EU Policies and Cluster Development of Hydrogen Communities (Eng) / Politicas de la UE y el...

8/2/2019 EU Policies and Cluster Development of Hydrogen Communities (Eng) / Politicas de la UE y el desarrollo de clusters del hidrogeno (Ing) / Politicas de la UE y el …

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Hrubms Murcpmdg Mjcgceaj Xmsmdrj` pdpmrs

`ttp?//www.jckmurcp.hm/mjc/puhkajdtacgs.`te

M] \ckajams dgf Jkustmr Fmvmkcpemgt ci

@yfrcbmg Jceeugatams

HMMX pdpmr g ¼ 46

Fmjmehmr 8<<0

Ganckds Hdfmr*, Xdaeugf Hkmasj`watz**Jckkmbm ci Murcpm, Hmkbaue

Dggm Gybddrf Edfsmg, \mr Fdggmedgf DgfmrsmgVmj`gajdk ]gavmrsaty ci Fmgedrn

* V`m rmsmdrj icr t`as HMM\ wds pdrtky iugfmf hy t`m M] ds pdrt ci t`m Agtmbrdtmf \rcomjt "Xcdfs8@yJce">smm icr iurt`mr agicredtacg www.rcdfs8`y.jce. V`as puhkajdtacg fcms gct gmjmssdraky rmprmsmgt t`m vamws cit`m Murcpmdg Jceeassacg. Ydkudhkm jceemgts wmrm rmjmavmf irce, agtmr dkad, Zuzdggm Z`dw, EdrjmkRmmfd, Xchmrt Ztmaghmrbmr, Gajn Cwmg, Zùrmg Vrûepmr.

** Xdaeugf Hkmasj`watz as vasatagb prcimsscr ag t`m mjcgceajs fmpdrtemgt ci t`m Jckkmbm ci Murcpm (Hrubms).@m as dksc diiakadtmf wat` t`m Ruppmrtdk Agstatutm dgf t`m ]gavmrsatams ci Ruppmrtdk dgf Ndssmk (dkk

Bmredgy). Ganckds Hdfmr as rmsmdrj` dssastdgt dt t`m Jckkmbm ci Murcpm (Hrubms).Jcrrmspcgfagb dut`cr? ghdfmrLjckmurcp.hm> tmk.? +:8 =<622:4=> idx? +:8 =<622:<<.

http://www.coleurop.be/eco/publications.htm


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Dhstrdjt

Vàs stufy tdnms cg t`m assum ci pckatajdk dgf scjac-mjcgceaj jcgfatacgs icr t`m `yfrcbmgmjcgcey ds pdrt ci d iuturm kcw jdrhcg scjamty ag Murcpm. At as suhfavafmf agtc twc pdrts. Diarst pdrt rmvamws t`m jurrmgt M] pckajy irdemwcrn ag vamw ci ats aepdjt cg `yfrcbmg dgf iumkjmkk fmvmkcpemgt. Ag t`m smjcgf pdrt dg dgdkysas ci t`m rmbacgdk fygdeajs dgf pcssahkm`yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk jkustmrs as jdrramf cut.

V`m jurrmgt M] pckajy irdemwcrn fcms gct àgfmr `yfrcbmg fmvmkcpemgt. Qmt at fcms gctjcgstatutm d strcgb pus` idjtcr mat`mr. M] mgmrby pckajams `dvm t`m strcgbmst aepdjt cg`yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk fmvmkcpemgt mvmg t`cub` t`mar pctmgtadk as stakk ugfmrmxpkcatmf.Xmbukdtcry pckajams `dvm d wmdn hut pcsatavm aepdjt cg `yfrcbmg. M] spmgfagb pckajams s`cw

scem agjcgsastmgjams.

Xmbacgs wat` d àb` djtavaty kmvmk ag @IJ dksc drm bmgmrdkky aggcvdtavm rmbacgs. Ecrmcvmr,t`m drtajkm pcagts cut jmrtdag agfustradk jkustmrs t`dt idvcurs scem rmbacgs' jcgfatacgs icrtdnagb pdrt ag t`m @IJ fmvmkcpemgt. @cwmvmr, mxastagb `yfrcbmg agirdstrujturm smmes tc pkdyd eagcr rckm icr rmbacg's mgbdbmemgt. Dg cvmrdkk wmkk-iugjtacgagb rmbacgdk aggcvdtacg systmeas aepcrtdgt ag t`m icredtavm p`dsm ci dg @IJ aggcvdtacg systme, hut t`dt iurt`mr rmsmdrj` asgmmfmf hmicrm qudkaiamf pckajy aepkajdtacgs jdg hm frdwg.

Kccnagb d`mdf t`m jurrmgt pckajy irdemwcrn dt M] kmvmk fcms gct smt jkmdr kcgb tmre sabgdksdgf kdjns agjmgtavms t`dt drm strcgb mgcub` tc idjakatdtm àb` agvmstemgt ag dgf fmpkcyemgt ci

sustdagdhkm mgmrby tmj`gckcbams. V`m kanmky cvmrdkk miimjt tùs smmes tc hm tcc wmdn tc mgdhkmt`m M] `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk fmpkcyemgt strdtmby. Djjcrfagb tc cur dgdkysas dg mg`dgjmfM] pckajy irdemwcrn pusàgb icr sustdagdhakaty ag bmgmrdk dgf t`m fmvmkcpemgt ci `yfrcbmgdgf iumk jmkks ag pdrtajukdr rmquarms t`m ickkcwagb? 4) D strcgb M] mgmrby pckajy wat` jrmfahkmkcgb tmre tdrbmts> 8) hmttmr jccrfagdtacg ci M] pckajams? Murcpm gmmfs d jceecgugfmrstdgfagb ci nmy tdxdtacg jcgjmpts (brmmg tdxdtacg, agtmrgdkasdtacg ci mxtmrgdkatams) dgf djceecg dpprcdj` icr t`m edrnmt agtrcfujtacg ci gmw mgmrby tmj`gckcbams> :) dg M] jkustmr

pckajy ds dg dttmept tc hmttmr jccrfagdtm dgf suppcrt ci Murcpmdg rmbacgs ag t`mar miicrts tciurt`mr fmvmkcp @IJ dgf tc smt up t`m rmspmjtavm agirdstrujturm.

Nmywcrfs? `yfrcbmg, mgmrby pckajy, jkustmrs, rmbacgs, aggcvdtacg

OMK jcfms? C40, C=8, T60, X=0



Dhstrdjt.....................................................................................................................................8

4. Agtrcfujtacg..................................................................................................................=

8. Xmkmvdgt pckajams ag t`m M]..........................................................................................6

8.4 Agtrcfujtacg........................................................................................................6

8.8 Jceeatemgts tc rmfujm B@B ...........................................................................=8.8.4 Dgdkysas..................................................................................................=8.8.8 Jcgjkusacgs............................................................................................9

8.: Mgmrby tdxdtacg ..................................................................................................2

8.:.4 Dgdkysas..................................................................................................28.:.8 Jcgjkusacgs..........................................................................................4<

8.6 Xmgmwdhkm Mgmrby Farmjtavm ...........................................................................4<8.6.4 Jcgjkusacgs..........................................................................................4:

8.= Meassacgs Vrdfagb Zj`mem..............................................................................4:8.=.4 Dgdkysas................................................................................................4:8.=.8 Jcgjkusacgs..........................................................................................4=

8.9 Haciumks............................................................................................................4=8.9.4 Dgdkysas................................................................................................4=8.9.8 Jcgjkusacgs..........................................................................................42

8.2 Mgmrby Miiajamgjy ............................................................................................408.2.4 Dgdkysas................................................................................................408.2.8 Jcgjkusacgs..........................................................................................8<

8.0 Kahmrdkasdtacg dgf t`m agtmrgdk edrnmt icr mgmrby............................................848.0.4 Dgdkysas................................................................................................848.0.8 Jcgjkusacgs..........................................................................................8:

8.1 Xmbacgdk \ckajy................................................................................................868.1.4 Dgdkysas................................................................................................868.1.8 Jcgjkusacg ...........................................................................................82

8.4< Jcgjkusacgs cg t`m M] \ckajy Irdemwcrn dgf Xmjceemgfdtacgs ................80

:. Xmbacgdk Dgdkysas dgf pcssahkm Jkustmr \ckajams .....................................................:< :.4 Jkustmrs dgf Aggcvdtacg Zystmes.....................................................................:<

:.8 Jkustmr dgf aggcvdtacg pckajy icr rmbacgdk @IJ prcectacg............................:4:.8.4 V`m Jkustmr dpprcdj`...........................................................................:4:.8.8 V`m Xmbacgdk Aggcvdtacg Zystme dpprcdj`.........................................:8

:.: Fdtd..................................................................................................................:6

:.6 Djtavm rmbacgs wat`ag @yfrcbmg dgf Iumk Jmkks..............................................:=

:.= @yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk fmecgstrdtacg prcomjts ...............................................:2

:.9 @yfrcbmg iumkkagb stdtacgs...............................................................................:2

:.2 Xmbastrdtacg ci Agtmrmst (XcA) icr jceeugatams ugfmrtdnagb `yfrcbmg dgf iumkjmkk prcomjts ......................................................................................................:0



:.0 @ab`-kmvmk @IJ rmbacgs dgf mxastagb agirdstrujturm dgf prcfujtacg jdpdjatams..........................................................................................................................:1

:.1 Mxastagb `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg jdpdjaty ...........................................................6<:.4< Mxastagb `yfrcbmg papmkagm agirdstrujturm........................................................6<

:.44 Edtj` hmtwmmg rmbacgs‑ kmvmk ci @IJ djtavatams dgf t`mar sjcrm ag t`m XmbacgdkAggcvdtacg Zjcrmhcdrf.....................................................................................64

:.48 Dssmssagb t`m prmsmgjm ci jkustmrs ag @IJ-rmbacgs .........................................68

:.4: Jcgjkusacgs......................................................................................................69

6. Cvmrdkk jcgjkusacgs ....................................................................................................62

6.4 V`m M] Kmvmk...................................................................................................62

6.8 V`m Xmbacgdk Kmvmk..........................................................................................62

6.: Vcwdrfs dg agtmbrdtmf Murcpmdg Jkustmr \ckajy..............................................60

6.6 \rcpcsdks icr dg mg`dgjmf pckajy irdemwcrn..................................................=4

Xmimrmgjms ...............................................................................................................................=:



M] \ckajams dgf Jkustmr Fmvmkcpemgt ci @yfrcbmg Jceeugatams 8

Kcjn-ag miimjts ci prmvdakagb tmj`gckcbams, t`m rasn ci hmagb mgtrdppmf ag jdrhcg kcjn ag(]gru`/Jdrakkc-@mrecsakkd 8<<9) cr ct`mr kdrbm tmj`gckcbajdk systme (Rdknmr 8<<<), pctmgtadkfasmjcgceams ci sjdkm (Ascdrf/Zcrad 8<<4) dgf t`m gmjmssaty tc rmdj` dt kmdst d jratajdk edss ci

prcfujtacg kmbataeazm tdakcr-edfm suppcrt sj`mems icr `yfrcbmg dkcgbsafm gcg tmj`gckcbyspmjaiaj suppcrt sj`mems icr ecrm gmdr-tmre sckutacgs.

@cwmvmr dkcgb wat` agjrmdsagb edturaty dgf jcst-miimjtavmgmss ci `yfrcbmg tmj`gckcby cvmrtaem, rmbukdtcry mep`dsas wakk gmmf tc sàit irce spmjaiaj suppcrt sj`mems suj` ds t`csmciimrmf hy t`m rmjmgtky mstdhkas`mf Ocagt Vmj`gckcby Agatadtavm (OVA)4 tcwdrfs ecrmjcepmtatavm agjmgtavm systmes (suj` ds jcepmtatavm fadkcbums dgf haffagb prcjmssms, bmgmrdktdxdtacg, edrnmt hdsmf agstruemgts dgf sc cg).

V`m dssmssemgt ci t`m Ztdtm ci t`m Drt ag `yfrcbmg tmj`gckcby 8 subbmsts t`dt `yfrcbmg gmmfsd ecrm jcepkmx suppcrt sj`mem jcepdrmf tc ct`mr memrbagb sckutacgs, hmjdusm at jcehagms dàb` fmbrmm ci tmj`gajdk j`dkkmgbm ag t`m dppkajdtacg atsmki (icr mxdepkm stcrdbm tmj`gckcbamsicr `yfrcbmg), dgf t`m gdturm ci `yfrcbmg ds d gmw mgmrby jdrramr cr dg mgmrby vmjtcr t`dt gctcgky gmmfs tc hm prcfujmf ag d sustdagdhkm edggmr (@maedg/Zckcecg 8<<2) hut dksc rmquarms

d fastrahutacg systme, prmimrdhky dt d Murcpmdg dgf agtmrgdtacgdk sjdkm. Vàs as faiimrmgt tc m.b. haciumks t`dt jdg hm hkmgfmf agtc jcgvmgtacgdk bdsckagm dgf famsmk iumks wat` kattkm cr gcecfaiajdtacgs tc t`m mgbagms t`dt usm t`me ds wmkk ds usagb t`m mxastagb agirdstrujturm cibdsckagm stdtacgs. At as dksc faiimrmgt tc `mdt cr mkmjtrajaty prcfujmf hy sckdr mgmrby dgf ct`mrrmgmwdhkms t`dt jdg usm t`m mxastagb papmkagms dgf t`m mkmjtraj braf. Icr t`csm rmdscgs, at asugkanmky t`dt suppcrt systmes t`dt `dvm prcvmg tc hm sujjmssiuk icr rmgmwdhkm mgmrby jdgstrdab`ticrwdrfky hm dppkamf tc `yfrcbmg. V`m jcgfatacgs t`dt mgdhkm agfustry tcjceemrjadkasm `yfrcbmg iumk jmkk vmàjkms dgf ct`mr dppkajdtacgs drm gct ymt ag pkdjm. V`myrmquarm rmbukdtcry rmicres dgf agjmgtavm systmes icr prcfujtacg, fastrahutacg, dgf mgf-usmdppkajdtacg ci `yfrcbmg.

V`m jcgfatacgs t`dt mgdhkm agfustry tc jceemrjadkasm `yfrcbmg iumk jmkk vmàjkms dgf ct`mrdppkajdtacgs suj` ds J@\ systmes drm gct ymt ag pkdjm. Zcem gaj`m edrnmts suj` ds edtmradk`dgfkagb vmàjkms (icrn kaitmrs), rmectm kmasurm idjakatams dgf pcrtdhkm mfujdtacgdk tccknats edyikcuras` wat`cut edrnmt agtrcfujtacg suppcrt. Edss edrnmt fmvmkcpemgt dgf iukk fmpkcyemgtci `yfrcbmg `cwmvmr wakk rmquarm suhstdgtavm rmbukdtcry rmicres dgf agjmgtavm systmes icr

prcfujtacg, fastrahutacg, dgf mgf-usm dppkajdtacg ci `yfrcbmg, ds wmkk ds pacgmmragb djtacgirce rmbacgs. Vàs wakk hm d j`dkkmgbm icr t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg sagjm t`m mvckutacgdry

pdt`wdys tcwdrfs d kcw jdhcg scjamty drm idr irce hmagb jkmdr dgf wakk gmmf fmjasacg-ednagbcg scem jrujadk jrcssrcdfs?

• V`m rckm ci hacedss? t`mrm as agjrmdsagb hut jcgikajtagb fmedgf icr hacedss stmeeagbirce bdsaiajdtacg prcjmssms daeagb icr `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg, haciumks, farmjt `mdtagb,

edtmradks prcfujtacg, dgf iccf>

• Ztmde emt`dgm rmicredtacg ciimrs rmkdtavmky kcw-jcst prcfujtacg pdt`wdys icr`yfrcbmg dgf scem pctmgtadk icr JC8 sdvagbs jcepdrmf tc M]-8= stdgfdrf iumk eax(Ramtsj`mk / @dsmgdumr / fm Brcct 8<<9), `cwmvmr at edy gct hm t`m hmst pdt`wdy agt`m kcgb rug>

• Jdrhcg Jdpturm Zmqumstrdtacg (JJZ) edy mgdhkm icssak iumks tc prcfujm `yfrcbmgwat` kattkm JC8 meassacgs, `cwmvmr tàs s gct ymt d edturm tmj`gckcby dgf at eab`t gct

hm jcgsafmrmf pdrt ci d sustdagdhkm mgmrby systme (Iasj`mfajn mt dk. 8<<2)>

4 Zmm icr mxdepkm `ttps?//www.ìpmurcpm.crb/ìp/ota8 Zmm www.rcdfs8`y.jce icr suj` dg dgdkysas





M] \ckajams dgf Jkustmr Fmvmkcpemgt ci @yfrcbmg Jceeugatams :

• Gujkmdr mgmrby dkkcws icr t`m prcfujtacg ci `yfrcbmg, `cwmvmr at as àb`kyjcgtrcvmrsadk dgf scem M] emehmr stdtms `dvm fmjafmf tc p`dsm cut gujkmdr mgmrby.

V`mrm as d gmmf icr dg dgdkysas cg d jceprm`mgsavm pckajy suppcrt icr t`m fmpkcyemgt ci`yfrcbmg wàj` wm jdkk d ‗tàrf dpprcdj`‛ t`dt hrafbms t`m bdp hmtwmmg spmjaiaj suppcrt

sj`mems dgf cvmrdkk irdemwcrn jcgfatacgs tc mgdhkm d kcw jdrhcg scjamty. At as gmjmssdry hmjdusm

• Mxastagb vdramtams ag fmec prcomjts dgf quatm faiimrmgt rmbacgdk imdturms t`rcub`cutMurcpm jdkk icr fm-jmgtrdkasmf strdtmbams dkcgb wat` jccrfagdtmf fmpkcyemgt dgfaepkmemgtdtacg>

• \rcfujtacg ci `yfrcbmg wakk cgky hmjcem sustdagdhkm ai at jcems irce kcw jdrhcg(afmdkky? jdrhcg irmm) scurjms wat` kcw rasns dgf dt diicrfdhkm jcsts>

• V`mrm drm rmquarmemgts icr fastrahutacg systmes, wàj` bavms `yfrcbmg d spdtadk dgf puhkaj bccf faemgsacg jcepdrdhkm tc t`m mstdhkasèmgt ci mkmjtrajaty brafs ag t`m kdtm41t` / mdrky 8<t` Jmgtury>

• Agjuehmgt tmj`gckcbams ‛àgfmr― fmpkcyemgt ci `yfrcbmg ugkmss t`m `yfrcbmg-hdsmfdktmrgdtavm jdg hm edfm ecrm dppmdkagb>

• V`m upircgt smt up jcsts gct cgky drm mgcrecus, t`my eab`t dksc faiimr t`rcub`cut t`mEmehmr Ztdtms (wat` kdrbmr Emehmr Ztdtms `dvagb d àb`mr hurfmg, scem Emehmr Ztdtms

hmagb ag d jmgtrdk fastrahutacg pcsatacg wàkm ct`mrs drm ecrm rmectm)>

• D fasruptavm tmj`gckcby suj` ds `yfrcbmg `ds edgy pcssahkm dppkajdtacgs wàj` gmmf tc hm dffrmssmf>

• Gmw dppkajdtacgs drm cgky dttrdjtavm icr justcemrs ai t`my ciimr sabgaiajdgt dffatacgdkiugjtacgdkaty tc oustaiy t`m jcst faiimrmgjm tcwdrfs d rmimrmgjm tmj`gckcby(Omggagbd/Xcs/Bcfircao 8<<9)>

• V`mrm as d rasn t`dt scem mxastagb pckajams drm agjcgsastmgt wat` t`m gmmf tc jrmdtm t`mjcgfatacgs icr t`m mgdhkmemgt ci `yfrcbmg.

• Dt d bkchdk sjdkm, t`m assum ci mgmrby dgf rdw edtmradks smjuraty ds wmkk ds cgbcagb prcbrdeems tc fmpkcy `yfrcbmg rmquarm d strcgb rckm ci t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg rdt`mr t`dgagfustrams dgf rmbacgs dkcgm.

Rm jdkk at d ‗tàrf dpprcdj`‛ hmjdusm, dktmrgdtavmky, mat`mr t`m spmjaiaj suppcrt emj`dgasewakk `dvm tc hm edagtdagmf icr quatm d kcgb taem, cr t`m cvmrdkk irdemwcrn jcgfatacgs wakk`dvm tc hm dfcptmf sc t`dt t`my jdg buafm prcjmssms hmttmr t`dg rmbukdtacg usudkky dttmepts.Vàs pkmfbm icr jceprm`mgsavmgmss dgf jc`mrmgjm as ag kagm wat` t`m `yfrcbmgaepkmemgtdtacg strdtmby (MJ 8<<9) jdkkagb upcg husagmss dgf pckajy ednmrs tc prmpdrm icredss edrnmt fmvmkcpemgt hmycgf icrmruggmrs dgf mdrky edrnmts. Iurt`mrecrm, suj` dgdkysasrmspcgfs tc rmjmgt M] agatadtavms ci mstdhkasàgb d Ocagt Vmj`gckcby Agatadtavm (OVA) dgf d@yfrcbmg Xmbacgdk dgf Eugajapdk \kdticre (@yXdE\) ag 8<<0. Hct` agatadtavms wakk hragbdffatacgdk pus` ag t`m memrbagb `yfrcbmg mjcgcey, wàj` ag turg jdkks icr t`m fmvmkcpemgtci ecrm jceprm`mgsavm pckajams tc ickkcw iarst suppcrt sj`mems.

Cur stufy wakk fmvmkcp scem j`drdjtmrastajs icr d jceprm`mgsavm pckajy icr t`m fmpkcyemgt ci

`yfrcbmg. At fcms sc hy




• Zjrmmgagb mxastagb pckajams cg mgmrby dgf jkaedtm. V`m rmdscg hmàgf suj` dgdkysas ast`dt t`csm pckajams edy mgtdak agjmgtavms t`dt jdg hm usmf icr t`m `yfrcbmg fmpkcyemgtwat`cut fmvmkcpagb gmw dgf dffatacgdk pckajams dgf, cg t`m ct`mr `dgf, mvmg kanm-eagfmf pckajams edy `dvm ugwdgtmf safm miimjts cg t`m fmpkcyemgt ci `yfrcbmg t`dtgmmfs tc hm jcgsafmrmf>

• Zjrmmgagb ct`mr pckajams ci bmgmrdk aepcrtdgjm (Kashcg prcjmss, rmbacgdk pckajy) icrt`m sdem rmdscg>

• Dssmssagb rmbacgdk jkustmrs dgf aggcvdtacg systmes t`dt edy smrvm ds pkdticres icrsmki-sustdagagb `yfrcbmg uptdnm ag t`m iuturm:>

• Frdwagb jcgjkusacgs dt mdj` stmp dgf sueedrazm iagfagbs ag d jcgjkufagb j`dptmr.

Emt`cfckcbajdkky, t`m stufy `ds hmmg jcgfujtmf hy usagb t`m mxtmgsavm decugt ciagicredtacg bmgmrdtmf hy ct`mr stufams ag t`m Xcdfs8@yJce prcomjt, katmrdturm dgdkysas ag t`mdrmd ci M] pckajy dgdkysas, qudgtatdtavm dgdkysas hy usagb t`m BAZ-scitwdrm icr jkustmrdgdkysas, pkus immfhdjn dgf agtmrvamws edfm wat` rmprmsmgtdtavms dgf stdnm`ckfmrs irce`yfrcbmg jceeugatams t`rcub` t`m wcrns`cps dgf ct`mr icres ci mxj`dgbm. Cur dpprcdj`tùs jcepkmemgts rmsmdrj` cg `cw pckajams s`dpm tmj`gckcbajdk j`dgbm tcwdrfs sustdagdhkmmgmrby, wàj` `ds hmmg fcgm ds mx-pcst mvdkudtacg ci ]Z mxpmramgjms (Gcrhmrb-Hcè, 8<<<),ci rmgmwdhkm mgmrby scurjms ag Bmredgy, Zwmfmg dgf t`m Gmt`mrkdgfs (Odjchsscg/ Hmrbmn,8<<6) dgf ci mgmrby-miiajamgjy tmj`gckcbams (Bruhh/]kp`, 8<<8).

8. Xmkmvdgt pckajams ag t`m M]6

8.4 Agtrcfujtacg

Zagjm t`m Vrmdty ci Destmrfde sustdagdhkm fmvmkcpemgt as suppcsmf tc hm cgm ci t`m edagchomjtavms ci Murcpmdg pckajy ednagb (drtajkm 8). Ag rmjmgt ymdrs t`m icjus cg sustdagdhkmfmvmkcpemgt ‚ dgf sustdagdhkm mgmrby systmes hmagb pdrt ci at - `ds hmmg strmgbt`mgmf? Ag8<<4 t`m Jcugjak dbrmmf cg d Murcpmdg strdtmby icr sustdagdhkm fmvmkcpemgt. Ag 8<<9, tàsstrdtmby wds jratajdkky rmvasmf ag t`m kab`t ci brcwagb jcgjmrgs cvmr ugsustdagdhkm trmgfs agMurcpm. V`m gmw strdtmby jceprasms smvmg nmy pracraty drmds, decgbst t`me twc drmds wat`farmjt rmkmvdgjm icr `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk fmvmkcpemgt? jkaedtm j`dgbm dgf jkmdg mgmrby, dswmkk ds sustdagdhkm trdgspcrt (MJ 8<<9).

@cwmvmr, t`m MJ Vrmdty fcms gct jcgimr d farmjt kmbdk hdsas tc t`m Murcpmdg kmvmk ag t`m iamkfci mgmrby pckajy. V`m Kashcg Vrmdty ‚ ai rdtaiamf - wcukf j`dgbm tàs satudtacg. Ag drtajkm

429D, at stdtms?

‛4. Ag t`m jcgtmxt ci t`m mstdhkasèmgt dgf iugjtacgagb ci t`m agtmrgdk edrnmt dgf wat` rmbdrficr t`m gmmf tc prmsmrvm dgf aeprcvm t`m mgvarcgemgt, ]gacg pckajy cg mgmrby s`dkk dae, ag dsparat ci sckafdraty hmtwmmg Emehmr Ztdtms, tc?

(d) mgsurm t`m iugjtacgagb ci t`m mgmrby edrnmt>

(h) mgsurm smjuraty ci mgmrby suppky ag t`m ]gacg> dgf

: Zmm dksc wcrn fcgm ag R\ 8, : dgf 6 ci Xcdfs8@yJce hy \kdgmt, OXJ, dgf MJG, www.rcdfs8`y.jce6

Zmm dksc Hkmasj`watz, X. / Hdfmr, G. (8<<0), V`m \ckajy Irdemwcrn icr t`m \rcectacg ci @yfrcbmg dgf IumkJmkks ag Murcpm? d Jratajdk Dssmssemgt, Jckkmbm ci Murcpm, Hrubms Murcpmdg Mjcgceaj \ckajy \dpmrs HMM\ Gc.41.




Vdhkm 4? B@B meassacg rmfujtacgs M]-82, scurjm? MJ (8<<2 f)

Rat`

mxastagb

pckajams

dgf

emdsurms

]sm ci

Nyctc

emj`dgas

es

(Bcvt.)

]sm ci

jdrhcg

sagns

Dffatacgd

k pckajams

dgf

emdsurms

Rat` dkk emdsurms,

Nyctc emj`dgases dgf

jdrhcg sagns

Hdsm

Qmdr

(HQ)

meassac

gs

Nyctc

tdrbmts \rcomjtac

gs icr

8<4<

Miimjt ag

8<4< Miimjt ag

8<4< Miimjt ag

8<4< \rcomjtac

gs icr

8<4<

Bdp

hmtwmmg

prcomjtac

gs dgf

tdrbmt

EtJC8 % ci HQ % ci HQ % ci HQ % ci HQ % ci HQ % ci HQ % ci HQDustrad 20.1 -4:.<% 42.8% -44.6% -<.1% -40.8% -4:.6% -<.6%Hmkbaue 469.1 -2.=% -:.9% -6.0% -0.6% -<.1%Hukbdrad 4:0.: -0.<% -:2.<% -6.9% -64.2% -::.2%Jyprus 9.< gd 4<4.9% -4:.2% 02.1% gdJzmj`Xmp.

419.: -0.<% -8=.0% -:.4% -80.0% -8<.0%

Fmge. 91.: -84.<% -1.2% -9.4% -:.:% -41.<% 8.<%Mstcgad 6:.= -0.<% -=9.9% -:.:% -=1.1% -=4.1%Iagkdgf 24.4 <.<% 41.9% -:.6% -<.0% -42.6% -8.<% -8.<%Irdgjm =96.< <.<% <.1% -6.:% -:.6% -:.6%Bmredgy 48:4.= -84.<% -88.6% -:.:% -8=.2% -6.2%Brmmjm 444.2 8=.<% :6.2% -1.0% 86.1% -<.4%@ugbdry 488.8 -9.<% -80.=% -<.8% -80.2% -88.2%Armkdgf ==.0 4:.<% 88.9% -9.=% -:.2% -<.8% 48.:% -<.2%Atdky =41.= -9.=% 4:.4% -:.2% -:.8% -48.8% -9.<% <.=%Kdtvad 8=.: -0.<% -69.8% -8.6% -60.9% -6<.9%Kat`. 60.< -0.<% -:<.8% -:<.8% -88.8%Kux. 48.2 -80.<% 44.1% -:2.:% -8.2% -80.<% <.<%Edktd 4.< gd 48:.=% 48:.=% gd Gmt`mrk. 84:.8 -9.<% -<.9% -1.6% -<.4% -4<.4% -6.4%\ckdgf =09.1 -9.<% -80.6% -80.6% -88.6%\crtubdk 9<.1 82.<% 66.:% -1.=% -2.9% -6.<% 8:.4% -:.1%

Xce. 808.= -0.<% -:4.1% -:.1% -:=.0% -82.0%Zkcvdn. 2:.< -0.<% -8<.8% -:.4% -8:.:% -4=.:%Zkcvmg. 8<.8 -0.<% 9.0% -:.<% -0.:% -0.8% -48.2% -6.2%Zpdag 800.6 4=.<% 68.:% -44.<% -8.<% 81.8% 46.8%Zwmfmg 28.: 6.<% -:.6% -8.1% -9.6% -4<.6%]gatmfNagbf.

22=.8 -48.=% -8:.8% <.<% -<.=% -8:.2% -44.8%

M]-4= 6824.6 -0.<% -6.<% -8.=% -<.1% -6.<% -44.6% -:.6%

V`rcub` ats Nyctc dgf ats agtmrgdk pckajy chomjtavms, t`m M] `ds jkmdrky s`cwg ats wakkagbgmsstc dfcpt stragbmgt rukms dgf kdws tc eatabdtm jkaedtm j`dgbm. Ickkcwagb t`m kdugj` ci t`mrmjmgt A\JJ dssmssemgt rmpcrt dgf t`m sc-jdkkmf Ztmrg-rmvamw dgf ugfmr t`m aeprmssacg ci d

imw mxtrmem wmdt`mr mvmgts, t`m Murcpmdg Jcugjak ci Edrj` 8<<2 smt ecrm dehatacus tdrbmtsicr t`m \cst-Nyctc pmracf. V`m M] `ds gct dfcptmf dg chomjtavm ci d 8<% rmfujtacg ag B@B hy 8<8< dgf d 9<% tc 0<% rmfujtacg hy 8<=< jcepdrmf wat` t`m kmvmk ci 411<. At `dsiurt`mrecrm mgfcrsmf t`m strdtmbaj chomjtavm ‛ci kaeatagb t`m bkchdk dvmrdbm tmepmrdturmagjrmdsm tc gct ecrm t`dg 8¼ J dhcvm agfustradk kmvmks― (MJ 8<<2m, p. 4<).

8.8.8 Jcgjkusacgs

V`m M] as strcgbky jceeattmf tc frdstaj B@B rmfujtacgs wat`ag t`m taemirdem icrmsmmg icrt`m mdrky fmpkcyemgt ci `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks. Cg t`m agtmrgdtacgdk kmvmk, at as mvmg cgm cit`m ecst aepcrtdgt dgf fmfajdtmf djtcrs ag t`as iamkf. Qmt, t`m agtmrgdtacgdk jceeatemgt ci t`mM] jcgtrdsts wat` t`m pckajy sujjmssms ci Murcpmdg stdtms. Ag idjt, t`m M] as gct kdjnagb

jceeatemgt tc hut aepkmemgtdtacg ci jkaedtm j`dgbm pckajy. Dssueagb t`dt t`m M] wakk stajntc ats jceeatemgts, dffatacgdk miicrts tc rmfujm B@B meassacgs jdg hm mxpmjtmf.




Ag t`m ickkcwagb j`dptmrs, t`m M] agstruemgts icr t`m aepkmemgtdtacg ci jkaedtm j`dgbm dgfmgmrby pckajy wakk t`mrmicrm hm dgdkyzmf.

V`m rmkmvdgjm ci t`msm jceeatemgts icr dg `yfrcbmg mjcgcey as dt `dgf? kcgb tmrejceeatemgt wakk pdvm t`m wdy icr ecrm sustdagdhkm mgmrby systmes agjkufagb jdrramrs suj` ds

`yfrcbmg (prcvafmf at jcgtrahutms tc B@B rmfujtacg). V`m jurrmgt bdp hmtwmmg jceeatemgtsdgf aepkmemgtdtacg emdgs t`dt dffatacgdk pckajams wakk gmmf tc hm dfcptmf wàj` wakkjcgstrdag t`m usm ci prmvdakagb jdrhcg tmj`gckcbams (jcdk pcwmr stdtacgs ag t`m mkmjtrajatysmjtcr, usm ci bdsckagm ag t`m trdgspcrtdtacg smjtcr) ugf tùs idjakatdtm @yfrcbmg edrnmtagtrcfujtacg. V`m taemirdem `cwmvmr as jrujadk? t`mrm eab`t hm d rasn t`dt wàkm strcgbkyicjusagb cg t`m aepkmemgtdtacg ci t`m Nyctc \rctcjck hy t`m ymdrs 8<<0 ‚ 8<48, t`m M] dgfats emehmr stdtms eab`t ugfmrmstaedtm cr mvmg àgfmr t`m gmmf tc jcpm wat` kcgb tmresckutacgs. V`m jceprm`mgsavmgmss ci pckajams icr t`m fmpkcyemgt ci `yfrcbmg tùs as strcgbkyrmkdtmf tc agtmr-tmepcrdk jcgsastmgjy dgf fygdeaj miiajamgjams.

8.: Mgmrby tdxdtacg

8.:.4 Dgdkysas

Ag ats farmjtavm ci 8< Edrj` 8<<:, t`m M] smts cut eagaeue kmvmks ci tdxdtacg icr mgmrby prcfujts. V`m tdx as pdaf hy w`cmvmr purj`dsms t`m mgmrby prcfujt ag qumstacg dgf gct hy t`m prcfujmr. V`m farmjtavm dksc mxmepts mkmjtrajaty jcgsuemf ag t`m prcfujtacg ci mkmjtrajaty, sc-jdkkmf cg-satm jcgsueptacg. Emehmr Ztdtms `dvm iurt`mrecrm t`m cptacg tc ciimr jcepdgamstdx agjmgtavms ag rmturg icr spmjaiaj ugfmrtdnagbs tc rmfujm meassacgs. V`m Jceeassacg dkscsmt up trdgsatacgdk drrdgbmemgts icr gmw Emehmr Ztdtms (MJ 8<<:).

V`m iagdk s`dpm ci t`m Farmjtavm wàj` mgtmrmf agtc icrjm cg 4 Odgudry 8<<6 as j`drdjtmrasmf hy @dssmkngappm/J`rastadgsmg (8<<:) ds ickkcws?

• Gmw eagaeue rdtms drm tc hm smt dt t`m kdtmst hy 4 Odgudry 8<48 icr d gmw pmracfirce 8<4:

• V`m eagaeue rdtms drm smt dt d rmkdtavmky kcw kmvmk (smm hmkcw)

• Zcem Emehmr Ztdtms hmgmiat irce tdakcr edfm aepkmemgtdtacg dbrmmemgts dgf kcgbtrdgsatacgdk pmracfs

• Zcem mgmrby-agtmgsavm agfustrams jdg hmgmiat irce mxmeptacgs> t`m tdx rdtms icr husagmss dgf agfustry drm bmgmrdkky kcwmr t`dg t`csm icr ct`mr mjcgceaj djtcrs

•

D rmturg ci rmvmgum tc jcepdgams/agfustrams as pcssahkm ai t`my mgtmr agtc mgmrbymiiajamgjy dbrmmemgts (4<<% rmturg tc mgmrby-agtmgsavm agfustrams wat` dbrmmemgt,=<% rmturg tc ct`mr agfustrams)

Fasjussacgs cg w`mt`mr scem mxmeptacgs irce t`m Farmjtavm wcukf qudkaiy ds akkmbdk stdtm dafwmrm smttkmf hy t`m rmecvdk ci t`msm agfustradk smjtcrs irce t`m Farmjtavm.

