Understanding the French Revolution By Mr. Stankus

Understanding the French Understanding the French RevolutionRevolution

ByBy

Mr. StankusMr. Stankus

Understanding the French Understanding the French RevolutionRevolution

ByBy

Mr. StankusMr. Stankus

Viva La VidaViva La Vida : by coldplay : by coldplayViva La VidaViva La Vida : by coldplay : by coldplay

• I used to rule the world I used to rule the world Seas would rise when I gave the word Seas would rise when I gave the word Now in the morning I sleep alone Now in the morning I sleep alone Sweep the streets that I used to ownSweep the streets that I used to own

I used to roll the dice I used to roll the dice Feel the fear in my enemy's eyes Feel the fear in my enemy's eyes Listen as the crowd would sing: Listen as the crowd would sing: "Now the old king is dead! "Now the old king is dead! Long live the king!"Long live the king!"

One minute I held the key One minute I held the key Next the walls were closed on me Next the walls were closed on me And I discovered that my castles stand And I discovered that my castles stand Upon pillars of salt and pillars of sandUpon pillars of salt and pillars of sand

I hear Jerusalem bells are ringing I hear Jerusalem bells are ringing Roman Cavalry choirs are singing Roman Cavalry choirs are singing Be my mirror my sword and shield Be my mirror my sword and shield My missionaries in a foreign field My missionaries in a foreign field For some reason I can't explain For some reason I can't explain Once you go there was never, never an Once you go there was never, never an honest word honest word That was when I ruled the world That was when I ruled the world (Ohhh) (Ohhh)

• I used to rule the world I used to rule the world Seas would rise when I gave the word Seas would rise when I gave the word Now in the morning I sleep alone Now in the morning I sleep alone Sweep the streets that I used to ownSweep the streets that I used to own

I used to roll the dice I used to roll the dice Feel the fear in my enemy's eyes Feel the fear in my enemy's eyes Listen as the crowd would sing: Listen as the crowd would sing: "Now the old king is dead! "Now the old king is dead! Long live the king!"Long live the king!"

One minute I held the key One minute I held the key Next the walls were closed on me Next the walls were closed on me And I discovered that my castles stand And I discovered that my castles stand Upon pillars of salt and pillars of sandUpon pillars of salt and pillars of sand

I hear Jerusalem bells are ringing I hear Jerusalem bells are ringing Roman Cavalry choirs are singing Roman Cavalry choirs are singing Be my mirror my sword and shield Be my mirror my sword and shield My missionaries in a foreign field My missionaries in a foreign field For some reason I can't explain For some reason I can't explain Once you go there was never, never an Once you go there was never, never an honest word honest word That was when I ruled the world That was when I ruled the world (Ohhh) (Ohhh)

• It was the wicked and wild wind It was the wicked and wild wind Blew down the doors to let me inBlew down the doors to let me inShattered windows and the sound Shattered windows and the sound of drums of drums People couldn't believe what I'd People couldn't believe what I'd becomebecome

Revolutionaries wait Revolutionaries wait For my head on a silver plate For my head on a silver plate Just a puppet on a lonely stringJust a puppet on a lonely stringOh who would ever want to be Oh who would ever want to be king? king?

I hear Jerusalem bells a ringingI hear Jerusalem bells a ringingRoman Cavalry choirs are singing Roman Cavalry choirs are singing Be my mirror my sword and shield Be my mirror my sword and shield My missionaries in a foreign field My missionaries in a foreign field For some reason I can't explain For some reason I can't explain I know Saint Peter won’t call my I know Saint Peter won’t call my name name Never an honest word Never an honest word But that was when I ruled the But that was when I ruled the world world (Ohhhhh Ohhh Ohhh)(Ohhhhh Ohhh Ohhh)

• It was the wicked and wild wind It was the wicked and wild wind Blew down the doors to let me inBlew down the doors to let me inShattered windows and the sound Shattered windows and the sound of drums of drums People couldn't believe what I'd People couldn't believe what I'd becomebecome

Revolutionaries wait Revolutionaries wait For my head on a silver plate For my head on a silver plate Just a puppet on a lonely stringJust a puppet on a lonely stringOh who would ever want to be Oh who would ever want to be king? king?

