Chapter Four:

Socialization

Chapter Four:

Socialization

Socialization

Nature

Heredity

Inborn

Genetic code for behavior

Nurture

Social environment

Social interaction

Behaviors are learned

What is Human What is Human Nature?Nature?

Controversy surrounding this question Heredity or Environment? Identical Twins

Adriana and Tamara Jack and Oskar

Controversy surrounding this question Heredity or Environment? Identical Twins

Adriana and Tamara Jack and Oskar

Socialization

Sociobiology

Who we are and what we do is influenced by the following:

Genetic traits and characteristics

Environment

What we learn in interaction with others.

What is Human What is Human Nature?Nature?

Socialization

Feral Children

Children found in the wilderness

“The Wild Boy of Aveyron, France” 1798

Isolated Children

A child who has had no contact with the outside world or no social interaction with others.

Anna was found in early 1940’s locked in the attic

Isabelle discovered in Ohio in 1938

Socialization

Experimental Group

13 infant whose mental retardation was very obvious and no one wanted to adopt them.

2 ½ years later Gained an average of 28 IQ points

20 years later

Control Group

12 infants remained in the orphanage

These children were also retarded, but they were considered to have higher intelligence

2 ½ years later Lost 30 IQ points

20 years later

Skeels & Dye Experiment

Socialization

In Sum…

...Society Makes Us Human

6

High intelligence depends on early, close relations with other

humansSOCIALIZATION

A process in which we learn and internalize the attitudes,

values, beliefs and norms of our culture and develop a sense

of self.

Socialization

Institutionalized Children

1930’s Research on Orphanages Low IQs It was believed that children were born mentally retarded

Skeels & Dye (psychologists) believed there are social causes that led to mental retardation Use Experimental Design to test theory

Socialization

Socialization

C

hildren go through three stages in the development of the

selfT

he process by which children learn to take the role of the

otherS

ignificant Others

G

eneralized Others 9

Mead and Role Taking Mead and Role Taking (Socialization Process)(Socialization Process)

Socialization

Under age 3Under age 3Under age 3Under age 3

Age 3 to 6Age 3 to 6Age 3 to 6Age 3 to 6

After age 6 or 7After age 6 or 7After age 6 or 7After age 6 or 7

Socialization

Children go through a natural process as they learn how to reason

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yhXjJVFA14

Piaget’s Cognitive Development

1. Sensorimotor From birth to about age 2 2. Preoperational Age 2 to 7 3. Concrete Operational Age 7 to 12 4. Formal Operational After the age 12

Socialization

Stages of Moral Development

Kohlberg’s Moral Development

1. Preconventional2. Conventional3. Postconventional

Socialization

Personality consist of three elements

1.Each child is born with id

2.Superego

3.Ego

The struggle between the Id and SuperegoThe struggle between the Id and Superego The struggle between the Id and SuperegoThe struggle between the Id and Superego

Socialization

Every society has institutionalized ways of carrying out the process of socialization

Those groups and institutions that both informally an formally take on the task of socialization

Socialization

Socialization

G

ender Messages in the Family

T

he Peer Group

G

ender Messages in the Mass Media Television and Movies

Video Games 16

Gender Gender MessagesMessages

Socialization

S

ociologists Do Not Think So

S

ocialization is Powerful, but the Self is

Dynamic

I

ndividuals Are Actively Involved in the

Construction of the Self

17

Are We Prisoners of Are We Prisoners of Socialization?Socialization?