Ag pdrdkkmk, Murcpmdg stdnm`ckfmrs `dvm hmmg fasjussagb d ‛brmmg― tdx rmicre ag t`m kab`t cit`m M] jceeatemgt tc rmfujm ats B@B meassacgs (Dgfmrsmg/Zprmgbmr 8<<<> Mjctmj mt dk.8<<4> MMD 8<<=, 8<<9). V`m ecrm rmjmgt fmhdtm `ds hmmg prceptmf hy m.b. t`m Brmmg \dpmrci t`m Murcpmdg Jceeassacg cg t`m usm ci edrnmt-hdsmf agjmgtavms (Edrj` 8<<2), dgf t`m‛Hrussmks Vdx Icrue cg tdxdtacg icr sustdagdhkm fmvmkcpemgt― ds wmkk ds hy t`m ‛Rcrkf

Mjctdx Jcgimrmgjm―.




Vdhkm 8? Eagaeue rdtms dppkajdhkm tc ectcr iumks djjcrfagb tc t`m M] mgmrby tdxdtacg

farmjtavm, scurjm? MJ (8<<2b)

- Eagaeue mxjasm

rdtms hmicrm 8<<6

Eagaeue mxjasm

rdtms irce 4.4.8<<6

Eagaeue mxjasm

rdtms irce 4.4.8<4<

\mtrck (/4<<< k.) ::2 684 684]gkmdfmf pmtrck

(/4<<< k.)802 :=1 :=1

Famsmk (/4<<< k.) 86= :<8 ::<Nmrcsmgm (/4<<< k.) 86= :<8 ::<K\B (/4<<< k.) 4<< 48= 48=Gdturdk bds 4<< (/4 <<< nb) 8.9 (/babdocukm) 8.9 (/babdocukm)

Vdhkm :? Eagaeue tdx rdtms dppkajdhkm tc `mdtagb iumks dgf mkmjtrajaty,

scurjm? MJ (8<<2b)

- Eagaeue mxjasmrdtms hmicrm 8<<6

Eagaeue mxjasmrdtms irce 4.4.8<<6

(husagmss usm)

Eagaeue mxjasmrdtms irce 4.4.8<<6

(gcg-husagmss usm)

Famsmk (/4<<< k.) 40 84 84@mdvy iumk cak (/4<<<

nb.)

4: 4= 4=

Nmrcsmgm (/4<<< k.) < < <K\B (/4<<< nb.) < < <Gdturdk bds

(/babdocukm)

- <.4= <.:

Jcdk dgf jcnm

(/babdocukm)

- <.4= <.:

Mkmjtrajaty (/ER`) - <.= 4.<

Jurrmgtky, t`m M]'s edag tcck tc rmfujm meassacgs `cwmvmr as gct tdx pckajy hut ats jdrhcgtrdfagb sj`mem (smm hmkcw). Qmt, t`m M] wakk gmmf tc iagf dffatacgdk wdys tc fasjcurdbm

pckkutacg ai at as tc rmdj` ats dehatacus bcdks. Vdxdtacg jcukf prcvafm dg dgswmr ds at jdg hmusmf tc ecvm prcfujmrs dgf jcgsuemrs dwdy irce gcg-mgvarcgemgtdkky iramgfky bccfs. Ag atsBrmmg \dpmr cg t`m usm ci edrnmt-hdsmf agstruemgts tc suppcrt mgmrby dgf mgvarcgemgtchomjtavms ci Edrj` 8<<2 t`m Jceeassacg t`mrmicrm jcgsafmrs sàitagb tdxms dwdy ircekdhcur dgf agjrmdsagb t`m tdx hurfmg cg pckkutacg cr rmscurjm usm. Zuj` dg ‛MgvarcgemgtdkVdx Xmicre― jcukf kmdf tc dg cvmrdkk agjrmdsm ag scjadk wmkidrm (MJ, 8<<2i, p. =).

V`m M] `ds eagaeue iumk tdx rdtms t`dt drm jcgsafmrdhky àb`mr t`dg ag t`m ]gatmf Ztdtms,ednagb iumk dt t`m puep ecrm mxpmgsavm dgf `mgjm agfujagb jdr edguidjturmrs ag t`m M] tc

prcfujm vmàjkms t`dt drm cg dvmrdbm ecrm iumk- miiajamgt t`dg ag t`m ]Z. Fmspatm t`msmagjmgtavms `cwmvmr, edgy Emehmr Ztdtms rmedag rmkujtdgt tc bavm up t`mar scvmrmabgty ag t`miamkf ci tdxdtacg ‚ dgf dgy ecvm dt M] kmvmk wcukf rmquarm ugdgaeaty-hdjnagb irce dkk 82 M]gdtacgs. V`m Murcpmdg ]gacg `ds fum tc t`m ugdgaeaty rukm ag tdxdtacg assums vmry kattkmagikumgjm cg gdtacgdk tdxdtacg kmvmks.

V`m Farmjtavm cg t`m eagaeue tdxdtacg ci mgmrby prcfujts fcms gct mxpkajatky rmimr tc`yfrcbmg. Vùs, ag dhsmgjm ci dgy Murcpmdg eagaeue tdxdtacg kmvmk, Emehmr Ztdtms `dvmt`m irmmfce tc cpt icr t`m tdx rdtm wàj` t`my fmme ecst dpprcpradtm dt gdtacgdk kmvmk.Djjcrfagb tc d stufy kmf hy Hcjjcga ]gavmrsaty, `yfrcbmg as gct tdxmf ag d spmjaiaj wdy ag 4:

Emehmr Ztdtms (Hmkbaue, Fmgedrn, Iagkdgf, Irdgjm, Brmmjm, @ugbdry, Armkdgf, Atdky, Kdtvad,Kuxmehcurb, Edktd, Zkcvdnad, Zpdag). Iavm Emehmr Ztdtms tdx `yfrcbmg w`mg at as usmf dsectcr iumk (Dustrad, Jzmj` Xmpuhkaj, Bmredgy, t`m Gmt`mrkdgfs, ]gatmf Nagbfce). Zmvmg




Emehmr Ztdtms drm gct agjkufmf ag t`m stufy icr t`my faf gct rmpky tc t`m rmsmdrj` mgquary(Jyprus, Mstcgad, Iagkdgf, Katùdgad, \ckdgf, Zkcvmgad, Zwmfmg).

Dg cptaedk tdx ag mgvarcgemgtdk tmres daes dt agtmrgdkasagb gmbdtavm mxtmrgdkatams. Ag tàsrmspmjt, at as aepcrtdgt tc jdkjukdtm gct cgky t`m mgvarcgemgtdk jcsts ci d bavmg iumk dt t`m mgf

usm stdbm hut dksc dt t`m prcfujtacg stdbm. Jurrmgtky, `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg (hdsmf cg icrmxdepkm bds rmicreagb) smmes tc jdusm ag ecst jdsms àb`mr mxtmrgdk jcsts t`dg t`m

prcfujtacg ci jcepmtagb iumks. @yfrcbmg usm, cg t`m ct`mr `dgf, prcfujms kattkm cr gc mxtmrgdkjcsts (B@B meassacgs) dgf edy ag idjt suhstatutm ct`mr ecrm `dreiuk iumks dgf mgmrbyjdrramrs. Irce d systmes pmrspmjtavm, t`mrm as gc cvmrdkk rdtacgdkm icr tdxagb `yfrcbmg ds kcgbds at jcgtrahutms tc kcwmragb cvmrdkk mgvarcgemgtdk prmssurm ci t`m mgmrby systme. @cwmvmr,tàs dssmssemgt fmpmgfs upcg t`m dssueptacg t`dt `yfrcbmg as prcfujmf ag d sustdagdhkm wdy,icr agstdgjm mkmjtrckysas hdsmf cg rmgmwdhkms cr bds rmicreagb jcehagmf wat` JJZ(J`mrgydvs‑nd, 8<<2).

Murcpmdg stdtms wàj` tdx `yfrcbmg aepcsm cgky vmry kcw rdtms. Bavmg t`dt jurrmgtky`yfrcbmg as prcfujmf ag d jcgvmgtacgdk wdy usagb icssak iumks, t`m tdx kmvmk icr `yfrcbmg as

mstaedtmf tc kam hmkcw d kmvmk wàj` wcukf hm gmmfmf tc agtmrgdkasm ats tctdk mxtmrgdk jcsts(J`mrgydvs‑nd, 8<<2). V`m jurrmgt Murcpmdg tdx systmes tùs put `yfrcbmg ag d idvcurdhkm

pcsatacg.

Kccnagb d`mdf tc t`m mgvasdbmf fmpkcyemgt `cwmvmr t`m qumstacg ci `yfrcbmg tdxdtacg eust hm dffrmssmf. R`mg `yfrcbmg dppkajdtacgs pdss t`m t`rms`ckf irce mdrky edrnmts tc edssedrnmts, d jceprm`mgsavm irdemwcrn wàj` prcectms sustdagdhkm `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg wakk

hm gmmfmf. At as kanmky t`dt t`mrm wakk hm d trdfm cii hmtwmmg jcst-miimjtavm prcfujtacg ci`yfrcbmg dt d kdrbm sjdkm vad bds rmicreagb prcjmssms cg t`m cgm `dgf dgf B@B rmfujtacgdgf t`m dae tc prcectm jkmdg mgmrbams cg t`m ct`mr `dgf. Dssueagb t`dt tàs satudtacg cjjursditmr 8<4<, t`m M] wakk hm idjmf wat` t`m fakmeed ci `dvagb tc aepkmemgt ats rdfajdk B@Bjceeatemgts (8< % hy t`m ymdr 8<8< hdsmf upcg 411< kmvmks, ecrm ai ct`mr gdtacgs ickkcw)dgf kdrbm sjdkm prcfujtacg ci `yfrcbmg icr wàj` bds rmicreagb as t`m ecst jcst miimjtavmcptacg (Xcs mt dk 8<<2).

Vwc cptacgs icr t`m agjkusacg ci `yfrcbmg ag dgy mgmrby tdxdtacg systme jdg hm mgvasdbmf?

4. @yfrcbmg tdxdtacg? `yfrcbmg jcukf icr d jmrtdag pmracf (5 pmracf gmmfmf tc fmvmkcpedrnmt pukk) hm mxmeptmf irce dgy tdxdtacg. Djjcrfagbky, t`m agjuehmgt jdrhcg iumktmj`gckcbams s`cukf hm tdxmf w`mg t`my drm gct pdrt ci dg `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg j`dag.Kdtmr cg, w`mg edss edrnmts drm icreagb, `yfrcbmg irce jdrhcg agtmgsavm scurjmss`cukf prcbrmssavmky hm tdxmf rmkdtavmky àb`mr t`dg `yfrcbmg prcfujmf vad kcw B@Bmeattagb prcjmssms. Vàs aepkams t`dt (gdtacgdk) tdxms s`cukf smrvm ds t`m edocr

agstruemgt tc tdnm mxtmrgdk jcsts agtc djjcugt. Jcgsmqumgtky t`m MVZ wcukf gct dppky tc`yfrcbmg prcfujtacg. Dg mxmeptacg ci `yfrcbmg irce t`m MVZ jcukf smt agjmgtavms icrmgmrby suppkamrs tc agjrmdsm `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg.

8. Kagnagb tdxdtacg wat` MVZ? Bavmg t`dt `yfrcbmg utakazdtacg typajdkky jdusms cgky kcw crzmrc meassacgs, at as jc`mrmgt wat` ‛brmmg― tdxdtacg strdtmbams tc mxmept at irce dgytdxdtacg. Jcgsmqumgtky, t`m MVZ wcukf hm t`m edag agstruemgt tc agtmrgdkasm jcsts ci`yfrcbmg prcfujtacg. V`m MVZ ag turg s`cukf hm mxpdgfmf tc dgy icre ci `yfrcbmg

prcfujtacg wàj` jdusms B@B meassacgs. Vàs cptacg wcukf hm jcgsastmgt wat` t`m MVZ(smm hmkcw) dgf `dvm t`m dfvdgtdbm t`dt at jdg hm aepkmemgtmf dt M] kmvmk. EmehmrZtdtms wcukf `dvm tc j`ccsm w`mt`mr dgf `cw tc tdx `yfrcbmg dffatacgdkky. ]sagb t`mCpmg Emt`cf ci Jccrfagdtacg, Emehmr Ztdtms wakk hm rmqumstmf tc jccrfagdtm t`mar

pckajams dgf rmirdag irce dgy `yfrcbmg tdxdtacg.



M] \ckajams dgf Jkustmr Fmvmkcpemgt ci @yfrcbmg Jceeugatams 4<

Zuj` edrnmt hdsmf agjmgtavms jdg hm mgkdrbmf tc icstmr mgmrby miiajamgjy. Icr agstdgjm iumkjmkk dppkajdtacgs ag trdgspcrtdtacg ciimr mgmrby miiajamgjy dfvdgtdbms cvmr agtmrgdk jcehustacgmgbagms. @cwmvmr dgy suj` systme wakk gmmf jdrmiuk fasjussacg dt M] kmvmk sagjm tdxdtacgassums rmquarm ugdgaecus dbrmmemgt ci Emehmr Ztdtms. Rat` t`m agtmrgdk edrnmt icr mgmrby

hmagb rmdkazmf (smm j`dptmr 4.=) d jkcsmr jccpmrdtacg ag t`m iamkf ci tdxdtacg ci iumk jmkk dgf

`yfrcbmg dppkadgjms edy wmkk hm pcssahkm. V`m jurrmgt fmhdtm cg mgvarcgemgtdk tdx rmicresjcukf hm usmf ds d icrue hy t`m Jceeassacg cr ct`mr stdnm`ckfmrs tc rdasm tàs qumstacg dgf

pdvm t`m wdy icr hmttmr ugfmrstdgfagb ci eutudk pcsatacgs wat` rmbdrf tc `yfrcbmg tdxdtacg.

8.:.8 Jcgjkusacgs

Zagjm 8<<6, dg M] farmjtavm `ds hmmg smttagb eagaeue kmvmks icr t`m tdxdtacg ci ectcr iumks,`mdtagb iumks dgf mkmjtrajaty. @yfrcbmg as gct emgtacgmf ag tàs farmjtavm. Cg t`m gdtacgdkkmvmk, d imw Emehmr Ztdtms tdx `yfrcbmg. V`cub`, t`m tdx kmvmk as rmkdtavmky kcw, tàs as gctmgtarmky jc`mrmgt wat` t`m `yfrcbmg fmpkcyemgt strdtmby. Fmspatm tàs hurfmg, t`m cvmrdkkiasjdk mgvarcgemgt icr t`m prcectacg ci `yfrcbmg jdg hm smmg ds rmkdtavmky bccf dgf s`cukf

hm edagtdagmf icr t`m jceagb ymdrs. Cgm s`cukf dksc nmmp ag eagf t`dt t`m wcrkf edrnmt prajms icr mgmrby iumks (cak, bds dgf jcdk) `dvm hmmg scdragb dgf strmgbt`mg t`m edrnmtagtrcfujtacg ci `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks. Vùs t`m jcgjkusacg as twcickf?

4. Ag t`m s`crt tmre, mjctdxms cg jdrhcg / mgmrby s`cukf hm edagtdagmf ag crfmr tc bavmagjmgtavms icr dg dktmrgdtavm mgmrby jdrramr suj` ds `yfrcbmg. Djjcrfagbky, dgy tdx cg`yfrcbmg utakazdtacg s`cukf hm rmecvmf.

8. Ag t`m eaf tc kcgb rug w`mg edss edrnmts icr `yfrcbmg drm icreagb, at wakk hmjcemrdtacgdk tc agjkufm `yfrcbmg ag dgy eagaeue tdxdtacg Farmjtavm cr tc rmicre tàs systmetdnagb agtc djjcugt t`m tctdk mxtmrgdk jcsts ci t`m kaim jyjkm ci rmspmjtavm mgmrby

prcfujts.

8.6 Xmgmwdhkm Mgmrby Farmjtavm

Dt t`m M] Zueeat ag Edrj` 8<<2, t`m M] kmdfmrs dbrmmf tc emmt 8<% ci t`mar cvmrdkk mgmrbygmmfs hy t`m usm ci rmgmwdhkms hy 8<8<. Vàs chomjtavm dksc jceprasms d eagaeue tdrbmt ci d4<% s`drm ci haciumk usm ag trdgspcrt, wàj` as `cwmvmr, suhomjt tc sustdagdhkm prcfujtacg dgfmxpmjts smjcgf bmgmrdtacg haciumks hmjceagb jceemrjadkky vadhkm. V`m faiiajuktams t`dt drmkyagb d`mdf drm t`m idjt t`dt gdtacgdk tdrbmts gmmf tc hm smt t`dt tdnm agtc djjcugt spmjaiajjarjuestdgjms dgf pctmgtadks ag t`m faiimrmgt M] jcugtrams.

]p tc fdtm t`mrm as dkrmdfy d farmjtavm icr t`m prcectacg ci Xmgmwdhkm Mgmrby Zcurjms (XMZ)ag pkdjm. Farmjtavm 8<<4/22/MJ smts t`m tdrbmt ci d 84% rmgmwdhkms s`drm ci tctdk mkmjtrajatyjcgsueptacg hy 8<4<. V`m jurrmgt stdtus ci rmgmwdhkm mkmjtrajaty prcfujtacg s`cws t`mickkcwagb iaburm, fmecgstrdtagb aepkmemgtdtacg fmiajats ag scem emehmr stdtms (Zkcvdnad,Zpdag, \crtubdk, Atdky, Irdgjm, Brmmjm, Armkdgf, ]N, \ckdgf, Hmkbaue, Mstcgad, Edktd,Jyprus).

V`m farmjtavm jcvmrs iavm drmds? smttagb gdtacgdk tdrbmts t`dt tdnm agtc djjcugt faiimrmgt pctmgtadks ci Emehmr Ztdtms, mvdkudtacg ci gdtacgdk suppcrt sj`mems icr brmmg mkmjtrajaty prcfujmrs, emdsurms tc mgsurm trdgspdrmgt dgf idar rukms icr t`m jcggmjtacg tc t`m gdtacgdkmkmjtrajaty braf, strmdekagagb t`m prcjmfurm icr gmw mgtrdgts, mstdhkasèmgt ci eutudkkyrmjcbgasmf budrdgtmms ci crabag icr brmmg mkmjtrajaty.




Iaburm 8? Z`drm ci rmgmwdhkm mgmrbams ag brcss mkmjtrajdk jcgsueptacg ag Murcpmdg

]gacg jcugtrams ag 8<<9 (ag %), scurjm? MurChsmrv‑Mr 8<<2

Iaburm : Mxastagb Zuppcrt Zj`mems ag t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg, scurjm MJ 8<<2`




Cgm edag j`drdjtmrastaj ci t`m farmjtavm as t`m rmjcbgatacg ci dkk t`m faiimrmgt suppcrt sj`memst`dt Emehmr Ztdtms drm cpmrdtagb wat` faiimrmgt chomjtavms, suj` ds smjuraty ci suppky, kcjdkmepkcyemgt cr meassacgs rmfujtacg. V`m favmrsaty ci agjmgtavm systme prcvafms d rajàgicredtacg scurjm dgf at s`cukf hm rmjcbgasmf t`dt rmgmwdhkm mgmrby scurjms drm faiimrmgtdgf eab`t gmmf faiimrmgt suppcrt dt faiimrmgt stdbms. Citmg, gdtacgdk sj`mems drm d

jcehagdtacg ci suppcrt sj`mems wàj` drm mat`mr suppky safm fravmg cr fmedgf safm fravmg.V`m edagky usmf agstruemgts drm s`cwg ag Iaburm : cg t`m prmvacus pdbm> immf-ag tdraiis jdg

hm smmg ds t`m prmimrrmf agjmgtavm wàj` ds hmmg dppkamf ag edgy Emehmr Ztdtms.

Ds t`m 8<<4 farmjtavm `ds gct yamkfmf t`m mxpmjtmf rmsukts dgf ag rmspcgsm tc t`m M] chomjtavmci agjrmdsagb t`m s`drm ci rmgmwdhkm mgmrby scurjms hy 8<8< tc dt kmdst 8<%, t`m Jceeassacg

puhkas`mf ag Odgudry 8<<0 d prcpcsdk icr d gmw farmjtavm cg t`m usm ci rmgmwdhkm mgmrby. Vàs prcpcsdk mxpkajatky dkkcws icr trdfdhkm jmrtaiajdtms ag rmgmwdhkm prcfujmf mgmrby, dgagstruemgt wàj` as gct gmw ag M] kdw hut `ds hdrmky hmmg usmf sc idr. Iurt`mrecrm,djjcrfagb tc tàs prcpcsdk gmw cr rmiurhas`mf huakfagbs wcukf rmquarm t`m agstdkkdtacg cirmgmwdhkm mgmrby tmj`gckcbams tc jcvmr d eagaeue s`drm ci rmgmwdhkm mgmrby usm. V`m tmxtdksc stdtms t`dt rmgmwdhkm mgmrby as tc hm brdgtmf pracraty djjmss tc braf systmes. Mdj`

Emehmr Ztdtm wcukf `dvm tc rmdj` d jmrtdag tdrbmt ci rmgmwdhkm mgmrby prcfujtacg. V`msmtdrbmts drm jdkjukdtmf djjcrfagb tc t`m BF\ pmr jdpatd ci t`m Emehmr Ztdtms (MJ 8<<0).

Vdhkm 6 Xmgmwdhkms s`drm M] 82, scurjm? MJ 8<<0

Emehmr Ztdtm Z`drm ci Xmgmwdhkms ag 8<<= Z`drm rmquarmf hy 8<8<

Dustrad 8:.:% :6%

Hmkbaue 8.8% 4:%

Hukbdrad 1.6% 49%

Jyprus 8.1% 4:%

Jzmj` Xmpuhkaj 9.4% 4:%

Fmgedrn 42% :<%

Mstcgad 40% 8=%

Iagkdgf 80.=% :0%

Irdgjm 4<.:% 8:%

Bmredgy =.0% 40%

Brmmjm 9.1% 40%

@ugbdry 6.:% 4:%

Armkdgf :.4% 49%

Atdky =.8% 42%

Kdtvad :6.1% 68%

Katùdgad 4=% 8:%Kuxmehcurb <.1% 44%

Edktd <% 4<%

V`m Gmt`mrkdgfs 8.6% 46%

\ckdgf 2.8% 4=%

\crtubdk 8<.=% :4%

Xcedgad 42.0% 86%

Zkcvdn Xmpuhkaj 9.2% 46%

Zkcvmgad 49% 8=%

Zpdag 0.2% 8<%

Zwmfmg :1.0% 61%]gatmf Nagbfce 4.:% 4=%



M] \ckajams dgf Jkustmr Fmvmkcpemgt ci @yfrcbmg Jceeugatams 4:

Ag ecrm bmgmrdk tmres, rmgmwdhkm mkmjtrajaty prcfujtacg jdg hm suppcrtmf hct` dt t`m kmvmk cit`m mgf usmr (m.b. tdx mxmeptacgs, suhsafams) cr dt t`m prcfujtacg kmvmk (m.b. stdhkm rmturgs,agvmstemgt suhsafams). V`m mxastagb fastrahutacg systme ci t`m mkmjtrajaty braf jdg hm utakazmft`cub` scem rmicres gmmf tc hm edfm (hmttmr kcdf edgdbmemgt, mgtry pcagts mtj.). Ag jcgtrdst,t`m agtrcfujtacg ci `yfrcbmg rmquarms j`dgbms ag t`m agirdstrujturm (Omggabd/Xcs/Bcfircao

8<<9). Vùs t`m faiimrmgjm tc rmgmwdhkm mgmrby scurjms as t`dt ag t`m jdsm ci `yfrcbmg gctcgky t`m jcst faiimrmgjms cg t`m prcfujtacg kmvmk eust hm eagaeazmf hut dksc t`m fastrahutacggmmfs cub`t tc hm dffrmssmf.

Zcem ci t`m XMZ suppcrt sj`mems jcukf secct`ky hm mxtmgfmf tc `yfrcbmg. Icr agstdgjm, t`magstruemgt ci immf-ag tdraiis jdg hm faiimrmgtadtmf djrcss tmj`gckcbams. @yfrcbmg jcukf tùs hmagjcrpcrdtmf ag immf-ag suppcrt emj`dgases. V`msm emj`dgases mgjcurdbm pravdtm smjtcragvmstemgt dgf, ai jcehagmf wat` d budrdgtmmf prajm cvmr d kcgbmr pmracf, kcwmr t`m husagmssrasn. Ai wmkk fmsabgmf, immf-ag tdraiis jdg miimjtavmky prcectm rmgmwdhkm mgmrbams (MJ 8<<2`)dgf dksc `yfrcbmg. Bavmg t`dt cgm ci t`m edocr hdrramrs tc rmgmwdhkm mgmrby as t`maragtmreattmgt gdturm, `yfrcbmg eab`t hm usmf tc hm imf-agtc t`m mkmjtrajaty braf, suj` ds dstcrdbm systme icr cvmr suppky ci wagf prcfujtacg. @yfrcbmg prcfujtacg ds d emdgs ci pcwmr

stcrdbm tùs iats wmkk agtc d rmgmwdhkm mgmrby systme, dgf, ecrmcvmr, jdg jcrrmjt scem ci atss`crtjceagbs.

8.6.4 Jcgjkusacgs

V`m Farmjtavm cg XMZ as agscidr vmry aepcrtdgt icr t`m fmvmkcpemgt ci `yfrcbmg tmj`gckcbamsag Murcpm ds rmgmwdhkm dgf kcw B@B meattagb tmj`gckcbams drm t`m jcgfatac sagm qud gcg cisustdagdhkm `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg. Ai, cg t`m kcgb rug, `yfrcbmg jdggct hm prcfujmf ag d jkmdgwdy, ats edrnmt agtrcfujtacg ednms gc smgsm ag mgvarcgemgtdk tmres. Vùs, t`m sujjmss ci`yfrcbmg àgbms cg t`m agjrmdsm ag rmgmwdhkm mgmrby prcfujtacg (cr dgy ct`mr dktmrgdtavmsystme). Iurt`mrecrm, t`m XMZ Farmjtavm edy hm usmf ds dg agstruemgt icr `yfrcbmg

prcectacg. Ag ats jurrmgt icre, at as gct tdrbmtmf cg `yfrcbmg. V`m M] t`mrmicrm s`cukfjcgsafmr t`m cptacg tc agjcrpcrdtm `yfrcbmg ag t`m XMZ Farmjtavm. Vàs wakk jcepkmemgt dgfedy mvmg prcectm d rmgmwdhkm mgmrby systme ds d emdgs ci pcwmr stcrdbm. Dffatacgdkky, t`msystme ci rmeugmrdtacg imms jcukf hm jcgsafmrmf icr trdgspcrtdtacg tcc? prcvafmrs icr`yfrcbmg hussms dgf jdrs wcukf rmjmavm d rmeugmrdtacg wàj` as tdnmg irce bdsckagmrmvmgums ag t`m rmspmjtavm emehmr stdtms. Vàs wcukf gct cgky hccst t`m edrnmt hut ag

pdrtajukdr suppcrt t`m edrnmt mgtry ci gmw prcfujmrs dgf tùs suppcrt ZEMs djrcss Murcpm.

8.= Meassacgs Vrdfagb Zj`mem

8.=.4 Dgdkysas

V`m Murcpmdg Meassacgs Vrdfagb Zj`mem (M] MVZ) stdrtmf cg 4st Odgudry 8<<= ditmr t`mFarmjtavm 8<<:/02/MJ `df hmmg assumf ag 8<<:. V`m sj`mem spmjaiams twc pmracfs, t`m iarstirce 8<<=-8<<2 dgf t`m smjcgf jcrrmspcgfagb tc t`m iarst jceeatemgt pmracf ci t`m Nyctc\rctcjck irce 8<<0-8<48. At tdnms pkdjm cg t`m kmvmk ci agstdkkdtacgs, tùs tdrbmtagb t`mmeattmrs t`mesmkvms.

V`m M] MVZ as hdsmf cg sax hdsaj pragjapkms (MMD 8<<=h)?

4. Jdp dgf trdfm systme

8. Agatadk icjus cgky cg JC8

:. Aepkmemgtdtacg wakk tdnm pkdjm ag p`dsms wat` rmvamws dgf pcssahakatams icr mxpdgsacg cidffatacgdk bdsms dgf smjtcrs




6. Dkkcjdtacg pkdgs icr meassacg dkkcwdgjms drm fmjafmf pmracfajdkky (jcrrmspcgfagb tc t`mtrdfagb pmracfs)

=. Jcepkadgjm dgf pmgdkty irdemwcrn

9. M] wafm systme t`dt tdps rmfujtacg cppcrtugatams ag t`m rmst ci t`m wcrkf t`rcub` `mct`mr Nyctc Emj`dgases - Ocagt Aepkmemgtdtacg dgf Jkmdg Fmvmkcpemgt Emj`dgase.

Dggmx 4 ci t`m farmjtavm fmiagms t`m djtavatams t`dt drm chkabmf tc pdrtajapdtm decgb wàj`jcehustacg agstdkkdtacgs wat` d rdtmf t`mredk agput dhcvm 8<ER, eagmrdk cak rmiagmrams, jcnmcvmgs, arcg dgf stmmk prcfujtacg, jmemgt prcfujtacg dgf pukp dgf pdpmr prcfujtacg. Mvmgwat` t`m kaeatmf sjcpm jarjd 48<<< agstdkkdtacgs drm tdnagb pdrt ag t`m systme, wàj` jcvmrsdhcut 6=% ci tctdk M] JC8 meassacgs.

Irce tcfdy‑s pmrspmjtavm at kccns ds ai t`m systme as wcrnagb (kdtm 8<<0). \rajms fc rmdjt tcedrnmt fmvmkcpemgts dgf agicredtacg bavmg cut tc t`m puhkaj. @cwmvmr, t`mrm drm stakk d kct ciassums, suj` ds jcepkmxaty, trdgsdjtacg jcsts, kaquafaty, dkkcjdtacg rukms, `drecgasdtacg dgf

agjkusacg ci ct`mr bdsms dgf smjtcrs t`dt gmmf tc hm tdnmg agtc djjcugt.

V`m qumstacg rmedags tc w`dt fmbrmm fcms t`m M] MVZ spur agvmstemgts tcwdrfs ecrmsustdagdhkm mgmrby suppky systmes, suj` ds `yfrcbmg3 ]p tc gcw t`m MVZ as stakk dt d ecrmmxpmraemgtdk stdbm, dgf t`m agtmrgdtacgdk dbrmmemgts suj` ds t`m Nyctc \rctcjck fc gct bavm djkmdr kcgb tmre pmrspmjtavm, mat`mr. Cgm jcukf ci jcursm dssuem t`dt t`m mgmrby wcrkf wakkgmmf tc hmjcem kmss dgf kmss jdrhcg agtmgsavm, hut tàs as d gcredtavm dssueptacg dgf t`mrm`dvm hmmg gc agtmremfadtm dgf kcgb tmre bcdks smt. D prceasagb mgmrby jdrramr suj` ds`yfrcbmg, wàj` as dt t`m stdbm ci fmecgstrdtacg prcomjts hut wmkk hmkcw dgy fmpkcyemgt,gmmfs kcgb tmre icrwdrf kccnagb pckajams wat` d systme ci jkmdr taem pmrspmjtavms(Jdrrdrc/Mbmg`cimr, 8<<:> Hkmasj`watz/Iu`redgg, 8<<9).

Dgdkysagb t`m Meassacgs Vrdfagb Zj`mem, at pdrtky mgjcurdbms t`m uptdnm ci jkaedtm-iramgfkytmj`gckcbams hy rmwdrfagb husagmssms agvmstagb ag mgmrby miiajamgjy dgf scem brmmgtmj`gckcbams, tùs turgagb t`mar agvmstemgts agtc quajn, s`crt tmre prciats. Hut bavmg t`mugjmrtdagtams dhcut ats iuturm j`drdjtmrastajs, at jdg `drfky mgjcurdbm agvmstemgts agtc kcgbtmre sckutacgs. V`m rasn ci sugn jcsts as stakk tcc hab dgf t`m jccrfagdtacg jcsts drm tcc àbìcr edgy agvmstcrs. Vàs as dbbrdvdtmf hy t`m kaeatmf pkdyagb iamkf icr t`m MVZ? t`mdutcechakm agfustry dgf cak agfustry, hct` ci w`ce `dvm dg agtmrmst ag agvmstagb agtc echakatywat` dktmrgdtavm iumks drm gct jcvmrmf hy t`m M] MVZ. Zurrcugfmf hy edgy jcgstrdagts, t`mM] MVZ jdg cgky prcvafm gdrrcw agjmgtavms tc fasjcvmr gmw tmj`gajdk sckutacgs. Djjcrfagbtc Mgfrms/C`k (8<<=? 81) t`m MVZ wakk faspkdy t`m pus` bmgmrdkky mxpmjtmf irce edrnmticrjms cgky tc d kaeatmf mxtmgt. V`m Murcpmdg Meassacgs Vrdfagb Zj`mem ag atsmki tùs gmat`mrbavms t`m agjmgtavm tc agvmst ag suj` fasruptavm tmj`gckcbams gcr as at ats dae tc stdrt wat`.

D fygdeaj pus` tcwdrfs sustdagdhkm mgmrby systmes wcukf rmquarm hct` dg aeprcvmf MVZsystme dgf ecrm tdrbmtmf prcbrdes icr husagmss fmvmkcpemgt dgf edrnmt mgtry ci gmw mgmrbyscurjms dgf jdrramrs. Cgm jcukf, icr mxdepkm, aedbagm t`dt jcepdgams agvmst ag meassacgrmfujagb prcomjts watàg t`m M] dgf bmt jrmfats icr at, jcepdrdhkm tc OA cr JFE prcomjts. Qmt,t`m Murcpmdg Jceeassacg fcms gct idvcur tàs cptacg ds at emrmky sàits rmfujtacg miicrtsirce cgm smjtcr tc t`m ct`mr.

Ag ats jceeugajdtacg ‛8< 8< hy 8<8<, Murcpm‑s jkaedtm j`dgbm cppcrtugaty― ci Odgudry 8<<0t`m Jceeassacg prcpcsms d edocr rmicre ci t`m MVZ (MJ 8<<0h)?

•

B@Bs ct`mr t`dg JC8 s`cukf hm agjkufmf ag t`m MVZ

• V`m MVZ s`cukf dppky tc dkk aepcrtdgt agfustradk meattmrs



M] \ckajams dgf Jkustmr Fmvmkcpemgt ci @yfrcbmg Jceeugatams 4=

• M] wafm dujtacgagb ci dkkcwdgjms s`cukf rmpkdjm t`m gdtacgdk dkkcjdtacg pkdgs wàj`drm jurrmgtky ag pkdjm

• Irce 8<4: cgwdrfs t`m w`ckm pcwmr smjtcr s`cukf hm pdrt ci t`m MVZ

• Emehmr Ztdtms s`cukf usm dt kmdst 8<% ci t`mar dujtacgagb bdag icr agvmstemgt agmgmrby rmsmdrj`, tmj`gckcby fmvmkcpemgt dgf ct`mr B@B rmfujagb emdsurms

• V`m usm ci JFE jrmfats s`cukf hm kaeatmf

Ai d rmicremf MVZ dppkamf tc dkk agfustradk meattmrs, `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg wcukf t`mg ecstkanmky idkk ugfmr at tcc. V`m MVZ wcukf tùs àgfmr (B@B agtmgsavm) `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg.Agstmdf ci ‐pmgdkasagb‑ `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg, d rmicremf MVZ s`cukf rdt`mr smt agjmgtavms icrat. @yfrcbmg prcfujtacg jcukf icr agstdgjm hm mxmeptmf irce t`m MVZ w`mrmds gmdrky dkkct`mr agfustradk meattmrs edy hm agjkufmf. Dgct`mr pcssahkm cptacg icr `yfrcbmg suppcrt edy

hm tc dkkcw jcepdgams ecrm meassacgs cr brdgt t`me dkkcwdgjms tc rmfujmf prajms ai t`my prcfujm `yfrcbmg cr fmvmkcp pctmgtadkky brmmg tmj`gckcbams suj` ds `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkkdppkajdtacgs. Vàs suppcsms ci jcursm t`dt t`m prajms icr JC8 dkkcwdgjms rasm, emmtmxpmjtdtacgs tc rasm iurt`mr dgf tùs smt agjmgtavms icr kcgb tmre agvmstemgt ag gmw mgmrbysckutacgs.

