Chapter 17 European Renaissance and Reformation. What can you learn from art?
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Transcript of Chapter 17 European Renaissance and Reformation. What can you learn from art?
What can you learn from art?
Italy: Birthplace of the RenaissanceMiddle Ages had war and suffering from the
plagueChurch taught Christians to endure
suffering while awaiting reward in heavenPeople began to question
Italy: Birthplace of the RenaissanceItaly’s Advantages
Renaissance – explosion of creativity in art, writing and thought that lasted from 1300 to 1600
Wanted a return to classical Greek and Roman eraNew styles of art, literature and valuesSpread from Italy throughout Europe3 reasons for Renaissance in Italy
1. Thriving cities – trade from crusades and higher wages from fewer workers
2. Wealthy merchant class – merchants dominated politics through merit, not birth, individual achievement became important Medici family (banking)
3. Greek and Roman heritage
Italy: Birthplace of the RenaissanceHumanism – focused on human potential
and achievements and didn’t link thoughts to church teachingsHistory, literature and philosophy studiedCan enjoy life without offending God (goods,
food, clothing and music)Secular – worldly rather than spiritual and
concerned with the here and nowSome church leaders live in mansions and
wore lavish clothesPatrons – financially support artists
Italy: Birthplace of the RenaissanceRenaissance man – excelled in many fields
and studied many subjects (charming, witty, dance, sing, play music, well read, and write poetry)
Renaissance woman – well educated but not to seek fame, inspire, but not create art, not involved in politics
Italy: Birthplace of the RenaissanceArt
Perspective – three dimensions on a flat surface
Realistic paintings and sculpturesLeonardo Da Vinci – painter, sculptor,
inventor and scientistMona Lisa and The Last Supper
WritersVernacular – native language instead of LatinWrote about self-expression or individuality
Italy: Birthplace of the RenaissanceWriters
Vernacular – native language instead of LatinWrote about self-expression or individuality
The Northern RenaissanceBy 1450 population was growing again in
EuropeMerchant class grew and ideas spread to
Northern Italy and elsewhereWar in Italy forced writers and artists to
move north into EuropeArtists focused on realism in the northFlanders has many artists who paint with
oil and make clothing and jewelry
The Northern RenaissanceWriters were humanists and critical of the
church not inspiring people.They promoted education for all even
though girls were shortchangedErasmus wrote of Christianity of the heart
not of ceremonies and rules.Thomas More, Utopia, an ideal place with
no war, corruption or greed
The Northern RenaissanceElizabethan Age
Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603)Spoke 5 languagesWrote poetry and music while promoting the
artsWilliam Shakespeare
Greatest playwright of all timeGreat use of language and emotionHamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King
Lear and A Midsummer Night’s Dream
The Northern RenaissancePrinting press by Johann Gutenberg spreads
ideas (1444) and Bible (1455)More info. available cheapIncreased desire for learning and literacyPublished accounts of new discoveries and
mapsPublished legal proceedings and laws
Renaissance idea of dignity of the individual gave rise to democratic ideals as people began to question society
Luther Leads the ReformationBy 10th century Catholic church dominates
life in N and W EuropePeople began criticizing church practicesChurch authority was challengedPrinting press helped spread ideas negative
to the churchChart on page 488Criticisms included: corruption, lavish
spending, infidelity, poorly educated priests, marrying, drinking and gambling
Luther Leads the ReformationMartin Luther was a monk and a teacher
who wanted to be a good Christian95 Theses – formal statements attacking
church practicesJohann Tetzel raised money through
indulgences (pay for a pardon of sins) which gave the impression that you could buy your way into heaven.
Posted on church door in Wittenberg, Luther’s ideas were spread by the printing press
Reformation – a movement for religious reform in opposition to the Catholic church’s teachings
Luther Leads the ReformationLuther’s Teachings
Win salvation by faith in God’s forgivenessTeaching based on the Bible not the pope or church
traditionsAll people with faith were equal
Response to LutherLuther was excommunicated and burned the pope’s decreeLuther declared an outlaw and heretic by the kingEstablished a separate group called the LutheransPeasants revolt based on Luther’s works and are crushed
(100,000 dead)Protestant comes from protesting princesCHART PAGE 491Peace of Augsburg allows princes to decide religion of
territory after a war
Luther Leads the ReformationEngland becomes Protestant
Henry VIII wants a male heir and wanted to divorce 42 year old Catherine for a younger bride
Church law did not allow divorce and annulment wasn’t an option
Henry has parliament change the law, divorces then marries Ann Boleyn and has himself made head of the English church
Ann beheaded after giving birth to Elizabeth. Next wife Jane has son Edward and dies. Henry married 3 more times.
Edward King at 9 reigned 6 years, then Catherine who returned to Catholic church and executed Protestants
Luther Leads the ReformationQueen Elizabeth I
1558 Catherine dies and Elizabeth becomes queen
She restores Protestantism and establishes the Anglican church
Priests can marry and sermons were in English
Catholics try to overthrow her and she faces other threats
A shortage of money also challenged her rule
The Reformation ContinuesJohn Calvin (Calvinism)
French follower of LutherMore personal faith and congregants have
control over churchInstitutes of Christian ReligionMen and women sinful by nature and God
chooses who can be saved (predestination)Theocracy – government controlled by
religious leaders
The Reformation ContinuesOther Protestant Reformers
Protestants – Bible is the source of all religious truth
Anabaptists – baptized a 2nd time when old enough to decide to be ChristiansSeparation of church and state
Women had influence, but church duties were limited as they were to serve in the home
The Reformation ContinuesThe Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)
Millions still remained Catholic and a movement occurred to keep Catholics loyal
Ignatius of Loyola and Popes Paul III and Paul IV were reformers
Jesuits – founded schools, converted non-Christians to Catholicism and stop the spread of Protestantism
Council of TrentChurch interpretation of the Bible was finalNeeded faith and good works for salvation. (Luther = faith
alone)Bible and Church tradition were equally powerfulIndulgences had to be appropriate but were still valid
The Reformation ContinuesBook burnings occur of certain books selected by
the Catholic churchReformation set the stage for the modern worldProtestant churches and denominations flourishedCatholic church became more unifiedEducation became more important with schools,
colleges and universities being foundedStatus of women in church and society did not
changeMonarchs gain power and nation states ariseSet the framework for the Enlightenment in late
1700s (Chapter 22)