because of what the hands of men have earned. Al Rum: 41
LIVING ON A LANDFILL
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LIVING ON A LANDFILL
MAKING A LIVING
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MAKING A LIVING
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A NEW LIVING HABITAT
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A NEW HABITAT
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3-2 OUR
LITTLEDREAMS
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NEARER AT HOME
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K
UALAL
UMPUR
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NEXT DOOR NEIGHBOR
JAKARTA
JAKARTA
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BANGKOK
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MANILA
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SINGAPORE
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our dream home
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It may look something like this ?
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or may be like this have money will travel
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have money will travel
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Or be like the cat?
And have this! Of course
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And have this! Of course
OR THIS hmmm
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OR THIS. hmmm
OR THIS wow! I like it .
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OR THIS wow! I like it.
AND NOT THIS
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AND NOT THIS
.. ehem, ehem
AND EAT THIS ..
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AND EAT THIS ..
yeah.! Yummy!!
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AND DRINK THIS .. phew
AND SMOKE THIS ahaa?
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AND SMOKE THIS ahaa?
Or take this?
A MUST HAVE
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cannot live without it
Hobby
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Hobby
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Without this? REFUSE TO WORK!
Without this?
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Without this?
You wont last a day without it!
Of course, we must have this!
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Of course, we must have this!
Where do these things come from?
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Where do these things come from?
Natural Environment
- The Land
- The Forest
- The Sea
- The Air
- Underground Sources
CONVERTED INTO THINGS USING RESOURCES
FROM THE EARTH THROUGH TECHNOLOGY
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Our normal living habitat @ night
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New York
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London
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3.3 AT THE END OF
20
TH
CENTURY
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1997
Agenda 21
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Agenda for the 21st century!
CBD, UNFCCC, KYOTO PROTOCOL FOR A GREENER EARTH
sustainable development
Y2K
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Y2K
THE
21ST
CENTURY
Here comes the 21st century!
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911
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Af han War
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More and more destruction
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of the environment
Carbon footprint?
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Carbon footprint?
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Iraq War Pollution Equals 25 Million Cars
Just wondering
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. Just wondering
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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY?
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Asian Tsunami
Hurricane Katrina
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Note: Increased demand for tropical timber after the hurricane
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3.5 So, whereare we?
We are here
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e a e e e
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Limits to Growth: 30 Years UpdateDonella Meadows, Jorgen Randers, Dennis Meadows, 2004
1986 overshoot
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1986
25 SEPTEMBER 2009
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Doubling times: A quantity growing according to a pure exponentialgrowth equation doubles in a constant time period. There is a simple
relationship between the rate of growth in percentage terms and the
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relationship between the rate of growth in percentage terms and the
time it will take a quantity to double.
Growth Rate(% per year)
Approximate DoublingTimes
(years)
0.1 720
0.5 144
1.0 72
2.0 36
3.0 24
4.0 18
5.0 14
6.0 12
7.0 10
10.0 7
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HOW MANY PROPLE CAN THE EARTH SUPPORT?
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Estimates of the Earths human carrying capacity (looselydefined as the number of people the planet can support)
range from fewer than 1 billion to more than 1 trillion. Thisenormous spread follows from widely varying concepts,methods, and assumptions.
Most frequently, estimates fall between 4 billion and 16billion.
Counting the highest figure when an author gives a range ofpossibilities, the median estimate is 12 billion.
Counting the lowest estimate when an author gives a range,the median estimate is 7.7 billion.
The lowest and highest U.N. population projections for 2050show that within the next century, the worlds populationcould face exceedingly difficult choices in trading off humanwell-being and human numbers.
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4021/is_n2_v18/ai_17966623/
World Population
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YEAR POPULATION INTERVAL Croplandper capita
1600 0.5 billion
1800 1 billion 200 years
1930 2 billion 130 years
1960 3 billion 30 years 0.5 ha
1974 4 billion 14 years
1987 5 billion 13 years
1999 6 billion 12 years
[PRESENT ~6.4 billion 0.27]
2013 7 billion 14 years
China: 0.08
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cologicl
FOOTPRINT
How big is your
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How big is your
ecological footprint?
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4 ECOLOGICALFOOTPRINT
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note: THIS MOVIE USES THE FOOTPRINT (or SHOEPRINT) SYMBOL!
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
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The ecological footprint concept and calculationmethod was developed as the PhD dissertation of
Mathis Wackernagel, under Prof. William E. Reesat the University of British Columbia inVancouver, Canada, from 1990-1994.
The first academic publication about theecological footprint was by William Rees in 1992.
Originally, Wackernagel and Rees called theconcept "appropriated carrying capacity.