8.=.8 Jcgjkusacgs

V`m M] MVZ ds at as tcfdy fcms gct ymt prcpmrky idjakatdtm kcgb tmre aggcvdtacg fygdeajs kanmt`m trdgsatacg tcwdrfs `yfrcbmg. Vàs jmrtdagky fcms gct jcem ds d surprasm, hmjdusm t`m M]MVZ `ds gct hmmg smt up tc fc t`dt ag t`m iarst pkdjm. At mgjcurdbms kcw jcst meassacgrmfujtacgs, hut fcms gct prcvafm t`m suppcrt tc hragb dhcut rmdk strujturdk j`dgbm. Ecrmcvmr,djjcrfagb tc jurrmgt prcpcsdks d rmicremf MVZ eab`t mvmg àgfmr `yfrcbmg fmpkcyemgt ai at

wmrm mxtmgfmf tc iurt`mr smjtcrs wàj` drm ci brmdt rmkmvdgjm icr `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg suj` dst`m j`meajdk agfustry. @cwmvmr, ai t`m rmicre jcgsafmrs t`m brmmg pctmgtadk ci `yfrcbmg dgfjcgsmqumgtadkky mxmepts ats prcfujtacg irce jdrhcg trdfagb, t`mg d rmicremf MVZ jdg agfmmf

pus` tcwdrfs `yfrcbmg fmpkcyemgt sagjm at edy kmdf tc ecrm kcgb tmre agvmstemgt smjuraty.Cgm edy dksc gctm t`dt t`m emj`dgase ci trdfdhkm pmreats jdg dksc hm dppkamf tc mgicrjmedrnmt agtrcfujtacg (smm m.b. t`m ]N mxdepkm ci brmmg pmreats).

8.9 Haciumks

8.9.4 Dgdkysas

Ag 8<<:, t`m M] smt t`m agfajdtavm tdrbmt tc agjrmdsm t`m s`drm ci haciumks ag trdgspcrt tc dtkmdst =,2=% hy 8<4<. V`m mxpmjtdtacg as t`dt JC8 meassacgs ag t`m trdgspcrt smjtcr eab`tfmjrmdsm bavmg t`dt haciumks drm mxpmjtmf tc suhstatutm pmtrck dgf famsmk (MJ 8<<:h).Djjcrfagb tc t`m Brmmg \dpmr ‛Vcwdrfs d Murcpmdg strdtmby icr t`m smjuraty ci mgmrbysuppky―, t`m Jceeassacg daes cg t`m kcgbmr rug tc agjrmdsm t`m s`drm ci dktmrgdtavm iumks agtrdgspcrt tc 8<% hy 8<8< (MJ 8<<<). V`m tmre ‛dktmrgdtavm iumks― dksc agjkufms bds dgf`yfrcbmg hut haciumks wakk `dvm t`m edag rckm tc pkdy ai t`m Jceeugaty as tc rmdj` tàs bcdk.Ag idjt, dt t`m M] sueeat ci Edrj` 8<<2, t`m Jcugjak smt t`m tdrbmt ci d 4<% s`drm ci haciumksag trdgspcrt tc hm rmdj`mf hy 8<8<.

@cwmvmr, t`m Jceeugaty as stakk idr dwdy irce rmdjàgb tàs chomjtavm. At as dkrmdfy ugkanmkyt`dt t`m bcdk ci agjrmdsagb t`m s`drm ci haciumks tc =,2=% hy 8<4< wakk hm rmdj`mf. D prcbrmss

rmpcrt ci 8<<2 s`cws t`dt d s`drm ci 6,8% smmes ecrm kanmky icr 8<4<. Ag idjt, t`m M] 8=rmdj`mf d haciumks s`drm ci cgky 4% ag 8<<=.




Qmt, ct`mr stufams, gctdhky t`m MurChmrsmrv‑MX Hdrcemtmr 8<<2, mstaedtm t`dt t`m M]emehmr stdtms edy jcem jkcsm tc t`mar tdrbmts (MJ 8<<2a> MurChmrsmrv‑MX 8<<2).

Iaburm 6, scurjm MurChsmrv‑MX, 8<<2

V`m 8<<: Farmjtavm cg mgmrby tdxdtacg dkkcws Emehmr Ztdtms tc dppky rmfujmf mxjasm futyrdtms tc haciumks w`mg t`csm drm usmf ag trdgspcrt cr ds `mdtagb. Edgy Emehmr Ztdtms rmscrt tctàs cptacg tc prcectm haciumks (Hragbmzu mt dk. 8<<2). D rmjmgt stufy mstaedtms t`dt t`m kcss

ci rmvmgums jdusmf hy t`m prmimrmgtadk tdxdtacg ci haciumks ecugts up tc rcub`ky 4,0 hakk. ₫ ag8<<= (Hragbmzu mt dk. 8<<2? 469), gctwat`stdgfagb t`m suhsafams pdaf tc idremrs dgf gmbdtavm prajm miimjts icr ct`mr dbrajukturdk jceecfatams.

Ag dffatacg tc t`m prcectacg ci haciumks hy t`m emdgs ci jceecg tdrbmts dgf tdx mxmeptacgst`m M] dksc suppcrts ats prcfujtacg t`rcub` t`m Jceecg Dbrajukturdk \ckajy (JD\). V`m4118 rmicre ci t`m JD\ `ds agtrcfujmf t`m chkabdtacg icr idremrs tc smt dsafm d jmrtdagsuridjm ci t`mar idre-kdgf. Gcredkky, tàs kdgf eust gct hm juktavdtmf. Qmt, ai d idremr

prcfujms jrcps icr gcg-iccf usm `m as dkkcwmf tc rmscrt tc t`m smt-dsafm drmd. Dkrmdfy ag 8<<=,<,0= eakkacg `mjtdrms ci smt-dsafm kdgf smrvmf icr brcwagb caksmmfs icr haciumk prcfujtacg.Zagjm 8<<=, dksc subdr hmmt icr haciumk jdg hm pkdgtmf cg smt-dsafm kdgf (MJ 8<<9j).Ecrmcvmr, t`m kdttmr jdg hmgmiat irce spmjaiaj M] daf icr mgmrby jrcps. Idremrs w`c brcw

haciumk jrcps jdg hmgmiat irce d prmeaue ci up tc 6= Murcs pmr `mjtdrm. Vàs agjmgtavm `dswcrnmf sc wmkk t`dt t`m drmd w`mrm mgmrby jrcps mkabahkm icr tàs iugfagb wmrm brcwgagjrmdsmf irce <,:4 eakkacg `mjtdrms ag 8<<6 tc 8,06 eakkacg `mjtdrms ag 8<<2. V`m iugfagb

pmr `mjtdrm `ds sagjm t`mg hmmg fmjrmdsmf hmjdusm t`m hufbmt jmakagb icr tàs agstruemgt (1<eakkacg Murcs pmr ymdr) wds rmdj`mf (MJ 8<<2p).V`m M] iurt`mrecrm suppcrts agvmstemgtdgf trdagagb ag haciumks vad ats Xmbacgdk Fmvmkcpemgt Iugf dgf ats Xurdk Fmvmkcpemgt pckajy(MJ 8<<9j).

Mgmrby scurjms dgf jdrramrs s`cukf hm dssmssmf gct cgky dbdagst mjcgceaj hut dksc dbdagstmgvarcgemgtdk dgf pckatajdk jratmrad. Rat` rmbdrf tc edgy jratmrad haciumks pmricre quatm wmkk?t`my kmdf tc brmdtmr smjuraty ci suppky, t`my jdg rmkdtavmky mdsaky hm jceemrjadkasmf, dgf t`myedy iurt`mrecrm icstmr rmbacgdk fmvmkcpemgt ag rurdk drmds dgf strmgbt`mg dbrajukturm.

@cwmvmr, t`mrm as d brmdt jcgtrcvmrsy dhcut w`mt`mr haciumks emmt cgm aepcrtdgt jratmracg?mgvarcgemgtdk sustdagdhakaty.




Jcepdrmf tc t`m usm p`dsm ci jcgvmgtacgdk iumks, haciumks drm "jdrhcg gmutrdk"? w`mg t`my drmusmf, gc ecrm jdrhcg facxafm as rmkmdsmf t`dg `ds hmmg dhscrhmf furagb t`m brcwt` ci t`m

pkdgts usmf tc ednm t`msm haciumks. V`mrmicrm rmpkdjagb icssak iumks wat` haciumks icr trdgspcrtjcukf `mkp ag t`m iab`t dbdagst jkaedtm j`dgbm. @cwmvmr, tàs jcgjkusacg as jcgtrcvmrsadk dgfct`mr stufams jkdae t`dt haciumks eab`t djtudkky agjrmdsm brmmg`cusm bds meassacgs fum tc

meassacgs irce dbrajukturm, prcfujtacg prcjmssms dgf trdgspcrtdtacg (mxpcrts) ci haciumks.Iurt`mrecrm, ai icrmsts drm fmstrcymf icr t`m sdnm ci haciumk prcfujtacg, àb` decugts ci B@Bdrm rmkmdsmf ag t m dtecsp`mrm (Hragbmzu mt dk. 8<<2). Vùs, t`m Mgmrby Favasacg ci t`m]gatmf Gdtacgs (]gatmf Gdtacgs 8<<2) wdrgs t`dt t`m usm ci haciumks ag trdgspcrt eab`t mvmgagjrmdsm JC8 prcfujtacg dgf suppcrts d usm icr jcehagmf `mdt dgf pcwmr prcfujtacg.

Icr vdracus rmdscgs sj`ckdrs fasdbrmm cg t`m mgmrby hdkdgjm ci haciumk prcfujtacg. V`m mgmrby hdkdgjm as t`m decugt ci mgmrby gmmfmf cvmr t`m kaim-jyjkm tc prcfujm haciumks (agput) vmrsust`m decugt ci mgmrby prcfujmf (cutput). Djjcrfagb tc stufams hy \dtzmn, ‛prcfujtacg cimt`dgck irce jcrg as 8-6 taems kmss idvcurdhkm t`dg prcfujtacg ci bdsckagm irce pmtrckmue―(\dtzmn 8<<2, p. 890) dgf `ds d vmry qumstacgdhkm mgmrby hdkdgjm. Ct`mr stufams (mb. hy t`m]Z Fmpdrtemgt ci Dbrajukturm) agfajdtm t`dt t`m mgmrby hdkdgjm as pcsatavm (Z`dpcura mt dk.

8<<6). Ag dffatacg, mjcgceaj dgdkysas ci haciumks smme tc agfajdtm t`dt t`m dhdtmemgt jcsts icrJC8 tcgs dvcafmf as ag t`m crfmr ci 8<< ₫/t (Ircgfmk mt dk. 8<<2? 4904) ‚ jmrtdagky gct d jcst-miimjtavm cptacg.

Zcem jrataqums drbum t`dt mvmg ai haciumks `df d pcsatavm mgmrby hdkdgjm, t`my wcukf stakk hmmgvarcgemgtdkky `dreiuk. Ds haciumks usm kdrbm iamkfs ci drdhkm kdgf dgf edy kmdf tcecgcjukturm idreagb, dg agjrmdsm ag t`mar prcfujtacg edy fmstrcy gct cgky icrmsts hut dkscguemrcus spmjams dgf agjrmdsm bkchdk iccf prajms. Brcwagb fmedgf icr haciumks ag Murcpmdgf Gcrt` Demrajd jdg ‛mxpcrt― t`msm gmbdtavm miimjts tc fmvmkcpagb jcugtrams hy fravagbt`mar haciumk prcfujtacg dgf rmfujagb t`mar iccf prcfujtacg. Zcem sj`ckdrs ds wmkk ds dbrcwagb guehmr ci pckatajadgs dgf mgvarcgemgtdk GBCs jdkk t`mrmicrm t`m ]Z dgf M] tcrmjcgsafmr t`mar haciumk strdtmbams (Hragbmzu mt dk. 8<<2> @cusm ci Jceecgs 8<<0).

@cwmvmr, smjcgf bmgmrdtacg haciumks smme tc hm ecrm prceasagb t`dg t`mar jurrmgtjcugtmrpdrts. Zmjcgf bmgmrdtacg haciumks jdg hm prcfujmf irce t`m w`ckm pkdgt dgf rmsafums.Icr t`my fc gct usm ds euj` agput ds iarst bmgmrdtacg haciumks dgf jdrry d àb`mr yamkf t`myagfujm kmss mgvarcgemgtdk prmssurm dgf kmdf tc brmdtmr B@B sdvagbs. Qmt, t`m smjcgfbmgmrdtacg as stakk ag fmvmkcpemgt dgf icr t`m ecemgt rmkdtavmky jcstky.

Haciumks drm ecrm mxpmgsavm t`dg trdfatacgdk icssak iumks w`mg prcfujmf ag t`m Murcpmdg]gacg dgf t`mrmicrm tdx mxmeptacgs drm gmmfmf tc ednm haciumks jcepmtatavm wat` icssak iumks.Dt t`m ecemgt t`mrm drm fasjussacgs bcagb cg tc idfm cut t`m tdx mxmeptacgs icr haciumks agscem Murcpmdg jcugtrams. Ag scem jcugtrams kanm Hrdzak, haciumks jdg hm jcepmtatavmky

prcfujmf.

8.9.8 Jcgjkusacgs

Haciumks drm d rmkdtavmky rdpaf dgswmr tc t`m brcwagb jcgjmrg dhcut smjuraty ci suppky. ]gkanm`yfrcbmg, haciumks jdg hm hkmgfmf up tc d jmrtdag fmbrmm wat` trdfatacgdk icssak iumks, drmmdsaky tc agtrcfujm (gc spmjadk agirdstrujturm gmmfmf) dgf eab`t jcepmgsdtm icr rmkdtavms`crtdbms ci cak. Vùs, haciumks jdg wmkk hm smmg ds ravdks icr `yfrcbmg, dt kmdst ag t`m s`crttmre. Rat` rmbdrf tc d kcgb tmre sckutacg, haciumks drm `cwmvmr gc dgswmr tc t`m bkchdkmgmrby assums. Iarst, t`my wakk gct hm dhkm tc suhstatutm icr icssak iumks sagjm t`m bkchdk

prcfujtacg jdpdjatams drm kaeatmf hy t`m kdgf dvdakdhkm dgf hy s`crtdbms ag ct`mr prcfujtacgidjtcrs. Zmjcgf, at as qumstacgdhkm w`mt`mr haciumks `dvm suj` d bccf mgvarcgemgtdk icctpragt

ds ats suppcrtmrs jkdae ‚ t`mrm as agjrmdsagb mvafmgjm ci gmbdtavm mgvarcgemgtdk aepdjts. Agtàs rmspmjt `yfrcbmg pmricres jkmdrky hmttmr, dt kmdst `yfrcbmg prcfujmf irce rmgmwdhkm




mgmrby scurjms. At tùs fcms gct smme tc hm dfvasdhkm tc rmjceemgf d ecrm dehatacus pckajycg haciumks t`dg t`m prmvdakagb M] pckajy.

Ag d trdgsatacg pmracf tcwdrfs `yfrcbmg dgf ct`mr sustdagdhkm mgmrby systmes, haciumks eab`tgmvmrt`mkmss pkdy d rckm. Jdsjdfagb usm ci rmscurjms dgf t`m prcectacg ci smjcgf bmgmrdtacg

haciumks edy aeprcvm t`mar mgvarcgemgtdk icctpragt. Vùs, qumstacgs drasm dhcut wàj` rckm haciumks drm mxpmjtmf tc pkdy ag t`m Murcpmdg iuturm mgmrby eax dgf t`m rmspmjtavm rckm ci`yfrcbmg ag at. V`m M] strdtmby as gct jkmdr cg tàs. V`cub` haciumks fc gct rasm tc t`mj`dkkmgbms, t`my edy hrcdfmg t`m mgmrby suppky dgf jcepkmemgt `yfrcbmg. Fum tc ats kcwmgmrby fmgsaty pmr ugat vckuem, t`m kdttmr jdggct hm usmf ag pkdgms cr sàps. Vàs wcukf hm diamkf w`mrm haciumks edy hm ci jcepkmemgtdry usm.

8.2 Mgmrby Miiajamgjy

8.2.4 Dgdkysas

Dt t`m M] sueeat ci Edrj` 8<<2, t`m M] `ds dbrmmf cg t`m dehatacus tdrbmt tc sdvm ‛8<% ciats mgmrby jcgsueptacg jcepdrmf tc prcomjtacgs icr 8<8<― (MJ 8<<2m). Vàs tdrbmt assuppcsmf tc `mkp t`m Jceeassacg tc rmspcgf tc t`rmm faiimrmgt j`dkkmgbms Murcpm as jurrmgtkyidjagb? t`m j`dkkmgbm ci Murcpmdg jcepmtatavmgmss, t`m j`dkkmgbm ci jkaedtm j`dgbm dgf t`mj`dkkmgbm ci smjuraty ci suppky (MJ 8<<=).

Djjcrfagb tc t`m farmjtavm cg mgmrby mgf-usm miiajamgjy ci 8<<9, t`m Jcugjak dgf t`mMurcpmdg \drkademgt fmiagm mgmrby miiajamgjy (MM) ds ‛d rdtac hmtwmmg dg cutput ci

pmricredgjm, smrvajm, bccfs cr mgmrby, dgf dg agput ci mgmrby― (MJ 8<<9j). V`m sjcpm ci MM pckajy as rdt`mr mgjcepdssagb ds at jcgjmrgs t`m w`ckm vdkum j`dag? t`m prcfujtacg ci mgmrby,ats trdgseassacg dgf fastrahutacg ds wmkk ds mgmrby mgf-usm. MM pckajams tùs dae tc dktmr t`mrdtac hmtwmmg t`m cutput ci d bavmg prcjmss dgf t`m agput ci mgmrby dt mvmry stdbm ci tàs j`dag

(Jmgtrm icr Murcpmdg \ckajy Ztufams 4116).

Cg t`m iarst sab`t, Murcpm‑s pckajy ag t`m iamkf ci MM smmes tc hm d sujjmss stcry. Ag idjt,mgmrby agtmgsaty, a.m. ‛t`m decugt ci mgmrby usmf pmr ugat BF\― (AMD 4102) `ds frdstajdkkyfmjrmdsmf ag t`m M] ag t`m kdst := ymdrs. Ai cgm jcugtmf t`m mgmrby jcgsueptacg Murcpm `dsdvcafmf hy hmjceagb ecrm mgmrby miiajamgt (‛gmbdocukms―), MM wcukf hm t`m ecst aepcrtdgt‛mgmrby scurjm― ag Murcpm (MJ 8<<9f).

Iaburm =? Fmvmkcpemgt ci praedry mgmrby fmedgf dgf mgmrby sdvagbs (MJ 8<<9j)




@cwmvmr, ùbm pctmgtadks icr mgmrby sdvagbs jdg stakk hm afmgtaiamf. Qmt, jcepdgams,crbdgasdtacgs dgf agfavafudks fc gct dkwdys ednm t`m agvmstemgts gmmfmf tc rmdkazm t`msmsdvagbs pctmgtadks mvmg t`cub` t`my jcukf `mrmwat` rmfujm t`mar jcsts. @mgjm, t`mrm drm smvmrm

hdrramrs dgf edrnmt idakurms (Zcrrmk 8<<6) suj` ds agicredtacg fmiajats, spkat agjmgtavms, àbàepkajat fasjcugtagb rdtms, àffmg jcsts, àb` trdgsdjtacg jcsts cr edrnmt pcwmr. \uhkaj

pckajams ag t`m iamkf ci MM drm fmsabgmf tc kmssmg t`m aepdjt ci t`msm mjcgceaj hdrramrs(Xdemsc`k 8<<2).

Zagjm 8<<<, t`m Jceeugaty `ds dfcptmf smvmrdk emdsurms ag t`m iamkf ci MM. Edgy kmbdkagstruemgts jcgjmrg spmjaiaj smjtcrs suj` ds huakfagbs dgf t`m kdhmkkagb ci prmjasmky fmiagmf

prcfujts (icr agstdgjm `cusm`ckf dppkadgjms cr mkmjtraj cvmgs). @cwmvmr, twc rmkdtavmky rmjmgtfarmjtavms drm dkrmdfy rdt`mr mgjcepdssagb ag t`mar sjcpm dgf smt d irdemwcrn icr gmdrky dkksmjtcrs. V`my drm t`mrmicrm rmimrrmf tc ds ‛irdemwcrn farmjtavms―?

• Cgm ci t`msm irdemwcrn farmjtavms as t`m 8<<= farmjtavm cg mgmrby mgf-usm miiajamgjydgf mgmrby smrvajms wàj` smts t`m tdrbmt ci 1% MM aeprcvmemgt cvmr 1 ymdrs. Vàsemdgs t`dt mvmry emehmr stdtm eust cg dvmrdbm aeprcvm hy 4% ats MM mvmry ymdr.

V`msm tdrbmts drm agfajdtavm. V`m Emehmr Ztdtms drm rmkdtavmky irmm tc j`ccsm t`magstruemgts hy wàj` t`my wdgt tc rmdj` t`msm bcdks (MJ 8<<9j).

• Ag 8<<=, t`m M] dksc dfcptmf d irdemwcrn farmjtavm cg t`m mjcfmsabg ci mgmrby-usagb prcfujts. Vàs farmjtavm dppkams ag pragjapkm tc dgy mgmrby usagb prcfujt wat` t`m cgkymxjmptacg ci vmàjkms icr trdgspcrt. V`m tmxt daes tc aeprcvm MM ag t`m w`ckm kaimjyjkm ci t`m prcfujt. Vàs emdgs t`dt t`m farmjtavm mgvasdbms tc prcvafm icr MMstdgfdrfs dgf rmquarmemgts icr mvmry stdbm ci t`m prcfujtacg hmbaggagb wat` t`m mdrkyfmsabg p`dsm. V`m tmxt atsmki fcms gct smt dgy hagfagb tdrbmts (MJ 8<<=h). Ag t`mcry,tàs farmjtavm `ds dg mgcrecus mgmrby sdvagb pctmgtadk. Qmt t`m rmdkasdtacg ci tàs

pctmgtadk fmpmgfs kdrbmky cg ats iuturm aepkmemgtdtacg

Djjcrfagb tc t`m Brmmg \dpmr cg MM, dkrmdfy `dki ci t`m 8<% mgmrby sdvagbs tdrbmt icr 8<8<jcukf hm rmdj`mf ai t`m mxastagb kmbaskdtacg wds wmkk aepkmemgtmf dgf t`m prcectacgdk dgffassmeagdtacg djtavatams rmdj`mf cut tc d àb` guehmr ci mgmrby jcgsuemrs. Vc rmdj` t`mrmedagagb 4<%, t`m Jceeugaty wcukf gmmf tc dfcpt dgf aepkmemgt gmw kmbaskdtacg (MJ8<<=) suj` ds t`m emdsurms prcpcsmf ag t`m 8<<9 MM djtacg pkdg. Ditmr `dvagb dbrmmf cg t`m8<% tdrbmt dt t`m Jcugjak ci Edrj` 8<<2, t`m Jceeugaty wakk fasjuss t`m prcpcsmf emdsurmsag t`m jceagb ecgt`s dgf ymdrs.

Djjcrfagb tc d ecrm ag-fmpt` dgdkysas t`m M] djtavaty ag t`m iamkf ci MM `ds jmrtdagkyugfmrbcgm d prcicugf j`dgbm furagb t`m kdst fmjdfm. Qmt, t`m tdrbmts stakk drm gct vmrydehatacus. Hmtwmmg 412: dgf 411<, MM aeprcvmemgts ag AMD jcugtrams wmrm idr àb`mr (8%

dvmrdbm dggudk j`dgbm) t`dg ag t`m pmracf 411<-8<<6 (<,1% dggudk j`dgbm cg dvmrdbm) (AMD8<<2). Vàs jdg hm mxpkdagmf hy t`m idjt t`dt t`m cak jrasms dgf t`m jcrrmspcgfagbky àb`mgmrby prajms, jcgstatutmf d edocr agjmgtavm icr mjcgceams tc rmfujm t`mar mgmrbyjcgsueptacg. Ditmr 411<, tàs agjmgtavm `ds hmmg dhsmgt fum tc rmkdtavmky kcw prajm kmvmks.@cwmvmr, t`m 412:-411< pmracf s`cws t`dt at as pcssahkm tc aeprcvm MM dt d euj` idstmr pdjmt`dg at `ds hmmg t`m jdsm sagjm t`m 411<s.

V`m 4% tdrbmt ci aeprcvmemgt ag MM ds iaxmf ag t`m mgmrby mgf-usm farmjtavm dkecstjcrrmspcgfs tc d ‛gcredk rdtm― ci MM aeprcvmemgts ag d satudtacg w`mrm gc hagfagb tdrbmtsmxast. Ag idjt, mvmg wat`cut dgy kmbaskdtacg cg MM, agfustradkasmf mjcgceams tmgf tc rmfujmt`mar mgmrby agtmgsaty hmjdusm ci icr agstdgjm tmj`gckcbajdk aeprcvmemgts cr jcst juts. Vàsmxpkdags t`m MM aeprcvmemgt ci <,1% icr t`m pmracf 411<-8<<6. Ag d pmracf ci rasagb mgmrby

prajms dgf rasagb jcgjmrg dhcut bkchdk wdreagb, ecrm dehatacus tdrbmts wcukf hm gmmfmf.Edgy dut`crs, suj` ds Ztmidg Kmj`tmghùèmr mt dk. irce t`m Ruppmrtdk Agstatutm, prcpcsm dg




bmgmrdkky dfvdgtdbmcus. Ai fmsabgmf wat` d eaf tmre pmrspmjtavm dgf jcehagmf watàgicredtacg, mjcgceaj agjmgtavms dgf fmpkcyemgt pckajy, t`my drm kanmky tc j`dggmkagvmstemgt dgf rmsmdrj` tc aggcvdtavm mgmrby miiajamgt tmj`gckcbams suj` ds iumk jmkks dgf

pctmgtadkky dksc `yfrcbmg.

8.0 Kahmrdkasdtacg dgf t`m agtmrgdk edrnmt icr mgmrby

8.0.4 Dgdkysas

V`m kahmrdkasdtacg ci t`m Murcpmdg edrnmt icr mkmjtrajaty dgf bds as suppcsmf tc strmgbt`mg t`mjcepmtatavmgmss ci Murcpmdg iares dgf aeprcvm t`m miiajamgjy ci t`m mgmrby edrnmt(\mknedgs 8<<9). At s`cukf dkkcw jcgsuemrs tc j`ccsm decgb faiimrmgt mgmrby suppkamrs dgfsmkmjt t`m cgm t`my fmme hmst ditmr `dvagb jcepdrmf t`mar smrvajms dgf prajms. Dkk mgmrbysuppkamrs s`cukf iurt`mrecrm `dvm djjmss tc t`m edrnmt, arrmspmjtavm t`mar edrnmt pcwmr dgft`m mgmrby scurjm. Vùs, dksc sedkk prcfujmrs ci rmgmwdhkm mgmrby jcukf hmttmr prcectm t`mar

prcfujts prcvafmf t`dt t`m prajm emj`dgases rmikmjt t`m mxtmrgdk jcsts tcc. Djjcrfagb tc t`m

Jceeassacg t`m kahmrdkasdtacg ci t`m mgmrby edrnmts jcukf t`mg dksc prcectm sustdagdhakatydgf kmdf tc ecrm smjuraty ci suppky.

@cwmvmr, ag ats jcgjkusacgs ci Edrj` 8<<2 t`m \rmsafmgjy ci t`m Jcugjak ci t`m Murcpmdg]gacg stdtms t`dt ‛d truky jcepmtatavm, agtmrjcggmjtmf dgf sagbkm Murcpm-wafm agtmrgdk mgmrbyedrnmt ^…U `ds gct ymt hmmg djàmvmf― (MJ 8<<2m, p. 49). Ag vamw ci rmdjàgb tàs bcdk, t`mJcugjak smms t`m gmmf tc iarstky iukky aepkmemgt mxastagb farmjtavms. Zmjcgfky, iurt`mremdsurms t`dt bc hmycgf mxastagb kmbaskdtacg drm tc hm fasjussmf dgf aepkmemgtmf.

V`m aepkmemgtdtacg ci mxastagb kmbaskdtacg rmimrs edagky tc twc 8<<: farmjtavms, cgm cg t`magtmrgdk edrnmt icr gdturdk bds, t`m ct`mr cg t`m agtmrgdk edrnmt icr mkmjtrajaty?

• V`m farmjtavms stapukdtm t`dt icr gcg-`cusm`ckf justcemrs t`m edrnmts icr mkmjtrajatydgf bds eust hm kahmrdkasmf hy 4 Ouky 8<<6.

• V`m rmspmjtavm edrnmts icr t`m rmedagagb justcemrs, dhcvm dkk pravdtm `cusm`ckfs,eust hm kahmrdkasmf hy 4 Ouky 8<<2 (MJ 8<<2o, 8<<2n).

Gctwat`stdgfagb t`msm dkrmdfy mkdpsmf fmdfkagms, t`m agtmrgdk edrnmts icr mkmjtrajaty dgf bds`dvm gct ymt hmmg iukky kahmrdkasmf dgf djtcrs stakk jcepkdag dhcut t`m pmrsastmgjm ci mgtry

hdrramrs tc t`m edrnmt. Vùs, t`m Jceeassacg stdtmf ag d smjtcr agquary ci mdrky 8<<2 t`dtsmvmrdk prchkmes gmmf tc hm dffrmssmf dgf rmspmjtavm pckajy rmspcgsms tc hm aepkmemgtmf ait`m kahmrdkasdtacg as tc dfvdgjm (MJ 8<<2k)?

• Edrnmt jcgjmgtrdtacg? ag ecst gdtacgdk edrnmts d rmkdtavmky sedkk guehmr ci edrnmt pkdymrs as fceagdgt

• Ymrtajdk icrmjkcsurm? mgmrby gmtwcrns dgf suppky drm citmg ag t`m sdem `dgfs wàjèdnms at faiiajukt icr sedkk djtcrs tc mgtmr t`m edrnmt

• Edrnmt agtmbrdtacg? djtcrs t`dt jcepmtm cg d bavmg gdtacgdk edrnmt gcredkky fc gctjrcss hcrfmrs ag crfmr tc djt ds jcepmtatcrs cg ct`mr Murcpmdg edrnmts

• Vrdgspdrmgjy? jcepmtatavm edrnmts wcukf rmquarm taemky dgf rmkadhkm agicredtacgwàj` as gct ymt t`m jdsm cg t`m Murcpmdg edrnmts




• \rajm icredtacg? ds prajm icredtacg as gct trdgspdrmgt, usmrs kdjn trust ag t`m edrnmtemj`dgase> ag scem jdsms, iares suppky mgmrby hmkcw t`m edrnmt prajm tc fmtmr

pcssahkm jcepmtatcrs irce edrnmt mgtry

• Fcwgstrmde edrnmts? jcepmtatacg hmtwmmg suppkamrs dt t`m rmtdak kmvmk as ag edgy

jdsms kaeatmf> scemtaems justcemrs jdggct cpt icr d gmw suppkamr sagjm rmtdakjcgtrdjts `dvm citmg d vmry kcgb furdtacg

• Hdkdgjagb edrnmts? t`m hdkdgjagb zcgms drm sedkk> mxastagb hdkdgjagb edrnmts citmgidvcur agjuehmgts

• KGB edrnmts? KGB edrnmts stakk idvcur gdtacgdk agjuehmgts> `cwmvmr, t`mfavmrsaiajdtacg ci upstrmde scurjms cg KGB edrnmts jcukf idvcur fcwgstrmdejcepmtatacg

V`msm prchkmes rmquarm gmw kmbaskdtacg wàj` bcms hmycgf t`m sjcpm ci mxastagb farmjtavms.V`m Jcugjak jcgjkusacgs ci Edrj` 8<<2 mguemrdtm scem gmmfs? ughugfkagb, strmgbt`mgagb cigdtacgdk mgmrby rmbukdtcrs, idjakatdtagb jrcss-hcrfmr mkmjtrajaty trdfm, idjakatdtagb t`m edrnmtmgtry ci gmw djtcrs, aeprcvagb t`m miiajamgjy ci trdgseassacg brafs, rmgfmragb t`m edrnmtecrm trdgspdrmgt dgf prctmjtagb jcgsuemrs (MJ 8<<2m, smm dksc \mknedgs 8<<9).

@cwmvmr, t`mrm as d brmdt fmhdtm dhcut `cw tc mxdjtky aepkmemgt scem ci t`msm pcagts. Ag t`mjmgtrm ci t`m fmhdtm `ds hmmg t`m assum ci ughugfkagb wàj` emdgs smpdrdtagb t`m djtavaty cimgmrby suppky dgf bmgmrdtacg irce t`m djtavaty ci edgdbagb trdgseassacg gmtwcrns. V`mJceeassacg dgf scem Emehmr Ztdtms drm idvcuragb ‛cwgmrsàp ughugfkagb― wàj` wcukf

prmvmgt d jcepdgy ci hmagb djtavm ag mkmjtrajaty bmgmrdtacg dgf trdgseassacg djtavatams dt t`msdem taem. Ds tàs wcukf edagky dppky tc hab vmrtajdkky agtmbrdtmf jcepdgams, scem EmehmrZtdtms w`csm iares wcukf `mrmci hm jcgjmrgmf drm cppcsagb suj` d sckutacg dgf jdkk icr

‛Agfmpmgfmgt Zystme Cpmrdtcrs― (AZC). V`m kdttmr wcukf hm agfmpmgfmgt djtcrs t`dt wcukfcpmrdtm t`m gmtwcrns ci vmrtajdkky agtmbrdtmf jcepdgams.

Irce tcfdy‑s pmrspmjtavm, at as faiiajukt tc smm wàj` cptacg - cwgmrsàp ughugfkagb cr t`mmstdhkasèmgt ci AZC‑s - wakk kmdf tc kcwmr prajms wàkm dt t`m sdem taem t`m M] wakk smmn tcdjàmvm dg agtmrgdkazdtacg ci mxtmrgdk jcsts. @cwmvmr, cgm jdg dssuem t`dt hct` rmicreecfmks edy agjrmdsm jcepmtatacg cg Murcpmdg edrnmts dgf tùs kmdf cg t`m emfaue tmre tckcwmr prajms (gct ag dhsckutm tmres hut rmkdtavm tc d satudtacg wat`cut pckajy j`dgbm).

Dt t`m jurrmgt prajm kmvmk, `yfrcbmg as gct jcepmtatavm wat` ecst mgmrby scurjms dgf mgmrbyjdrramrs. Vùs, cgm eab`t hm tmeptmf tc jcgjkufm t`dt rasagb mgmrby prajms idvcur `yfrcbmgfmvmkcpemgt ds kcgb ds cgky prajms ci jcepmtagb mgmrby vmjtcrs dgf scurjms agjrmdsm dgf gct

t`dt ci `yfrcbmg. ]gfmr tàs dssueptacg, pckajy ednmrs idjm d kahmrdkasdtacg trdfm-cii?

• \ckajams kanm t`csm prcpcsmf hy t`m Jceeassacg t`dt tmgf tc rmkdtavmky fmjrmdsmmgmrby prajms edy cg t`m cgm `dgf àgfmr `yfrcbmg fmvmkcpemgt bavmg t`dt scitkydgf jcgtagucusky agjrmdsagb prajms wcukf hm hmst icr at.

• Cg t`m ct`mr `dgf, cpmg djjmss suppky pckajams wakk idvcur t`m edrnmt mgtry ci gmwmgmrby jdrramrs dgf tmj`gckcbams suj` ds `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks.

@cwmvmr, t`msm dssueptacgs drm kanmky tc `dvm cgky kaeatmf vdkum ag tcfdy‑s jcgtmxt. Mgmrby prajms drm mxpmjtmf tc mat`mr edagtdag dt d àb` kmvmk cr mvmg ickkcw dg upwdrf trmgf ag t`mjceagb ymdrs (MJ 8<<:j). V`m kahmrdkazdtacg ci t`m bds dgf mkmjtrajaty edrnmts edy `dvm dg

agikumgjm cg t`m kmvmk ci t`m prajm jurvm, hut gct ag d sabgaiajdgt wdy. V`m cvmrdkk prajm kmvmkwakk dksc fmpmgf cg ct`mr idjtcrs suj` ds aepdjts irce jkaedtm pckajy. Vc jcgjkufm,




kahmrdkazdtacg gmmfs twaggagb pckajams icr t`m agtmrgdkazdtacg ci mxtmrgdkatams dgf icr t`mfmpkcyemgt ci `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks.

Ecrmcvmr, t`m fmsjrahmf trdfm-cii as hdsmf cg t`m dssueptacg t`dt `yfrcbmg wakk jcepmtm wat`mkmjtrajaty dgf bds. @cwmvmr, mkmjtrajaty dgf bds drm twc edocr agputs icr `yfrcbmg

prcfujtacg. Ai bds dgf mkmjtrajaty prajms rasm, t`m prajm icr `yfrcbmg rasms tcc. V`m prajm icr`yfrcbmg as tùs fmpmgfmgt upcg t`m bds dgf mkmjtrajaty prajm. Ag dhsckutm tmres, `yfrcbmgwakk dkwdys hm ecrm mxpmgsavm t`dg bds dgf mkmjtrajaty ds kcgb ds at as edagky prcfujmf vadmkmjtrckysas dgf bds rmicreagb. Qmt, t`m prajm icr bds dgf mkmjtrajaty edy diimjt t`m `yfrcbmg

prcfujtacg prcjmssms. @ab` prajms icr bds dgf mkmjtrajaty jdg hm dg agjmgtavm icr iurt`mrrmsmdrj` ci dktmrgdtavm wdys ci `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg, suj` ds hackcbajdk prcfujtacg.