I hear Jerusalem bells a ringingI hear Jerusalem bells a ringingRoman Cavalry choirs are singing Roman Cavalry choirs are singing Be my mirror my sword and shield Be my mirror my sword and shield My missionaries in a foreign field My missionaries in a foreign field For some reason I can't explain For some reason I can't explain I know Saint Peter won’t call my I know Saint Peter won’t call my name name Never an honest word Never an honest word But that was when I ruled the But that was when I ruled the world world (Ohhhhh Ohhh Ohhh)(Ohhhhh Ohhh Ohhh)

Causes of the RevolutionCauses of the RevolutionCauses of the RevolutionCauses of the Revolution

Why was France heading Why was France heading toward a revolution in 1789?toward a revolution in 1789?

Why was France heading Why was France heading toward a revolution in 1789?toward a revolution in 1789?

VocabularyVocabularyVocabularyVocabulary

•BourgeoisieBourgeoisie•Louis XVILouis XVI•Marie-AntoinetteMarie-Antoinette

•BourgeoisieBourgeoisie•Louis XVILouis XVI•Marie-AntoinetteMarie-Antoinette

Reading: Background of French Reading: Background of French RevolutionRevolution


• Various social, political, and economic conditions led Various social, political, and economic conditions led to the revolution. These conditions included to the revolution. These conditions included dissatisfaction among the lower and middle classes, dissatisfaction among the lower and middle classes, interest in new ideas about government, and interest in new ideas about government, and financial problems caused by the costs of wars.financial problems caused by the costs of wars.

• Legal divisions among social groups that had existed Legal divisions among social groups that had existed for hundreds of years created much discontent. for hundreds of years created much discontent. According to law, French society consisted of three According to law, French society consisted of three groups called estates. Members of the clergy made groups called estates. Members of the clergy made up the first estate, nobles the second, and the rest of up the first estate, nobles the second, and the rest of the people the third. The peasants formed the the people the third. The peasants formed the largest group in the third estate. Many of them largest group in the third estate. Many of them earned so little that they could barely feed their earned so little that they could barely feed their families. The third estate also included the working families. The third estate also included the working people of the cities and a large and prosperous people of the cities and a large and prosperous middle class made up chiefly of merchants, lawyers, middle class made up chiefly of merchants, lawyers, and government officials. and government officials.

• Various social, political, and economic conditions led Various social, political, and economic conditions led to the revolution. These conditions included to the revolution. These conditions included dissatisfaction among the lower and middle classes, dissatisfaction among the lower and middle classes, interest in new ideas about government, and interest in new ideas about government, and financial problems caused by the costs of wars.financial problems caused by the costs of wars.

• Legal divisions among social groups that had existed Legal divisions among social groups that had existed for hundreds of years created much discontent. for hundreds of years created much discontent. According to law, French society consisted of three According to law, French society consisted of three groups called estates. Members of the clergy made groups called estates. Members of the clergy made up the first estate, nobles the second, and the rest of up the first estate, nobles the second, and the rest of the people the third. The peasants formed the the people the third. The peasants formed the largest group in the third estate. Many of them largest group in the third estate. Many of them earned so little that they could barely feed their earned so little that they could barely feed their families. The third estate also included the working families. The third estate also included the working people of the cities and a large and prosperous people of the cities and a large and prosperous middle class made up chiefly of merchants, lawyers, middle class made up chiefly of merchants, lawyers, and government officials. and government officials.