To make the idea more accessible, Rees came upwith the term "ecological footprint," inspired by acomputer technician who praised his new
computer's "small footprint on the desk. In early 1996, Wackernagel and Rees published
the book Our Ecological Footprint: ReducingHuman Impact on the Earth.
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What is an EcologicalFootprint?
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ootp t The Ecological Footprint is the
area of biologically productiveland and water required tosupport our lifestyles.
Ecological Footprint analysis canbe used as a tool to raiseawareness about the demandswe make on the environment tosupply our consumption needsand habits, and reabsorb thewastes generated from ouractivities.
Why should we calculate ourEcological Footprints?
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Ecological Footprints?
Each of us can calculate our Ecological Footprint to provide
a simple evaluation of the demands that our consumption
of energy, food, water and forest products have on the
environment.
By identifying these demands, opportunities to reduce our
individual footprints will become evident.
Once our Ecological Footprint is calculated, we will have abenchmark to set our personal footprint reduction goals
and to measure our progress when we recalculate it at a
later date.
Keep in mind that the Ecological Footprint is and ti ti f i di id l t t l
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underestimation of an individuals totalenvironmental impact, as it does not does not
directly measure impacts (e.g., human health orcosts of pollution) resulting from water pollution,smog, global warming, ozone depletion, etc.
However, we can be confident that when we shrinkour footprint we are also reducing our personalcontribution to these impacts and types ofpollution.
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINTE i l bl f
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Environmental problems are often very
difficult to see.
They are even more difficult to prove beyond
a shadow of a doubt.
The Ecological Footprint is a tool that can helpus see a little more clearly our effect on our
planet.
Ecological FootprintA l i l f i i l d h l d d
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An ecological footprint includes the land used
to supply all our energy needs, the land used
by all the roads, buildings, parking lots, etc.
that we depend on, the land used to grow our
food, the forest land providing us with wood
and paper and the land necessary to disposeof our waste.
FOOTPRINT CATEGORIES:There are various ways of classifying categories The
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There are various ways of classifying categories. The
following categories are a set of categories used in a
standard Ecological Footprint calculation:-
1) By CONSUMPTION
carbon footprint
food footprint
housing footprint
goods and services
footprint
2) By BIOME
forest land footprint
marine fisheries
footprint
pastureland footprint
cropland footprint
Carbon uptake land; Built-up land
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There are only 15.71 global hectares available per
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http://www.myfootprint.org/en/about_the_quiz/what_it_measures/
person on a renewable basis.
This means we are overshooting the Earth'sbiological capacity by nearly 50%.
To sustain present levels of consumption, we would
need:
SOME EXAMPLES
http://www.myfootprint.org/en/about_the_quiz/what_it_measures/http://www.myfootprint.org/en/about_the_quiz/what_it_measures/ -
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COUNTRY (GLOBALHECTARES)
- Individualaverage
EQUIVALENT
FOOTBALLFIELDS
NUMBER
OFEARTHS
CANADA 7.8 15 4
US 10.3 19.8 5.3
AUSTRALIA 9.0 17.3 4.6
INDIA 0.8 1.5 0.4
UK 5.2 10 2.7
GERMANY 5.3 10 2.7
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An example of an ecological footprint calculation:
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http://www.buddycom.com/animal/envirimg/footprint/index.html
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(in global hectares) Footprint Country Average
Carbon Footprint 21.49 8.22
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Food Footprint 14.20 11.83
Housing Footprint 3.94 3.65
Goods and Services
Footprint12.49
1.10
My total footprint 52.12 34.8
(in global hectares) Footprint Country AverageCropland footprint 5.52 3.68
Pastureland footprint 13.04 8.41
Marine fisheries footprint 14.35 10.17
Forest land footprint 19.20 12.54
My total footprint 52.12 34.80
NUMBER OF EARTHS 3.32 2.22
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Old Figures
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MALAYSIA[2005 CALCULATION 2 1 GLOBAL HECTARES PER PERSON]
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2.1
[2005 CALCULATION: 2.1 GLOBAL HECTARES PER PERSON]
The 2.1l b l h
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Global hectare
The global hectare (gha) is a measurement ofbiocapacity ofthe entire earth - one global hectare is a measurement of the
average biocapacity of all hectare measurements of any
biologically productive areas on the planet. If you take the
sum of the world's biocapacity, then divide it by the number
hectares on the earth's surface, you get the biocapacity of one
average earth hectare. When the term 'global hectare per
person' is used, it refers to the amount of biologically
productive land and water available per person on the
planet. e.g. in 2005 there were 13.4 billion hectares ofbiologically productive land and water available and 6.5 billion
people on the planet. This is an average of 2.1 global hectares
per person.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biocapacity&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biocapacity&action=edit&redlink=1 -
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Incomes of Nationsand their Footprints
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Where ecological footprints fall.