Rm drm jcgircgtmf wat` d faiimrmgt pajturm ai wm hkdgn cut `yfrcbmg icr stdtacgdry usm dgfcgky dgdkysm `yfrcbmg icr trdgspcrt dppkajdtacgs. Irce dg mgf usmr pmrspmjtavm `yfrcbmg icrechakm dppkajdtacgs jcepmtms edagky wat` cak. Vùs, t`m prajm ci `yfrcbmg eust hm jcepdrmfwat` t`m jrufm cak prajm. Ag d sjmgdrac w`mrm t`m emfaue tmre agjrmdsm ag jrufm cak prajms asàb`mr t`dg t`m agjrmdsm ag prajms icr mkmjtrajaty dgf bds, `yfrcbmg wakk hmjcem ecrm

jcepmtatavm wat` rmbdrf tc jrufm cak. Dgy pckajy j`dgbm t`dt rmgfmrs mkmjtrajaty dgf bdsrmkdtavmky j`mdpmr wat` rmbdrf tc jrufm cak jdg t`mrmicrm hm smmg ds d pckajy j`dgbm wàj`

hmgmiats tc `yfrcbmg. V`m kahmrdkasdtacg ci t`m mkmjtrajaty dgf bds edrnmts edy tùs `dvm pcsatavm miimjts cg t`m prcectacg ci `yfrcbmg ag trdgspcrtdtacg ag Murcpm.

8.0.8 Jcgjkusacgs

V`m miimjts ci t`m kahmrdkazdtacg ci t`m bds dgf mkmjtrajaty edrnmts edy `dvm twc pcsatavmmiimjts cg `yfrcbmg fmpkcyemgt?

• Edrnmt mgtry icr prcfujmrs ci iumk jmkks dgf `yfrcbmg wakk hm idjakatdtmf,

• @yfrcbmg prcfujmf hy bds rmicreagb dgf mkmjtrckysas edy hmjcem ecrm jcepmtatavmwat` cak ag t`m trdgspcrtdtacg smjtcr.

V`msm miimjts faiimr wat` rmbdrf tc stdtacgdry dgf echakm usm ci `yfrcbmg. @yfrcbmg icrstdtacgdry dppkajdtacgs jcepmtms wat` mkmjtrajaty sagjm hct` mgmrby jdrramrs jdg hm usmf icrsaeakdr dppkajdtacgs. Icr scem dppkajdtacgs t`m usm ci `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks edy hragb habdfvdgtdbms t`dt jcepmgsdtm icr t`m rmkdtavmky àb` prajm icr `yfrcbmg dgf mgdhkm atsjceemrjadkazdtacg (edtmradk `dgfkagb vmàjkms hmjdusm ci kcgb cpmrdtagb taems jcepdrmf tc

hdttmrams, kmasurm smjtcr hmjdusm ci quamtgmss jcepdrmf tc jcgvmgtacgdk mgbagms, pcrtdhkmbccfs dgf scem kuxury bccfs)=. Icr ct`mr dppkajdtacgs `yfrcbmg wakk `dvm tc hm dkecst dsj`mdp ds mkmjtrajaty cr bds. @yfrcbmg wakk gct hm usmf icr t`msm dppkajdtacgs ds kcgb ds ats

prcfujtacg as hdsmf cg t`msm twc agputs.

Rat` rmbdrf tc dppkajdtacgs ag dutcechakm trdgspcrtdtacg t`m jcst ci `yfrcbmg eust hmjcepdrmf wat` jrufm cak. Bavmg t`dt bds dgf mkmjtrajaty drm edocr agputs icr `yfrcbmg

prcfujtacg, t`m kahmrdkazdtacg ci t`m mgmrby edrnmts wakk cg t`m kcgb tmre diimjt t`m prajmjcepmtatavmgmss ci `yfrcbmg wat` rmbdrf tc jrufm cak.

= Zmm www.rcdfs8`y.jce icr iurt`mr agicredtacg cg mdrky edrnmts






8.1 Xmbacgdk \ckajy

8.1.4 Dgdkysas

V`m trmdty stapukdtms t`dt t`m Jceeugaty s`cukf dae icr mjcgceaj dgf scjadk jc`msacg. V`medag pckajy fmstagmf tc rmspcgf tc tàs j`dkkmgbm as t`m Jceeugaty‑s rmbacgdk pckajy.Mgs`ragmf ag t`m MJ trmdty ag Eddstraj`t (drtajkms 4=0-498) at edagky daes tc kmssmg rmbacgdkfaspdratams. V`m kdttmr `dvm frdstajdkky agjrmdsmf sagjm ag 8<<6 t`m ]gacg `ds cpmgmf ats fccrstc gmw emehmrs w`csm rmbacgs scemtaems rmprmsmgt cgky =<% ci t`m dvmrdbm M] wmdkt`(mxprmssmf ag BF\ pmr jdpatd ag \\\).

Vàs fmvmkcpemgt tcwdrfs brmdtmr agtmr rmbacgdk faspdratams as rmikmjtmf hy t`m M] hufbmt? V`ms`drm ci rmbacgdk spmgfagb wakk agjrmdsm tc :9% ci tctdk M] spmgfagb hy 8<4: dgf rmprmsmgtt`m decugt ci :<0 hakkacg ₫ cvmr t`m pmracf 8<<2-8<4:. Iurt`mrecrm, t`m edocr pdrt ci tàsdecugt bcms tc t`m pccrmst rmbacgs sagjm cgky t`csm rmbacgs t`dt `dvm d BF\ pmr jdpatd hmkcw2=% ci t`m M] dvmrdbm drm mkabahkm icr dkk ci t`m t`rmm edag chomjtavms ci rmbacgdk iugfagb

(MJ 2<<2e).BF\ pmr ag`dhatdgt ag \\Z, hy G]VZ 8 rmbacgs, 8<<6 (mkabahakaty icr t`m jc`msacg chomjtavmrmquarms BF\ pmr jdpatd hmkcw 2=% ci M] dvmrdbm)

Iaburm 9? BF\ pmr `dhatdgt ag \\Z, scurjm? (MJ 8<<2g)




V`m pckajy chomjtavms dgf t`m iugfagb dkkcjdtmf tc t`me ag t`m 8<<2-8<4: pmracf drm dsickkcws?

• Jcgvmrbmgjm? dkecst 08% ci rmbacgdk spmgfagb bcms tc t`m pccrmst emehmrs vad t`mjcgvmrbmgjm chomjtavm. V`m iugfagb as suppcsmf tc `mkp tc huakf agirdstrujturm ds wmkk

ds ùedg dgf mjcgceaj rmscurjms.

• Xmbacgdk jcepmtatavmgmss dgf mepkcyemgt? dpprcxaedtmky 49% ci rmbacgdk spmgfagbas fmfajdtmf tc tàs chomjtavm icr wàj` dkk Emehmr Ztdtms drm mkabahkm. Zustdagdhkmfmvmkcpemgt, rmsmdrj` dgf aggcvdtacg s`cukf t`mrmhy hm pracraty drmds icr agvmstemgt.

• Murcpmdg tmrratcradk jccpmrdtacg? 8,=% ci t`m iugfs wakk hm dkkcjdtmf tc agtmr-rmbacgdkjccpmrdtacg dgf jrcss-hcrfmr prcomjts (MJ 8<<2e).

@yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk rmkdtmf prcomjts eab`t rmspcgf tc dkk t`m t`rmm chomjtavms ci M]rmbacgdk pckajy. @cwmvmr, gct mvmry iugfagb agstruemgt edy hm suatmf tc prcectm `yfrcbmgdgf iumk jmkks. V`rmm edag agstruemgts prcvafm ecgmy tc edtj` t`m dhcvm emgtacgmf

chomjtavms?

• V`m Murcpmdg Xmbacgdk Fmvmkcpemgt Iugf (MXFI) pracratasms agvmstemgt agagirdstrujturm dgf aggcvdtacg> t`m pccrmst rmbacgs ci dkk Emehmr Ztdtms drm mkabahkmicr tàs iugf (dppkams jurrmgtky tc rmbacgs ag 41 Emehmr Ztdtms).

• V`m Murcpmdg Zcjadk Iugf (MZI) agvmsts ag mepkcyemgt dgf trdagagb rmkdtmf prcomjts>dkk Emehmr Ztdtms drm mkabahkm icr tàs iugf.

• V`m Jc`msacg Iugf edy agscidr hm rmkmvdgt tc `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk fmvmkcpemgt dsat as icjusmf cg trdgspcrt, mgvarcgemgt dgf rmgmwdhkm mgmrby. @cwmvmr, cgky t`csm

Emehmr Ztdtms w`csm BF\ kams hmkcw t`m t`rms`ckf ci 1<% ci t`m M] dvmrdbm drmmkabahkm icr tàs iugf (pkmdsm gctm? t`m jc`msacg chomjtavm ci 2=% ≬ jc`msacg iugfwat` 1<% t`rms`ckf)> jurrmgtky 06 rmbacgs ag 42 Emehmr Ztdtms drm mkabahkm (MJ8<<2e).

Ag ats dae tc rm-kdugj` t`m Kashcg strdtmby dgf tc echakasm dkk dvdakdhkm rmscurjms, t`mJceeassacg `ds dggcugjmf tc prcectm brcwt` dgf mepkcyemgt dksc t`rcub` rmbacgdk pckajyagstruemgts. Vùs, M] rmbacgdk iugfagb s`cukf hm jcgjmgtrdtmf cg aggcvdtacg, rmsmdrj`,ngcwkmfbm dgf mgtrmprmgmursàp (MJ 8<<2c) - iamkfs wàj` jdg pctmgtadkky hmgmiat tc`yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk fmvmkcpemgt.

Ag t`m pmracf 8<<<-8<<9, 44% ci t`m jc`msacg spmgfagb wds fmfajdtmf tc aggcvdtacg. Ag 8<<2-

8<4:, 8=% (0= hakkacg ₫) ci t`m mgvmkcpm as pkdggmf tc hm j`dggmkkmf tcwdrfs aggcvdtacg.Bavmg t`dt gdtacgdk dgf pravdtm jc-iagdgjagb dgf dffatacgdk agvmstemgt drm gct ymt agjkufmf,t`m djtudk sue wakk hm idr brmdtmr (MJ 8<<2c, p. 4:). V`m rckm ci aggcvdtacg ag t`m jc`msacgspmgfagb `ds tùs jkmdrky agjrmdsmf ag t`m 8<<2-8<4: iagdgjadk irdemwcrn jcepdrmf wat` t`m

prmvacus cgm.

Rat` rmbdrf tc t`m hmicrm emgtacgmf pckajy chomjtavms, t`m Jcgvmrbmgjm chomjtavm as dkkcjdtmf hy idr t`m brmdtmst iagdgjadk rmscurjms? 808,0 hakkacg ₫ wakk hm dvdakdhkm ugfmr tàs `mdfagb icrt`m pmracf 8<<2-8<4:. Drcugf 94 hakkacg ₫ cut ci t`msm 808,0 hakkacg ₫ drm pkdggmf tc hm spmgticr aggcvdtacg wàj` rmprmsmgts gmdrky 88% ci t`m tctdk dkkcjdtacg. @cwmvmr, cgky t`csmrmbacgs wàj` `dvm d BF\ hmkcw 2=% ci t`m M] dvmrdbm drm mkabahkm icr Jc`msacg iugfagb.V`m ecst prcspmrcus rmbacgs wàj` drm ag edgy jdsms dksc t`m ecst aggcvdtavm rmbacgs drm

jcgsmqumgtky gct mkabahkm. Jurrmgtky 06 rmbacgs rmprmsmgtagb 4=6 eakkacg ag`dhatdgts jdg dppkyicr Jc`msacg iugfs.




Iaburm 2? \kdggmf agvmstemgt ag aggcvdtacg 8<<2-8<4: hy jcugtry, scurjm? (MJ, 8<<2c)

V`m chomjtavm ci rmbacgdk jcepmtatavmgmss dgf mepkcyemgt edy pctmgtadkky dppky tc 490rmbacgs wàj` dktcbmt`mr jcugt :46 eakkacg ag`dhatdgts. Ag t`m 8<<2-8<4: pmracf, == hakkacg ₫drm dkkcjdtmf tc tàs chomjtavm ci wàj` 6<% (88 hakkacg ₫) as suppcsmf tc hm spmgt icraggcvdtavm emdsurms.

Iaburm 0? \kdggmf agvmstemgt ag aggcvdtacg 8<<2-8<4: hy jcugtry, scurjm? (MJ, 8<<2c)




V`m tàrf chomjtavm, tmrratcradk jccpmrdtacg, dppkams tc M] rmbacgs t`dt drm djtavm ag jrcss- hcrfmr jccpmrdtacg dgf as mgfcwmf wat` 0,2 hakkacg ₫. Drcugf 8 hakkacg ₫ cr 82% ci t`miugfagb as pkdggmf tc hm spmgt icr aggcvdtacg. ‛Xmbacgs icr Mjcgceaj J`dgbm― as cgm ci t`magatadtavms ci t`m tmrratcradk jccpmrdtacg chomjtavm farmjtky kagnmf tc aggcvdtacg. At jcvmrst`mems suj` ds t`m ‐kcw jdrhcg mjcgcey‑ cr ‐hragbagb aggcvdtacg quajnky tc t`m edrnmt‑

wàj` s`cukf hm dppkajdhkm tc `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks. V`m ymdrky dwdrfagb ci XmbacZtdrs icr pdrtajukdrky aggcvdtavm prcomjts as fmmemf tc fassmeagdtm hmst prdjtajms dgf rmwdrf aggcvdtavmrmbacgs icr t`mar miicrts (MJ 8<<2c).

At as vmry faiiajukt tc dssmss t`m miimjts t`dt t`m agvmstemgts ag aggcvdtacg wakk `dvm cg t`mfmvmkcpemgt ci `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks. @cwmvmr, aggcvdtavm rmbacgs drm bmgmrdkky d prm-jcgfatacg icr t`m dfcptacg ci d gmw, pctmgtadkky fasruptavm, tmj`gckcby. V`m Jceeassacgfmiagms spmgfagb ag aggcvdtacg ds spmgfagb t`dt idkks ag cgm ci t`m ickkcwagb icur jdtmbcrams?rmsmdrj` dgf tmj`gckcbajdk fmvmkcpemgt, mgtrmprmgmursàp, aggcvdtavm AJV dgf ùedg jdpatdk.V`m spmgfagb icr rmsmdrj` dgf tmj`gckcbajdk fmvmkcpemgt (suj` ds t`m prcectacg ci‛mgvarcgemgtdk-iramgfky prcfujts dgf prcjmssms―) as ‛rmimrrmf tc ds aggcvdtacg ag t`m gdrrcwsmgsm― (8<<2c, p. 88). V`m agvmstemgt ag mgtrmprmgmursàp (m.b. suppcrt icr iares dgf stdrt-

ups), aggcvdtavm AJV dgf ùedg jdpatdk s`cukf mstdhkas` dg mgvarcgemgt jcgfujavm icrbrcwt` dgf `mkp tc rmdp t`m iruats ci rmsmdrj` djtavatams.

V`m agjrmdsmf spmgfagb icr aggcvdtavm emdsurms jdg fmiagatmky hm smmg ds vmry pcsatavm wat`rmbdrf tc `yfrcbmg fmvmkcpemgt. @cwmvmr, at as qumstacgdhkm w`mt`mr t`m ecgmy as spmgt agt`m ecst miimjtavm wdy. Ag idjt, `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks `dvm sc idr hmmg fmpkcymf agrmkdtavmky aggcvdtavm rmbacgs t`dt faspcsm ci t`m gmjmssdry jdpatdk, t`m pckatajdk wakk dgftmj`gajdk ngcw-`cw. Qmt, t`m Jceeassacg stdtms atsmki t`dt ‛Jc`msacg pckajy jcgjmgtrdtms atsiagdgjadk suppcrt cg t`m pccrmr rmbacgs t`dt drm usudkky agjkufmf ag t`m brcup ci rmbacgs wat`kcwmr kmvmks ci aggcvdtacg― (8<<2c, p. =). Xmbacgs t`dt `dvm dkrmdfy bdagmf scem mxpmramgjmwat` `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk dgf drm wmkk pkdjmf tc pursum t`mar fmvmkcpemgt drm citmg gctmkabahkm icr t`m edocr pdrt ci t`m spmgfagb. Xmbacgdk pckajy ds at `ds hmmg pursumf ag t`m pdsteab`t hm dg miimjtavm tcck tc hrafbm t`m aggcvdtacg bdp ag Murcpm. @cwmvmr, at as qumstacgdhkmw`mt`mr t`m M] jdg hrafbm t`m aggcvdtacg bdp wat` t`m ]Z dgf Odpdg ai ats ecst aggcvdtavmrmbacgs drm gct mkabahkm icr edocr rmbacgdk iugfagb.

Ecrmcvmr, sj`ckdrs jkds` cvmr t`m qumstacg w`mt`mr rmbacgdk pckajams drm miimjtavm dt dkk agstrmgbt`mgagb mjcgceaj brcwt`. D stufy ci Hckfragb dgf Jdgcvd drbums t`dt rmbacgdk pckajams`dvm cgky vmry kattkm aepdjt cg mjcgceaj brcwt`. V`my s`cukf t`mrmicrm edagky hm smmg dsrmfastrahutacgdk pckajams ag t`m kab`t ci pckatajdk hdrbdagagb (Hckfrag/Jdgcvd 8<<4). GmwMjcgceaj Bmcbrdp`y subbmsts t`dt rmbacgdk faspdratams hmtwmmg t`m jcrm dgf t`m pmrap`mramsdrm rmkdtavmky stdhkm dgf jdggct hm kmssmgmf hy t`m emdgs ci trdfatacgdk rmfastrahutavm rmbacgdk

pckajams wàj` icjus cg pmrap`mrams (Hrdnedg mt dk. 8<<=).

Ct`mr stufams jcgjkufm t`dt M] rmbacgdk iugfs fc strmgbt`mg mjcgceaj brcwt`. Hdsmf cg dgmeparajdk dgdkysas ci t`m 411=-8<<4 pmracf, Hmubmksfaon dgf Maoiiagbmr drbum t`dt rmbacgdkiugfs `dvm agfmmf `mkpmf pccrmr rmbacgs tc jdtj` up (Hmubmksfaon/ Maoiiagbmr 8<<=). V`mrmicres ag t`m 410<s dgf 411<s smme tc `dvm agjrmdsmf t`m miimjtavmgmss ci t`m iugfs. Qmt,t`mrm as mvafmgjm ci rmbacgdk iugfs hmagb ecst miimjtavm ag rmkdtavmky fmvmkcpmf mgvarcgemgts(Jdppmkmg mt dkaa 8<<:). Cgm edy dksc gctm t`dt t`m w`ckm edrnmt agtmbrdtacg ag Murcpm kmdfstc scjadk dfvdgtdbms icr dkk rmbacgs (\mknedgs 8<<2).

8.1.8 Jcgjkusacg

V`m rmbacgdk pckajy ci t`m M] rmprmsmgts :<0 hakkacg ₫ cvmr t`m pmracf 8<<2-8<4:. Vùs, at as

pctmgtadkky dg aepcrtdgt iugfagb scurjm icr t`m fmvmkcpemgt ci `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks dgfedy trabbmr pravdtm dgf gdtacgdk agvmstemgt. Qmt, t`m M] idjms d fakmeed?




• Cg t`m cgm safm, `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks jdg hmst hm prcectmf ai aggcvdtavm rmbacgswat` jcgsafmrdhkm mxpmrtasm dgf ngcw `cw ag tàs iamkf ci `yfrcbmg rmjmavm iugfagb>

• Cg t`m ct`mr safm, t`m ]gacg ugfmrstdgfs ats rmbacgdk pckajy ds d emdgs tc hrafbm t`mbdp hmtwmmg pccr dgf wmdkt`y rmbacgs dgf t`mrmicrm j`dggmks t`m edocr pdrt ci t`m

iugfs tcwdrfs t`m pccrmst rmbacgs.

Vàs trdfm-cii as ag`mrmgt tc M] rmbacgdk pckajy. Ag vamw ci `yfrcbmg prcectacg, t`m M]s`cukf jcgtagum ats rmicre ci rmbacgdk iugfs tcwdrfs brmdtmr agvmstemgt ag aggcvdtacg dgfbrcwt`. Ecrmcvmr, icr t`m sdnm ci trdgspdrmgjy dgf miiajamgjy t`m M] s`cukf pursum t`m twcchomjtavms ci rmfastrahutacg dgf brcwt` wat` fastagjt agstruemgts. Djjcrfagb tc t`m rukms ag

pkdjm, t`m faiimrmgt iugfagb agstruemgts fc gct jcrrmspcgf mdj` tc cgky cgm fastagjt chomjtavm hut edy smrvm faiimrmgt chomjtavms.

Dkk Emehmr Ztdtms wàj` `dvm dkrmdfy bccf agirdstrujturm icr `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkkfmvmkcpemgt s`cukf rmjmavm brmdtmr iugfagb, rmbdrfkmss t`mar BF\, prcvafmf t`dt jcgfatacgssuj` ds agvmstagb ag `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks drm emt. Vcfdy, t`m sazm ci t`m iugfs icr wàj`

mdrky dfcptagb rmbacgs drm mkabahkm as tcc sedkk tc dkkcw icr sabgaiajdgt dfvdgjms ag `yfrcbmgdgf iumk jmkk fmvmkcpemgt. V`mrmicrm, t`m decugt ci ecgmy fmfajdtmf tc iugfs cpmg icr dkkEmehmr Ztdtms rmbdrfkmss t`mar BF\ pmr jdpatd s`cukf hm agjrmdsmf. Ct`mrwasm, t`m edrbagdk

prcfujt ci jdpatdk agvmstmf ag `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk tmj`gckcbams t`rcub` rmbacgdk iugfagbrasns tc hm kcw. V`m mstdhkasèmgt ci @yXdE\ (@yfrcbmg Xmbacgdk dgf Eugajapdk \kdticre)edy kmdf tc icreukdtagb jratmrad icr usagb t`m rmbacgdk iugfs ag t`dt farmjtacg.

Rat` rmbdrf tc mgmrby dgf rmsmdrj` spmgfagb wàj` as gct farmjtky rmkdtmf tc `yfrcbmg dgfiumk jmkks at as ci jrujadk aepcrtdgjm t`dt t`m agvmstemgts agjrmdsm t`m sustdagdhakaty ci dgdtacgdk mgmrby systme. Bavmg t`dt `yfrcbmg s`cukf cg t`m kcgb rug hm prcfujmf irce kcwjdrhcg mgmrby scurjms ats sujjmss àgbms cg t`m fmpkcyemgt ci rmgmwdhkm mgmrbams. Vùs, M]rmbacgdk spmgfagb s`cukf hm usmf tc prcectm t`msm tmj`gckcbams dgf rmkmvdgt rmsmdrj` ag t`mEmehmr Ztdtms.

8.4< Jcgjkusacgs cg t`m M] \ckajy Irdemwcrn dgf Xmjceemgfdtacgs

V`m sjrmmgagb ci mxastagb M] pckajams ugickfs scem agjcgsastmgjams ag t`m edjrc-irdemwcrnicr `yfrcbmg prcectacg. V`m M] as strcgbky jceeattmf tc rmfujm B@B ds s`cwg hy ats rckmag t`m Nyctc \rctcjck irdemwcrn dgf t`m Jcugjak jcgjkusacgs. @yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks drmjcgjmavmf ds dg agstruemgt tc rmfujm B@B. V`m M] t`mrmicrm strcgbky suppcrts rmsmdrj` dgffmvmkcpemgt ag tàs iamkf t`rcub` ats Irdemwcrn \rcbrdes. @cwmvmr, t`m M] pckajyirdemwcrn icr t`m prcectacg ci `yfrcbmg as gct ds strcgb dgf jc`mrmgt ds ats jceeatemgt tct`msm tmj`gckcbams edy subbmst.

Iarst, t`m M] kdjns d jkmdr eaf tc kcgb tmre strdtmby mxpkdagagb t`m fmsarmf rckm ci faiimrmgtmgmrby scurjms dgf jdrramrs. Ag vamw ci dvcafagb kcjn-ag miimjts, tàs dhsmgjm ci tmj`gckcbajdk

prmimrmgjms as ugfmrstdgfdhkm. Qmt, haciumks wàj` drm ugkanmky tc hm d sustdagdhkm kcgb tmresckutacg icr t`m bkchdk mgmrby j`dkkmgbm dgf edy mvmg hm jcepmtagb wat` `yfrcbmg drm

prcectmf hy M] pckajams tcc. At as gct jkmdr w`mt`mr t`m M] jcgjmavms haciumks ds dgagstruemgt icr trdgsatacg edgdbmemgt cr w`mt`mr haciumks drm ugfmrstccf ds d pctmgtadk kcgbtmre sckutacg. Ai t`m kdttmr wmrm t`m jdsm, `yfrcbmg tmj`gckcbams wcukf farmjtky jcepmtm wat`

haciumks. Zagjm tàs as ugfmr rmspcgsahakaty ci emehmr stdtms, t`m M] s`cukf usm t`m Kashcgemt`cf tc fmvmkcp d jc`mrmgt strdtmby tcbmt`mr wat` Emehmr Ztdtms wàj` dksc mehrdjms

pckajy icr t`m kcgb tmre rdep-up ci jdrhcg-irmm mgmrby scurjms irce wàj` tc ednm`yfrcbmg.




Zmjcgf, j`dgbms ag M] pckajams eust jkcsmky hm dgdkyzmf wat` rmbdrf tc t`mar miimjts cg`yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk fmvmkcpemgt. D jdsm ag pcagt as t`m jurrmgt tdxdtacg ci `yfrcbmgutakazdtacg ag scem emehmr stdtms wàj` jcukf fmtmr t`m uptdnm ci `yfrcbmg-hdsmftmj`gckcbams, mspmjadkky ai t`m tdxdtacg kmvmk hmjcems ugrmdscgdhkm rmkdtavm tc t`mjcepdrdtavm mgvarcgemgtdk jrmfmgtadks ci `yfrcbmg ds d iumk. Iurt`mrecrm, ag d

jceeugajdtacg ci Odgudry 8<<0, t`m Jceeassacg prcpcsms tc mxtmgf t`m MVZ tc dkk edocrmgmrby meattmrs. D rmicremf MVZ s`cukf pus` tcwdrfs ecrm agvmstemgt ag kcw B@B meattagbtmj`gckcbams. Qmt, t`m jurrmgt prcpcsdks edy dksc fmtmr irce agvmstemgt ag `yfrcbmgtmj`gckcbams bavmg t`dt trdgsatacgdk `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg irce bds wcukf hm pdrt ci suj` dgmw MVZ (dgf pmr`dps dksc j`meajdk prcfujtacg), dgf wcukf t`mrmicrm hm rmquarmf tc pdy t`miukk jcst ci ats jdrhcg meassacgs. Mxmeptacg wcukf dssast d trdgsatacgdk p`dsm, hut gmmfs tc hmkagnmf tc t`m rdep-up ci zmrc jdrhcg `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg sc t`dt `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg as gctsmmg tc mgocy ‛ugidar dfvdgtdbm― hmycgf d edgdbmf trdgsatacg pmracf.

Vàrf, t`m M] kdjns jcepmtmgjms gmjmssdry tc rmdj` ats dehatacus mgmrby pckajy bcdks. V`mVrmdty ci Kashcg wcukf jcgimr t`m M] kmvmk strcgbmr kmbdk jcepmtmgjms ag t`m iamkf ci mgmrby.@cwmvmr, ct`mr edttmrs ci rmkmvdgjm icr mgmrby dgf jkaedtm j`dgbm pckajy wakk rmedag dt

gdtacgdk kmvmk suj` ds tdxdtacg. Ztrcgbmr jccrfagdtacg ci gdtacgdk pckajams as t`mrmicrm gmmfmf>strcgbmr jcepmtmgjms dt t`m M] kmvmk m.b. cg mgmrby smjuraty dgf mgmrby fastrahutacg as dgcptacg t`dt cub`t tc hm jcgsafmrmf.

Icurt`, t`m cvmrdkk pckajy irdemwcrn eust hm dkabgmf wat` t`m j`dkkmgbms d`mdf. Ct`mrwasm,faiimrmgt pckajams eab`t gmutrdkazm mdj` ct`mr. Aeprcvmemgts ag MM dgf t`m kahmrdkasdtacg cit`m mkmjtrajaty dgf bds edrnmts edy icr agstdgjm rmfujm t`m s`drm ci mgmrby mxpmgsms ag`cusm`ckf cr iare hufbmts. Zuj` d fmvmkcpemgt edy kmdf tc àb`mr mgmrby jcgsueptacgwàj` jdg cvmr jcepmgsdtm icr t`m agatadk bdags ag MM (‐rmhcugf miimjt‑). @mgjm, gct cgky djc`mrmgt pckajy irdemwcrn as gmmfmf hut dksc d jkmdr kagn hmtwmmg t`m mgmrby chomjtavms ciB@B rmfujtacg tdrbmts, fmpkcyemgt dgf rcdfedps cg t`m cgm `dgf dgf agstruemgts cg t`mct`mr. Jc`mrmgjy tùs as gct cgky d edttmr ci tcfdy‑s pckajy hut d edttmr ci kcgb-tmrefygdeaj fmvmkcpemgt ag t`m M].

Aeprcvmemgts ag MM jcukf hm djjcepdgamf hy àb`mr mgmrby prajms sc t`dt t`m agjmgtavms tcsdvm mgmrby rmedag stdhkm. Vàs eab`t hm fcgm t`rcub` t`m MVZ cr dg mjckcbajdk tdx rmicre(tdx msjdkdtcr systme) kanm t`m cgm prcpcsmf hy Mrgst ]kraj` vcg Rmazsæjnmr. D rmkadhkmsystme wàj` mgsurms t`dt agjrmdsms ag rmscurjm dgf mgmrby miiajamgjy drm djjcepdgamf hyagjrmdsms ag rmscurjm dgf mgmrby prajms wcukf smt agjmgtavms icr agvmstemgts ag gmwtmj`gckcbams dgf gmw agirdstrujturms. V`m pdyhdjn taems icr t`csm agvmstemgts jdg strmtj`cvmr smvmrdk fmjdfms (Rmazsæjnmr 8<<2). Rat`cut jkmdr dgf rmkadhkm kcgb tmre sabgdks, t`m

hrmdnt`rcub` ci fasruptavm tmj`gckcbams suj` ds `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk tmj`gckcbams as pctmgtadkky omcpdrfasmf.

V`m ickkcwagb prcpcsdks drm nmy mkmemgts icr d pckajy irdemwcrn icr `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk prcectacg?

4. Fmvmkcp kcgb tmre B@B rmfujtacg tdrbmts ag kagm wat` ct`mr M] mgmrby chomjtavms dgft`m `yfrcbmg fmpkcyemgt strdtmby dt M] kmvmk.

8. Edagtdag tdxdtacg cg mgmrby wat` d vamw tc agtmrgdkazm mxtmrgdkatams wàkm rmvasagbtdxdtacg cg `yfrcbmg.

:. Agjmgtavms tc jcepky wat` t`m tdrbmts (prcpcsdk 4) s`cukf hm edrnmt hdsmf. Agstruemgtsedy hm jcehagmf?

6. Immf-ag systmes icr prcfujmrs ci `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks



M] \ckajams dgf Jkustmr Fmvmkcpemgt ci @yfrcbmg Jceeugatams :<

=. \mreats icr mdrky dfcptmrs / purj`dsmrs ci `yfrcbmg vmàjkms

9. Fygdeaj stdgfdrf smttagb dgf vasahkm kdhmk (dgf ecgatcragb) ci iukk kaim jyjkm jdrhcgeassacgs icr mgmrby-agtmgsavm prcfujts agjkufagb vmàjkms

2. D \dg-Murcpmdg gmtwcrn ci dbmgjams icr mgmrby miiajamgjy tc jccrfagdtm miicrts(dgdkcby tc Murcpmdg Mgmrby Xmbukdtcry Dbmgjams)

0. Iagdgjagb ZEMs ag t`m `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk drmd vad d Murcpmdg Xasn dgf Vrust Iugf(smm dksc Jcepmtatavmgmss dgf Aggcvdtacg \rcbrdeem (JA\) 8<<2-8<4:).

1. Xmbacgdk iugfagb? jkustmr pckajy (ds fmsjrahmf ag t`m gmxt smjtacg)

:. Xmbacgdk Dgdkysas dgf pcssahkm Jkustmr \ckajams

:.4 Jkustmrs dgf Aggcvdtacg Zystmes

Jceeugatams‑ fmjasacgs cg mgbdbagb ag `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk fmecgstrdtacg prcomjtstypajdkky drm buafmf hy mgmrby dgf mgvarcgemgtdk pckajy jcgjmrgs hut dksc hy agfustradk dgf

pckatajdk-mjcgceajdk jcgjmrgs. Ag pdrtajukdr, w`mg t`m jceeugaty as dg dfeagastrdtavm rmbacg(cr? rmjmavms suppcrt irce d rmbacg cr `ds t`m agtmgtacg tc jrmdtm spakk-cvmr icr t`m rmbacg), at asusudkky t`m dehatacg gct cgky tc jcgtrahutm tc t`m mgmrby suppky dgf mgvarcgemgtdkdjàmvmemgts hut dksc tc t`m rmbacg‑s cvmrdkk strdtmby icr mjcgceaj fmvmkcpemgt ‚ dgfmspmjadkky staeukdtagb agfustradk jkustmrs hdsmf cg t`msm gmw tmj`gckcbams.

V`m ickkcwagb wm icjus cg cppcrtugatams dt t`m rmbacgdk kmvmk tc prcectm dg memrbagb`yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk aggcvdtacg systme. Vc fc sc wm stufy t`m j`drdjtmrastajs ci Murcpmdg

rmbacgs w`c drm àb`ky mgbdbmf ag t`m @IJ fmvmkcpemgt tcfdy.

V`m rmbacgdk kmvmk smmes tc `dvm dg agjrmdsagb aepcrtdgjm ag prcvafagb bccf pckatajdk dgfscjac-mjcgceaj irdemwcrn jcgfatacgs icr aggcvdtacg. Ds`mae dgf Bmrtkmr (8<<=) `dvmmep`dsazmf t`dt d rmbacgdk kmvmk ci bcvmrgdgjm ci mjcgceaj prcjmssms, hmtwmmg t`m gdtacgdkkmvmk dgf t`m kmvmk ci jkustmrs dgf iares, as aepcrtdgt ag suppcrtagb t`m agstatutacgdk smttagbst`dt jdg prcectm aggcvdtacg. Ag d stufy ci d bkchdk mjcgcey‑s aepdjt cg aggcvdtacg pckajyKugfvdkk dgf Hcrräs (4112) iagf t`dt ‛V`m rmbacg as agjrmdsagbky t`m kmvmk dt wàj` aggcvdtacgas prcfujmf t`rcub` rmbacgdk gmtwcrns ci aggcvdtcrs, kcjdk jkustmrs dgf t`m jrcss-imrtakasagbmiimjts ci rmsmdrj` agstatutacgs.―

Vàs trmgf smmes tc hm jcgiaremf hy stufams dgf djtacgs dt t`m `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk drmd ag

Murcpm, w`mrm t`m rmbacgdk kmvmk `ds hmmg rmjcbgasmf ds d sabgaiajdgt fravmr cg t`m pdt`wdy tcd `yfrcbmg mjcgcey. Mxdepkms cg tàs drm t`m wcrn fcgm ag rmjmgt ymdrs tc bmt t`m kcjdk dgfrmbacgdk dut`cratams rmprmsmgtmf ag OVA dgf @I\ wàj` `ds jukeagdtmf ag t`m jcgstatutacg cit`m Xmbacgs dgf Eugajapdkatams \drtgmrsàp cg @yfrcbmg dgf Iumk jmkks, @yXdE\ cg t`m 46t`ci Dprak 8<<0. Rm smmn tc tmst t`m `ypct`msms t`dt

- aggcvdtavm rmbacgs drm ecrm kanmky tc hmjcem mgbdbmf ag `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkkfmvmkcpemgt dgf

- jmrtdag agfustradk jkustmrs drm idvcurdhkm icr t`m memrbmgjm ci dgy iukk-sjdkm`yfrcbmg mjcgcey

Ai hct` `ypct`msms jdg hm vmraiamf, at wakk jcgstatutm d jdsm icr agfavafudk rmbacgdk suppcrtsj`mems jcepkmemgtdry tc `yfrcbmg-spmjaiaj suppcrt (ds jkdaemf m.b. hy @yRdys 8<<2).