• The third estate resented certain The third estate resented certain advantages of the first two estates. The advantages of the first two estates. The clergy and nobles did not have to pay most clergy and nobles did not have to pay most taxes. The third estate, especially the taxes. The third estate, especially the peasants, had to provide almost all the peasants, had to provide almost all the country's tax revenue. Many members of country's tax revenue. Many members of the middle class were also troubled by the middle class were also troubled by their social status. They were among the their social status. They were among the most important people in French society most important people in French society but were not recognized as such because but were not recognized as such because they belonged to the third estate. they belonged to the third estate.

• The third estate resented certain The third estate resented certain advantages of the first two estates. The advantages of the first two estates. The clergy and nobles did not have to pay most clergy and nobles did not have to pay most taxes. The third estate, especially the taxes. The third estate, especially the peasants, had to provide almost all the peasants, had to provide almost all the country's tax revenue. Many members of country's tax revenue. Many members of the middle class were also troubled by the middle class were also troubled by their social status. They were among the their social status. They were among the most important people in French society most important people in French society but were not recognized as such because but were not recognized as such because they belonged to the third estate. they belonged to the third estate.



• The new ideas about government challenged The new ideas about government challenged France's absolute monarchy. Under this France's absolute monarchy. Under this system, the king had almost unlimited authority. system, the king had almost unlimited authority. He governed by divine right--that is, the He governed by divine right--that is, the monarch's right to rule was thought to come monarch's right to rule was thought to come from God. There were checks on the king, but from God. There were checks on the king, but these came mainly from a few groups of these came mainly from a few groups of aristocrats in the parlements (high courts). aristocrats in the parlements (high courts). During the 1700's, French writers called During the 1700's, French writers called philosophes and philosophers from other philosophes and philosophers from other countries raised new ideas about freedom. countries raised new ideas about freedom. Some of these thinkers, including Jean-Jacques Some of these thinkers, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau, suggested that the right to govern Rousseau, suggested that the right to govern came from the people.came from the people.

• The new ideas about government challenged The new ideas about government challenged France's absolute monarchy. Under this France's absolute monarchy. Under this system, the king had almost unlimited authority. system, the king had almost unlimited authority. He governed by divine right--that is, the He governed by divine right--that is, the monarch's right to rule was thought to come monarch's right to rule was thought to come from God. There were checks on the king, but from God. There were checks on the king, but these came mainly from a few groups of these came mainly from a few groups of aristocrats in the parlements (high courts). aristocrats in the parlements (high courts). During the 1700's, French writers called During the 1700's, French writers called philosophes and philosophers from other philosophes and philosophers from other countries raised new ideas about freedom. countries raised new ideas about freedom. Some of these thinkers, including Jean-Jacques Some of these thinkers, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau, suggested that the right to govern Rousseau, suggested that the right to govern came from the people.came from the people.

Political unrestPolitical unrestPolitical unrestPolitical unrest

• Government (absolute monarchy) Government (absolute monarchy) was oppressing the people.was oppressing the people.

• Most people felt the government was Most people felt the government was not representing them.not representing them.

• Wealthy and Powerful People of the Wealthy and Powerful People of the Middle Class were not recognized by Middle Class were not recognized by the Government. the Government.

• 3rd Estate unfairly taxed3rd Estate unfairly taxed• Inequality of classesInequality of classes

• Government (absolute monarchy) Government (absolute monarchy) was oppressing the people.was oppressing the people.

• Most people felt the government was Most people felt the government was not representing them.not representing them.

• Wealthy and Powerful People of the Wealthy and Powerful People of the Middle Class were not recognized by Middle Class were not recognized by the Government. the Government.

