Socialization and Change: A Journey through

Crime, Drugs and Recovery

David A. Deitch, PhDProfessor of Clinical Psychiatry

University of California, San Diego

Addiction Training Center

Overview

• A picture of current problems

• A brief look at what’s coming

• How we develop crime & drug taking

• Types of substance abusing offenders

Economic Costs

• Of the $620 billion total the states spent, $81.3 billion (13.1%) - was used to deal with substance abuse and addiction

• The states spend 113 times as much to clean up the devastation substance abuse and addiction visit on children as they do to prevent and treat it

• Each American paid $277 per year in state taxes to deal with the burden of substance abuse and addiction in their social programs and only $10 a year for prevention and treatment

• Of the $453.5 billion states spent in the 16 budget categories of public programs, $81.3 billion—(17.9%) percent--was linked to substance abuse and addiction

The National Center of Addiction and Substance Abuse, 2000

Type of Offense (June, 1997)

2.65.95.6

60.2

9.6

9.0

3.4 0.7

Drug Offenses Robbery Firearms, Explosives

Extortion Property Offenses ViolentImmigration White Collars

The Number of Inmates ReleasedFederal and States Prisons

1995 2001

473,300

635,000

Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2001

Drug Arrests By Decade(FBI Crime Reports)

0.3% 0.7%

7.9%

36.9%

54.2%

63.7%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

1941-50 1951-60 1961-70 1971-80 1981-90 1990-1999

The Search For Causes

Natural Innate Drives Inherited Parts of Physical and Psychological Well-being

HungerThirstShelterSex

( Physical Survival )

Altered Consciousness

The Search For Causes

Disease Concept of Alcoholism Know Etiology

Know Progression Know Outcome

Genetic Model Adoption and Twin Studies

Receptor Genes Son of Alcoholics and Tolerance

Twin Studies

Psychological Models Addictive Personality

Psychological Vulnerability Self Medicating

Personality Issues (anti-social, C.D., etc..) Self Esteem Risk Taking

Psychoanalytic Models Oral

Oral Longing Maternal-Depravation

Sexual Adequacy Sexual Identity

Structural Deficit in Object Relations

Defective Stimulus Barriers (Krystal-Raskin)Inability to Desomatise Emotions

Mal-adaptive Narcissism (Wursmer)Defense Against Overwhelming Feelings of

Rage and Loneliness

Impoverished Self Esteem (Khamtzian)Lack of Capacity for Self Care and Poor

Emotional Regulation

Tension and Stress Reduction Model Low Tolerance for Tension Stimulus Augmenting Drugs (CNS, D)) Reduce Tension = People Use it and Get this

Response = Reinforcement

Socio-Cultural Models Cultural Circumstances - Tension Attitude Toward Drug Taking Cultural; Substitutes as Means of Satisfaction Alienation – Anomie

Neurotransmitters Brain Pleasure Centers Dopamine Re uptake Inhibition

Number of Juvenile Arrests Nationwide 1996

• 1.9 Million juvenile arrests, up 35.4% from 1987

• 93,000 Juveniles arrested for FBI Violent Index Crimes, up 59.9% from 1987 murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault

• 480,000 Juveniles arrested for FBI Property Index Crimes, up 7.9% from 1987 burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson

Source: FBI Crime in the United States, 1996 – Table 32

Impact of Drugs on Criminality

Age 7 13

18

28

Normal bell curveIf drugs come into play

Role of Biology and EnvironmentC

rim

e / A

nti

soci

al B

ehav

ior

Non AntisocialParent/

Psychological Illness or Antisocial

Environment

Criminal Parent/ Non Criminal

Adoptee

Non Criminal P

arent/

Non Criminal A

doptee

AntisocialParent/

AntisocialAdoptive

Environment

R.J. Cadoret, 1978, Archives of General Psychiatry

Birth Complications & Maternal Rejection

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

No Rejection / NoComplication

Rejection Only Birth ComplicationOnly

Rejection and BirthComplication

% V

iole

nc e

A. Raine, 1994, Archives of General Psychiatry

N=1750 N=256 N=2064 N=191

Risk FactorsRisk Factors

PsychiatricPsychiatric• Abusive/violent familyAbusive/violent family• Drug use environment Drug use environment • Socialization Factors Socialization Factors

• Episodic Symptoms Episodic Symptoms • Neuro/Limbic dysfunctionNeuro/Limbic dysfunction• Cognitive impairmentsCognitive impairments

External

Vulnerabilities

Inherent

Vulnerabilities

How We Develop: Risk Factors Cascading Across Domains of Development &Time

Age <1 Difficult to soothe infant

Age 2 Coercive parent-child relationship

Age 3 Poor self-regulation & control

Age 4 Child rejected by pro-social peers

Age 5 Child rejected by teacher

Age 6 Child bonds to other rejected peers

Age 7 Poor school bonding

How We Develop Risk Factors Cascading Across Domains of Development & Time

Age 8 Poor academic achievement

Age 9 Minor infractions: lying, petty stealing

Age 10 Cigarette smoking

Age 11 Alcohol use

Age 12 Marihuana use, arrests

Age 13 Risky sexual behavior

Age 14 Crack cocaine

How We Develop

• Remember: Social bonding is– Attachment to others in social unit

– Investment in lines of action consistent with social unit

– Belief in values of the unit

Bonding & Environment

For example:– Abandonment– Foster care – Group homes– Juvenile detention– Prison

How We Develop

How We Develop

Bonding & EnvironmentAll advance an education

A sense of social definition…

Their notion of the world and how to

handle it -- “might is right” -- etc.

How We Develop

Integration Inner Voices / Conscience

Culture, atmosphere & reference points become deeply integrated

It is our definition of self These become our inner voices These voices influence our attitudes and

behavior

Behavior & Attitude

PRO-SOCIAL

OR

ANTI-SOCIAL

Depends on predominant behaviors Values & norms of those to whom we

are bonded

Psychopaths

Criminal Personality Prototypes

ASPDs

Perpetrators with criminal records

Sociopaths

All perpetrators of illegal, criminal and destructive acts

Henry Richards, PhD, U Wash

Now What?

The person who

comes to us bonded,

attached

and has powerful inner voices.

Types of Substance Abusing Offenders

Substance abusing offenders are not a homogenous group.

A classification model:The Early Stage Substance Abuser

The Addict

The Dually Diagnosed Substance Abuser

The Criminogenic Substance Abuser

The Early Stage Substance Abuser

Early stage refers to experimental and recreational substance abusers whose crimes result from impaired judgment or disinhibition while under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol

The Addict

Addicts are those for whom daily life is dedicated to drug-seeking behavior. Petty crime has become their primary means to support their addiction. Serious or violent crime is less prevalent in this group than in the criminogenic substance abuser.

The Dually Diagnosed Substance Abuser

The mentally ill substance abuser, often referred to as dually diagnosed, has a concurrent mental illness and substance abuse problem.

The Criminogenic Substance Abuser

Criminogenic substance abusers are those who do not wish to be part of mainstream society and have chosen to be members of outlaw subcultures. Their substance abuse is incidental to their criminal behavior.