M] \ckajams dgf Jkustmr Fmvmkcpemgt ci @yfrcbmg Jceeugatams :4

Cur kdst smjtacg wakk kccn dt cptacgs icr dgy suj` rmbacgdk jkustmr pckajy icr t`m prcectacg ci`yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks.

Zmvmrdk kcjdk dgf rmbacgdk dut`cratams ag Murcpm drm dkrmdfy àb`ky mgbdbmf ag t`m icredtavm p`dsms ci `yfrcbmg jceeugatams. Xcdfs8@yJce fdtd prcvafms guemrcus mxdepkms ci

jceeugatams (rmectm askdgfs, jatams, eugajapdkatams, rmbacgs, mtj.) t`dt fmjkdrm t`mesmkvms ds`yfrcbmg jceeugatams cr t`mar gmtwcrn djtavatams icr `yfrcbmg jkustmrs. Dut`cratams dgfstdnm`ckfmrs `dvm ag edgy jdsms fmvmkcpmf strdtmby pkdgs dgf dkkcjdtmf sabgaiajdgt puhkajiagdgjagb ag djàmvagb t`m bcdks ci suj` strdtmbams (icr strdtmby pkdgs smm icr mxdepkm t`mRmstmrg Askms @yfrcbmg Jceeugaty \kdgs cr t`m Iumk Jmkk dgf @yfrcbmg Gmtwcrn ag Gcrt`Xàgm-Rmstp`dkad)

Ag vamw ci kmdrgagb ecrm dhcut `cw aggcvdtacg pckajy s`cukf hm fmsabgmf dt t`m rmbacgdk kmvmktc prcectm @IJ tmj`gckcby ds wmkk ds t`m fmvmkcpemgt ci rmspmjtavm agfustradk jkustmrs, wmdgdkyzm rmbacgs w`mrm @IJ djtavatams `dvm hmmg jdrramf cut. V`m dae as tc fmsjrahm dgfj`drdjtmrasm t`msm rmbacgs dgf tc prcvafm agsab`t agtc t`m j`dkkmgbms pckajy ednmrs idjm ag

prcectagb dg agfustry hdsmf cg d gmw dgf fasruptavm tmj`gckcby dt t`m rmbacgdk kmvmk. @mgjm

t`m dgdkytajdk qumstacgs ag icjus drm?

• R`dt j`drdjtmrazm Murcpmdg rmbacgs t`dt drm àb`ky mgbdbmf ag @IJ fmvmkcpemgt3

Fc t`my `dvm mxastagb @8 agirdstrujturm suj` ds agfustradk papmkagms dgf fct`my dksc `dvm prcfujtacg satms3

Drm t`my bmgmrdkky ecrm aggcvdtavm t`dg rmbacgs t`dt drm gct t`dt mgbdbmf3

As t`mrm dgy bmcbrdpàjdk edtj` hmtwmmg rmbacgs àb`ky mgbdbmf ag @IJdjtavatams dgf mxastagb agfustradk jkustmrs ag Murcpm3

Jdg cgm frdw jcgjkusacgs cg wàj` agfustradk jkustmr edy hm idvcurdhkm icr@IJ fmvmkcpemgt3

• Ràj` pckajy emdsurms jdg hm rmjceemgfmf tc idjakatdtm t`m memrbmgjm ci agfustradkjkustmrs hdsmf cg `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk tmj`gckcby3

:.8 Jkustmr dgf aggcvdtacg pckajy icr rmbacgdk @IJ prcectacg

Ds emgtacgmf hmicrm rmbacgs drm aepcrtdgt stdnm`ckfmrs ag dkk dspmjts ci scjac-mjcgceajfmvmkcpemgt dgf edy pkdy t`m rckm ci jdtdkysts icr t`m fmvmkcpemgt ci memrbagbtmj`gckcbams. V`mar sedkkmr sazm dgf jkcsmgmss tc djtcrs pdrtajapdtagb ag mjcgceaj

fmvmkcpemgt pkdjm t`me ag dg mxjmkkmgt pcsatacg icr prcectagb memrbagb tmj`gckcbams.

Ag t`m iamkf ci mjcgceaj bmcbrdp`y vdracus dpprcdj`ms `dvm stufamf t`m rmbacg‑s rckm ag prcectagb mjcgceaj fmvmkcpemgt. Ecst dttmgtacg `ds hmmg frdwg tc rmbacgdk jkustmrs dgfagfustradk fastrajts (Ds`mae dgf Bmrtkmr 8<<=) dgf ecrm rmjmgtky tc t`m jcgjmpt ci XmbacgdkAggcvdtacg Zystmes. Ag t`m ickkcwagb wm wakk prmsmgt scem ci t`m mssmgtadk dspmjts ci t`msmdpprcdj`ms dgf t`mar jcgsmqumgjms icr pckajy agtmrvmgtacgs.

:.8.4 V`m Jkustmr dpprcdj`

Eaj`dmk \crtmr fmiagms d jkustmr ds d ‛Bmcbrdpàj jcgjmgtrdtacg ci agtmrjcggmjtmf jcepdgams,

spmjadkazmf suppkamrs, smrvajm prcvafmrs, iares ag rmkdtmf agfustrams, dgf dsscjadtmf agstatutacgs(icr mxdepkm ugavmrsatams, stdgfdrf dbmgjams, dgf trdfm dsscjadtacgs) ag pdrtajukdr iamkfs t`dtjcepmtm hut dksc jc-cpmrdtm―.




Vwc edttmrs drm aepcrtdgt tc gctajm ag \crtmr‑s fmiagatacg ci d jkustmr. V`m iarst as t`m gctacgci bmcbrdpàjdk jcgjmgtrdtacg. \`ysajdk prcxaeaty as smmg ds mxtrmemky aepcrtdgt icr t`maggcvdtacg prcjmss hmjdusm at mdsms t`m s`dragb ci tdjat ngcwkmfbm. Dgct`mr aepcrtdgt edttmrag t`m fmiagatacg ci d jkustmr as `cw jcepdgams drm agtmrjcggmjtmf. Ag d jkustmr, jcepdgams,suppkamrs dgf smrvajm prcvafmrs jcepmtm dgf jccpmrdtm hct` `crazcgtdkky dgf vmrtajdkky ag t`m

vdkum j`dag. Ag idjt t`m agtmrdjtacg hmtwmmg jcepdgams dgf t`m p`ysajdk prcxaeaty as twc safmsci t`m sdem jcag. V`my drm eutudkky rmkdtmf dgf t`dt as w`dt jrmdtms t`m spakk-cvmr ag icre ci dspmjadkazmf wcrnicrjm, spmjadkazmf rmbacgdk suppkamrs, agicredtacg, dgf trdagagb idjakatams. Dgft`dt as jcgsafmrmf tc agjrmdsm t`m prcfujtavaty wat` wàj` jcepdgams jdg jcepmtm, gdtacgdkkydgf bkchdkky.

Dkt`cub` scem stufams iagf t`dt icr àb`-tmj` smjtcrs p`ysajdk prcxaeaty as ci kmss aepcrtdgjm(Edgs mt dk. 8<<0). Ag scem àb`-tmj` smjtcrs mxtmrgdk rmkdtacgsàps tc jcepdgams kcjdtmfwcrkfwafm jdg hm ci oust ds brmdt aepcrtdgjm ‚ cr edyhm brmdtmr ‚ ds rmkdtacgsàps tcjcepdgams kcjdtmf ag t`mar cwg rmbacg. Ag rmkdtacg tc `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk tmj`gckcby tàsidjt s`cukf gct hm gmbkmjtmf dgf at eab`t subbmst t`dt rmbacgs ag icreukdtagb t`mar pckajystrdtmbams pdy d spmjadk dttmgtacg tc `cw t`msm tams jdg hm strmgbt`mgmf ds wmkk.

Irce d rmbacgdk pckajy pmrspmjtavm t`m ecst jceecgky usmf pckajy agstruemgt ag prcectagbjkustmrs `ds hmmg tc suppcrt gmtwcrn djtavatams (V`m Jkustmr Agatadtavm Brmmghccn, 8<<:).Ratàg t`m `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk drmd tàs `ds citmg hmmg ag icre ci \uhkaj \ravdtm\drtgmrsàps (\\\). Ct`mr pckajy chomjtavms `dvm hmmg tc prcectm aggcvdtacg t`rcub` XF&F(rmsmdrj`, fmvmkcpemgt dgf fmecgstrdtacg) iugfagb, jrmdtm d spmjadk hrdgf icr t`m rmbacg,dttrdjt gmw iares dgf tdkmgt tc t`m rmbacg, prcvafm dssastdgjm tc husagmssms, faiiusm tmj`gckcbywatàg t`m jkustmr, stufy dgf dgdkysm t`m jkustmr dgf ats gmmfs, mtj.

Ag t`m `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk drmd, agfustradk jkustmrs ag \crtmr‑s vmrsacg fc gct mxast ymt.Iurt`mrecrm, at smmes ugjmrtdag ai at as dg dpprcpradtm strdtmby tc stdrt jrmdtagb @IJ jkustmrsirce sjrdtj`. Agstmdf t`m ecst rmdscgdhkm wdy icr rmbacgs tc prcectm t`m jrmdtacg ci @IJjkustmrs smmes tc hm suppcrt ci ct`mr (rmkmvdgt) jkustmrs ag t`m farmjtacg ci d strcgbmr uptdnm ci`yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk tmj`gckcbams. Ag tàs wdy d rmbacg wakk hm dhkm tc huakf t`mar @IJmgbdbmemgt upcg jcepmtmgjms dgf strmgbt`s dkrmdfy prmsmgt ag t`m rmbacg.

@cwmvmr, ag crfmr tc jrmdtm t`m rab`t jcgfatacgs tc iukiak t`m vasacg ci d `yfrcbmg mjcgcey t`mjkustmr dpprcdj` smmes tc hm tcc pdrtadk tc stdgf dkcgm. Ats icjus cg smbrmbdtmf sagbkm jkustmrssmmes tc hm agdfmqudtm tc dffrmss t`m systme j`drdjtmr ci d iuturm `yfrcbmg hdsmf mgmrbysystme. Iurt`mrecrm, farmjtagb pckajy tcwdrfs d sagbkm jkustmr as ag omcpdrfy ci idvcuragbjmrtdag tmj`gckcby cptacgs (‛pajnagb t`m waggmr―). @mgjm, rmbacgdk aggcvdtacg pckajy gmmfs tcjrmdtm irdemwcrn jcgfatacgs icr @IJ aggcvdtacg t`dt drm hrcdfmr hdsmf t`dg t`m sagbkm jkustmricjus. Vc tàs purpcsm d hrcdfmr dgdkytajdk pmrspmjtavm, suj` ds t`m rmbacgdk aggcvdtacg

systme dpprcdj`, eab`t hm dpprcpradtm.V`m Xmbacgdk Aggcvdtacg Zystme dpprcdj` prcvafms brmdtmr agsab`t agtc strmgbt`s dgfjcepmtmgjms dt t`m rmbacgdk kmvmk. Ds dg dgdkytajdk tcck at jdg rmvmdk iugjtacgs ci t`m systmet`dt gmmf suppcrt ag crfmr tc aeprcvm t`m cvmrdkk aggcvdtacg mgvarcgemgt ag t`m rmbacg. Ag t`mgmxt smjtacg wm agtrcfujm tàs dpprcdj` dgf subbmst `cw at hmst jdg suppkmemgt t`m jkustmrdpprcdj`.

:.8.8 V`m Xmbacgdk Aggcvdtacg Zystme dpprcdj`

V`m rmbacgdk aggcvdtacg systme dpprcdj` (Jccnm 8<<4, Ztcrpmr, Ds`mae dgf Bmrtkmr 8<<6,Ds`mae dgf Bmrtkmr 8<<=) as citmg usmf ds dg dgdkytajdk tcck tc farmjt rmbacgdk aggcvdtacg

pckajy. At tdnms d ecrm `ckastaj vamw cg d rmbacg‑s prcfujtacg strujturm t`dg t`m jkustmrdpprcdj`. V`m dfeagastrdtavm hcrfmrs ci d rmbacg fmiagm w`dt tc agjkufm ag t`m dgdkysas dgf



M] \ckajams dgf Jkustmr Fmvmkcpemgt ci @yfrcbmg Jceeugatams ::

t`m icjus as cg strmgbt`mgagb t`m rmbacgdk aggcvdtacg systme‑s dhakaty tc aggcvdtm. \drtky hyaeprcvagb t`m agstatutacgdk smt-up ag t`m rmbacg dgf pdrtky hy aeprcvagb t`m kagndbms tc djtcrskcjdtmf cutsafm t`m rmbacg. @mgjm t`m rmbacgdk aggcvdtacg systme dpprcdj` dkkcws stufyagbt`m tmj`gckcbajdk fmvmkcpemgt ag d `ckastaj pmrspmjtavm pdyagb dttmgtacg tc d rmbacg‑sstrmgbt`s dgf wmdngmssms tc cvmrjcem kcjn-ag irce t`m agjuehmgt tmj`gckcby.

Jceecg icr t`m vdracus aggcvdtacg systme dpprcdj`ms (Gdtacgdk Aggcvdtacg Zystme, ZmjtcrdkAggcvdtacg Zystmes (Hrmsjà dgf Edkmrhd 4112, Edkmrhd 8<<<) dgf Vmj`gckcbajdk AggcvdtacgZystmes (Odjchsscg dgf Hmrbmn 8<<6, @mnnmrt mt dk. 8<<9, Jdrksscg dgf Ztdgnamwajz 4114) ast`m pmrspmjtavm cg d gcg-kagmdr aggcvdtacg prcjmss. Ds d jcgsmqumgjm, t`m aggcvdtacg systmedpprcdj`ms mep`dsasm t`dt gmw tmj`gckcbams t`dt try tc bdag icct`ckf cg t`m edrnmt gmmfecrm t`dg tmj`gckcby spmjaiaj suppcrt sj`mems. At as gct mgcub` tc icjus sckmky cg X&Fagvmstemgts ag crfmr tc prcectm gmw tmj`gckcby‑s memrbmgjm. Dktmrgdtavmky, aggcvdtacg

pckajy `ds hmmg subbmstmf tc strmgbt`mg aggcvdtacg hy aeprcvagb t`m aggcvdtacg systmesdhakaty tc smrvm smvmg praedry iugjtacgs (Oc`gscg dgf Odjchsscg 8<<4, Hmrbmn mt dk. 8<<0)?

• tc jrmdtm dgf faiiusm gmw ngcwkmfbm,

• tc buafm t`m farmjtacg ci t`m smdrj` prcjmss decgb usmrs dgf suppkamrs ci tmj`gckcby(a.m. tc agikumgjm t`m farmjtacg ag wàj` djtcrs mepkcy t`mar rmscurjms),

• tc suppky rmscurjms, agjkufagb jdpatdk, jcepmtmgjams dgf ct`mr rmscurjms

• tc jrmdtm pcsatavm mxtmrgdk miimjts t`rcub` t`m mxj`dgbm ci agicredtacg, ngcwkmfbmdgf vasacg, dgf

• tc idjakatdtm t`m icredtacg ci edrnmts, m.b. t`rcub` puhkaj prcjurmemgt

• tc icre kmbataedjy decgb rmkmvdgt djtcrs dgf stdnm`ckfmrs (scjadk djjmptdgjm)

• mgtrmprmgmuradk mxpmraemgtdtacg tc agjrmdsm t`m scjadk kmdrgagb prcjmss

V`m smvmg iugjtacgs prmsmgtmf dhcvm drm eutudkky rmkdtmf. Icr agstdgjm d strcgbmr kmbataedjyedy agikumgjm t`m echakasdtacg ci rmscurjms pcsatavmky dgf buafm t`m smdrj` ecrm mdsaky. Dwmkk-iugjtacgagb aggcvdtacg systme aeprcvms t`m rmbacg‑s dhakaty tc dfoust dgf dfdpt tc gmwfmvmkcpemgt pdt`s suj` ds t`m `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk tmj`gckcby.

Irce tàs pmrspmjtavm, t`m rdtacgdkm hmàgf aggcvdtacg pckajy ecvms hmycgf t`dt ci emrmkyjcrrmjtagb edrnmt idakurms tc jcrrmjtagb systme idakurms. Zystme idakurms drm d rmkdtavmky gmwjcgjmpt ag t`m aggcvdtacg systme dpprcdj` (Hmrbmn mt dk. 8<<0). V`my drm fmiagmf ds

jarjuestdgjms t`dt àgfmr t`m smvmg iugjtacgs ci t`m aggcvdtacg systme. V`m cvmrdkk dae ciaggcvdtacg pckajy as tùs tc mgsurm t`dt dbmgts dgf agstatutacgs ag t`m aggcvdtacg systme wcrnmiimjtavmky ds d w`ckm, dgf rmecvm hkcjndbms t`dt àgfmr t`m miimjtavm gmtwcrnagb ci atsjcepcgmgts (Icxcg mt dk. 8<<6) dgf t`m iugjtacgs ci t`m systme (Hmrbmn mt dk. 8<<0).

@cwmvmr, t`m rmbacgdk aggcvdtacg systme katmrdturm fcms gct pcagt cut d sagbkm pckajy sj`memtc cvmrjcem t`msm systme idakurms. \ckajy ednmrs s`cukf fmsabg agjmgtavms dgf suppcrtsj`mems ag djjcrfdgjm tc t`m iugjtacgdkaty ci t`m systme ds wmkk ds cg t`m p`dsm cifmvmkcpemgt (icredtavm cr brcwt` p`dsm). Mxdepkms ci suj` pckajy rmjceemgfdtacgs jcukf

hm tc suppcrt dfvcjdjy jcdkatacgs ag crfmr tc cvmrjcem d wmdn kmbataedjy> tc jrmdtm vasacgsdgf strdtmbams ag crfmr tc buafm t`m farmjtacgs ci smdrj`> dgf tc suppcrt mxpmraemgts dgffmecgstrdtacg prcomjts ci gmw typms ci dppkajdtacgs ag crfmr tc jrmdtm dgf faiiusm gmw

ngcwkmfbm dgf tc rmfujm t`m rasn ci mgtrmprmgmuradk mxpmraemgtdtacg.




Dgct`mr rmdscg jcepkajdtagb t`m tdsn ci bavagb bmgmrdk pckajy rmjceemgfdtacgs as t`m idjtt`dt rmbacgs dgf t`mar dhakaty tc farmjt aggcvdtacg pckajy wafmky faiimr. Zcem rmbacgs edy `dvmdkk t`m gmjmssdry mkmemgts icr bcvmrgdgjm ci aggcvdtacg pckajy w`mrmds ct`mr rmbacgs edy`dvm tc huakf strcgbmr upcg mxtmrgdk kagndbms, ag pdrtajukdrky tc bmt djjmss tc ngcwkmfbm.

V`m dfvdgtdbm ci t`m rmbacgdk aggcvdtacg systme dpprcdj` as tc smrvm ds dg dgdkytajdk tcck t`dtjdg buafm d rmbacg‑s aggcvdtacg pckajy ag crfmr tc agfujm t`m tmj`gckcbajdk fmvmkcpemgt hyrmfujagb ugjmrtdagtams.

:.: Fdtd

Ickkcwagb t`m rmjmgt fmjdfms‑ agtmrmst ag aggcvdtacg stufams dgf pckajy dgdkysms sckafstdtastajdk fdtd `ds hmmg prcvafmf hy faiimrmgt dut`cratams. @cwmvmr, icr tàs stufy, at `ds hmmgdg dgdkytajdk j`dkkmgbm t`dt at as fmdkagb wat` hct` bmcbrdpàjdk ugats (G]VZ kmvmk) dgffastagjt tmj`gckcbams (`yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk tmj`gckcbams). @yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkktmj`gckcby as d gmw tmj`gckcby drmd dgf fdtd tc fmsjrahm dgf dgdkysm ats j`drdjtmrastajs as

rdt`mr kaeatmf. V`mrm drm gmat`mr taem smrams mstdhkas`mf gcr fc t`m tmj`gckcby fdtd gmjmssdrakyedtj` wat` rmbacgdk fdtd. Rm t`mrmicrm rmky cg fdtd jckkmjtmf ag vdracus Murcpmdg prcomjtsfuragb t`m kdst fmjdfm, edagky irce t`m Xcdfs8@yJce prcomjt.

Bmcbrdpàjdk ugats

V`m edag dgdkytajdk icjus ag tàs stufy as jcgjmrgmf wat` t`m bmcbrdpàjdk fastrahutacg ci`yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk djtavatams ag M]-82, Ajmkdgf, Gcrwdy, Kamj`tmgstmag dgf Zwatzmrkdgf.Rm `dvm edppmf t`m vdracus fdtd dt G]VZ kmvmk 8 hy t`m emdgs ci d bmcbrdpàjdkagicredtacg systme tcck (BAZ). G]VZ (Gcemgjkdturm f‑]gatás Vmrratcradkms Ztdtastaqums) drmjrmdtmf hy Murcstdt ds àmrdrjàjdk jkdssaiajdtacg ci bmcbrdpàjdk ugats usmf icr stdtastajdk

prcfujtacg djrcss t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg. G]VZ kmvmk 4 jcrrmspcgfs tc d tmrratcry wat` d

pcpukdtacg ci :-2 eakkacg ag`dhatdgts. G]VZ kmvmk 4 tùs citmg rmikmjts àb` dfeagastrdtavmkmvmks suj` ds t`m Bmredg Kægfmr. V`m dgdkysms ci tàs stufy as jdrramf cut cg G]VZ-kmvmk 8(G]VZAA) fmiagmf hy Murcstdt ds ‐hdsaj rmbacgs‑ dgf jceprasm 890 rmbacgs ag Murcpm. Zcemjcugtrams drm tcc sedkk ag tmres ci pcpukdtacg tc jcepky wat` Murcstdt‑s fmiagatacg ci rmbacgdkbmcbrdpàjdk mgtatams cr drm j`drdjtmrasmf ds G]VZAA rmbacgs mvmg t`cub` t`my rmprmsmgtgdtacgs wat` gdtacgdk pckajy dut`cratams (Kuxmehcurb, Fmgedrn). D rmjmgt stufy ci smki-fmjkdrmf `yfrcbmg jkustmrs ag t`m Gmt`mrkdgfs utakasm d euj` ecrm fmtdakmf bmcbrdpàjdkkmvmk> t`m sc-jdkkmf JCXC\ wàj` favafms t`m Gmt`mrkdgfs ag 6< JCXC\-drmds (Edgs, mt dk.8<<0). V`msm drm afmgtajdk wat` Murcstdt‑s G]VZAAA kmvmk. Zuj` fmtdakmf dgdkysas jdggct hmfcgm `mrm.

V`m prchkme ci fdtd

Xmbacgdk aggcvdtacg dgf jkustmr dgdkysts usudkky frdw cg t`m vdst stdtastajdk bmcbrdpàjdkcramgtmf edtmradk prcvafmf hy agstatutacgs suj` ds gdtacgdk stdtastajdk ciiajms dgf Murcstdt. AgMurcpm jceprm`mgsavm stdtastajdk fdtd drm typajdkky dvdakdhkm ds twc mgtrams.

• Iarst mgtry as t`m bmcbrdpàjdk cr rmbacgdk kmvmks ci G]VZ.

• V`m ct`mr mgtry as dt t`m agfustry kmvmk hdsmf cg t`m GDJM (gcemgjkdturm stdtastaqumfms djtavatás ájcgceaqums fdgs kd jceeugdutá murcpámggm) jcfms. GDJM as dMurcpmdg agfustry stdgfdrf jkdssaiajdtacg systme jcgsastagb ci d 9 fabat jcfm dgf fdtdas prcvafmf hy gdtacgdk stdtastajdk ciiajms hdsmf cg qumstacggdarms iakkmf ag hyagfavafudk iares (icr mxdepkm GDJM jcfm FO.80.88 as ‛Edguidjturm ci jmgtrdk

`mdtagb rdfadtcrs dgf hcakmrs―.



M] \ckajams dgf Jkustmr Fmvmkcpemgt ci @yfrcbmg Jceeugatams :=

V`m j`dkkmgbm as t`dt gc jcfms drm dvdakdhkm icr gmat`mr `yfrcbmg gcr iumk jmkks, dgf t`mfaspmrsmf iamkf ci mgmrby tmj`gckcbams as sprmdf cvmr edgy faiimrmgt GDJM jcfms.

Vdhkm = s`cws mxdepkms ci GDJM jcfms wat` rmkmvdgjm icr `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkktmj`gckcby. V`m GDJM jcfms drm vmry bmgmrdk dgf jcvmr d kct ecrm t`dg agfustrams agvckvmf

ag `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk fmvmkcpemgt. V`m kast as gct jcepkmtm hut s`cws `cw favmrsm t`mrdgbm ci agfustrams t`dt eab`t hm rmkmvdgt icr t`m fmvmkcpemgt ci `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk

prcfujts drm.

Vdhkm =? Mxdepkms ci GDJM jcfms rmkmvdgt icr @IJ tmj`gckcby

GDJM JCFMZ 8-fabat 6-fabat Fmsjraptacg

FB.86 Edguidjturm ci j`meajdks dgf j`meajdk prcfujts FB.86.44 Edguidjturm ci agfustradk bdsms

FN.81 Edguidjturm ci edjàgmry dgf mquapemgtFN.:< Edguidjturm ci ciiajm edjàgmry dgf jceputmrs

FN.:4 Edguidjturm ci mkmjtrajdk edjàgmry dgf dppdrdtus g.m.j.FN.:6 Edguidjturm ci ectcr vmàjkms, trdakmrs dgf smea-trdakmrsFN.:= Edguidjturm ci ct`mr trdgspcrt mquapemgtM. 6< Mkmjtrajaty, bds, stmde dgf `ct wdtmr suppkyA. 9< Kdgf trdgspcrt> trdgspcrt vad papmkagmsA. 9: Zuppcrtagb dgf duxakadry trdgspcrt djtavatams, djtavatams ci trdvmk dbmgjams

Vmj`gckcby spmjaiaj aggcvdtacg systme dgdkysts usudkky frdw cg ct`mr typms ci stdtastajdk fdtdt`dg bmcbrdpàjdk cramgtmf cgms. Hmrbmn, @mnnmrt dgf Odjchsscg (8<<2) `dvm prcpcsmf dguehmr ci agfajdtcrs dgf fdtd tc edp t`m iugjtacgs ci tmj`gckcbajdk aggcvdtacgs systmes(VAZ). Mxdepkms cg agfajdtcrs ci t`m fmvmkcpemgt dgf faiiusacg ci ngcwkmfbm drm pdtmgts,

hahkacemtrajs (puhkajdtacgs, jatdtacgs), dgf bcvmrgemgtdk mxpmgfaturms cg X&F. Mxdepkms cgagfajdtcrs cg edrnmt icredtacg drm sazm ci t`m edrnmt (m.b. icr iumk jmkks) dgf suppcrt sj`mems(m.b. puhkaj agvmstemgts suhsafams). Ag t`m jcgtmxt ci t`m Murcpmdg MgvarcgemgtdkVmj`gckcbams Djtacg \kdg (M] MVD\) d vdramty ci agvmstabdtacgs `dvm hmmg jdrramf cut cg t`mjcgjmpt ci ‛mjc-aggcvdtacg― dgf agfajdtcrs icr tàs (Dgfmrsmg, 8<<9> Nmep, 8<<0).

Euj` ci suj` stdtastajdk agicredtacg as dvdakdhkm icr mgmrby tmj`gckcbams suj` ds `yfrcbmgdgf iumk jmkks. \dtmgt stdtastajs jdg hm chtdagmf usagb fdtdhdsms kanm Fmrwmgt, dgf

hahkacemtrajs jdg hm chtdagmf irce Rmh ci Zjamgjm. V`m Agtmrgdtacgdk Mgmrby Dbmgjy (AMD) prcvafms stdtastajs cg bcvmrgemgtdk mxpmgfaturms cg mgmrby rmkdtmf X&F. Hut tàs stdtastajdkfdtd as cgky dvdakdhkm cg gdtacgdk kmvmk dgf gct cg rmbacgdk kmvmks. Ag t`m ickkcwagb smjtacgswm wakk t`mrmicrm dgdkysm fdtd edfm dvdakdhkm irce t`m Xcdfs8@yjce prcomjt (smm fmsjraptacg

ci fdtd dgf t`m usm ci fdtd hmkcw). Hmsafms t`msm fdtd wm `dvm agjkufmf fdtd irce twc edocrstufams ci t`m spdtadk mjcgcey ci Murcpm ‚ V`m Xmbacgdk Aggcvdtacg Zjcrmhcdrf dgf V`mMurcpmdg Jkustmr Chsmrvdtcry.

:.6 Djtavm rmbacgs watàg @yfrcbmg dgf Iumk Jmkks

@yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk tmj`gckcbams drm memrbagb tmj`gckcbams dgf t`m edrnmts icr t`msmtmj`gckcbams drm stakk ag t`m icredtavm p`dsms. V`mrmicrm at as ymt aepcssahkm tc dgdkysm mxastagbagfustradk jkustmrs hdsmf cg t`msm tmj`gckcbams. @cwmvmr, àgts jdg hm frdwg cg dgdkysagbdvdakdhkm agicredtacg prcvafmf hy ct`mr wcrn pdjndbms ag t`m X8@ prcomjt dgf ct`mr saeakdr

prcomjts.




Ds d iarst tdsn ag tàs dgdkysas wm `dvm edppmf t`m fastrahutacg ci @IJ djtavatams djrcssMurcpm. Dvdakdhkm agicredtacg prcvafmf hy R\4, R\8 dgf R\: jceprasm t`m ickkcwagb fdtddt G]VZ8 kmvmk?

• @yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk fmecgstrdtacg prcomjts

• @yfrcbmg iumkkagb stdtacgs

• Xmbastrdtacg ci Agtmrmst (XcA) icr jceeugatams ugfmrtdnagb kdrbm-sjdkm `yfrcbmg dgfiumk jmkk prcomjts dgf aggcvdtavm dppkajdtacgs

Jcepdragb t`msm fdtd agfajdtms wàj` Murcpmdg rmbacgs (dt G]VZAA kmvmk) drm agvckvmf ag`yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk djtavatams. Dkt`cub` t`m fdtd edy gct bavm d jcepkmtm pajturm ci dkk`yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk djtavatams ag Murcpm at smmes tc hm t`m hmst dvdakdhkm dgf jdg bavm us d

hrcdf afmd ci w`mrm `yfrcbmg djtavatams drm kcjdtmf.

Jkdssaiajdtacg

At as dkwdys aepcrtdgt tc jcgsafmr t`m emt`cf tc hm usmf ag jkdssaiyagb (bmcbrdpàjdk) fdtd.V`m ecst dpprcpradtm emt`cf ci jkdssaiyagb fdtd fmpmgfs cg t`m jcgtmxt icr agtmrprmtdtacg dgft`m qudkaty ci t`m fdtd dvdakdhkm. Rm `dvm iarst jkdssaiamf t`m fdtd (icr mdj` agfajdtcr) agtc icuragtmrvdks hdsmf cg gdturdk hrmdns ag t`m fdtd, a.m. t`m habbmst bdps ag t`m fdtdsmt wmrm usmf tcjkdssaiy t`m fdtd agtc brcups (Gmkscg, X. 4111). Rm usmf tàs jkdssaiajdtacg emt`cf tc mgsurmt`dt saeakdr chsmrvdtacgs wmrm brcupmf tcbmt`mr ag t`m sdem agtmrvdk. Ag crfmr tc hm dhkm tcsue t`m t`rmm agfajdtcrs agtc cgm tctdk sjcrm icr `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks djtavatams, wm t`mgrdgnmf t`m agtmrvdks wat` d sjcrm irce 4-6. Icr mxdepkm icr t`m fdtdsmt cg fmecgstrdtacg satmswm iarst jkdssaiamf t`m fdtd ag icur brcups? 4, 8-:, 6-= dgf =;.

Vdhkm 9? Fastrahutacg ci @IJ djtavatams ag t`m 49 ecst djtavm rmbacgs ag Murcpm watàg@IJ

G]VZAA rmbacg

Fmecgstrdtacg

Zatms Iumkkagb stdtacgs

Xmbastrdtacg ci

Agtmrmst

@IJ-

ZJCX

M

Jcfm Gdem jcugt pcagt jcugt pcagt jcugt pcagt Vctdk

FM44 Ztuttbdrt : 8 = : < < =

FM84 Chmrhdymrg 4 4 = : 4 4 =

FM:< Hmrkag = : : 8 4 4 9

FM9< @dehurb 6 : 4 4 4 4 =

FMD4 Fûssmkfcri : 8 4 4 8 8 =

FMD8 Nùkg : 8 4 4 4 4 6FN<< Fmgedrn 42 6 1 6 : : 44

MZ:<Jceugafdf

fm Edfraf 6 : 4 4 < < 6

IX:<Gcrf - \ds-

fm-Jdkdas 6 : 4 4 4 4 =

AZ Ajmkdgf = : 4 4 4 4 =

AVJ4 \amecgtm : 8 4 4 8 8 =

AVJ6 Kcehdrfad 8 8 : 8 4 4 =

AVM4 Vcsjdgd 4 4 6 : 8 8 9

GC<6Dbfmr dgf

Xcbdkdgf 8 8 : 8 4 4 =

ZM<D Yæstsvmrabm : 8 < < 8 8 6

]NK Rdkms 6 6 < < 4 4 =




Rm `dvm gct fastagbuas`mf hmtwmmg pkdggmf dgf cpmrdtacgdk `yfrcbmg iumkkagb stdtacgs ag curedppagb mxmrjasm ag t`as stufy. Rm icugf t`dt dg dbbrmbdtmf jcugt ci iumkkagb stdtacgs ‐ag

pkdggagb‑ dgf ‐ag cpmrdtacg‑ as dfmqudtm tc agfajdtm t`m kmvmk ci djtavaty. @cwmvmr, t`mrm as drasn t`dt t`m pkdggmf iumkkagb stdtacgs gmvmr wakk hm rmdkasmf, hut dt prmsmgt stdbm t`my agfajdtmrmbacgs agtmgtacg dgf jdg t`mrmicrm vmry wmkk akkustrdtm t`m djtavaty kmvmk.

:.2 Xmbastrdtacg ci Agtmrmst (XcA) icr jceeugatams ugfmrtdnagb `yfrcbmg dgf iumk

jmkk prcomjts

Furagb 8<<9 t`m Murcpmdg prcomjt Xcdf8@yjce kdugj`mf d jdkk icr ‛Xmbastrdtacg ci Agtmrmst―icr pctmgtadk `yfrcbmg jceeugatams ag Murcpm (ag t`as jdsm? M]82, MMD dgf djjmfagb dgfjdgfafdtm jcugtrams).

Iaburm 1? Edps s`cwagb @8&IJ djtavaty kmvmk.

Vcp kmit? Vctdk guehmrs ci fmecgstrdtacg prcomjts ag pkdggagb, ag cpmrdtacg,

iagas`mf dgf agtmrruptmf. Vcp rab`t? Vctdk @8 iumkkagb stdtacgs ag pkdggagb

dgf ag cpmrdtacg. Hcttce kmit? Xmbastrdtacg ci Agtmrmst. Hcttce rab`t? Vctdk

@8&IJ djtavaty kmvmk.




Ag dg cvmrdkk fdtdhdsm 19 pctmgtadk `yfrcbmg jceeugatams wmrm kastmf. Gct surprasagbky t`mkdrbmst guehmr ci pctmgtadk `yfrcbmg jceeugatams wds rmbastmrmf ag Bmredgy wat` dkecst dqudrtmr ci t`m tctdk. Dksc Atdky, dgf t`m ]N `df mdj` ecrm t`dg 4<% ci t`m tctdk guehmr cijceeugatams. Jckkmjtavmky t`m iavm Gcrfaj jcugtrams djjcugtmf icr 42% ci dkk prcomjts (Z`dwdgf Edzzujj`mkka, 8<<2). Irce t`m cvmrdkk fdtdhdsm d sdepkm ci :9 prcomjts as agjkufmf ag tàs

dgdkysas. V`csm drm t`m jceeugatams t`dt rmspcgfmf tc t`m Jdkk icr XcA icr pctmgtadk `yfrcbmgjceeugatams. V`m jdkk wds kdugj`mf ag Edy 8<<9 dgf as rmbukdrky upfdtmf ds gmwagicredtacg hmjcems dvdakdhkm.

Iaburm 1 akkustrdtms t`m fastrahutacg ci t`m t`rmm agfajdtcrs tcbmt`mr wat` t`m tctdk @IJ sjcrm.V`m edp s`cwagb t`m tctdk @IJ sjcrm (hcttce rab`t jcrgmr) akkustrdtms w`mrm djtavatams drmkcjdtmf. Ag edgy jdsms t`m jkustmragb ci djtavatams ag gmab`hcuragb rmbacgs edtj`ms t`mkcjdtacg ci pdrtgmrsàps cr jcrpcrdtavm @IJ agatadtavms. V`m àb` sjcrm ag t`m Zjdgfagdvadgrmbacgs edtj`ms t`m kcjdtacg ci ‐V`m Zjdgfagdvadg `yfrcbmg àb`wdy pdrtgmrsàp‑ (Z@@\)t`dt icjusms t`mar jckkdhcrdtacg cg Zcut`/Zcut`-mdstmrg Gcrwdy, t`m Zwmfas` wmst jcdst dgfFmgedrn (smm Iaburm 4<).