• 3rd Estate unfairly taxed3rd Estate unfairly taxed• Inequality of classesInequality of classes

Estates GeneralEstates GeneralEstates GeneralEstates General

1st EstateClergy

150 members

1st EstateClergy

150 members

2nd EstateLords

150 members

2nd EstateLords

150 members

3rd Estate Commoners(97% of population)

300 Members

3rd Estate Commoners(97% of population)

300 Members

King Each section gets one vote

Commoners consisted of Workers, Peasants, and Bourgeoisie (Merchants, Businessmen, Bankers, Doctors, Lawyers and Craftsmen)

The 1st and 2nd Estates represented the Nobility

The King and the Nobility were exempt from most taxes

Revolutionary IdeasRevolutionary IdeasRevolutionary IdeasRevolutionary Ideas

• Enlightenment thinkers spread new ideas Enlightenment thinkers spread new ideas about the rights of people and role of about the rights of people and role of government.government.– Life, Liberty, and PropertyLife, Liberty, and Property– Social Contract Theory (Government serves the Social Contract Theory (Government serves the

people)people)– People are Citizens; not subjectsPeople are Citizens; not subjects– People are by nature good and turn bad because People are by nature good and turn bad because

of poor governmentof poor government

• American RevolutionAmerican Revolution– French Soldiers who aided the Americans in French Soldiers who aided the Americans in

gaining freedom from the British Monarch gaining freedom from the British Monarch brought these ideas back to France.brought these ideas back to France.

• Enlightenment thinkers spread new ideas Enlightenment thinkers spread new ideas about the rights of people and role of about the rights of people and role of government.government.– Life, Liberty, and PropertyLife, Liberty, and Property– Social Contract Theory (Government serves the Social Contract Theory (Government serves the

people)people)– People are Citizens; not subjectsPeople are Citizens; not subjects– People are by nature good and turn bad because People are by nature good and turn bad because

of poor governmentof poor government

• American RevolutionAmerican Revolution– French Soldiers who aided the Americans in French Soldiers who aided the Americans in

gaining freedom from the British Monarch gaining freedom from the British Monarch brought these ideas back to France.brought these ideas back to France.

Financial mismanagementFinancial mismanagementFinancial mismanagementFinancial mismanagement

• King Louis XIV’s wars King Louis XIV’s wars and large living put and large living put France into debtFrance into debt– Spanish wars of Spanish wars of

successionsuccession– Palace of VersaillesPalace of Versailles

• King Louis XVI’s large King Louis XVI’s large living put France into living put France into debtdebt– American RevolutionAmerican Revolution– Marie AntoinetteMarie Antoinette

• King Louis XIV’s wars King Louis XIV’s wars and large living put and large living put France into debtFrance into debt– Spanish wars of Spanish wars of

successionsuccession– Palace of VersaillesPalace of Versailles

• King Louis XVI’s large King Louis XVI’s large living put France into living put France into debtdebt– American RevolutionAmerican Revolution– Marie AntoinetteMarie Antoinette

Review Review Review Review

• What were the four main causes of What were the four main causes of the French Revolution?the French Revolution?

• What was the King’s government What was the King’s government called?called?

• What estate made up most of What estate made up most of France?France?

• Why was there resentment in the Why was there resentment in the government?government?

• What were the four main causes of What were the four main causes of the French Revolution?the French Revolution?

• What was the King’s government What was the King’s government called?called?

• What estate made up most of What estate made up most of France?France?

• Why was there resentment in the Why was there resentment in the government?government?

QuizQuizQuizQuiz

Causes of the French Causes of the French RevolutionRevolution

Causes of the French Causes of the French RevolutionRevolution

The Revolution BeginsThe Revolution BeginsThe Revolution BeginsThe Revolution Begins

An Analysis of the An Analysis of the Immediate Causes of Immediate Causes of the French Revolutionthe French Revolution

An Analysis of the An Analysis of the Immediate Causes of Immediate Causes of the French Revolutionthe French Revolution


• EmigresEmigres• ConservativesConservatives• ModeratesModerates• RadicalsRadicals• LiberalsLiberals• ReactionairesReactionaires

• EmigresEmigres• ConservativesConservatives• ModeratesModerates• RadicalsRadicals• LiberalsLiberals• ReactionairesReactionaires

Reading: The Revolution Reading: The Revolution BeginsBegins


• The Estates-General opened on May 5, 1789, The Estates-General opened on May 5, 1789, at Versailles, near Paris. Most members of at Versailles, near Paris. Most members of the first two estates wanted each of the three the first two estates wanted each of the three estates to take up matters and vote on them estates to take up matters and vote on them separately by estate. The third estate had as separately by estate. The third estate had as many representatives as the other two many representatives as the other two estates combined. It insisted that all the estates combined. It insisted that all the estates be merged into one national estates be merged into one national assembly and that each representative have assembly and that each representative have one vote. The third estate also wanted the one vote. The third estate also wanted the Estates-General to write a constitution. Estates-General to write a constitution.

