Socialization Socialization The process of installing fundamental The process of installing fundamental

elements of culture in a society’s new elements of culture in a society’s new member ismember is called called socializationsocialization

SocializationSocialization

Human child comes into this world with Human child comes into this world with animal needs but animal needs but moldedmolded in society to a in society to a social being, that is social being, that is socializationsocialization

Every society prescribes its Every society prescribes its own wayown way and and means of giving social training to new born means of giving social training to new born so that they may develop own so that they may develop own personalitypersonality

Each society shapes its children in the Each society shapes its children in the image of its image of its own cultureown culture

Aspects of socializationAspects of socialization

1.The process whereby individuals are 1.The process whereby individuals are made to fit within the social order made to fit within the social order

2.2. Learn to live within a group (s) Learn to live within a group (s)3. Creates individuals who are part of 3. Creates individuals who are part of

human communityhuman community4.4.Learn to be competent members of the Learn to be competent members of the

society in which we are born/livesociety in which we are born/live

Aspects of socialization Aspects of socialization (con.)(con.)

5. Process whereby an individual 5. Process whereby an individual internalizesinternalizes the norms of the group and the norms of the group and makes it part of their makes it part of their personalitypersonality

6. Process whereby a society reproduces 6. Process whereby a society reproduces itself in a new generationitself in a new generation

7.Values and traditions of the past are 7.Values and traditions of the past are carried forward and perpetuatedcarried forward and perpetuated

Which one is important ?Which one is important ?

NurtureNurtureInfant is a blank Infant is a blank slate, and that the slate, and that the kind of person s/he kind of person s/he becomes is becomes is determined by determined by experience experience

NatureNatureWhat we become is What we become is determined by determined by heredity, and that heredity, and that experience cannot experience cannot change what nature change what nature ordained. ordained.

SociobiologySociobiology Systematic study of the biological bases of Systematic study of the biological bases of

social behaviour social behaviour Influenced by Darwinism…natural selectionInfluenced by Darwinism…natural selection All behaviour is the result of genetic or All behaviour is the result of genetic or

biological factors –Extremist suggestbiological factors –Extremist suggest Interested on how human nature is affected Interested on how human nature is affected

by the genetic composition of a group of by the genetic composition of a group of people …not individual behaviour people …not individual behaviour

SociobiologySociobiology Criticized by sociologist that it creates Criticized by sociologist that it creates

deflected interest on serious study of deflected interest on serious study of significant factors that influensing human significant factors that influensing human behaviour behaviour

Fail to recognized social system, instead of Fail to recognized social system, instead of arguing biological traits arguing biological traits Disable people Disable people Disadvantaged people and their academic Disadvantaged people and their academic

performances performances

Agents of socialization Agents of socialization (con.)(con.)

Main agents of socialization are : family and Main agents of socialization are : family and parents, peers, school/teacher, mass media, parents, peers, school/teacher, mass media, etc.etc.

Agents play different roles in children’s lives Agents play different roles in children’s lives and have different and have different goalsgoals, , responsibilitiesresponsibilities, and , and impactimpact on their development on their development

- Agents may Agents may reinforcereinforce or or contradictcontradict in in socializationsocialization

Agents - family/parentsAgents - family/parents Why family is an important agent?Why family is an important agent?- Introduces children to intimate personal Introduces children to intimate personal

relationshiprelationship- Give them first experience of being Give them first experience of being

treated as a distinct individualtreated as a distinct individual- First reference group for childrenFirst reference group for children- Introduces children to group life Introduces children to group life

Agents - family/parents Agents - family/parents (con.)(con.)

Parents introduce children to the culture of Parents introduce children to the culture of his/her family/groupshis/her family/groups

Socialization Is blended with Socialization Is blended with love/punishment love/punishment

Introduces children to intimate personal Introduces children to intimate personal relationshiprelationship

Learning gender roles: expectation Learning gender roles: expectation regarding proper behaviour, attitudes, and regarding proper behaviour, attitudes, and activities of male and femalesactivities of male and females

Agents - peersAgents - peers Provides children with first experience of Provides children with first experience of

egalitarian relationshipegalitarian relationship Peer teaches new skills or help to solve Peer teaches new skills or help to solve

problemsproblems Children can be selective in selecting peersChildren can be selective in selecting peers Peers also teach one another tabooPeers also teach one another taboo During adolescence influence of peers in During adolescence influence of peers in

great and parental influence declinesgreat and parental influence declines

Agents - school and Agents - school and teacherteacher

Students are graded for what they doStudents are graded for what they do Children are expected to conform to Children are expected to conform to

certain rules and regulationscertain rules and regulations Teaches culture, values and attitudes - Teaches culture, values and attitudes -

prepares them for the roles as adultsprepares them for the roles as adults Introduces students to impersonal Introduces students to impersonal

bureaucratic organizations bureaucratic organizations

Agents - mass mediaAgents - mass media Gives us their message - develops Gives us their message - develops

certain attitudes and certain attitudes and ideologiesideologies in us in us Present days roles of television in the Present days roles of television in the

development of personality is greatdevelopment of personality is great

Agents - observationAgents - observation Socialization does not follow a clear-cut Socialization does not follow a clear-cut

path to a predetermined goalspath to a predetermined goals Because there are many Because there are many overlappingoverlapping and and

unrecognizedunrecognized influences on the child, and influences on the child, and many many possiblepossible outcomes outcomes

Types of socializationTypes of socialization Types of socialization: (1) primary, (2) Types of socialization: (1) primary, (2)

anticipatory, (3) developmental, and (4) re-anticipatory, (3) developmental, and (4) re-socializationsocialization

Primary socializationPrimary socialization: essential and basic types : essential and basic types of socialization. Takes place at early ageof socialization. Takes place at early age

-- Concern with: (1) teaching of language, (2) Concern with: (1) teaching of language, (2) establishment of emotional ties, (3) establishment of emotional ties, (3) appreciation of others role/perspectives, and appreciation of others role/perspectives, and (4) internalization of norms, values (4) internalization of norms, values

Types of socialization Types of socialization (con.)(con.)