The environmental impacts of
high-(red), middle-(blue) and
low-(yellow) income nations
fall on other income tiers, as
indicated by the footprints. The
numbers are in trillions of 2005
international dollars. (Credit:Thara Srinivasan/UC Berkeley)
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080121181408.htm
and their Footprints
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FOOTPRINT CALCULATOR
PRACTICUM
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http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/calculators/
http://footprint.wwf.org.uk/
http://www.panda.org/how_you_can_help/greenliving/footprint_calculator/
http://www.myfootprint.org/en/visitor_information/
http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/footprint_for_nations/
Malaysia not included
http://www.footprintcalculator.org/
WACKERNAGEL & REES
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Most ecology academicians seem to give a
hoot about tenure, publishing, and schmoozingat symposiums. We give a hoot about habitat.
What's the bottom line for biodiversity?
More species extinctions more habitat destruction for
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More species extinctions, more habitat destruction, forevery day frittered away with these silly calculations inorder to get some abstract numerical value, and forwhat?
To tell us something which everyone already knows.Ersatz concern for species extinctions at best, this
colossal waste of time continues and will continue.
Until humans begin to give a hoot about habitat andreduce their populations.
Or until there has been so much habitat lost that thepoint will have become moot -- and that time isn't faraway, it's well within the span of your lifetime.
WACKERNAGEL & REES
ERSATZ: being a usually artificial and inferior substitute or imitation
Theoryhttp://www.demesta.com/ecofoot/eng/introd.htm
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The difference between EF analysis and the classic concept
of Carrying Capacity (CC) becomes obvious when we lookat the physical units that these two concepts use.
Carrying capacity explains how many individualssustainably live in a certain spatial area, with a
corresponding unit of [individuals/area]. EF analysis, on the other hand, inverts this relationshipand use the units [area/individual], making hectares percapita a standard unit for Ecological Footprints.
The Ecological Footprint is therefore the measure of howmuch ecologically productive land and watera definedpopulation unit needs to support its currentconsumption and to take care of its wastes.
The population unit can vary from an individual, acommunity, a nation and even the whole planet.
By measuring the consumption levels and waste
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By measuring the consumption levels and wastetreatment behaviour of these populations, EF analysis
converts these measurements into land areaequivalents required for this consumption and thecorresponding waste handling.
These conversion figures are calculated in advance
through reasoning, physical measurements andprocess analysis.
However, all land areas are not similar what regardsecoproductivity.
The EF analysis takes account of these differences bydividing up land into several separate categories: fossilenergy land, arable land, pasture, forest, built-upland, and sea.
Making an EF calculation on an individual usually meansthat the consumption and waste production is measuredand summarized.
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These are then converted into land area equivalents -
different consumption goods and services need differentcombinations of different land types in order to exist.
Individual footprints doesn't take account of 'hiddenconsumption', for example the public service of military
defence. National EF analysis includes public spending, easilycalculated through national trade statistics.
National EF analysis makes one thing very clear: certain
parts of the world use up far more than the ecoproductivitydefined by these parts' geopolitical areas.
The implications are clear: we would need 3 more planetslike Earth to support a typical Western life-style over the
whole human population
English: World map of countries shaded according totheir ecological footprint in 2005 (published in 2008 by
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their ecological footprint in 2005 (published in 2008 bythe Global Footprint Network). It is measured by the
amount of global hectares that are affected by humansper capita of the country. Lighter shades denotecountries with a lower ecological footprint per capitaand darker shaded for countries with a higherecological footprint per capita. The total ecological
footprint (global hectares affected by humans) ismeasured as a total of six factors: Cropland Footprint,Grazing Footprint, Forest Footprint, Fishing GroundFootprint, Carbon Footprint and Built-up Land.
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A fair Earthshare is the amount of land each person wouldget if all the ecologically productive land on Earth were
divided evenly among the present world population (5.6
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billion at the time of printing). [now ~6.4 billion]
If your present Earthshare were a circular island it would
have a diameter of just 128 meters.
One sixth of your island would be arable land, the rest
pasture, forest and wilderness, and built up area. Clearly, as population increases, our earthshares shrink.
Also, for each person whose Ecological Footprint exceeds
his/her fair earthshare by say, a factor of three as do North
Americans', three other people would have to contentthemselves with only a third of a share for global
sustainability.
Any volunteers?"