• The Estates-General opened on May 5, 1789, The Estates-General opened on May 5, 1789, at Versailles, near Paris. Most members of at Versailles, near Paris. Most members of the first two estates wanted each of the three the first two estates wanted each of the three estates to take up matters and vote on them estates to take up matters and vote on them separately by estate. The third estate had as separately by estate. The third estate had as many representatives as the other two many representatives as the other two estates combined. It insisted that all the estates combined. It insisted that all the estates be merged into one national estates be merged into one national assembly and that each representative have assembly and that each representative have one vote. The third estate also wanted the one vote. The third estate also wanted the Estates-General to write a constitution. Estates-General to write a constitution.



• The king and the first two estates refused The king and the first two estates refused the demands of the third estate. In June the demands of the third estate. In June 1789, the representatives of the third 1789, the representatives of the third estate declared themselves the National estate declared themselves the National Assembly of France. They gathered at a Assembly of France. They gathered at a tennis court and pledged not to disband tennis court and pledged not to disband until they had written a constitution. This until they had written a constitution. This vow became known as the Oath of the vow became known as the Oath of the Tennis Court. Louis XVI then allowed the Tennis Court. Louis XVI then allowed the three estates to join together as the three estates to join together as the National Assembly. But he began to National Assembly. But he began to gather troops to break up the Assembly. gather troops to break up the Assembly.

• The king and the first two estates refused The king and the first two estates refused the demands of the third estate. In June the demands of the third estate. In June 1789, the representatives of the third 1789, the representatives of the third estate declared themselves the National estate declared themselves the National Assembly of France. They gathered at a Assembly of France. They gathered at a tennis court and pledged not to disband tennis court and pledged not to disband until they had written a constitution. This until they had written a constitution. This vow became known as the Oath of the vow became known as the Oath of the Tennis Court. Louis XVI then allowed the Tennis Court. Louis XVI then allowed the three estates to join together as the three estates to join together as the National Assembly. But he began to National Assembly. But he began to gather troops to break up the Assembly. gather troops to break up the Assembly.

ReviewReviewReviewReview

•What two things did the What two things did the third Estate want?third Estate want?

•What two things did the What two things did the National assembly do?National assembly do?

•What two things did the What two things did the third Estate want?third Estate want?

•What two things did the What two things did the National assembly do?National assembly do?

1st EstateClergy

150 members

1st EstateClergy

150 members

2nd EstateLords

150 members

2nd EstateLords

150 members

3rd Estate Commoners

300 Members

3rd Estate Commoners

300 Members

King

The Tennis Court OathThe Tennis Court OathThe Tennis Court OathThe Tennis Court Oath

The 3rd Estate, upset because of a lack of representation, walks out to tennis court.

One person one vote!

Constitutional Monarchy!

Together they swear an oath not to go back in until their demands are met.



• Meanwhile, the masses of France also took action. Meanwhile, the masses of France also took action. On July 14, 1789, a huge crowd of Parisians rushed On July 14, 1789, a huge crowd of Parisians rushed to the Bastille. They believed they would find arms to the Bastille. They believed they would find arms and ammunition there for use in defending and ammunition there for use in defending themselves against the king's army. The people themselves against the king's army. The people captured the Bastille and began to tear it down. At captured the Bastille and began to tear it down. At the same time, leaders in Paris formed a the same time, leaders in Paris formed a revolutionary city government. Massive peasant revolutionary city government. Massive peasant uprisings against nobles also broke out in the uprisings against nobles also broke out in the countryside. A few nobles decided to flee France, countryside. A few nobles decided to flee France, and many more followed in the next five years. and many more followed in the next five years. These people were called emigres because they These people were called emigres because they emigrated. The uprisings in town and countryside emigrated. The uprisings in town and countryside saved the National Assembly from being disbanded saved the National Assembly from being disbanded by the king. by the king.