Anticipatory socializationAnticipatory socialization: Man may also learn : Man may also learn the culture of group to which they do not the culture of group to which they do not belong. Socialize to join the groupbelong. Socialize to join the group

Developmental socializationDevelopmental socialization: Built on already : Built on already acquired skills/knowledge as the adult acquired skills/knowledge as the adult progresses through new situationprogresses through new situation

Re-socializationRe-socialization: stripping away of learning : stripping away of learning patters and substitution of new one for them patters and substitution of new one for them

Condition of successful Condition of successful learninglearning

Discrimination:Discrimination:- Able to differentiate between new objects - Able to differentiate between new objects

to be learned and behavior patterns to be learned and behavior patterns which are already knownwhich are already known

- Socializing agent must provide some ‘hint’ - Socializing agent must provide some ‘hint’ which help the learner to learn new thing which help the learner to learn new thing

Condition of successful Condition of successful learning (con.)learning (con.)

Reward and punishment:Reward and punishment:- Socializing agent must give reward to the - Socializing agent must give reward to the

child for ‘correct’ performance, and either child for ‘correct’ performance, and either withhold reward or give punishment for withhold reward or give punishment for ‘incorrect’ performance‘incorrect’ performance

- Reward and punishment are - Reward and punishment are ‘reinforcement’ in desired behavior ‘reinforcement’ in desired behavior pattern pattern

Condition of successful Condition of successful learning (con.)learning (con.)

Control of the effects of frustrationControl of the effects of frustration-- All learners in socialization has to face All learners in socialization has to face

frustrationfrustration-- There might be a reaction to frustration, There might be a reaction to frustration,

e.g., aggressive feeling, non-cooperatione.g., aggressive feeling, non-cooperation- Socializing agent should counteract the - Socializing agent should counteract the

effects of frustration, e.g., giving reward effects of frustration, e.g., giving reward

Theories of socializationTheories of socialization

Major theoretical perspectives of Major theoretical perspectives of socialization:socialization:

Looking-Glass self: Charles Horton CooleyLooking-Glass self: Charles Horton CooleyRole Taking: George Herbert MeadRole Taking: George Herbert Mead

Theories of socialization Theories of socialization (con.)(con.)

Characteristics of theoretical Characteristics of theoretical perspectivesperspectives

-- Not mutually exclusiveNot mutually exclusive-- Complements each otherComplements each other-- The theories together provide a full The theories together provide a full

outline of socialization outline of socialization -- Micro level analysisMicro level analysis

Looking-Glass Self Looking-Glass Self Some definitions of Self:Some definitions of Self: - - The notion that we posses about self - The notion that we posses about self -

unique and unique and distinct distinct identityidentity that we set that we set apart from other things and people apart from other things and people

- Cluster of - Cluster of ideasideas that we employ in that we employ in defining ourselvesdefining ourselves

Looking-Glass Self (con.)Looking-Glass Self (con.) How we develop self?How we develop self?- We acquire our sense of self by: We acquire our sense of self by: - seeing ourselves reflected in other seeing ourselves reflected in other

people’s attitudes,people’s attitudes,- behaviors toward us, andbehaviors toward us, and- by imagining what they think of usby imagining what they think of us

Looking-Glass Self (con.)Looking-Glass Self (con.) Three parts of Looking-Glass SelfThree parts of Looking-Glass Self

-- What we imagine of What we imagine of others seeothers see in us in us-- What we imagine about the What we imagine about the judgementjudgement

they make out of what they see in usthey make out of what they see in us-- How we How we feelfeel about those judgements about those judgements

Looking-Glass SelfLooking-Glass Self

Individual Play a role contact

Primarygroup

Individual thinksKind of person s/he is;

conceptualizes himself; develops self

Development of attitudeof group towards

individual

Consciousness/evaluation of individualabout the attitude

Feature of Looking-Glass Feature of Looking-Glass Self Self

Cooley in his book ‘Human nature and Cooley in his book ‘Human nature and Social Order’ remarked:Social Order’ remarked:

- I am not what I think I am- I am not what I think I am- I am not what you think I am - I am not what you think I am - I am what I think you think I am - I am what I think you think I am

Feature (con.)Feature (con.) SelfSelf and and societysociety are twin-born, we know are twin-born, we know

one as immediately as we know the otherone as immediately as we know the other Mixture of observation, imagination, and Mixture of observation, imagination, and

subjective interpretationsubjective interpretation It is also a social construction, involving It is also a social construction, involving

influences such as values and social classinfluences such as values and social class The mind is socialThe mind is social

George Herbert Mead(1856-1939)

Symbolic interactionist Self arises as learn to interpret situations by “taking

on the role of the other”. Children learn this in stages:

-Preparatory (gestures, words, symbol) -Play (specific roles) -Games (multiple roles) - Generalized other to significant other (role of the

group)

Mead: Development of Self

Self is an internal conversation between: - “I”: the self as subject. - “Me”: the self as object.

- “Generalized other”: society. Each socialized person is a society in

miniature.