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Current GlobalGrowth Patterns
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Current Population - 6.14 billion (not updated)
Growth Rate - 1.3% per year
Fertility Rate - 2.8*
Numerical Increase - 77 million people per yearDoubling Time - 53 years
* Fertility rate is the average number of children a woman will have in
her lifetime given current birth rates.
Science News
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Rich Nations' Environmental Footprints Tread
Heavily On Poor Countries
ScienceDaily (Jan. 23, 2008) Theenvironmental damage caused by rich nations
disproportionately impacts poor nations andcosts them more than their combined foreigndebt, according to a first-ever globalaccounting of the dollar costs of countries'
ecological footprints.
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DUBAI PALM ISLAND..
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http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/all_publications/living_planet_report/linving_planet_r
eport_timeline/lp_2006/
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5 EF &development
sustainable
Sustainable development Sustainable development has been defined in
http://www.iso.org/isofocus
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many ways, but the most frequently quoted
definition is from Our Common Future, also
known as the Brundtland Report.
"Sustainable development is development that
meets the needs of the present without
i i th bilit f f t ti
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compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs.
It contains within it two key concepts:
the concept of needs, in particular the
essential needs of the world's poor, to whichoverriding priority should be given; and
the idea of limitations imposed by the state of
technology and social organization on theenvironment's ability to meet present and
future needs."
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All definitions of sustainable development
require that we see the world as a system- a system that connects space; and a
system that connects time.
Which is correct?
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CONCEPT INOUR COMMON FUTURE
CONCEPT IN
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
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6 EF &planningsustainabledevelopment
in
PLANNING A DEVELOPMENT
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In planning a development, theaspects that are often considered are:
- Viability
- Political- Economic
- Environmental (EIA)
- Cultural
- Social BEST PRACTICE
Specific
MeasurableActionable
Realistic
Time-limited
MAINLY ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Environmental ImpactAssessment
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Provides a sound basis for a sustainabledevelopment
Sometimes EIA is regarded as not important
(ESPECIALLY FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OFDEVELOPERS) - often treated as a formality, or
for rubberstamping of a project that has
already be decided beforehand
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT FOR
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
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PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
This is an aspect that has not been looked into
at the present time
Is it necessary?
Is it relevant?
How to implement?
CURRENT TRENDS INDEVELOPMENT
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Urbanization
Industrialization
Conversion of natural forests to other landuses
Conversion of agricultural lands for urbandevelopment
Human aspect:
- increasing population- SHARP INCREASE IN PER CAPITA DEMANDS
EF & CURRENT TRENDS Current trends lead to larger EF!
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REDUCTION OF EF Reduce population
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Reduce demands on resources
Reduce per capita consumption
Sustainable development in the true sense
Develop new EF-friendly technology! CHANGE LIFE STYLE!
- Live a simple life, be very spiritual
Reduce
Population?
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Population?
Georgia Guidestones
Elbert County, Georgia, USA
EUGENICS?
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THERE ARE SO MANY
PATHS TOO .. ???
IS THIS POSSIBLE?
http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://psi-power.com/img_7_circle_logos.gif&imgrefurl=http://psi-power.com/psi_revelation_4_diagram.htm&usg=__YFHMUik1cObWKQmi8_Xz9o_zdXA=&h=272&w=277&sz=12&hl=en&start=60&um=1&tbnid=GxfyK_9evoep5M:&tbnh=112&tbnw=114&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnew%2Bage%2BrAINBOW%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26start%3D54%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://psi-power.com/img_7_circle_logos.gif&imgrefurl=http://psi-power.com/psi_revelation_4_diagram.htm&usg=__YFHMUik1cObWKQmi8_Xz9o_zdXA=&h=272&w=277&sz=12&hl=en&start=60&um=1&tbnid=GxfyK_9evoep5M:&tbnh=112&tbnw=114&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnew%2Bage%2BrAINBOW%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26start%3D54%26um%3D1 -
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I cannot give the answer You cannot give an answer
WHO SHOULD BE
RESPONSIBLE?
The government or ALL OF
US?
FIKIRKAN SENDIRI!
F.O.C.
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FROMGOD
F.O.C.SUNLIGHT
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SUNLIGHT
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F.O.C.WATER LAND FOREST
F.O.C.AIR, CLOUD, SKY
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AIR, CLOUD, SKY
F.O.C.THE MOUNTAIN, THE SNOW
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,
ALL FOR FREE
HOW MANY EARTHSDO WE NEED?
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Then which of the Blessings of your
Lord will you both (jinns and men) deny?
- Al Rahman, mentioned 17 times
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BUT WHY?
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SELFISHNESS
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GREED
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Thank you