• Meanwhile, the masses of France also took action. Meanwhile, the masses of France also took action. On July 14, 1789, a huge crowd of Parisians rushed On July 14, 1789, a huge crowd of Parisians rushed to the Bastille. They believed they would find arms to the Bastille. They believed they would find arms and ammunition there for use in defending and ammunition there for use in defending themselves against the king's army. The people themselves against the king's army. The people captured the Bastille and began to tear it down. At captured the Bastille and began to tear it down. At the same time, leaders in Paris formed a the same time, leaders in Paris formed a revolutionary city government. Massive peasant revolutionary city government. Massive peasant uprisings against nobles also broke out in the uprisings against nobles also broke out in the countryside. A few nobles decided to flee France, countryside. A few nobles decided to flee France, and many more followed in the next five years. and many more followed in the next five years. These people were called emigres because they These people were called emigres because they emigrated. The uprisings in town and countryside emigrated. The uprisings in town and countryside saved the National Assembly from being disbanded saved the National Assembly from being disbanded by the king. by the king.

King’s ResponseKing’s ResponseKing’s ResponseKing’s Response

http://classroomclipart.com/cgi-bin/kids/imageFolio.cgi?direct=Clipart/History&img=



• The National Assembly. In August 1789, The National Assembly. In August 1789, the Assembly adopted the Decrees of the Assembly adopted the Decrees of August 4 and the Declaration of the Rights August 4 and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The decrees of Man and of the Citizen. The decrees abolished some feudal dues that the abolished some feudal dues that the peasants owed their landlords, the tax peasants owed their landlords, the tax advantages of the clergy and nobles, and advantages of the clergy and nobles, and regional privileges. The declaration regional privileges. The declaration guaranteed the same basic rights to all guaranteed the same basic rights to all citizens, including "liberty, property, citizens, including "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression" as security, and resistance to oppression" as well as representative government. well as representative government.

• The National Assembly. In August 1789, The National Assembly. In August 1789, the Assembly adopted the Decrees of the Assembly adopted the Decrees of August 4 and the Declaration of the Rights August 4 and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The decrees of Man and of the Citizen. The decrees abolished some feudal dues that the abolished some feudal dues that the peasants owed their landlords, the tax peasants owed their landlords, the tax advantages of the clergy and nobles, and advantages of the clergy and nobles, and regional privileges. The declaration regional privileges. The declaration guaranteed the same basic rights to all guaranteed the same basic rights to all citizens, including "liberty, property, citizens, including "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression" as security, and resistance to oppression" as well as representative government. well as representative government.

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionThe French RevolutionThe French Revolution

How did the Revolution lose How did the Revolution lose its direction?its direction?

How did the Revolution lose How did the Revolution lose its direction?its direction?

French Revolution 1789-1799French Revolution 1789-1799French Revolution 1789-1799French Revolution 1789-1799

Absolute Monarchy

Estates General

Absolute Monarchy

Estates General

National Assembly 1789-91

Constitution and Declaration of the Rights of Man

National Assembly 1789-91


National AssemblyNational AssemblyNational AssemblyNational Assembly

• The Assembly later drafted a The Assembly later drafted a constitution that made France a constitution that made France a limited monarchy with a one-house limited monarchy with a one-house legislature. France was divided into legislature. France was divided into 83 regions called departments, each 83 regions called departments, each with elected councils for local with elected councils for local government. But the right to vote government. But the right to vote and hold public office was limited to and hold public office was limited to citizens who paid a certain amount citizens who paid a certain amount of taxes. of taxes.