Z@@\ as d jckkdhcrdtacg hmtwmmg t`rmm gdtacgdk hcfams? V`m @yGcr (Gcrwdy), V`m @yfrcbmgKagn (Fmgedrn) dgf @yfrcbmg Zwmfmg. V`m sjcrm ag t`m rmbacgs ci t`m imfmrdk stdtm Gcrt`-Xàgm-Rmstp`dkad ag Rmstmrg Bmredgy akkustrdtms t`m edgy djtavatams jdrramf cut hy t`m ‐IumkJmkk dgf @yfrcbmg Gmtwcrn GXR‑. Cgmedy gctm t`dt t`m G]VZAA kmvmk as wmkk hmkcwt`m pckatajdk mgtaty ci Gcrt`-Xàgm-Rmstp`dkad> kccnagb dt GXR rmquarms dgdffagb up ci t`msm djtavatams.

Ag Gcrt`mdst Zpdag at as t`m Drdbcg `yfrcbmgagatadtavm agatadtmf hy t`m Zpdgas` Eagastry ciAgfustry ag 8<<8. V`m àb` sjcrm ag Gcrt`mrgAtdky akkustrdtms t`m edgy favmrsm Atdkadg

prcomjts t`dt `dvm hmmg jdrramf cut furagb t`mkdst fmjdfm. Icr mxdepkm, Ag Kcehdrfy? t`m_mrc Xmbac prcomjt ag Edgtcvd, t`m Hajcjjd\rcomjt ag Eakdg, dgf t`m Drmsm prcomjt agDrmsm> ag Vusjdgy? t`m @H]Z prcomjt agIkcrmgjm dgf t`m Drmzzc prcomjt. Dgf ag\amfecgtm? t`m @yfrcbmg systme kdhcrdtcryag Vurag.

Dffatacgdkky, t`m Bmredg jatams @dehurb dgf

Hmrkag dksc sjcrm watàg t`m àb`mst rdgnmf rmbacgs ds wmkk ds Gcrt` Mdst Mgbkdgf, Ajmkdgf dgf Gcrf-\ds-fm-Jdkdas ag Irdgjm.

Iaburm 4<? Akkustrdtacg ci t`m icjus

drmd ci t`m Zjdgfagdvadg

@yfrcbmg @ab`wdy \drtgmrsàp,scurjm www.sjdgfagdvadg`yfrcbmg.crb

:.0 @ab`-kmvmk @IJ rmbacgs dgf mxastagb agirdstrujturm dgf prcfujtacg jdpdjatams

V`m iarst mgquary wm `dvm edfm tc fmsjrahm t`m 49 àb` kmvmk @IJ rmbacgs as w`mt`mr mxastagbagirdstrujturm suj` ds papmkagms dgf prcfujtacg satms drm kcjdtmf ag t`msm djtavm àb` kmvmkrmbacgs. At as agtmrmstagb tc smm w`mt`mr t`mrm as dgy jcrrmkdtacg hmtwmmg t`m kcjdtacg ci jurrmgt`yfrcbmg djtavatams dgf t`m kcjdtacg ci mxastagb jdpdjatams. Vùs wm jcukf kmdrg ecrm dhcutw`mt`mr at as j`drdjtmrastaj icr rmbacgs tc huakf upcg mxpmramgjms dkrmdfy prmsmgt ag t`m rmbacg.Iurt`mrecrm, wm jcukf t`mrmhy afmgtaiy rmbacgs t`dt `dvm strmgbt`s ag hct` `yfrcbmg djtavatamsdgf ag mxastagb agirdstrujturm dgf t`mrmicrm drm pctmgtadk jceeugatams icr jdrryagb cutkab`t`cusm prcomjts.




:.1 Mxastagb `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg jdpdjaty

@yfrcbmg as usmf ds dg agfustradk bds ag edgy prcjmss agfustrams t`rcub`cut Murcpm. V`m tctdk

agfustradk `yfrcbmg jcgsueptacg ag Murcpm as mstaedtmf tc hm dhcut 94hakkacg e:

(ag 8<<:).V`m ecst ci tàs `yfrcbmg wds jcgsuemf hy twc agfustrams? ag cak rmiagmrams (jd. =<%) dgf icr

prcfujtacg ci deecgad (jd. :8%). V`m tctdk prcfujtacg ci `yfrcbmg ag t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg

decugts tc 0< hakkacg e:

(Ztmaghmrbmr-Rakjnmgs, Vrûepmr, 8<<2) ‚ wàj` emdgs t`dt scemcvmrjdpdjaty mxasts.

Icr tàs stufy wm `dvm j`csmg tc edp t`m guehmr ci `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg satms icr mdj` G]VZ8 rmbacgs. D rdgnagb ci t`m rmbacgs as hdsmf cg t`m ickkcwagb sjcrm? 4? 4-8 prcfujtacgsatms, 8? :-= prcfujtacg satms, :? 9-0 prcfujtacg satms, 6? 1-46 prcfujtacg satms. At wds gct

pcssahkm tc kccn dt t`m spmjaiaj prcfujtacg prcjmssms ci t`msm idjakatams watàg t`m sjcpm ci tàsstufy.

Aepcrtdgt jkustmrs ci `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg drm edagky ag t`m Hmgmkux-jcugtrams, t`m Xàgm-

Edag drmd, t`m Eafkdgfs ag t`m ]N, Zcut`mrg Irdgjm dgf ag Gcrt` Atdky, hut dksc rmbacgs agt`m pmrap`mry ci t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg suj` ds Armkdgf, Iagkdgf Katùdgad, Gcrt` Mdst Zpdag,dgf Xcedgad `dvm `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg (smm Iaburm 44).

Ecrmcvmr at as agtmrmstagb tc gctm t`dt t`m gmw emehmr stdtms ag tctdk `dvm edgy @8 prcfujtacg satms.

Iaburm 44? Kmit? Vctdk @8 \rcfujtacg Zatms ag Murcpm, Xab`t? @8 \apmkagm ag Murcpm

:.4< Mxastagb `yfrcbmg papmkagm agirdstrujturm

V`m Xcdfs8@yjce prcomjt `ds afmgtaiamf 4= kdrbmr `yfrcbmg papmkagm gmtwcrns ag faiimrmgt pdrts ci Murcpm wat` d tctdk kmgbt` ci gmdrky 49<< ne. V`msm papmkagm gmtwcrns drm cpmrdtmf hy iares kanm Dar Kaquafm, Kagfm Bds dgf Dar \rcfujts (\mrrag, Ztmaghmrbmr-Rakjnmgs,Vrûepmr, 8<<2). \apmkagms drm kcjdtmf ag Rmstmrg Hmkbaue, t`m Zcut`mrg dgf Rmstmrg

Gmt`mrkdgfs, t`m Bmredg rmbacgs Gcrt`-Xàgm Rmstp`dkad, Zdj`smg dgf Zdj`smg-Dg`dkt dgfag t`m t`rmm rmbacgs ag mdstmrg Irdgjm (agjk. Zcut`-Mdst Irdgjm). V`m kmgbt` ci t`m papmkagm as




Vdhkm 0? Fastrahutacg ci t`m 49 àb` kmvmk @IJ rmbacgs cvmr t`m :=0 G]VZAA rmbacgs‑

sjcrm ag t`m Murcpmdg Xmbacgdk Aggcvdtacg Zjcrmhcdrf

Zjcrm ag t`m Xmbacgdk Aggcvdtacg Zjcrmhcdrf Guehmr ci ab` kmvmk @IJ rmbacgs (tcp 49 ag

Vdhkm)

@ab`mst tàrf 4<

Emfaue tàrf =

Hcttce tàrf 4

\rcvafmf t`dt t`msm rmbacgs dksc pmricre hmttmr (wàj` `ds gct hmmg dgdkysmf `mrm) t`m rmsuktsubbmsts t`dt aggcvdtavm rmbacgs `dvm hmmg idstmr ag t`mar dttmepts tc prcectm @IJ djtavatams.At dksc subbmsts t`dt aggcvdtavm rmbacgs iagf at mdsamr tc ouep cg gmw tmj`gckcby pdt`s cr dtkmdst drm nmmgmr tc tdnm j`dgjms cg gmw dgf ugjmrtdag tmj`gckcbams.

V`m àb` kmvmk @IJ rmbacgs t`dt kdgfs ag t`m emfaue tàrf drm t`m Atdkadg rmbacgs ‚ Vcsjdgd,\amfecgt dgf Kcehdrfy, t`m ]N rmbacg Rdkms, dgf t`m Bmredg rmbacg Fûssmkfcri. V`m cgky

àb` kmvmk @IJ rmbacg ag t`m hcttce tàrf as Gcrf- \ds-fm-Jdkdas d edocr jmgtrm icr `mdvyagfustry ag t`m 41t` jmgtury (jcdk eagms dgf stmmk eakks). Ditmr d `mdvy rmjmssacg ag 412<‑s dgf410<‑s t`m rmbacg icjusms tcfdy cg tcurase.

Vàs rmsukt dksc rdasms t`m qumstacg dhcut t`m mxtmgt tc wàj` @IJ fmecgstrdtacg djtavatamsjdg hm usmf ag d pckatajdk dbmgfd cg aeprcvagb rmbacgdk aggcvdtavm jdpdhakatams ag bmgmrdk.

:.48 Dssmssagb t`m prmsmgjm ci jkustmrs ag @IJ-rmbacgs

V`m ickkcwagb smjtacg jcepdrms t`m prmsmgjm ci kanmky @8 rmkdtmf jkustmrs ag rmbacgs wat` t`miagfagbs cg àb`-kmvmk `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk rmbacgs. V`m dae as tc agvmstabdtm w`mt`mrjmrtdag mxastagb jkustmrs drm rmprmsmgtmf ecrm irmqumgtky ag àb` kmvmk @IJ rmbacgs t`dg ag t`mrmst ci Murcpm.

V`m dgdkysas as hdsmf cg t`m jkustmr edppagb jdrramf cut hy t`m Murcpmdg JkustmrChsmrvdtcry. V`m Murcpmdg Jkustmr Chsmrvdtcry `ds jdrramf cut jkustmr dgdkysms ag :8jcugtrams (M] 82, Ajmkdgf, Gcrwdy, Asrdmk, Zwatzmrkdgf, Vurnmy) wat` G]VZ8 rmbacgs dsbmcbrdpàjdk ugat (8=0 rmbacgs). V`my huakf t`mar fmiagatacg ci d jkustmr smjtcr cg Eaj`dmk\crtmr‑s dgdkysas ci mepkcyemgt fastrahutacg ag Gcrt` Demrajd (\crtmr 8<<:). V`m Demrajdgstufy dgdkysmf t`m bmcbrdpàjdk fastrahutacg ci mepkcyemgt ag faiimrmgt agfustrams dgf icugffaiimrmgt pdttmrgs fmpmgfagb cg t`m typm ci agfustry. V`m agfustrams wmrm brcupmf agtc t`rmmfaiimrmgt jdtmbcrams s`cwagb t`mar favmrsm bmcbrdpàjdk prciakms?

Kcjdk agfustrams drm prmsmgt ag dkk rmbacgs ds t`my smrvm kcjdk edrnmts. V`my drm gct mxpcsmftc farmjt jcepmtatacg djrcss rmbacgs dgf drm j`drdjtmrasmf hy kcwmr wdbms, prcfujtavaty dgfrdtms ci aggcvdtacg. Djjcrfagb tc t`m Murcpmdg Jkustmr Chsmrvdtcry, kcjdk agfustrams djjcugticr drcugf =2 % ci dkk mepkcyemgt ag Murcpm.

Vrdfmf jkustmr agfustrams mxpmramgjm dfvdgtdbms ag j`ccsagb t`mar kcjdtacg dgf smrvm edrnmtsdjrcss rmbacgs. V`my `dvm d tmgfmgjy tc ‐jkustmr tcbmt`mr‑ dgf drm j`drdjtmrasmf hy wdbmsdhcvm dvmrdbm dgf àb`mr prcfujtavaty dgf kmvmk ci aggcvdtacg. V`m jkustmr smjtcr djjcugts icrdhcut :2 % ci Murcpmdg mepkcyemgt.

Gdturdk rmscurjm-hdsmf agfustrams drm kcjdtmf jkcsm tc t`m fmpcsats ci t`m gdturdk rmscurjmst`my mxpkcat dgf drm t`mrmicrm dksc bmcbrdpàjdkky jcgjmgtrdtmf hut icr ct`mr rmdscgs. Drcugf

= % ci t`m Murcpmdg mepkcyemgt as mepkcymf ag t`m gdturdk rmscurjm hdsmf agfustry.




Irce t`m pmrspmjtavm ci jrmdtagb d `yfrcbmg mjcgcey ag dkk pdrts ci scjamty dkk t`rmm agfustrybrcups wakk hm diimjtmf. Kcjdk Agfustrams wakk hm diimjtmf mat`mr ds usmrs ci gmw `yfrcbmg

prcfujts cr ds rmtdakmrs. V`m Gdturdk Xmscurjm-Hdsmf Agfustrams wakk hm diimjtmf ds `yfrcbmgas gct dg mgmrby scurjm ag atsmki, hut gmmfs tc hm prcfujmf usagb icssak mgmrby scurjms, hacrmscurjms cr saeakdr. Hut ag t`m fmvmkcpemgt p`dsm ci d gmw tmj`gckcbajdk trdomjtcry t`m ecst

aepcrtdgt agfustry djtcrs s`cukf hm icugf watàg t`m Vrdfmf Jkustmr Agfustrams.

V`m Murcpmdg Jkustmr Chsmrvdtcry `ds favafmf t`m ‐Vrdfmf jkustmr agfustrams‑ agtc :0 jkustmrjdtmbcrams (smm www.jkustmrchsmrvdtcry.mu). V`my `dvm jdtmbcrasmf d jkustmr‑s strmgbt` agdjjcrfdgjm tc sazm, spmjadkasdtacg dgf icjus ag crfmr tc emdsurm suiiajamgt jratajdk edss tcfmvmkcp t`m typm ci spakk-cvmr dgf kagndbms t`dt jrmdtms pcsatavm mjcgceaj miimjts. Djjcrfagbtc t`m Jkustmr Chsmrvdtcry‑s mvdkudtacg d jkustmr prmsmgt ag d bavmg rmbacg rmjmavms hmtwmmg 4dgf : stdrs fmpmgfagb cg t`m strmgbt` ci t`m jkustmr. @cwmvmr, ag cur stufy wm fc gctfastagbuas` hmtwmmg t`m decugts ci stdrs hut cgky icjus cg w`mt`mr cr gct d jkustmr as prmsmgtag t`m bavmg rmbacg.

Rm `dvm jdkjukdtmf d Jkustmr Tuctamgt (JT) icr mdj` ci t`m :0 jkustmrs. V`m JT as d emdsurm

icr jc-kcjdtacg ci @IJ djtavatams dgf jkustmrs. V`m JT jcepdrms t`m prcpcrtacg ci jkustmrs(watàg t`m sdem jkustmr jdtmbcry) kcjdtmf ag t`m 49 àb` kmvmk @IJ rmbacgs tc t`m prcpcrtacgci t`m tctdk decugt ci jkustmrs (watàg t`dt sdem jkustmr jdtmbcry) ag dkk t`m 8=0 rmbacgs (smmmqudtacg).

V`m Jkustmr Tuctamgt as tùs jdkjukdtmf ds

JTa5 (D

a/H)/(J

a/F)>

R`mrm

a as d jkustmr djjcrfagb tc t`m Jkustmr Chsmrvdtcry, m.b. Dutcectavm

Daas t`m guehmr icr

aJkustmrs ag dkk àb` kmvmk @IJ rmbacgs

H as t`m guehmr ci dkk àb` kmvmk @IJ rmbacgs (549)

Jaas t`m guehmr ci dkk

atypm jkustmrs (m.b. dutcectavm) ag dkk rmbacgs dgdkysmf hy t`m Jkustmr

Chsmrvdtcry

F as t`m guehmr ci dkk rmbacgs dgdkysmf hy t`m Jkustmr Chsmrvdtcry (58=0)

D JT78 s`cws t`dt t`m jkustmr drm ecrm irmqumgtky kcjdtmf ag t`m àb`-kmvmk @IJ rmbacgs t`dgag t`m rmst ci Murcpm. Vdhkm 1 s`cws t`m jdkjukdtmf JT icr t`m :0 jkustmrs ag Murcpm.

http://www.clusterobservatory.eu/

http://www.clusterobservatory.eu/




Iarst dgf icrmecst at as aepcrtdgt tc nmmp ag eagf t`dt t`m tdhkmrmvmdks d stdtastajdk emdsurm icr jc-kcjdtacg ci @IJ djtavatamsdgf jkustmrs. V`m JT as gct emdsuragb w`mt`mr cr gct drmkdtacgsàp hmtwmmg jmrtdag jkustmrs dgf `yfrcbmg dgf iumkjmkk tmj`gckcby mxasts. Iurt`mrecrm, jkustmrs drm dgdkysmf hy

stufyagb jcgjmgtrdtacg ci mepkcyemgt watàg agfustradksmjtcrs. Mepkcyemgt wat` rmkmvdgjm icr `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkkas ecst kanmky mepkcymf ag jcepdgams‑ X&F fmpdrtemgts dgfjceprasms d sedkk pdrt ci t`m tctdk mepkcyemgt. X&Ffmpdrtemgts drm citmg kcjdtmf w`mrm jcepdgams `dvm t`mrm`mdfqudrtmrs cr w`mrm t`mrm as d jratajdk edss ci snakkmfwcrnmrs. V`mrmicrm wm prmsuem t`dt tàs jc-kcjdtacg emdsurmjdg bavm us scem agicredtacg cg wàj` jkustmrs t`dt pkdy d rckmag t`m `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk fmvmkcpemgt.

Bmgmrdkky smmg Vdhkm 1 rmikmjts t`m rmsukt irce t`m dgdkysasdhcvm ci t`m jcrrmkdtacg hmtwmmg àb` djtavm @IJ rmbacgs dgf

t`m rmbacgdk aggcvdtacg sjcrmhcdrf. Jkustmrs wat` d àb` JT(78) bmgmrdkky sjcrm àb`mr ag t`m agfajdtcrs t`dt icre t`maggcvdtacg sjcrmhcdrf (@uedg rmscurjms ag sjamgjm dgftmj`gckcby, pdrtajapdtacg ag kaim kcgb kmdrgagb, puhkaj dgf

pravdtm X&F, pdtmgt dppkajdtacgs, mepkcyemgt ag emfaue-àb`dgf àb`-tmj` edguidjturagb) t`dg jkustmrs wat` d JT;8. Vdhkm1 t`mrmicrm jcgiares t`dt dg cvmrdkk wmkk-iugjtacgagbaggcvdtacg mgvarcgemgt as aepcrtdgt icr rmbacgs‑ mgbdbmemgtag @IJ djtavatams.

@yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk tmj`gckcby as ymt dt d stdbm w`mrm t`mrmkmvdgjm icr edgy ci t`m mstdhkas`mf jkustmrs as kaeatmf. Rm`dvm afmgtaiamf gagm jkustmr jdtmbcrams t`dt ecst kanmky pkdy drckm ag t`m fmvmkcpemgt ci t`m tmj`gckcby dgf ag aeprcvagb t`mstdtm-ci-t`m-drt ci t`m tmj`gckcby. V`m gagm jkustmrs drmàb`kab`tmf ag Vdhkm 1 dgf prmsmgtmf ag fmtdak ag Vdhkm 4<?Vrdfmf jkustmr agfustrams wat` agtmrmst tc @IJ fmvmkcpemgt.Vàs tdhkm prmsmgts t`m gagm jkustmr jdtmbcrams, mxdepkms ciagfustrams dgf scem mxdepkms ci jcepdgams agvckvmf ag @IJfmvmkcpemgt.

Ci t`m gagm jkustmrs wat` àb` rmkmvdgjm icr @IJ tmj`gckcbysmvmg `dvm d JT àb`mr t`dg 8. Cgky trdgspcrtdtacg dgf `mdvy

edjàgmry `dvm d JT kmss t`dg 8.Vrdgspcrtdtacg jcvmrs agvmgtcrams dgf kcbastajs dgffastagbuas`ms atsmki irce t`m ct`mr jkustmrs hy hmagb d smrvajmsmjtcr prcvafagb trdgspcrt dgf gct t`m tmj`gckcby icrtrdgspcrtdtacg. V`m trdgspcrtdtacgs smjtcr wakk hm decgb t`m kdrbm mgf-usmr brcups ci @IJ

hdsmf trdgspcrtdtacg tmj`gckcby. @mdvy Edjàgmry jkustmrs drm kcjdtmf ag 6 cut ci t`m 49@IJ jkustmrs sc t`m rmsukt agfajdtms, gct surprasagbky, t`dt tàs jkustmr fcms gct pkdy d kmdfagbrckm ag t`m rmbacgdk @IJ djtavatams.

Vdhkm 1? Jkustmr Tuctamgt

Jkustmr Jdtmbcry JT

Emfajdk Fmvajms 6,2

\uhkasàgb 6,6

Fastrahutacg smrvajm 6,:

DgdkytajdkAgstruemgts :,1

AV :,1

Hacp`dredjmutajdks :,4\cwmr bmgmrdtacg

dgf trdgseassacg :,4

J`meajdks :,4

Zpcrtagb 8,1

\rcfujtacg Vmj`. 8,1

Dmrcspdjm 8,1Jceeugajdtacgs

mquapemgt 8,1

Icrmst prcfujts 8,0Kab`tagb 8,0

\kdstajs 8,2

Mgtmrtdagemgt 8,6

Omwmkry 8,6

Cak dgf Bds 8,6

Dutcectavm 8,6

Husagmss Zmrvajms 8,4

Huakfagb Iaxturms 8,<

Jcgstr. Edtmradks 8,<

Vchdjjc 4,1

Mfujdtacg 4,9 Kmdt`mr 4,=

@mdvy Edjàgmry 4,6

Iagdgjm 4,6

Dbrajukturdk 4,6

Vmxtakms 4,:

Vrdgspcrtdtacg 4,:

Iasàgb 4,:

@cspatdkaty 4,8

Emtdk edguidjt. 4,4

Icctwmdr <,1

Dppdrmk <,0

Iurgaturm <,2

Iccf <,2

Jcgstrujtacg <,2

J`meajdks (:.4), \cwmr bmgmrdtacg dgf trdgseassacg (:.4), dgf Cak dgf bds (8.6) drm t`rmmjkustmrs t`dt drm ag pdrtajukdr rmkmvdgt ag prcfujagb dgf fastrahutagb `yfrcbmg.




Dutcectavm (8.6), jceeugajdtacgs mquapemgt (8.1), dmrcspdjm (8.1), dgf prcfujtacgtmj`gckcby (8.1) drm jkustmrs wat` dg agtmrmst ag t`m vdracus dppkajdtacg cptacgs @IJ ciimr.V`m JTs s`cw d àb` kmvmk ci jc-kcjdtacg hmtwmmg @IJ djtavatams dgf t`msm jkustmrs.

Vdhkm 4<? Vrdfmf jkustmr agfustrams wat` agtmrmst tc @IJ fmvmkcpemgt

Jkustmr jdtmbcrams Agfustry mxdepkms Mxdepkms irce Murcpmdg @8 dgfIumk Jmkk Vmj`gckcby \kdticre‑s GMR-AB emehmrs

Cak & Bds \rcfujts dgf Zmrvajms Xmiagmrams Ztdtcak @yfrc DZD, Bdz fm Irdgjm,Z`mkk @yfrcbmg HY, Vctdk Irdgjm,Agtmkkabmgt Mgmrby, AKV Vmj`gckcby

Dutcectavm ectcr vmàjkms dgfjcepcgmgts

Fdaekmr, Dfde Cpmk Beh@,Ycknswdbmg, Jmgtc Xajmrj`m Iadt,DYK Kast Beh@, Yckvc, XckksXcyjm Iumk jmkk systme,XavmrZaepkm KK\, AgtmkkabmgtMgmrby,

\cwmr Bmgmrdtacg dgfVrdgseassacg

Bmgmrdtcrs Zamemgs, M.CG Zwmfmg DH, MRMDB, BDEMZD JcrpcrdjacgVmjgckcbajd, Agtmkkabmgt Mgmrby,Jmrms \cwmr Ktf.

@mdvy Edjàgmry trdjtcrs, kcjcectavms Rærtsakæ Iagkdgf, Bruppc Zdpac,Dgsdkfc Iumk Jmkks, Gujmkksys

J`meajdk \rcfujts j`meajdks, agfustradkbdsms

Kagfm Bds, HDZI Iumk JmkksBeh@, AKV Vmj`gckcby, H\Agtmrgdtacgdk

\rcfujtacg Vmj`gckcby Vdgns Vcpscm Iumk Jmkks, Gujmkksys,Vrdgspcrtdtacg dgf Kcbastajs irmab`t, dar trdgspcrt Xdak Zdimty dgf Ztdgfdrf HcdrfsDmrcspdjm D\] cg darjrdit Agtmkkabmgt Mgmrby, MDFZ

Fmutsj`kdgfJceeugajdtacgs Mquapemgt pcrtdhkm dppkajdtacgs,

echakm, jceputmrs

Vàs rmsukt jdg hm mxpkdagmf hy tdnagb t`m edrnmt edturaty ci @IJ tmj`gckcbams agtc djjcugt.Iares agtmrmstmf ag fmvmkcpagb dgf fmecgstrdtagb @IJ tmj`gckcbams drm ag tàs mdrky p`dsmiares smmnagb husagmss cppcrtugatams ag prcfujagb t`msm tmj`gckcbams dgf prcvafagb t`m`yfrcbmg. R`mrmds, iares t`dt pctmgtadkky jcukf hmjcem mgf-usmrs ci suj` tmj`gckcbams (suj`ds trdgspcrtdtacg) drm kanmky tc hmjcem agvckvmf ag d kdtmr stdtm ci t`m tmj`gckcbams edrnmtfmvmkcpemgt.

Vc sue up, d pcsatavm jcrrmkdtacg as icugf hmtwmmg t`m prmsmgjms ci jkustmrs dssmssmf tc hm`yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk iramgfky dgf t`m àb` kmvmk @IJ rmbacgs. Vàs agfajdtms t`dt spmjaiajjkustmrs edy pkdy d rckm ag fravagb t`m fmvmkcpemgt ci `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk tmj`gckcby.@cwmvmr, t`m ecst aepcrtdgt rmsukt ci t`m stufy ci Jkustmr Tuctamgts smmes tc hm djcgiaredtacg ci t`m jcrrmkdtacg hmtwmmg aggcvdtavm rmbacgs (`cstagb aggcvdtavm jkustmrs) dgf@IJ tmj`gckcby fmvmkcpemgt. Dg agstatutacgdk smt-up wat` idvcurdhkm jcgfatacgs icraggcvdtacg as t`mrmicrm smmg ds mxtrmemky aepcrtdgt ag prcectagb aggcvdtacg djtavatams watàg@IJ.

V`m dhcvm stufy ci rmbacgs‑ rckm ag @IJ fmvmkcpemgt `ds d prmkaeagdry j`drdjtmr dgf `ds tc hm ickkcwmf up hy ecrm ag-fmpt` stufams. Ag pdrtajukdr stufams ci t`m rmkdtacgsàp hmtwmmgjmrtdag jkustmrs dgf @IJ tmj`gckcby wakk hm agtmrmstagb. D stufy ci t`m agstatutacgdk smt-up dtt`m rmbacgdk bcvmrgdgjm kmvmk dgf `cw tc aeprcvm tàs t`rcub` aggcvdtacg pckajams wcukf dksc




hm vmry agtmrmstagb dgf wcukf hm iruatiuk icr t`m rmbacgdk mgbdbmemgt ag @IJ fmvmkcpemgt agt`m iuturm.

:.4: Jcgjkusacgs

D emt`cfckcby ci Jkustmr Tuctamgts `ds hmmg mepkcymf tc stufy t`m rmkdtacgsàp hmtwmmgjurrmgt bmcbrdpàjdk jkustmragb ci Iumk Jmkk dgf @yfrcbmg djtavaty, dgf t`dt ci ct`mr drmds cijceemrjadk djtavaty. Dkcgb wat` d bmcbrdpàjdkky hdsmf rmvamw ci ct`mr fdtd irce t`m prcomjt,tàs dgdkysas `ds hmmg usmf tc fmvmkcp jcgjkusacgs icr pckajy rmkdtagb tc t`m fmvmkcpemgt cijkustmrs. Dgy suppcrt sj`mem wakk `dvm tc dssmss t`m imdsahakaty ci prcpcsdks ds wmkk ds t`mvadhakaty ci prcomjts dgf agfustradk ugfmrtdnagbs. Ag tàs rmspmjt cur stufy `ds àb`kab`tmfscem aepcrtdgt jcrrmkdtacgs t`dt jdg `mkp tc hmttmr cramgtdtm M] iugfagb icr rmbacgdk @IJfmvmkcpemgt?

• Xmbacgs wàj` drm vmry djtavm ag pursuagb @IJ fmpkcyemgt drm typajdkky dksc vmryaggcvdtavm rmbacgs. Vàs iagfagb as jcgsastmgt wat` mgfcbmgcus brcwt` t`mcrams dgf

tùs jcgiares t`m `ypct`msas t`dt aggcvdtavm rmbacgs jdg ecrm mdsaky mgbdbm wat` dgfdfvdgjm @IJ tmj`gckcbams.

• V`m ecst djtavm rmbacgs ag t`m iamkf ci @IJ drm j`drdjtmrazmf hy t`m kcjdtacg cijkustmrs t`dt drm jkcsmky kagnmf tc @IJ. Vàs jcrrmkdtacg as pdrtajukdrky strcgb icrjkustmrs ag j`meajdk prcfujts, pcwmr bmgmrdtacg dgf prcfujtacg tmj`gckcby. V`mcvmr-dvmrdbm aepcrtdgjm ci t`msm agfustrams ag mdrky dfcptagb rmbacgs rmikmjts t`mmdrky stdbm ci @IJ edrnmt fmvmkcpemgt. V`m rmkdtavm aepcrtdgjm ci agfustrams t`dt

prcvafm mgf-usm dppkajdtacgs (suj` ds trdgspcrtdtacg) as kanmky tc agjrmdsm ag d kdtmrstdbm ci t`m tmj`gckcbams edrnmt fmvmkcpemgt. V`m fmjasacg ci kcjdk dut`cratamsdgf/cr t`m Murcpmdg kmvmk cg w`mt`mr tc suppcrt d rmbacgdk agatadtavm s`cukf t`mrmicrmtdnm t`m spmjaiaj rmbacgdk jkustmr strujturm dgf t`m bmgmrdk stdbm ci edrnmt

fmvmkcpemgt agtc djjcugt.

• V`m jcrrmkdtacg hmtwmmg mdrky dfcptagb @IJ rmbacgs dgf mxastagb `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg jdpdjatams ds wmkk ds papmkagm agirdstrujturm as wmdn. Zedkk prcomjts jdgagfmmf hm fcgm wat` cg-satm `yfrcbmg prcfujtacg dgf fc gct rmquarm mxastagb

prcfujtacg cr papmkagm agirdstrujturm. V`m kdttmr s`cukf t`mrmicrm gct hm smmg ds prmjcgfatacgs icr t`m mgbdbmemgt wat` @IJ. @cwmvmr, t`m mxastmgjm ci prcfujtacgjdpdjatams dgf agirdstrujturm as wat`cut d fcuht d pcsatavm idjtcr icr t`maepkmemgtdtacg ci kdrbm sjdkm prcomjts dgf t`m fmvmkcpemgt ci @IJ jkustmrs.Jurrmgtky at smmes t`dt gct dkk rmbacgs `dvm dssmssmf t`mar mxastagb prcfujtacgjdpdjaty tcwdrfs d `yfrcbmg mjcgcey (icr ecrm fmtdakmf agicredtacg cg `yfrcbmgagirdstrujturm smm Ztmaghmrbmr-Rakjnmgs dgf Vrûepmr, 8<<2, prcomjt fmkavmrdhkms

F8.4/F8.4d).




6. Cvmrdkk jcgjkusacgs

6.4 V`m M] Kmvmk

V`m dgdkysas ci M] pckajy aepdjts cg t`m fmvmkcpemgt ci `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks `ds yamkfmffaiimrmgt rmsukts.

4. M] mgmrby pckajams `dvm fmvmkcpmf strcgb pus` idjtcrs tcwdrfs ecrm sustdagdhkmtmj`gckcbams. V`m MVZ, mgmrby miiajamgjy cr rmgmwdhkms prcectacg ‚ dkk t`msm pckajyagstruemgts dksc `dvm scem pcsatavm aepdjt cg `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks sagjm t`myjcgstatutm d irdemwcrn icr sustdagdhkm mgmrby prcfujtacg dgf usm. @cwmvmr, t`msm

pus` idjtcrs drm tcc wmdn tc kmdf tc t`m fmpkcyemgt ci `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks hmjdusm ci, iarstky, kdjnagb agjmgtavms tcwdrfs kcgb tmre agvmstemgts ag sustdagdhkmtmj`gckcbams dgf, smjcgfky, agjcgsastmgjams dgf gmbdtavm safm-miimjts watàg mxastagbagstruemgts t`dt kmdf tc fastcrtacgs ag `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk edrnmts djrcss Murcpm.

8. Jurrmgt rmbukdtcry pckajams tmgf tc `dvm d wmdn hut pcsatavm aepdjt cg `yfrcbmg. Agecst M] emehmr stdtms `yfrcbmg as mxmeptmf irce dgy tdxdtacg cr tdxmf dt rmkdtavmkykcw rdtms. Vùs tdxdtacg jurrmgtky idvcurs `yfrcbmg cvmr jcepmtagb tmj`gckcbams.Qmt, t`m M] jdggct hm jrmfatmf wat` tàs satudtacg sagjm `yfrcbmg as gct mxpkajatkyemgtacgmf ag t`m farmjtavm cg eagaeue tdxdtacg gcr `ds t`m M] strcgb jcepmtmgjm agt`m iamkf ci tdxdtacg. V`m miimjts ci t`m kahmrdkazdtacg ci t`m edrnmt icr bds dgfmkmjtrajaty smme tc hm rmkdtavmky wmdn. Gcgmt`mkmss, t`my drm pcsatavm dgf edy agbmgmrdk idvcur t`m edrnmt mgtry ci `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks dgf ag pdrtajukdr t`m usm ci`yfrcbmg ag trdgspcrt.

:. M] spmgfagb pckajams drm d pctmgtadkky pcwmriuk pckajy agstruemgt icr t`m rmbacgdk

prcectacg ci sustdagdhkm tmj`gckcbams dgf agirdstrujturm sagjm t`my jdg j`dggmk iugfstcwdrfs t`me. @cwmvmr, tàs pctmgtadk as jurrmgtky gct iukky mxpkcatmf. V`m dgdkysas cirmbacgdk pckajy yamkfs d eaxmf rmsukt. Cg t`m cgm `dgf ecrm rmbacgdk iugfagb `dsrmjmgtky hmmg farmjtmf tcwdrfs aggcvdtacg, d iamkf jkcsmky rmkdtmf tc `yfrcbmg dgf iumkjmkks. Cg t`m ct`mr `dgf, jc`msacg iugfagb gcredkky fcms gct dppky tc t`csm rmbacgswàj` drm t`m ecst aggcvdtavm dgf t`m ecst dfvdgjmf ag t`m iamkf ci `yfrcbmg dgfiumk jmkks. V`m JD\ ds t`m smjcgf hab M] spmgfagb pckajy fcms gct idvcur `yfrcbmgcr iumk jmkks. Cg t`m jcgtrdry at prcectms haciumks wàj` edy cg t`m kcgb tmrejcepmtm wat` `yfrcbmg dgf tùs agfarmjtky àgfmr ats fmvmkcpemgt.

Kccnagb d`mdf t`m jurrmgt pckajy irdemwcrn dt M] kmvmk fcms gct smt jkmdr kcgb tmre sabgdksdgf kdjns agjmgtavms t`dt drm strcgb mgcub` tc idjakatdtm àb` agvmstemgt ag dgf fmpkcyemgt ci

sustdagdhkm mgmrby tmj`gckcbams. V`m kanmky cvmrdkk miimjt tùs smmes tc hm tcc wmdn tc mgdhkmt`m M] `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk fmpkcyemgt strdtmby.

6.8 V`m Xmbacgdk Kmvmk

V`m rmbacgdk dgdkysas `ds yamkfmf icur edag jcgjkusacgs?

