Renaissance and Renaissance and ReformationReformation

Renaissance Italy Renaissance Italy 1

Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy?Italy?

New interest in ancient Rome New interest in ancient Rome

The cities of Italy The cities of Italy

Survived the Middle AgesSurvived the Middle Ages

Trade and manufacturing. Trade and manufacturing.

Wealthy merchant class Wealthy merchant class

Education and individual Education and individual achievement achievement

Spent lavishly on the arts. Spent lavishly on the arts.

Florence Florence

Gifted poets, artists, Gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars, and architects, scholars, and scientists. scientists.

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City of Florence, Italy

What Was the What Was the Renaissance?Renaissance?

The Renaissance was a The Renaissance was a time of creativity and time of creativity and changechange

social, economic, and social, economic, and cultural cultural

changes the way people changes the way people viewed themselves and viewed themselves and their worldtheir world

Renaissance thinkers Renaissance thinkers explored the human explored the human

experience in the here experience in the here and nowand now

emphasized individual emphasized individual achievement.achievement.

The Renaissance ideal was The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in the person with talent in many fields.many fields.

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HumanismHumanism

HumanismHumanism

the study of classical the study of classical culture, culture,

worldly subjects rather worldly subjects rather than on religious issues. than on religious issues.

HumanitiesHumanities,, the the subjects taught in subjects taught in ancient Greece and ancient Greece and RomeRome

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Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and TechniquesNew Themes and Techniques

Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world

Rejected Gothic style Adopted columns, domes, and arches that had been favored by the Greeks and Romans

Developed realistic styleLearned rules of perspectiveUsed shading to make objectslook round and realStudied human anatomyUsed live models

WRITERS PAINTERS

ARCHITECTS

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Three Geniuses of Renaissance Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art Art

Studied the works of Studied the works of Michelangelo and Michelangelo and LeonardoLeonardo

Paintings blended Paintings blended Christian and Christian and classical stylesclassical styles

Best known for Best known for paintings of the paintings of the Madonna, the biblical Madonna, the biblical mother of Jesusmother of Jesus

Talented sculptor, Talented sculptor, engineer, painter, engineer, painter, architect, and poetarchitect, and poet

Sculpted the Sculpted the Pieta Pieta and and statue of Davidstatue of David

Painted huge mural to Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in RomeSistine Chapel in Rome

Designed the dome for St. Designed the dome for St. Peter’s Cathedral in RomePeter’s Cathedral in Rome

Made sketches of nature Made sketches of nature and of modelsand of models

Dissected corpses to Dissected corpses to learn how the human learn how the human body workedbody worked

Masterpieces include Masterpieces include Mona LisaMona Lisa and and The Last The Last SupperSupper

Studied botany, Studied botany, anatomy, optics, music, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and architecture, and engineeringengineering

Made sketches for flying Made sketches for flying machines and undersea machines and undersea boatsboats

RAPHAELRAPHAELMICHELANGELOMICHELANGELOLEONARDOLEONARDO

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Artists of the Northern Artists of the Northern RenaissanceRenaissance

Peter Paul Reubens Peter Paul Reubens blended Flemish with the Italian Renaissance. blended Flemish with the Italian Renaissance.

Pieter Bruegel Pieter Bruegel -peasant life, influenced later Flemish -peasant life, influenced later Flemish artists.artists.

Jan and Hubert van EyckJan and Hubert van Eyck

painted townspeople in rich, realistic detail-oil paint.painted townspeople in rich, realistic detail-oil paint.

Albrecht DurerAlbrecht Durer – Germany – Germany

““German Leonardo.”German Leonardo.”

The Northern Renaissance began in Flanders later spread to Spain, France, Germany, and England.

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Northern HumanistsNorthern Humanists

Northern humanists stressed Northern humanists stressed education and classical learning education and classical learning

Revival of ancient learning Revival of ancient learning

Religious and moral reforms. Religious and moral reforms.

Two humanists:Two humanists:

Desiderius Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus

Reform of the church Reform of the church

Bible to be translated Bible to be translated from from LatinLatin

Thomas More Thomas More

Social reform Social reform

UtopianUtopian society. society.

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Erasmus

More

The Printing RevolutionThe Printing Revolution

Printing revolutionPrinting revolution 1456-Johann 1456-Johann

Gutenberg Gutenberg Movable typeMovable type

IMPACT:IMPACT: Cheaper and easierCheaper and easier More people learned More people learned

to read.to read. Broad range of Broad range of

knowledge and ideas.knowledge and ideas.

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Writers of the Northern Writers of the Northern RenaissanceRenaissance

Spanish Spanish author who author who wrote wrote Don Don QuixoteQuixote, which , which mocks mocks romantic romantic notions about notions about medieval medieval chivalrychivalry

English poet who was English poet who was the towering figure the towering figure of Renaissance of Renaissance literatureliterature

Wrote 37 plays that Wrote 37 plays that are still performed are still performed around the worldaround the world

His love of words His love of words vastly enriched the vastly enriched the English language.English language.