• The Assembly later drafted a The Assembly later drafted a constitution that made France a constitution that made France a limited monarchy with a one-house limited monarchy with a one-house legislature. France was divided into legislature. France was divided into 83 regions called departments, each 83 regions called departments, each with elected councils for local with elected councils for local government. But the right to vote government. But the right to vote and hold public office was limited to and hold public office was limited to citizens who paid a certain amount citizens who paid a certain amount of taxes. of taxes.

National AssemblyNational AssemblyNational AssemblyNational Assembly

• The Assembly seized the property of the Roman The Assembly seized the property of the Roman Catholic Church. The church lands amounted to Catholic Church. The church lands amounted to about a tenth of the country's land. Much of the about a tenth of the country's land. Much of the church land was sold to rich peasants and church land was sold to rich peasants and members of the middle class. Money from the members of the middle class. Money from the land sales was used to pay some of the nation's land sales was used to pay some of the nation's huge debt. Complete religious tolerance was huge debt. Complete religious tolerance was extended to Protestants and Jews. The Assembly extended to Protestants and Jews. The Assembly also reformed the court system by requiring the also reformed the court system by requiring the election of judges. By September 1791, the election of judges. By September 1791, the National Assembly believed that the revolution National Assembly believed that the revolution was over. It disbanded at the end of the month was over. It disbanded at the end of the month to make way for the newly elected Legislative to make way for the newly elected Legislative Assembly. Assembly.

• The Assembly seized the property of the Roman The Assembly seized the property of the Roman Catholic Church. The church lands amounted to Catholic Church. The church lands amounted to about a tenth of the country's land. Much of the about a tenth of the country's land. Much of the church land was sold to rich peasants and church land was sold to rich peasants and members of the middle class. Money from the members of the middle class. Money from the land sales was used to pay some of the nation's land sales was used to pay some of the nation's huge debt. Complete religious tolerance was huge debt. Complete religious tolerance was extended to Protestants and Jews. The Assembly extended to Protestants and Jews. The Assembly also reformed the court system by requiring the also reformed the court system by requiring the election of judges. By September 1791, the election of judges. By September 1791, the National Assembly believed that the revolution National Assembly believed that the revolution was over. It disbanded at the end of the month was over. It disbanded at the end of the month to make way for the newly elected Legislative to make way for the newly elected Legislative Assembly. Assembly.

National AssemblyNational Assembly

• Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen– Equality under the law– Freedom of :

• Speech• Press• Religion• Assembly• Unlawful arrest

• Civil Constitution of the Clergy– No church tithe– Seize church land– Religious freedom– Clergy under state control

• Constitution of 1791- limited Monarchy

• Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen– Equality under the law– Freedom of :

• Speech• Press• Religion• Assembly• Unlawful arrest

• Civil Constitution of the Clergy– No church tithe– Seize church land– Religious freedom– Clergy under state control

• Constitution of 1791- limited Monarchy

ReviewReviewReviewReview

•What three things did the What three things did the National assembly do?National assembly do?–Drafted a ConstitutionDrafted a Constitution–Declaration of the Rights of ManDeclaration of the Rights of Man–Seized property of Catholic Seized property of Catholic Church and sold to wealthy Church and sold to wealthy middle classmiddle class

•What three things did the What three things did the National assembly do?National assembly do?–Drafted a ConstitutionDrafted a Constitution–Declaration of the Rights of ManDeclaration of the Rights of Man–Seized property of Catholic Seized property of Catholic Church and sold to wealthy Church and sold to wealthy middle classmiddle class