Iarst ci dkk cgm jdg jcgjkufm t`dt bmcbrdp`y dgf jkustmr dspmjts smme tc edttmr ag mstdhkasàgbd Murcpmdg @IJ tmj`gckcby aggcvdtacg systme. At as chvacus t`dt scem rmbacgs drm ecrmdjtavm ag t`m icredtavm p`dsm ci @IJ aggcvdtacg systmes. Xmbacgs wat` t`m àb`mst kmvmk ci@IJ djtavatams drm icugf dt faiimrmgt pkdjms ag Murcpm dgf ag edgy jdsms t`m jkustmragb ci

djtavatams ag gmab`hcuragb rmbacgs edtj`ms t`m kcjdtacg ci pdrtgmrsàps cr jcrpcrdtavm @IJ




s`cukf hm rmiagmf dgf jdusdk rmkdtacgs icr sujjmss s`cukf hm agvmstabdtmf ds sccg ds fdtd icrtaem smrams dgdkysms drm dvdakdhkm.

\ckajams icr prcectagb rmbacgdk agfustradk jkustmrs `dvm, ag rmjmgt ymdrs, hmmg dfcptmf hyedgy rmbacgdk dut`cratams ag Murcpm, ds wmkk ds hy Emehmr Ztdtms dgf t`m Murcpmdg

Jceeassacg (smm m.b. t`m Murcpm Aggcvd djtavaty). Zujjmssiuk pckajams icr t`m prcectacg cijkustmrs s`cukf hm hdsmf cg emdsurms tdakcrmf tc t`m spmjaiaj gmmfs ci d pdrtajukdr rmbacg. Agedppagb t`m spmjaiaj gmmfs ci d pdrtajukdr rmbacg, mspmjadkky ag prcectagb d strcgbmr uptdnm ci`yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk tmj`gckcby, t`m rmbacgdk aggcvdtacg systme dpprcdj` jdg hm usmiuk. Atjdg pcagt cut w`mrm t`m systme‑s iugjtacgdkaty as hkcjnagb t`m tmj`gckcbajdk fmvmkcpemgt dgfjcem up wat` scem rmjceemgfdtacgs t`dt jdg rmfujm ugjmrtdagtams ag t`m icredtavm p`dsm cid `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk aggcvdtacg systme.

Ecfmrg jkustmr pckajy rmsmdrj` mep`dsazms t`m gmmf icr d bccf jccrfagdtacg ci pckajams dt hct` M], gdtacgdk dgf rmbacgdk kmvmks (Murcpm Aggcvd 8<<0), sagjm t`my icstmr ocagt djtacg hmtwmmg faiimrmgt stdnm`ckfmrs. Iurt`mrecrm, hct` jkustmr dgdkysas dgf pckajy dgdkysassubbmsts gct tc idvcur jmrtdag tmj`gckcby j`cajms (‛pajnagb cut t`m waggmrs―) hdsmf cg t`m

kaeatmf guehmr ci dppkajdtacgs t`dt mdrky dfcptagb `yfrcbmg jceeugatams jcukf tmst. Dss`cwg dhcvm, t`m rdgbm ci imdsahkm dppkajdtacgs dgf dttrdjtavm tmj`gckcbams wakk hmjcem wafmrt`m ecrm t`m tmj`gckcby dfvdgjms. Ag idjt, vdramty s`cukf hm smmg ds fmsardhkm sagjm atagjrmdsms jcepmtatacg ds wmkk ds tmj`gckcbajdk dgf husagmss cptacgs.

Hdsmf cg t`m agicredtacg dgf immfhdjn rmjmavmf ag t`m prcomjt Xcdfs8@yJce at as vmry kanmkyt`dt t`mrm wakk hm d vdramty ci faiimrmgt rmbacgdk strdtmbams ag Murcpm. Mdj` rmbacg faspcsms ci dfastagjt jkustmr strujturm dgf tùs spmjaiaj husagmss cppcrtugatams. Mxpkcatagb t`msmcppcrtugatams ci jkustmr fmvmkcpemgt dt rmbacgdk sjdkm as ag t`m agtmrmst ci hct` t`m rmbacgs dgft`m M] sagjm suj` d strdtmby as kanmky tc sustdag mjcgceaj pmricredgjm dgf agjrmdsm t`m

pmricredgjm ci t`m tmj`gckcby.

V`m Murcpmdg kmvmk s`cukf `mrmhy pkdy d jccrfagdtagb dgf mgdhkagb rckm?

• V`m M] s`cukf mgsurm t`m buafdgjm ci t`m aggcvdtacg prcjmss hy smttagb bcdks dgffmvmkcpagb vasacgs t`dt jdg kmbataeazm dgf mepcwmr jcdkatacgs strcgb mgcub` tct`rmdtmg agjuehmgt tmj`gckcbams. Zuj` buafdgjm s`cukf hm fmvmkcpmf ag jccpmrdtacgwat` d rdgbm ci puhkaj, pravdtm dgf gcg bcvmrgemgtdk crbdgazdtacgs tc mgsurmjcgsmgsus dgf jrmdtm vasahakaty dgf djjmptdgjm ci t`m jcursm.

• V`m M] s`cukf usm ats jccrfagdtagb rckm tc try tc mgsurm t`dt t`m faiimrmgttmj`gckcbajdk cptacgs drm iukky dgf dt kdrbm sjdkm jcvmrmf ag cgm cr ecrm rmbacgs.Bavmg t`m ugprmfajtdhakaty ci iuturm tmj`gckcbajdk dgf edrnmt fmvmkcpemgts wcrkf

wafm, Murcpm `ds dg agtmrmst ag hmagb wmkk pcsatacgmf ag faiimrmgt memrbagb @IJedrnmts.

• Ag crfmr tc idjakatdtm @IJ fmvmkcpemgt dgf ats edrnmt agtrcfujtacg t`m M] s`cukf`drecgazm stdgfdrfs dgf jmrtaiajdtacg prcjmssms gct cgky icr prcfujtacg dgf prcfujt-rmkdtmf dppkajdtacgs hut dksc icr agirdstrujturm dgf fastrahutacg (m.b. iumkkagb stdtacgs).Vàs as dksc rmquarmf tcwdrfs saeakdr dttmepts edfm hy t`m ]ZD dgf Odpdg.Iurt`mrecrm, at s`cukf mgsurm t`dt Emehmr Ztdtms dppky t`m eutudk rmjcbgatacg

pragjapkm. Vàs pragjapkm ‛budrdgtmms irmm ecvmemgt ci bccfs dgf smrvajms wat`cutt`m gmmf tc `drecgasm Emehmr Ztdtms' gdtacgdk kmbaskdtacg. Bccfs wàj` drm kdwiukky

prcfujmf ag cgm Emehmr Ztdtm jdggct hm hdggmf irce sdkm cg t`m tmrratcry ci dgct`mrEmehmr Ztdtm, mvmg ai t`my drm prcfujmf tc tmj`gajdk cr qudkaty spmjaiajdtacgs

faiimrmgt irce t`csm dppkamf tc ats cwg prcfujts― (MJ 8<<2q).



M] \ckajams dgf Jkustmr Fmvmkcpemgt ci @yfrcbmg Jceeugatams =<

• \acgmmragb rmbacgdk jkustmrs s`cukf mxj`dgbm agicredtacg, hmst prdjtajms dgf brcuptcbmt`mr icr jmrtdag djtavatams suj` ds ocagt prcjurmemgt. V`m M] as wmkk pkdjmf icrjccrfagdtagb suj` dg mxj`dgbm bavmg t`dt at as agvckvmf ag t`m OVA, `ds mstdhkas`mf@yXdE\ dgf mxpmrtasm ag jkustmr pckajy. Ds d rmsukt trdgsdjtacg jcsts wcukf fmjrmdsmicr t`m Murcpmdg rmbacgdk djtcrs.

V`m brcupagb dgf jccpmrdtacg ci rmbacgs dt M] kmvmk as agdseuj` ci brmdt aepcrtdgjm ds cgjmrmbacgs `dvm brcupmf tcbmt`mr t`my jdg brdfudkky hmjcem ecrm dgf ecrm agtmrjcggmjtmf.Vùs jceecg djtacg jdg yamkf edgaickf hmgmiats?

• Ocagt prcjurmemgt? d brcup ci rmbacgs jdg purj`dsm jmrtdag prcfujts tcbmt`mr. V`msuppkamr edy tùs rmdkazm mjcgceams ci sjdkm w`mrmds t`m rmbacgdk purj`dsmrs wakk bmtd kcwmr prajm icr t`m fmedgfmf prcfujt. Vàs dpprcdj` jdg dksc hm dkabgmf wat`

puhkaj purj`dsagb djtavatams icr prcfujts dt d prm-jceemrjadk stdbm.

• \rcfujmr-usmr gmtwcrns? Ai d prcfujmr suppkams d rmkdtavmky brmdt guehmr ci rmbacgswat` t`m sdem @IJ prcfujt s/`m wakk hmgmiat irce t`m immfhdjn ci usmrs ag faiimrmgtjceeugatams dgf bmcbrdpàjdk smttagbs. Ds d rmsukt `m jdg aeprcvm t`m prcfujt dgf

hmttmr rmspcgf tc edrnmt fmedgfs. V`m rmbacgdk usmrs ci t`m prcfujt jdg dksc hmgmiatirce suj` d gmtwcrn icr t`my jdg mxj`dgbm agicredtacg cg `cw tc hmst fmdk wat`tmj`gajdk prchkmes cr jcehagm t`m prcfujt wat` ct`mr dppkajdtacgs.

• Jccpmrdtacg decgb rmbacgs jdg kmdf tc d vdkudhkm mxj`dgbm cg `cw tc sjdkm up prcfujtacg dgf/cr dppkajdtacgs. D pkdticre ci rmbacgs suj` ds @yXdE\ edy kmdf tc d hmttmr ugfmrstdgfagb ci t`m sazm ci gaj`m edrnmts ag Murcpm dgf mgdhkm djtcrs tc tdnmwmkk agicremf agvmstemgt fmjasacgs.

• Agtmrjcggmjtmf agirdstrujturm? rmbacgs dgf memrbagb `yfrcbmg jceeugatams wakk `dvm

dg agtmrmst ag jcggmjtagb t`mar `yfrcbmg agirdstrujturm wat` t`csm ci ct`mr rmbacgsgmdrhy. Ds t`m guehmr ci `yfrcbmg iumkkagb stdtacg dgf t`m kmgbt` ci papmkagms brcws,t`m bmcbrdpàj rdgbm ci @IJ vmàjkms wakk agjrmdsm dgf t`m suppky ci `yfrcbmg wakk

hm favmrsaiamf. V`m ecrm `yfrcbmg jceeugatams hmjcem agtmrjcggmjtmf t`m ecrm@IJ dppkajdtacgs ds suj` wakk hmjcem dttrdjtavm.

Hmsafms cg rmsmdrj` cg t`m M]‑s rckm ds jccrfagdtcr, rmsmdrj` s`cukf dksc hm jcgfujtmf cg t`mMurcpmdg ]gacg ds d iagdgjadk idjakatdtcr. At jmrtdagky jdggct jcvmr t`m iukk iugfagb ci @IJfmvmkcpemgt. @cwmvmr, ag t`m mdrky stdbm ci edrnmt fmvmkcpemgt, iugfagb scurjms drm sjdrjmdgf M] agstruemgts jcukf t`mrmicrm hm ci brmdt aepcrtdgjm (Eùgtmr dgf Fcrdg 8<<2, V2.8).

• Hmycgf dgy spmjaiaj suppcrt sj`mem, t`m M] edy dksc fmvctm d s`drm ci iugfagb tc

@IJ ag rmbacgdkky icjussmf suppcrt sj`mems cg agtmkkabmgt mgmrby dgf mjc-aggcvdtacg(JA\) ds wmkk ds cg JC8 rmfujtacg ag huakfagbs vad J@\/@IJ. Zuj` icjus as prcpcsmftc iat agtc mxastagb prcbrdeems> at as gct hdsmf cg d tmj`gckcby dssmssemgt.

• At wakk hm ci brmdt aepcrtdgjm tc bmcbrdpàjdkky mgkdrbm t`m @IJ agirdstrujturm agMurcpm, ag pdrtajukdr ag vamw ci idjakatdtagb t`m uptdnm ci @IJ ag rcdf trdgspcrt. V`mM] edy t`mrmicrm smt up d prcbrde fmsabgmf ds pravdtm puhkaj pdrtgmrsàp tc jcggmjtrmbacgdk gmtwcrns suj` ds t`m memrbagb Zjdgfagdvadg cgm ag t`m pcst 8<4: pmracf.V`m M] iugfagb icr t`m pdrtgmrsàp jcukf icr mxdepkm pdrtky hm jcvmrmf hy t`m Vrdgs-Murcpmdg-Vrdgspcrt-Gmtwcrns (VMG-V) hufbmt ds wmkk ds hy strujturdk iugfs.

M] suppcrt s`cukf hm smmg ds dg aepcrtdgt jcgfatacg icr t`m fmvmkcpemgt ci @IJ jkustmrs ag

Murcpm. @cwmvmr, t`m suppcrt ci gdtacgdk dgf rmbacgdk dut`cratams as gmjmssdry tcc. Hmjdusmci t`m sustdagdhakaty faemgsacg, puhkaj pckajy as kmbataedtm tc icstmr suj` jkustmr fmvmkcpemgt



M] \ckajams dgf Jkustmr Fmvmkcpemgt ci @yfrcbmg Jceeugatams =4

dgf tc staeukdtm kmdf edrnmts. Ag jcgsafmragb tàs faemgsacg, kagndbm gmmfs tc hm edfm tc t`mkcgb-tmre ‛brmmgagb― ci t`m `yfrcbmg suppky (hmjdusm jurrmgt edguidjturm ci `yfrcbmg, kanmmkmjtrajaty, bavms rasm tc B@B dgf ct`mr meassacgs dt t`m pcagt ci prcfujtacg).

At jdg hm jcgjkufmf t`dt `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks wakk rmquarm d spmjadk suppcrt sj`mem ds wmkk

ds dg dkabgemgt ci ct`mr pckajams wàj` wm rmimr tc ds d ‐tàrf dpprcdj`‑. Vàs dpprcdj`s`cukf bc hmycgf trdfatacgdk suppcrt sj`mems wàj` drm mat`mr bmgmrdk suppcrt cr tmj`gckcbyspmjaiaj sj`mems. Ag dffatacg tc d idvcurdhkm pckajy irdemwcrn dgf tmj`gckcby spmjaiajsuppcrt, cur stufy ugfmrkagms at eust rmky cg d strcgb rmbacgdk faemgsacg. Ditmr 8<4<-8<4=w`mg fmecgstrdtacg prcomjts dgf OVA iugfagb wakk hm ruggagb cut, t`m rmbacgs wakk `dvm tciagf t`mar cwg wdys tcwdrfs jceemrjadkasdtacg. Ag tàs rmspmjt rmbacgdk agirdstrujturm dgfjkustmr pckajy wakk hm ci pdrdecugt aepcrtdgjm. Iurt`mr rmsmdrj` as, `cwmvmr, gmmfmf tc kmdrgecrm dhcut t`m rmbacgdk faemgsacg dgf tc hmttmr prmpdrm dgf suppcrt Murcpmdg rmbacgs cgt`mar wdy tcwdrfs d `yfrcbmg agjkusavm mjcgcey.

6.6 \rcpcsdks icr dg mg`dgjmf pckajy irdemwcrn

Djjcrfagb tc cur dgdkysas dg mg`dgjmf M] pckajy irdemwcrn pusàgb icr sustdagdhakaty agbmgmrdk dgf t`m fmvmkcpemgt ci `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks ag pdrtajukdr s`cukf emmt t`mickkcwagb nmy rmquarmemgts?

4. D strcgb M] mgmrby pckajy wat` jrmfahkm kcgb tmre tdrbmts? V`m Murcpmdgbcvmrgemgts `dvm bavmg t`mar jceeatemgts icr d strcgb rmfujtacg ag B@B. @cwmvmr,t`m aepkmemgtdtacg eust hm aeprcvmf dgf rmquarms dffatacgdk djtacg. Vàs aepkams icrmxdepkm àb`mr jdrhcg prajms t`dt smt jkmdr agvmstemgt sabgdks, àb`mr mgmrbymiiajamgjy rmquarmemgts dgf d ecrm dehatacus aepkmemgtdtacg ci rmgmwdhkm mgmrbytdrbmts dt gdtacgdk kmvmk. Ag dffatacg, tdrbmts icr t`m ymdrs 8<:<-8<6<-8<=< gmmf tc hmicreukdtmf dgf dkabgmf wat` t`m `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk fmpkcyemgt strdtmby (smm dksc

Odjchssmg/Hmrbmn, 8<<6, p. 06< cg t`m aepcrtdgjm ci kcgb taem sjdkms tc trdgsicre t`mmgmrby smjtcr). Xmsmdrj` wakk `dvm tc fc aepdjt dgdkysas cg d vdramty ci suj` tdrbmtsds wmkk ds cg t`mar iugjtacg icr fmpkcyemgt prcjmssms.

8. Dgdkysas cg hmttmr jccrfagdtacg ci M] pckajams? Murcpm gmmfs d jceecgugfmrstdgfagb ci nmy tdxdtacg jcgjmpts (brmmg tdxdtacg, agtmrgdkazdtacg cimxtmrgdkatams) dgf d jceecg dpprcdj` tcwdrfs t`m edrnmt agtrcfujtacg ci gmw mgmrbytmj`gckcbams. Vàs rmquarms ecrm `drecgasdtacg ci tdx systmes, jcfms dgf stdgfdrfs.@yfrcbmg jcukf icr d jmrtdag pmracf hm mxmeptmf irce dgy tdxdtacg tc prcectm atsfmvmkcpemgt. Ag t`m eaf tc kcgb rug w`mg edss edrnmts icr `yfrcbmg drm icreagb, atwakk `cwmvmr hmjcem rdtacgdk tc agjkufm `yfrcbmg ag dgy eagaeue tdxdtacg Farmjtavmcr tc rmicre tàs systme tdnagb agtc djjcugt t`m tctdk mxtmrgdk jcsts ci t`m kaim jyjkm ci

rmspmjtavm mgmrby prcfujts. @cwmvmr, pckajy jcgsastmgjy as ci brmdt aepcrtdgjm ag tàsrmspmjt. Ai `yfrcbmg utakasdtacg as mxmeptmf irce dgy tdxdtacg t`mg ats prcfujtacgs`cukf hm pdrt ci t`m MVZ. Kahmrdkazdtacg ci t`m bds dgf mkmjtrajaty edrnmts s`cukf hm

pursumf ag crfmr tc rmkdtavmky fmjrmdsm prajms dgf budrdgtmm edrnmt djjmss dksc tcsedkk prcfujmrs ci rmgmwdhkm mgmrby scurjms. Mgtrmprmgmurs dgf ZEMs ag `yfrcbmgdgf iumk jmkk smjtcr s`cukf bmt hmttmr djjmss tc iagdgjagb, icr mxdepkm t`rcub` dMurcpmdg trust iugf. V`m sustdagdhakaty aepdjt ci spmgfagb pckajams iurt`mrecrm gmmfstc hm agjrmdsmf? Zmttagb up d fastrahutacg agirdstrujturm icr `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkkswakk hm idjakatdtmf ai djtavm rmbacgs ag t`m iamkf ci `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks hmjcemmkabahkm icr t`m edag rmbacgdk iugfs.

:. Agirdstrujturm fmvmkcpemgt dgdkysas? Xmbacgs t`dt faspcsm ci strcgb jkustmrs ag

`yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkk rmkdtmf drmds jdg iurt`mr dfvdgjm t`m edrnmt agtrcfujtacg dgfmstdhkas` d iarst `yfrcbmg agirdstrujturm. Kdtmr cg t`m iarst memrbagb `yfrcbmg




jceeugatams jcukf hm agtmrjcggmjtmf tc jrmdtm d wafmr `yfrcbmg agirdstrujturm agMurcpm. V`m M] jdg suppcrt t`msm miicrts dgf pkdy d jccrfagdtagb rckm (smm j`dptmr6.:)> `cwmvmr tàs gmmfs tc hm prmpdrmf hy rmsmdrj`.

Kcgb tmre pckajams gmmf tc hm dfdptavm dgf cpmg tc tmj`gckcbajdk j`dgbm. Dktmrgdtavm

fmvmkcpemgts m.b. hdttmry tmj`gckcby drm jrujadk icr t`m pdttmrgs ci d `yfrcbmg agjkusavmmjcgcey (Kdrsmg dgf @ùomr, 8<<2> Edjdrac, 8<<2). Ag t`m s`crt dgf emfaue tmre ct`mrtmj`gckcbams edy wmkk hm ecrm prceasagb t`dg `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks. \kub-ag `yhraf jdrsdrm icr agstdgjm dkrmdfy jceemrjadkazmf ag Murcpm dgf Gcrt` Demrajd dgf drm mxpmjtmf tcàb`ky agjrmdsm t`mar edrnmt s`drm ag t`m jceagb fmjdfm (Ryedg, 8<<0) ‚ at as idr irce hmagbjkmdr `cw `yfrcbmg dgf iumk jmkks wakk pmricre ag jcepdrascg tc t`msm tmj`gckcbams. Ag t`mmgf, tàs jkmdrky pcagts cut t`m gmmf icr d ecrm ag fmpt`-rmsmdrj` cg d jceprm`mgsavm kcgbtmre pckajy irdemwcrn t`dt agfujms dgf mgdhkms sustdagdhkm mgmrby systmes dgf ct`mr mjc-aggcvdtacgs.



M] \ckajams dgf Jkustmr Fmvmkcpemgt ci @yfrcbmg Jceeugatams =:

Xmimrmgjms

Dgfmrsmg, E.Z./ Zprmgbmr, X.-]. (8<<<)? Edrnmt-Hdsmf Agstruemgts icr Mgvarcgemgtdk Edgdbmemgt, Gcrt`deptcg.

Dgfmrsmg, E. E.(8<<9)? Mjc-Aggcvdtacg Agfajdtcrs. Murcpmdg Mgvarcgemgt Dbmgjy, Jcpmg`dbmg,Imhrudry 8<<9.

Dgfmrscg, V,> Z. Z. Zmrbmr, O. Zùrvan dgf M. R. @dgsscg (8<<6), V`m Jkustmr \ckajams Ràtmhccn,Agtmrgdtacgdk Crbdgasdtacg icr Ngcwkmfbm Mjcgcey dgf Mgtmrprasm Fmvmkcpemgt (ANMF),`ttp?//www.ahmrpyemcgkagm.crb/Fcjuemgtcs/V`mJkustmr\ckajamsRàtmhccn.pfi (Zmm dksc www.anmf.crb).

Drtùr, R. Hradg (4101)? Jcepmtagb Vmj`gckcbams, Agjrmdsagb Xmturgs, dgf Kcjn-Ag hy @astcrajdkMvmgts, ag? Mjcgceaj Ocurgdk, Yck. 11, Gc. :16, pp. 449-4:4.

Ds`mae, H., dgf Bmrtkmr, E.Z., (8<<=), V`m Bmcbrdp`y ci Aggcvdtacg? Xmbacgdk Aggcvdtacg Zystmes,ag Idbmrhmrb, O., mt dk (8<<=), V`m Cxicrf @dgfhccn ci Aggcvdtacg, Cxicrf ]gavmrsaty \rmss.

Hd`g-Rdkncwadn, H. / Hkmasj`watz, X. mt dk. (8<<0)? Xmscurjm Miiajamgjy? Odpdg dgf Murcpm dt t`mIcrmircgt, Bmredg Imfmrdk Mgvarcgemgt Dbmgjy, icrt`jceagb.

Hmrbmn, D.> Edrnc @mnnmrt dgf Ztdiidg Odjchsscg (8<<2), Iugjtacgs ag aggcvdtacg systmes? Dirdemwcrn icr dgdkysagb mgmrby systme fygdeajs dgf afmgtaiyagb bcdks icr systme-huakfagb djtavatams

hy mgtrmprmgmurs dgf pckajy ednmrs. XAFM/AEAV Rcrnagb \dpmr Gc. 06689-<<0,www.j`dkemrs.sm/tem/MG/jmgtmrs/rafm

Hmrbmn, D., Odjchsscg, Z. Jdrksscg, H. Kagfedrn, Z dgf Xajngm, D (8<<0). Dgdkyzagb t`m iugjtacgdkfygdeajs ci tmj`gckcbajdk aggcvdtacg systmes? D sj`mem ci dgdkysas, Xmsmdrj` \ckajy :2 (8<<0) pp.6<2-681

Hkmasj`watz, X. / @mggajnm, \. (Mfs.) (8<<6)? Mjc-Miiajamgjy, Xmbukdtacg, dgf Zustdagdhkm Husagmss.Vcwdrfs d Bcvmrgdgjm Ztrujturm icr Zustdagdhkm Fmvmkcpemgt, Mfwdrf Mkbdr \uhkas`mr.

Hkmasj`watz, X./Iu`redgg, N. (8<<9)? Agtrcfujtacg agtc t`m spmjadk assum cg `yfrcbmg, ag? Mgmrby

\ckajy, :6, pp.488:-4889.

Hkmasj`watz, X. (Mf.) (8<<2)? Jcrpcrdtm Bcvmrgdgjm ci Zustdagdhakaty? D Jc-Mvckutacgdry Yamw cgXmscurjm Edgdbmemgt. Mfwdrf Mkbdr \uhkas`mr.

Hkcn, N. (8<<=)? Aeprcvagb mgmrby miiajamgjy hy = % dgf ecrm pmr ymdr3 Ag? Ocurgdk ci AgfustradkMjckcby, Yck. 0, Gc. 6, pp. 02 ‚ 11.

Hmubmksfaon E. / Maoiiagbmr, Z. (8<<=)? V`m Miimjtavmgmss ci Ztrujturdk \ckajy ag t`m M], ag? Ocurgdk ciJceecg Edrnmt Ztufams, Yck. 6:, Gc.4, pp. :2-=4.

Hckfrag, E. / Jdgcvd, I. (8<<4)? Agmqudkaty dgf Jcgvmrbmgjm ag Murcpm's Xmbacgs? XmjcgsafmragbMurcpmdg Xmbacgdk \ckajams, ag? Mjcgceaj \ckajy, Yck. 49, Gc.:8, pp.8<=-8=:.

Hrdnedg, Z./ Bdrrmtsmg, @./ Bcrtmr, O. mt dkaa (8<<=)? Gmw Mjcgceaj Bmcbrdp`y, Meparajs dgfXmbacgdk \ckajy, J\H Gmt`mrkdgfs Hurmdu ci \ckajy Dgdkysas, Zpmjadk \uhkajdtacg Gc. =9.

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Hrmsjà, Z., dgf Edkmrhd, I., (4112), ‛Zmjtcrdk Aggcvdtacg Zystmes? Vmj`gckcbajdk Xmbaems,Zjùepmtmradg Fygdeajs, dgf Zpdtadk Hcugfdrams,― ag Mfquast, J., (mf.) (4112), Zystmes ciAggcvdtacg? Vmj`gckcbams, Agstatutacgs dgf Crbdgazdtacgs, Kcgfcg? \agtmr.

Hragbmzu, Z./ Xdemsc`k, Z./Drgckf, Ndrag mt dkaa (8<<2)? R`dt wm ngcw dgf w`dt wm s`cukf ngcw.

Vcwdrfs d sustdagdhkm hacedss strdtmby. D Fasjussacg \dpmr ci t`m Ruppmrtdk Agstatutm, Gc. 49:.

Hragbmzu, Z. mt dk. (8<<2)? Gutzugbsncgnurrmgzmg hma Hacedssm ‚ Duswarnugbmg fmr vmrstærntmg Gutzugb vcg Hacedssm ae Mgmrbamhmrmaj` dui fam stciikaj`m Gutzugb ag fmr Hacedssm vmrdrhmatmgfmgAgfustram ugf fmrmg Rmtthmwmrhsiæàbnmat furj` stddtkaj` agfuzamrtm Iùrfmrprcbrdeem, Ztufam vcgRA/XRA iûr fds HERa, Mgfhmraj`t vce :<.44.8<<2.

Jdppmkmg, D./ Jdstmkkdjja, I./ Idbmrhmrb, O./ Ymrspdbmg, H. (8<<:)?, V`m Aepdjt ci M] XmbacgdkZuppcrt cg Brcwt` dgf Jcgvmrbmgjm ag t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg, ag? Ocurgdk ci Jceecg Edrnmt Ztufams,Yck. 64, Gc. 6, pp. 984-966.

Jdrkscg, H., dgf Ztdgnamwajz, X., (4114), ‛Cg t`m gdturm, iugjtacgs dgf jcepcsatacg ci tmj`gckcbajdk

systmes,― ag Ocurgdk ci Mvckutacgdry Mjcgceajs, 4, pp. 1:-440, Hmrkag? Zpragbmr.

Jdrrdrc, J./Mbbmg`cimr,J (Mfs) (8<<:), Iares, Bcvmrgemgt dgf Jkaedtm \ckajy. Agjmgtavm-Hdsmf\ckajams icr Kcgb-tmre Jkaedtm J`dgbm, Mfwdrf Mkbdr.

Jmgtrm icr Murcpmdg \ckajy Ztufams (4116), \ckajams icr Mgmrby Miiajamgjy. D Jcst-MiimjtavmDpprcdj` tc Mgvarcgemgtdk Jcgjmrgs, JM\Z Rcrnagb \drty Xmpcrt Gc. 4<.

J`mrgydvs‑nd, K./ Bukka, I./Kdgirdgjcga, J. (8<<2)? Mgmrby Vdxdtacg ag t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg? V`m@yfrcbmg Jdsm, prmsmgtdtacg dt t`m _mrc Xmbac Rcrns`cp ag Ecgtmjdtaga/Atdky cg 9 Gcvmehmr 8<<2,dvdakdhkm dt `ttp?//www.dfeag.zmrcrmbac.fm/JFXCE/mgbkasj`/44wcrns`cp/wcrs`cp8.`tek

J`mrgydvs‑nd, K./ Bukka, I./Kdgirdgjcga, J. (8<<2)? Mgmrby Vdxdtacg ag t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg? V`m@yfrcbmg Jdsm, prmsmgtdtacg dt t`m R@VJ/_mrc Xmbac Rcrns`cp ag Ecgtmjdtaga Vmrem, 9 Gcvmehmr8<<2, dvdakdhkm dt `ttp?//www.dfeag.zmrcrmbac.fm/JFXCE/mgbkasj`/44wcrns`cp/wcrns`cps/\49.pfi kdst djjmssmf cg 4: Edrj` 8<<0

Jcgvmry, I. (8<<9)? Murcpmdg Meassacgs Vrdfagb - D iarst dssmssemgt dgf t`m wdy d`mdf,Jceemgtdry hy Irdgn Jcgvmry, prmsmgtmf dt? Iuturm Murcpmdg J`dkkmgbms jcgimrmgjm, crbdgasmf hyt`m Vcyctd J`dar ci t`m Jckkmbm ci Murcpm, Hrubms dgf t`m Murcpmdg \ckajy Jmgtrm, 48 t` Odgudry8<<9, Jrcwg \kdzd @ctmk, Hrussmks.

Fdvaf, \. (410=)? Jkac dgf t`m Mjcgceajs ci TRMXVQ, Demrajdg Mjcgceaj Xmvamw, 8, pp. ::8-::2.

Jccnm, \., (8<<4), ‛Xmbacgdk Aggcvdtacg Zystmes, Jkustmrs, dgf t`m Ngcwkmfbm Mjcgcey,― agAgfustradk dgf Jcrpcrdtm J`dgbm, 4< (6), pp. 16=-26.

MJ (4112)? Jceeugajdtacg irce t`m Jceeassacg cg t`m prcpcsdk icr d Jcugjak Farmjtavm cgXmstrujturagb t`m Jceeugaty Irdemwcrn icr t`m Vdxdtacg ci Mgmrby \rcfujts, JCE(12):< iagdk,Hrussmks.

MJ (4112), Jceeugajdtacg irce t`m Jceeassacg, Mgmrby Icr t`m Iuturm? Xmgmwdhkm Zcurjms ciMgmrby, Ràtm \dpmr icr d Jceeugaty Ztrdtmby dgf Djtacg \kdg, JCE(12) =11 iagdk, Hrussmks.

MJ (4112), Jceeugajdtacg irce t`m Jceeassacg, Mgmrby Icr t`m Iuturm? Xmgmwdhkm Zcurjms ciMgmrby, Ràtm \dpmr icr d Jceeugaty Ztrdtmby dgf Djtacg \kdg, JCE(12) =11 iagdk, Hrussmks.

http://www.admin.zeroregio.de/CDROM/englisch/11workshop/worshop2.html


http://www.admin.zeroregio.de/CDROM/englisch/11workshop/workshops/P16.pdf

http://www.admin.zeroregio.de/CDROM/englisch/11workshop/workshops/P16.pdf




M] \ckajams dgf Jkustmr Fmvmkcpemgt ci @yfrcbmg Jceeugatams ==

MJ (8<<<), Brmmg \dpmr ‛Vcwdrfs d Murcpmdg strdtmby icr t`m smjuraty ci mgmrby suppky―,JCE(8<<<) 291.

MJ (8<<4), Farmjtavm 8<<4/22/MJ ci t`m Murcpmdg \drkademgt dgf ci t`m Jcugjak cg t`m prcectacg cimkmjtrajaty prcfujmf irce rmgmwdhkm mgmrby scurjms ag t`m agtmrgdk mkmjtrajaty edrnmt, 8<<4/22/MJ, K

80:/::-K80:/6<.

MJ (8<<:), Jcugjak farmjtavm ‛rmstrujturagb t`m Jceeugaty irdemwcrn icr t`m tdxdtacg ci mgmrby prcfujts dgf mkmjtrajaty―, 8<<:/19/MJ, K80:/=4-K80:/2<.

MJ (8<<:h), Farmjtavm ci t`m \drkademgt dgf t`m Jcugjak cg t`m prcectacg ci t`m usm ci haciumks crct`mr rmgmwdhkm iumks icr trdgspcrt, 8<<:/:</MJ, K 48:/68-K48:-69.

MJ (8<<:j), Rcrkf mgmrby, tmj`gckcby dgf jkaedtm pckajy cutkccn 8<:<, Hrussmks 8<<:.

MJ (8<<6), Mkmjtrajaty irce Xmgmwdhkm Mgmrby Zcurjms- Mgjcurdbagb brmmg mkmjtrajaty ag Murcpm,Murcpmdg Jceeassacg, FB VXMG, Hrussmks.

MJ (8<<6h), Jceeugajdtacg irce t`m Jceeassacg tc t`m Jcugjak dgf t`m Murcpmdg \drkademgt,Ztaeukdtagb Vmj`gckcbams icr Zustdagdhkm Fmvmkcpemgt? Dg Mgvarcgemgtdk Vmj`gckcbams Djtacg \kdgicr t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg, JCE(8<<6) :0 iagdk, Hrussmks.

MJ (8<<6j), Farmjtavm ci t`m Jcugjak dgf t`m Murcpmdg \drkademgt cg t`m prcectacg ci jcbmgmrdtacg hdsmf cg d usmiuk `mdt fmedgf ag t`m agtmrgdk mgmrby edrnmt, 8<<6/0/MJ, K=8/=<-K=8/9<.

MJ (8<<=), Farmjtavm ci t`m Murcpmdg \drkademgt dgf ci t`m Jcugjak mstdhkas`agb d irdemwcrn icr t`msmttagb ci mjcfmsabg rmquarmemgts icr mgmrby-usagb prcfujts, 8<<=/:8/MJ, CO K 414/81-K414/=0.

MJ (8<<=h), Brmmg \dpmr cg mgmrby miiajamgjy. Fcagb ecrm wat` kmss, JCE (8<<=) 89= iagdk,

Hrussmks.

MJ (8<<9), Jcugjak ci t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg, Xmvamwmf Zustdagdhkm Fmvmkcpemgt Ztrdtmby, 4<442/<9,Hrussmks, 1 Ougm 8<<9.

MJ FB Mgtmrprasm dgf Agfustry (gc ymdr, 8<<9 cr 8<<2), Iagdk rmpcrt ci t`m mxpmrt brcup cg mgtmrprasmjkustmrs dgf gmtwcrns, Hrusssmks.

MJ FB Mgtmrprasm dgf Agfustry Xmpcrt (gc ymdr, 8<<9 cr 8<<2), Aggcvdtacg Jkustmrs ag Murcpm? Dstdtastajdk dgdkysas dgf cvmrvamw ci jurrmgt pckajy suppcrt, Hrussmks.

MJ (8<<9h)? M] djtacg dbdagst jkaedtm j`dgbm- M] meassacgs trdfagb sj`mem, dg cpmg sj`mem

prcectagb bkchdk aggcvdtacg. Murcpmdg Jceeassacg, Hrussmks.