French humanist French humanist who was a monk, who was a monk, physician, Greek physician, Greek scholar, and authorscholar, and author

Offered opinions on Offered opinions on religion, education, religion, education, and other subjects and other subjects in in Gargantua and Gargantua and Pantagruel. Pantagruel.

RABELAIS SHAKESPEARE CERVANTES

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The Protestant The Protestant ReformationReformation

1500s-Protestant 1500s-Protestant ReformationReformation

Calls for Reform Calls for Reform

Protestants Protestants

““protested” papal protested” papal authority. authority.

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Abuses in the ChurchAbuses in the Church

The Church gets caught up in worldly affairs

Popes competed and Popes competed and Italian princesItalian princes

Popes fought long wars Popes fought long wars over Papal Statesover Papal States

IndulgencesIndulgences Popes led lavish Popes led lavish

lifestyleslifestyles The Church increased The Church increased

feesfees Weddings, baptisms etc.Weddings, baptisms etc.

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The Teachings of Martin The Teachings of Martin LutherLuther

95 Theses 95 Theses Salvation=faith aloneSalvation=faith alone

Luther rejected that Luther rejected that good deeds were good deeds were necessary for necessary for salvation salvation

The Bible The Bible Luther denied other Luther denied other

authoritiesauthorities All Christians have equal All Christians have equal

access to God access to God Priests and Church-special Priests and Church-special

powerspowers

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Why did Luther’s ideas receive Why did Luther’s ideas receive such support?such support?

Germany and Germany and ScandinaviaScandinavia

Answer to Church Answer to Church corruption.corruption.

German princesGerman princes National loyalty.National loyalty. PeasantsPeasants

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John CalvinJohn Calvin

Followed LutherFollowed Luther PredestinationPredestination Theocracy-GenevaTheocracy-Geneva Spread to Spread to

Germany, France, Germany, France, Scotland, EnglandScotland, England

PersecutionPersecution

Radical ReformersRadical Reformers

New Protestant sects sprang New Protestant sects sprang up up More radical than Luther and More radical than Luther and Calvin. Calvin. AnabaptistsAnabaptists

rejected infant baptismrejected infant baptismabolish private property abolish private property violence to speed up violence to speed up

judgment judgment day day religious tolerance religious tolerance separation of Church and separation of Church and

statestate

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England and the Church England and the Church

In 1528, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul his marriage.

The pope refused Henry’s request.

Henry took the Church from the pope’s control and created the Church of England.

Protestant King Edward VI brought Protestant reforms to England.

Queen Mary wanted to restore Catholicism to England. She had hundreds of English Protestants burned at the stake.

Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise between Protestants and Catholics.

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King Henry’s WivesKing Henry’s Wives

The Catholic ReformationThe Catholic Reformation

•Pope Paul IIIPope Paul III• Moral authority of Moral authority of

the Church the Church • Called the Council Called the Council

of Trentof Trent• Strengthened the Strengthened the

InquisitionInquisition• JesuitsJesuits

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Causes and Effects of the Causes and Effects of the Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

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Immediate Effects

Peasants’ Revolt

Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian, and other Protestant churches

Weakening of Holy Roman Empire

Luther calls for Jews to be expelled from Christian lands

Long-Term Effects

Religious wars in Europe

Catholic Reformation

Strengthening of the Inquisition

Jewish migration to Eastern Europe

Increased anti-Semitism

Widespread PersecutionWidespread Persecution

Both Catholics and Both Catholics and Protestants fostered Protestants fostered intoleranceintolerance

Catholics killed Catholics killed Protestants Protestants and and Protestants Protestants killed killed CatholicsCatholics

1450-1750 witch hunts1450-1750 witch hunts

Jewish PersecutionJewish Persecution

GhettosGhettos

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Major European Religions Major European Religions about 1600about 1600

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Changing Views of the Changing Views of the UniverseUniverse

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Until the mid-1500s, Europeans Until the mid-1500s, Europeans accepted accepted PtolemyPtolemy’s theory’s theory

1543 1543 Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus CopernicusHeliocentricHeliocentric

1500s 1500s Tycho BraheTycho BraheSet up an observatorySet up an observatory

Johannes KepplerJohannes KepplerEllipseEllipse

Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei Telescope Telescope Confirmed the heliocentric Confirmed the heliocentric modelmodelGalileo was tried before the Galileo was tried before the

InquisitionInquisition

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

This new approach to science depended on observation and experimentation.

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Scientific AdvancesScientific Advances

Anthony von Leeuwenhoek Anthony von Leeuwenhoek perfected the microscope, first perfected the microscope, first human to see cells and human to see cells and microorganisms.microorganisms.

William Harvey described William Harvey described the circulation of blood.the circulation of blood.

Ambroise Pare developed an ointment for Ambroise Pare developed an ointment for preventing infection, technique for preventing infection, technique for stitching wounds. stitching wounds.

Andreas Vesalius published the first Andreas Vesalius published the first accurate study of human anatomy.accurate study of human anatomy.

Robert Boyle differentiated elements Robert Boyle differentiated elements from compoundsfrom compounds

Isaac Newton proposed Isaac Newton proposed the law of the law of gravity.gravity.

The 1500s and 1600s saw breakthroughs in many branches of science.

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