MJ (8<<9j)? Idjt Z`mmt Haciumks ag t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg? Dg Dbrajukturdk \mrspmjtavm, Ciiajm icrCiiajadk \uhkajdtacgs ci t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg, Kuxmehcurb.

MJ(8<<9f)? Jceeugajdtacg irce t`m Murcpmdg Jceeassacg- Djtacg \kdg icr Mgmrby Miiajamgjy?Xmdkasagb t`m \ctmgtadk, JCE(8<<9)=6= iagdk, Hrussmks.

MJ (8<<2d)? M] Mgmrby \ckajy Fdtd. Jceeassacg Ztdii Rcrnagb Fcjuemgt, Murcpmdg Jceeassacg,Hrussmks.

MJ (8<<2 h)? \rmss Xmkmdsm? Jceeassacg prcpcsms dg agtmbrdtmf mgmrby dgf jkaedtm j`dgbm pdjndbm

tc jut meassacgs icr t`m 84st Jmgtury, A\/<2/81, Hrussmks.




MJ (8<<2j)? Jceeugajdtacg irce t`m Jceeassacg? D Murcpmdg strdtmbaj mgmrby tmj`gckcby pkdg(ZMV-\kdg) ‚ 'Vcwdrfs d kcw jdrhcg iuturm', Hrussmks, 88 Gcvmehmr 8<<2, JCE(8<<2) 28: iagdk

MJ (8<<2f)? \rmss Xmkmdsm ‛Jkaedtm j`dgbm? M] cg trdjn tcwdrfs Nyctc tdrbmts hut miicrts eust hmedagtdagmf, prcomjtacgs s`cw―, A\/<2/4226, Gcvmehmr 82 8<<2, dvdakdhkm dt

`ttp?//murcpd.mu/rdpaf/prmssXmkmdsmsDjtacg.fc3rmimrmgjm5A\/<2/4226&icredt5@VEK&dbmf5<&kdgbudbm5MG&buaKdgbudbm5mg

MJ (8<<2m)? \rmsafmgjy Jcgjkusacgs, Hrussmks Murcpmdg Jcugjak 0/1 Edrj` 8<<2, 8 Edy 8<<2,2886/4/<2 XMY 4.

MJ (8<<2i)? Brmmg \dpmr cg edrnmt hdsmf agstruemgts icr mgvarcgemgt dgf rmkdtmf pckajy purpcsms,80 Edrj` 8<<2, JCE (8<<2) 46< iagdk.

MJ (8<<2b)? Jceeugaty irdemwcrn icr t`m tdxdtacg ci mgmrby prcfujts dgf mkmjtrajaty, dvdakdhkm dt`ttp?//murcpd.mu/sjdfpkus/kmb/mg/kvh/k82<41.`te kdst upfdtm 8< Imhrudry 8<<2.

MJ (8<<2`)? Jceeassacg stdii wcrnagb fcjuemgt. Djjcepdgyagb fcjuemgt tc t`m Jceeugajdtacgirce t`m Jceeassacg? D Murcpmdg Ztrdtmbaj Mgmrby Vmj`gckcby \kdg (ZMV-\kdg) ‚ Jdpdjatams Edp,88 Gcvmehmr 8<<2, JCE(8<<2) 28: iagdk.

MJ (8<<2a)? Xmpcrt irce t`m Jceeassacg ‚ Haciumks \rcbrmss Xmpcrt. Xmpcrt cg t`m \rcbrmss edfm agt`m usm ci haciumks dgf ct`mr rmgmwdhkm iumks ag t`m Emehmr Ztdtms ci t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg,JCE(8<<9) 06= iagdk.

MJ (8<<2o)? Farmjtavm ci t`m Murcpmdg \drkademgt dgf t`m Jcugjak jcgjmrgagb jceecg rukms icr t`magtmrgdk edrnmt ag mkmjtrajaty, 8<<:/=6/MJ, K429/:2-K429/==.

MJ (8<<2n)? Farmjtavm ci t`m Murcpmdg \drkademgt dgf t`m Jcugjak jcgjmrgagb jceecg rukms icr t`m

agtmrgdk edrnmt ag gdturdk bds, 8<<:/==/MJ, K49/26.

MJ (8<<2k)? Jceeugajdtacg irce t`m Jceeassacg? Agquary pursudgt tc drtajkm 42 ci rmbukdtacg (MJ) Gc 4/8<<: agtc t`m Murcpmdg bds dgf mkmjtrajaty smjtcrs (Iagdk Xmpcrt), JCE 8<<9(0=4) iagdk.

MJ (8<<2e), Cvmrvamws ci t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg Djtavatams? Xmbacgdk \ckajy, kdst upfdtmf agZmptmehmr 8<<2, dvdakdhkm dt `ttp?//murcpd.mu/pck/rmb/cvmrvamwSmg.`te djjmssmf cg 84 Odgudry 8<<0.

MJ (8<<2g), Murcstdt stdtastajdk ymdrhccn 8<<2, Kuxmehcurb, dvdakdhkm dt`ttp?//mpp.murcstdt.mj.murcpd.mu/jdj`m/AVQSCII\]H/NZ-DI-<2-<<4-<8/MG/NZ-DI-<2-<<4-<8-MG.\FI djjmssmf cg 84 Odgudry 8<<0.

MJ (8<<2c), Jceeassacg stdii wcrnagb fcjuemgt? Xmbacgs fmkavmragb aggcvdtacg t`rcub` jc`msacg pckajy, ZMJ(8<<2) 4=62, dvdakdhkm dt`ttp?//mj.murcpd.mu/rmbacgdkSpckajy/scurjms/fcjciiaj/wcrnagb/fcj/ZMJ-8<<2-4=62.pfi djjmssmf cg 8:Odgudry 8<<0.

MJ (8<<2p), \rmss Xmkmdsm? Haciumks? daf pmr `mjtdrm ci mgmrby jrcps rmfujmf ds t`m drmd mxjmmfs 8eakkacg `mjtdrms, 42 Cjtchmr 8<<2, A\/<2/4=80.

MJ (8<<2q), V`m eutudk rmjcbgatacg pragjapkm ag t`m sagbkm edrnmt, ag? Zjdfpkus - Dtavatams ci t`mMurcpmdg ]gacg. Zueedry ci kmbaskdtacg, kdst upfdtmf dt 9 Ougm 8<<2, dvdakdhkm dt`ttp?//murcpd.mu/sjdfpkus/kmb/mg/kvh/k84<<4h.`te kdst djjmssmf cg :< Ougm 8<<2.

MJ (8<<0), \rcpcsdk icr d Farmjtavm ci t`m Murcpmdg \drkademgt dgf t`m Murcpmdg Jcugjak cg t`m prcectacg ci t`m usm ci mgmrby irce rmgmwdhkm scurjms, JCE 8<<0(41) iagdk.

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http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-AF-07-001-02/EN/KS-AF-07-001-02-EN.PDF


http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/working/doc/SEC-2007-1547.pdf

http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l21001b.htm

http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l21001b.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/working/doc/SEC-2007-1547.pdf



http://europa.eu/pol/reg/overview_en.htm

http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l27019.htm






MJ (8<<0h), Jceeugajdtacg irce t`m Jceeassacg tc t`m Murcpmdg \drkademgt dgf t`m Jcugjak, t`mMurcpmdg Mjcgceaj dgf Zcjadk Jceeattmm dgf t`m Jceeattmm ci t`m Xmbacgs, 8< 8< hy 8<8<,Murcpm‑s jkaedtm j`dgbm cppcrtugaty, JCE 8<<0 (:<) iagdk.

Mjctmj Xmsmdrj` ag dsscjadtacg wat` JMZDE, JKE, ]gavmrsaty ci Bct`mghurb, ]JF dgf AMM\,

(8<<4)? ‐Ztufy cg Mgvarcgemgtdk Vdxms dgf J`drbms ag t`m M]‑,`ttp?//mj.murcpd.mu/mgvarcgemgt/mgvmjc/tdxdtacg/dggmx6.pfi

MMD (8<<=h)? Edrnmt Hdsmf Agstruemgts icr Mgvarcgemgtdk \ckajy ag Murcpm, MMD Vmj`gajdk Xmpcrt Gc 0/8<<=, Jcpmg`dbmg.

MMD (8<<9)? ]sagb t`m edrnmt icr jcst-miimjtavm mgvarcgemgtdk pckajy, Edrnmt-hdsmf agstruemgts agMurcpm, MMD Xmpcrt Gc 4/8<<9, Jcpmg`dbmg.

MMD (8<<0)? Brmmg`cusm Bds Meassacg \rcomjtacgs (JZA <44). Dssmssemgt puhkas`mf Imhrudry 8<<0,dvdakdhkm dt`ttp?//t`mems.mmd.murcpd.mu/AEZ/AEZ/AZpmjs/AZpmjaiajdtacg8<<64<<24:42<4/ADssmssemgt48<<180:2

1<=:/vamwSjcgtmgt djjmssmf cg 48 Edrj` 8<<0.

Mgfrms, D./C`k, J. (8<<=)? Nyctc, Murcpm3 - Dg mjcgceaj mvdkudtacg ci t`m Murcpmdg MeassacgVrdfagb Farmjtavm, ag ? Murcpmdg Ocurgdk ci Kdw dgf Mjcgceajs, 41, pp.42

Mgmrby Jcgsmrvdtacg Jmgtrm (8<<9), t`m Vcpruggmr \rcbrde. Fmvmkcpagb t`m wcrkf‑s hmst mgmrbymiiajamgt dppkadgjms, dvdakdhkm dt? `ttp?//www.mjjo.cr.op/tcpSruggmr/agfmx.`tek, djjmssmf cg 40Odgudry 8<<0.

MurChsmrv‑Mr (8<<2)? 2t` rmpcrt stdtm ci rmgmwdhkm mgmrbams ag Murcpm, dvdakdhkm dt?`ttp?//www.mgmrbams-rmgcuvmkdhkms.crb/chsmrv-mr/stdtShdrc/hdrchakdg/hdrchakdg2.pfi , djjmssmf cg 82Edrj` 8<<0.

Murcpm Aggcvd (8<<0)? R`dt as t`m rab`t strdtmby icr ecrm aggcvdtacg ag Murcpm3 Fravmrs dgfj`dkkmgbms icr aggcvdtacg pmricredgjm dt t`m smjtcr kmvmk. Zygt`msas Xmpcrt, Zystmedtaj AggcvdtacgRdtj` (ZAR), prmpdrmf hy Dgfrmds Xmagstdkkmr, Idhadg ]gtmrkdss, Dustradg Agstatutm icr MjcgceajXmsmdrj` (RAIC).

Iasj`mfajn, Edgirmf/ Dgfrmd Msnmg, @dgs-Ocj`mg Ku`edgg, Famtedr Zj`ûwmr, GanckdusZupmrshmrbmr? JC8-Jdpturm dgf Bmckcbajdk Ztcrdbm ds d Jkaedtm \ckajy Cptacg Vmj`gckcbams,Jcgjmpts, \mrspmjtavms, Ruppmrtdk 8<<2 (Ruppmrtdk Zpmzadk gc. :=).

Ircgfmk, E., / \mtmrs, O. (8<<2)? Hacfamsmk? D Gmw Cakfcrdfc3 Mgmrby \ckajy, :=, 492=-4906.

Bcfircao, \mr/ Omggagbd, @dre/Xcs, Emggc/Hugzmjn, Agbc (8<<2)? Mdrky edrnmts icr `yfrcbmgvm`ajkms. Hrafbagb t`m bdp hmtwmmg X&F dgf jceemrjadkasdtacg, Mgmrby Jmgtmr ci t`m Gmt`mrkdgfs,\mttmg 8<<2, dvdakdhkm dt `ttp?//www.mjg.gk/fcjs/kahrdry/rmpcrt/8<<2/e<2<64.pfi djjmssmf cg :<Odgudry 8<<0.

Bruhh, E./ ]kp`, F., (8<<8)? Mgmrby, t`m mgvarcgemgt, dgf aggcvdtacg. Cxicrf Xmvamw ci Mjcgceaj\ckajy 40 (4), 18-4<9.

@dssmkngappm, @./ J`rastadgsmg, D. (8<<:)? Mgmrby Vdxdtacg ag Murcpm, Jurrmgt Ztdtus- Fravmrs dgfHdrramrs- Iuturm \rcspmjts, Iraftoci Gdgsmgs Agstatutm, Kysdnmr.

@maedg, E., Zckcecg, H., 8<<2. Iumkagb ].Z. trdgspcrt. V`m @yfrcbmg mjcgcey dgf ats dktmrgdtavms,Mgvarcgemgt, 61, 4==-99.

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http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/barobilan/barobilan7.pdf

http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2007/m07041.pdf

http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2007/m07041.pdf

http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/barobilan/barobilan7.pdf






@mnnmrt, E.\., mt dk. (8<<9), ‛Iugjtacgs ci aggcvdtacg systmes? D gmw dpprcdj` icr dgdkys-agbtmj`gckcbajdk j`dgbm,― ag Vmj`gckcbajdk Icrmjdstagb & Zcjadk J`dgbm, Mksmvamr.

@mrragb, @. (8<<9d)? Mgmrby Miiajamgjy ‚ d jratajdk vamw, Mgmrby, :4(4)? 4<-8<.

@mrragb, @. (8<<9h)? Jcgircgtagb Omvcgs‑ \drdfcx? Fcms prcectagb mgmrby miiajamgjy sdvm mgmrby3,ADMM gmwskmttmr Icurt` Tudrtmr 8<<9, pp. 46-4=.

@cusm ci Jceecgs, Mgvarcgemgtdk Dufat Jceeattmm (8<<0), Drm haciumks sustdagdhkm3 Iarst Xmpcrtci Zmssacg 8<<2-<0, Yckuem A, Kcgfcg.

Agtmrgdtacgdk Mgmrby Dbmgjy (4102), Mgmrby Jcgsmrvdtacg ag AMD Jcugtrams, CMJF/AMD, \dras.

Agtmrgdtacgdk Mgmrby Dbmgjy (8<<2), Mgmrby ]sm ag t`m Gmw Eakkmgaue - Vrmgfs ag AMD jcugtrams,CMJF/AMD, \dras.

Z. Ascdrf, D. Zcrad (8<<4)? Vmj`gajdk J`dgbm Fygdeajs? Mvafmgjm irce t`m Memrbagb Xmgmwdhkm

Mgmrby Vmj`gckcbams. Mgmrby Mjcgceajs, Yck. 8:, Gc. 9 pp. 941-9:9.

Odjchsscg, Z., dgf Hmrbmn, D., mt dk. (8<<6), ‛Vrdgsicreagb t`m mgmrby smjtcr, t`m mvckutacg citmj`gckcbajdk systmes ag rmgmwdhkm mgmrby tmj`gckcby,― ag Agfustradk dgf Jcrpcrdtm J`dgbm, vck. 4:,gc. =, pp. 04=-061

Kdrdgod, E, ]ydrrd, M. dgf Ikdgdbdg, N. (8<<0)? \ckajams icr sjamgjm, tmj`gckcby dgf aggcvdtacg?Vrdgskdtagb rdtacgdkms agtc rmbacgdk pckajams ag d eukta-kmvmk smttagb, Xmsmdrj` \ckajy, Ag prmss

Kdrsmg, N., @ùomr, E., 8<<2. Vmj`gckcbajdk aggcvdtacg dgf trdgsicredtacg pmrspmjtavms agmgvarcgemgtdk iuturms stufams icr trdgspcrt dgf echakaty. Agtmrgdtacgdk Ocurgdk ci Icrmsab`t dgfAggcvdtacg \ckajy :, 1=-44=.

Kmj`tmghù`emr, Z. mt dk. (8<<=)? Vdrbmt 8<8<. \ckajams dgf Emdsurms tc rmfujm B@B meassacgs ag t`mM]. D RA rmpcrt cg hm`dki ci RRI, Ruppmrtdk Agstatutm.

Kugfvdkk, Hmgbt-Ínm dgf Hcrräs, Zusdgd (4112)? V`m Bkchdkasagb Kmdrgagb Mjcgcey? Aepkajdtacgsicr Aggcvdtacg \ckajy, FB PAA, Jceeassacg ci t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg

Edjdrac, X., 8<<2. Mgmrby trdgsatacgs ag trdgspcrtdtacg? as at d tmj`gckcby cr d pckajy-fravmg prcjmss,ag? Z`miiamkf, O.R., Z`miiamkf, J. (Mfs.), Dssmssemgt ci `yfrcbmg mgmrby icr sustdagdhkm fmvmkcpemgt,Zpragbmr, Fcrfrmj`t, pp. 0: - 19.

Edkmrhd, I., (8<<8), ‛Zmjtcrdk systmes ci Aggcvdtacg dgf \rcfujtacg,― ag Xmsmdrj` \ckajy :4, pp.862-

96

Edgs, \amtmr, Ikccrtom Dknmedfm, Vmssd vdg fmr Ydkn, Edrnc \. @mnnmrt (8<<0), As jkustmr pck-ajyusmiuk icr t`m mgmrby smjtcr3 Dssmssagb smki-fmjkdrmf `yfrcbmg jkustmrs ag t`m Gmt`mrkdgfs, Mgmrby\ckajy, Yck. :9, Gc 6, pp4:2=-4:0=

EjNagsmy dgf MJCIQZ (8<<9)? M] MVZ Xmvamw - Xmpcrt cg Agtmrgdtacgdk Jcepmtatavmgmss,Hrussmks.

Emtjdkim, O. Z. (4110)? Mvckutacgdry Mjcgceajs dgf Jrmdtavm Fmstrujtacg, Kcgfcg, Xcutkmfbm.

Emtjdkim, O. Z. (8<<:)? Mquakahraue dgf Mvckutacgdry Icugfdtacgs ci Jcepmtatacg dgf Vmj`gckcby

\ckajy? Gmw \mrspmjtavm cg t`m Favasacg ci Kdhcur dgf t`m Aggcvdtacg \rcjmss, ag? \mkandg, \. /

http://www.elsevier.com/homepage/sae/econworld/econbase/eneeco/frame.htm







Rmbgmr, B. (Mfs.)? V`m Mvckutacgdry Dgdkysas ci Mjcgceaj \ckajy, J`mktmg`de/Gcrt`deptcg,Mfwdrf Mkbdr, pp. 498‚ 41<.

Eafttug, D.> Dggm-Kcuasm Ncmicmf (8<<=), Brmmg Aggcvdtacg ag Gcrfaj Mgmrby Agfustry? Zys-tmeajJcgtmxts dgf Fygdeaj Vrdomjtcrams. Ag Edttàds Rmhmr & Omgs @meemksndep, Vc-wdrfs

Mgvarcgemgtdk Aggcvdtacg Zystmes, Zpragbmr Ymrkdb, 8<<=.

Eùgtmr, E./ Fcrdg, \.(8<<2)? Iadgdgjagb dgf Husagmss Fmvmkcpemgt, Xcdfs8@yJce Rcrn \djn 2,Vdsn 2.8.

Gmkscg, X. Xcss (4111)? Agtrcfujtacg tc Bmcbrdpàj Fdtd Dgdkysas.

Gcrhmrb-Hcè, Y., (8<<<)? Jrmdtagb Agjmgtavms icr Mgvarcgemgtdkky Mg`dgjagb Vmj`gckcbajdkJ`dgbm? Kmsscgs irce :< Qmdrs ci ].Z. Mgmrby Vmj`gckcby \ckajy, Vmj`gckcbajdk Icrmjdstagb dgfZcjadk J`dgbm, 9= (8), 48=-460.

\dtzmn, V. R. (8<<2)? D Iarst V`mrecfygdeaj Dgdkysas ci V`m Jcrg Mt`dgck Jyjkm, ag? Gdturdk

Xmscurjms Xmsmdrj`, Yck. 4=, Gc. 6, 8<<2.

\mknedgs, O. (8<<9)? Murcpmdg Agtmbrdtacg? Emt`cfs dgf Mjcgceaj Dgdkysas, @drkcw, \mdrscg.

\mknedgs, O. (8<<2)? @cw Zcjadk as Murcpmdg Agtmbrdtacg3 Jckkmbm ci Murcpm, HMM\ 40, Hrubms.

\mrrag, O.> Xchmrt Ztmaghmrbmr-Rakjnmgs dgf Zùrmg J`rastadg Vrûepmr (mfs.), Fmkavmrdhkm 8.4 dgf 8.4d‛Murcpmdg @yfrcbmg Agirdstrujturm Dtkds― dgf ‛Agfustradk Mxjmss @yfrcbmg Dgdkysas―\drt AAA?Agfustradk fastrahutacg agirdstrujturm, \KDGMV BhX, Ckfmghurb, Bmr-edgy, Fcjuemgt Guehmr?X8@8<<2\].4 : Ouky 8<<2. `ttp?//www.rajdrfc.jce/rcdfs8`yjce/puhSfcwgkcdf.dsp3\dbmAgfmx54

Xdemsc`k, Z. (8<<2)? Mgmrby+? D \uhkaj‚\ravdtm Edrnmt Vrdgsicredtacg icr @cusm`ckf Dppkadgjms,

ag? Hkmasj`watz, X. (Mf)? Jcrpcrdtm Bcvmrgdgjm Ci Zustdagdhakaty. D Jc-Mvckutacgdry Yamw cgXmscurjm Edgdbmemgt, Mfwdrf Mkbdr, pp. 48<-481.

Xdemsc`k (8<<2), ‛\rcNkaed? Iugfagb icr kcjdk jkaedtm prctmjtacg, ag Hkmasj`watz, X. (Mf.)?Jcrpcrdtm Bcvmrgdgjm ci Zustdagdhakaty? D Jc-Mvckutacgdry Yamw cg Xmscurjm Edgdbmemgt. MfwdrfMkbdr \uhkas`mr, pp. 4<= ‚ 449.

Xcs, E. M./Rmmfd E./Ommgagbd @. (8<<2)? Zgdps`cts ci `yfrcbmg uptdnm ag t`m iuturm ‚ Djcepdrascg stufy, MJG-A-2.224<, dvdakdhkm dt `ttp?//www.rcdfs8`y.jce/puhSfcwgkcdf.dsp kdstdjjmssmf cg 4: Edrj` 8<<0.

Z`dpcura, @.> Fuiiamkf, O> EjDkccg D.> Rdgb, E. (8<<6)? V`m 8<<4 gmt mgmrby hdkdgjm ci jcrg

mt`dgck, Xmprct ci t`m ].Z. Fmpdrtemgt ci Mgmrby, dvdakdhkm dt?`ttp?//www.gjbd.jce/mt`dgck/pfis/Z`dpcuraMgmrbyHdkdgjm8<<6.pfi , djjmssmf dt 46 Odgudry 8<<2.

Z`dw, Z. dgf \dckd Edzzujj`mkka (8<<2d), Xmsukts irce jdkk icr jceeugaty rmbastrdtacg ci agtmrmst?Edppagb dgdkysas ci pctmgtadk `yfrcbmg jceeugatams ag Murcpm, Ocagt Xmsmdrj` Jmg-trm ‚ Agstatutm icrMgmrby, Fcjuemgt Guehmr? X8@:<44\].4, Zmptmehmr 8<<2.

Z`dw, Z. dgf \dckd Edzzujj`mkka (8<<2h), \rciakagb ci `yfrcbmg jceeugatams ag Murcpm? Dirdemwcrn icr smki mvdkudtacg & dfvajm cg sujjmss idjtcrs, Ocagt Xmsmdrj` Jmgtrm ‚ Agstatutm icrMgmrby, Fcjuemgt Guehmr? X8@:<4<\].8> Fmjmehmr 8<<2.

Zckkvmk, C., Kagfqvast, B., Nmtmkms, J. (8<<:), V`m Jkustmr Agatadtavm Brmmghccn, V`m bkchdk jkustmr

agatadtavm survmy (BJAZ).

http://www.ricardo.com/roads2hycom/pub_download.asp?PageIndex=1

http://www.roads2hy.com/pub_download.asp

http://www.ncga.com/ethanol/pdfs/ShapouriEnergyBalance2004.pdf

http://www.ncga.com/ethanol/pdfs/ShapouriEnergyBalance2004.pdf

http://www.roads2hy.com/pub_download.asp





Zcrrmk, Z. (8<<6), ]gfmrstdgfagb Hdrramrs tc Mgmrby Miiajamgjy, ag? Zcrrmk, Ztmvm mt dk. (mf.), V`mMjcgceajs ci Mgmrby Miiajamgjy. Hdrramrs tc Jcst-Miimjtavm Agvmstemgt, J`mktmg`de.

Ztmaghmrbmr-Rakjnmgs, X.> Zùrmg J`rastadg Vrûepmr (mfs.) (8<<2d), Edppagb ci mxastagb Murcpmdg@yfrcbmg Fmecgstrdtacg Zatms, \KDGMV BhX, Ckfmghurb, Bmredgy, Fcjuemgt Guehmr?

X8@8<<=\].4, 41 Dprak 8<<2`ttp?//www.rajdrfc.jce/rcdfs8`yjce/puhSfcwgkcdf.dsp3\dbmAgfmx54

Ztmaghmrbmr-Rakjnmgs, X.> Zùrmg J`rastadg Vrûepmr (mfs.) (8<<2h), FMKAYMXDHKM 8.4 DGF 8.4d‛Murcpmdg @yfrcbmg Agirdstrujturm Dtkds― dgf ‛Agfustradk Mxjmss @yfrcbmg Dgdkysas― MxmjutavmZueedry ci \drt A, AA, AAA> \KDGMV BhX, Ckfmghurb, Bmredgy> Fcju-emgt Guehmr? X8@8<<6\].4>: Ouky 8<<2 `ttp?//www.rajdrfc.jce/rcdfs8`yjce/puhSfcwgkcdf.dsp3\dbmAgfmx54

Ztmrg, G. (8<<9)? V`m Mjcgceajs ci Jkaedtm J`dgbm? V`m Ztmrg Xmvamw, Jdhagmt Ciiajm - @EVrmdsury, Jdehrafbm ]gavmrsaty \rmss.

]gru`, Brmbcry J. dgf Jdrrakkc-@mrecsakkd, Odvamr (8<<9)? Bkchdkazagb jdrhcg kcjn-ag, Mgmrby \ckajy,

vck. :6, pp. 440=-4412.

]gatmf Gdtacgs (8<<2)? Zustdagdhkm Hacmgmrby- D Irdemwcrn icr Fmjasacg Ednmrs, ]gatmf GdtacgsMgmrby Favasacg.

Rdknmr, R. (8<<<)? Mgtrdpemgt ag Kdrbm Vmj`gckcbajdk Zystmes. Agstatutacgdk jceeatemgt dgf\cwmr Xmkdtacgs‑, ag? Xmsmdrj` \ckajy, 81, pp. 0::-069.

Ramtsj`mk, Edrtag> @dsmgdumr, ]kranm dgf fm Brcct, Drmgf (8<<9)? Fmvmkcpemgt ci Murcpmdg`yfrcbmg agirdstrujturm sjmgdrac JC8-rmfujtacg pctmgtadk dgf agirdstrujturm agvmstemgt, Mgmrby\ckajy, vck. :6, assum 44, Ouky 8<<9 (@yfrcbmg Zpmjadk Assum), pp. 4806-10).

Rmazsæjnmr, M. ]. (8<<2)? D Kcgb-Vmre Jdrhcg \rajm Xmbaem, jcgtrahutacg tc? Jcck t`m Mdrt`, AfmdsJcgtmst, crbdgazmf hy Mjc Husagmss Jrmdtacg Crbdgazdtacg (ugpuhkas`mf fcjuemgt).

Ryedg, C., 8<<0. 8<4= jdr aggcvdtacg. Aggcvdtacgsedgdbmemgt ag fmr Dutcechakagfustram, EEJ.







Kast ci ‐Hrubms Murcpmdg Mjcgceaj Xmsmdrj` \dpmrs‑ (HMMX)

HMMX pdpmr g¼ 46 (Fmjmehmr 8<<0)

M] \ckajams dgf Jkustmr Fmvmkcpemgt ci @yfrcbmg Jceeugatams hy Xdaeugf Hkmasj`watz, Ganckds

Hdfmr, Dggm Gybddrf Edfsmg dgf \mr Fdggmedgf Dgfmrsmg

HMMX pdpmr g¼ 4: (Dprak 8<<0)

Mjcgceaj Dpprcdj`ms ci t`m Agtmrgdk Edrnmt, hy Odjqums \mknedgs.

HMMX pdpmr g¼ 48 (Edrj` 8<<0)

Jdrtmks? t`m \rchdhakaty ci Bmttagb Jdub`t ag t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg, hy Meedgumk Jcehm, Jcgstdgjm

Ecggamr dgf Xmgduf Kmbdk.

HMMX pdpmr g¼ 44 (Ougm 8<<2)

Xmbacgdk Husagmss Jyjkm Zygj`rcgazdtacg ag Murcpm3, hy Kcurfms Djmfc Ecgtcyd dgf Odnch fm

@ddg.

HMMX pdpmr g¼ 4< (Edrj` 8<<2)

Ideaky Vypms dgf t`m \mrsastmgjm ci Xmbacgdk Faspdratams ag Murcpm, hy Bakkms Furdgtcg, Dgfrás

Xcfråbumz-\csm dgf Xaj`drf Zdgfdkk.

HMMX pdpmr g¼ 1 (Imhrudry 8<<2)

Dgdkysagb t`m Jcgtrahutacg ci Husagmss Zmrvajms tc Murcpmdg Mjcgceaj Brcwt`, hy @mgn Ncx dgf

Kuas Xuhdkjdhd.

HMMX pdpmr g¼ 0 (Gcvmehmr 8<<9)

V`m Fmtmreagdgts ci Jcugtry Xasn ag Mdstmrg Murcpmdg Jcugtrams. Mvafmgjm irce Zcvmrmabg Hcgf

Zprmdfs, hy Narak Ztrdàkcv.


Xmbacgdk husagmss jyjkms dgf t`m memrbmgjm ci s`mktmrmf mjcgceams ag t`m scut`mrg pmrap`mry ci

Murcpm hy Dgfrás Xcfråbumz-\csm dgf ]bc Irdtmsa.


V`m 8<<= Xmicre ci t`m Ztdhakaty dgf Brcwt` \djt? Vcc Kattkm, Vcc Kdtm3 , hy Iacrmkkd Ncstcras \dfcd

Zjàcppd.

HMMX pdpmr g¼ = (Cjtchmr 8<<9)

X&F, Zpakkcvmrs, Aggcvdtacg Zystmes dgf t`m Bmgmsas ci Xmbacgdk Brcwt` ag Murcpm, hy Dgfrás

Xcfråbumz-\csm dgf Xajjdrfc Jrmsjmgza.

HMMX pdpmr g¼ 6 (Ouky 8<<9)

Eaxmf \uhkaj-\ravdtm Mgtmrprasms ag Murcpm? Mjcgceaj V`mcry dgf dg Meparajdk Dgdkysas ci AtdkadgRdtmr ]takatams, hy Dkmssdgfrc Edrrd.

HMMX pdpmr g¼ : (Gcvmehmr 8<<=)

Xmbacgdk Rdbm Dgf Mepkcyemgt Xmspcgsms Vc Edrnmt \ctmgtadk Ag V`m M], hy Nmat` @mdf &

Vàmrry Edymr.

HMMX pdpmr g¼ 8 (Edy 8<<=)

Vmj`gckcby faiiusacg, smrvajms dgf mgfcbmgcus brcwt` ag Murcpm. As t`m Kashcg Ztrdtmby stakk dkavm3,

hy \dckc Bumrramra , Hmrgdrfc Edbba , Ydkmgtagd Emkajadga & \amr Jdrkc \dfcdg.


Mfujdtacg, Eabrdtacg, Dgf Och Zdtasidjtacg? V`m Xmbacgdk Xmturgs Ci @uedg Jdpatdk Ag V`m M], hyDgfrás Xcfråbumz-\csm & Ecgtsmrrdt Yakdktd-Huiå.

http://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER14.pdf











http://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER5B.pdf











http://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER5B.pdf














Kast ci ‐Hrubms Murcpmdg Mjcgceaj \ckajy hramiagbs‑ (HMM\)

HMM\ hramiagb g¼ 41 (Zmptmehmr 8<<0)

V`m \ckajy Irdemwcrn icr t`m \rcectacg ci @yfrcbmg dgf Iumk Jmkks ag Murcpm, D Jratajdk

Dssmssemgt, hy Xdaeugf Hkmasj`watz dgf Ganckds Hdfmr


@cw Zcjadk as Murcpmdg Agtmbrdtacg3, hy Odjqums \mknedgs.


V`m Zustdagdhakaty Aepdjt ci t`m M] Meassacgs Vrdfagb Zystme cg t`m Murcpmdg Agfustry, hy

Xdaeugf Hkmasj`watz, Ndtrag Iu`redgg dgf Mkads @uj`kmr.

HMM\ hramiagb g¼ 49 (Edrj` 8<<2)

Zmrvajms ag Murcpmdg \ckajams, hy Kuas Xuhdkjdhd.

HMM\ hramiagb g¼ 4= (Ouky 8<<9)

Murcpmdg Agfustradk \ckajy, hy Odjqums \mknedgs.

HMM\ hramiagb g¼ 46 (Edrj` 8<<9)@ds t`m Murcpmdg AJV Zmjtcr d J`dgjm tc hm Jcepmtatavm3 hy Bcfmircy Fdgb Gbuymg & J`rastdg

Bmgt`cg.

HMM\ hramiagb g¼ 4: (Imhrudry 8<<9)

Vmstagb icr Zuhsafadraty, hy Odjqums \mknedgs

HMM\ hramiagb g¼ 48 (Gcvmehmr 8<<=)

Kd bmstacg fm kd trdgsatacg vmrs kd ecggdam ugaqum mt k‑átdhkassmemgt fm kd jráfahakatá fm k‑murc, hy

Omdg-Jkdufm Vraj`mt.

HMM\ hramiagb g¼ 44 (Zmptmehmr 8<<=)Fcms t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg Jrmdtm t`m Icugfdtacgs ci dg Agicredtacg Zcjamty icr dkk3, hy Bcfmircy

Fdgb Gbuymg & Edram Ockkàs.

HMM\ hramiagb g¼ 4< (Odgudry 8<<=)

D ‐Vrapkm-A‑ Ztrdtmby icr t`m Iuturm ci Murcpm, hy Xdaeugf Hkmasj`watz.

./..

HMM\ hramiagb g¼ 1 (Fmjmehmr 8<<6)

V`m Vurnas` Hdgnagb Zmjtcr, J`dkkmgbms dgf Cutkccn ag Vrdgsatacg tc M] Emehmrs`ap, hy Dkirmf

Ztmag`mrr, Dka Vunmk & Eurdt ]jmr.

HMM\ hramiagb g¼ 0 (Cjtchmr 8<<6)V`m Mjcgceajs ci M] Xdakwdy Xmicre, hy Odjqums \mknedgs & Kcras fa \amtrdgtcgac.

HMM\ hramiagb g¼ 2 (Ougm 8<<6)

Zustdagdhkm Fmvmkcpemgt dgf Jckkmjtavm Kmdrgagb? V`mcry dgf d Murcpmdg Jdsm Ztufy, hy Xdaeugf

Hkmasj`watz, Eaj`dmk Kdtsj` & Nrastadg Zgcrrm Dgfmrsmg

HMM\ hramiagb g¼ 9 (Odgudry 8<<6)

Jdg Murcpm Fmkavmr Brcwt`3 V`m Zdpar Xmpcrt dgf Hmycgf , hy Odjqums \mknedgs & Omdg-\amrrm

Jdsmy.

HMM\ hramiagb g¼ = (Dprak 8<<:)

Miiajamgt Vdxdtacg ci Eukta-Gdtacgdk Mgtmrprasms ag t`m Murcpmdg ]gacg, hy Ztmidgc Eajcssa, \dckd\drdsjdgfckd & Hdrhdrd Vrahmrta.

http://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP19.pdf


































Kast ci ‐Hrubms Murcpmdg Mjcgceaj \ckajy hramiagbs‑ (HMM\)

HMM\ hramiagb g¼ 6 (Dprak 8<<:)

M] Mgkdrbmemgt? Mxtmrgdk Mjcgceaj Aepkajdtacgs, hy Odjqums \mknedgs & Omdg-\amrrm Jdsmy.

HMM\ hramiagb g¼ : (Edrj` 8<<:)

Eutudk Xmjcbgatacg, ]gmepkcyemgt dgf t`m Rmkidrm Ztdtm, hy Iacrmkkd Ncstcras \dfcd Zj`acppd.

HMM\ hramiagb g¼ 8 (Fmjmehmr 8<<8)

Eutudk Xmjcbgatacg ag Bccfs dgf Zmrvajms? dg Mjcgceaj \mrspmjtavm, hy Odjqums \mknedgs.

HMM\ hramiagb g¼ 4 (Cjtchmr 8<<8)

Mjcgceaj Aepkajdtacgs ci Mgkdrbmemgt, hy Odjqums \mknedgs.









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