QuizQuizQuizQuiz

Immediate Causes of Immediate Causes of RevolutionRevolution

Immediate Causes of Immediate Causes of RevolutionRevolution


Absolute Monarchy

Estates General

Absolute Monarchy

Estates General

National Assembly


National Assembly


Legislative Assembly Limited Constitutional Monarchy 1791-92


vocabularyvocabularyvocabularyvocabulary

• ConscriptionConscription• Universal Manhood Universal Manhood

Suffrage Suffrage• Coup d etatCoup d etat• Georges-Jacques Georges-Jacques

DantonDanton• Maximilien Maximilien

RobespierreRobespierre

• ConscriptionConscription• Universal Manhood Universal Manhood

Suffrage Suffrage• Coup d etatCoup d etat• Georges-Jacques Georges-Jacques

DantonDanton• Maximilien Maximilien

RobespierreRobespierre

• Jean-Paul MaratJean-Paul Marat• Reign of TerrorReign of Terror• Napoleon Napoleon

BonaparteBonaparte• Josephine de Josephine de

BeauharnaisBeauharnais

• Jean-Paul MaratJean-Paul Marat• Reign of TerrorReign of Terror• Napoleon Napoleon

BonaparteBonaparte• Josephine de Josephine de

BeauharnaisBeauharnais

Legislative AssemblyLegislative Assembly

• Constitutional powers of Government– No noble or feudal titles– 3 branch govt. legislative, executive,

Judicial– King is sacred but rules under law– All citizens able to run for office– All citizens have freedoms: assemble,

worship, speak ,write, come and go, to property

– Voting rights: Frenchman, 25yrs, pay taxes, own property, cannot be a servant

• Constitutional powers of Government– No noble or feudal titles– 3 branch govt. legislative, executive,

Judicial– King is sacred but rules under law– All citizens able to run for office– All citizens have freedoms: assemble,

worship, speak ,write, come and go, to property

– Voting rights: Frenchman, 25yrs, pay taxes, own property, cannot be a servant

The Legislative AssemblyThe Legislative Assembly

• The new Assembly, made up mainly of representatives of the middle class, opened on Oct. 1, 1791. It soon faced several challenges. The government's stability depended on cooperation between the king and the legislature. But Louis XVI remained opposed to the revolution. He asked other rulers for help in stopping it, and plotted with aristocrats and emigres to overthrow the new government. In addition, public opinion became bitterly divided. The revolution's religious policy angered many Catholics. Other people demanded stronger measures against opponents of the revolution.

• The new government also faced a foreign threat. In April 1792, it went to war against Austria and Prussia. These nations wished to restore the king and emigres to their positions. The foreign armies defeated French forces in the early fighting and invaded France. Louis XVI and his supporters clearly hoped for the victory of the invaders. As a result, angry revolutionaries in Paris and other areas demanded that the king be dethroned.

• The new Assembly, made up mainly of representatives of the middle class, opened on Oct. 1, 1791. It soon faced several challenges. The government's stability depended on cooperation between the king and the legislature. But Louis XVI remained opposed to the revolution. He asked other rulers for help in stopping it, and plotted with aristocrats and emigres to overthrow the new government. In addition, public opinion became bitterly divided. The revolution's religious policy angered many Catholics. Other people demanded stronger measures against opponents of the revolution.

• The new government also faced a foreign threat. In April 1792, it went to war against Austria and Prussia. These nations wished to restore the king and emigres to their positions. The foreign armies defeated French forces in the early fighting and invaded France. Louis XVI and his supporters clearly hoped for the victory of the invaders. As a result, angry revolutionaries in Paris and other areas demanded that the king be dethroned.

The Legislative AssemblyThe Legislative Assembly

• In August 1792, the people of Paris took custody of Louis XVI and his family and imprisoned them. Louis's removal ended the constitutional monarchy. The Assembly then called for a National Convention to be chosen in an election open to nearly all French males age 21 or older, and for a new constitution.

• Meanwhile, French armies suffered more military defeats. Parisians feared that the invading armies would soon reach the city. Parisians also feared an uprising by the large number of people in the city's prisons. In the first week of September, small numbers of Parisians took the law into their own hands and executed more than 1,000 prisoners. These executions, called the September Massacres, turned many people in France and Europe against the revolution. On September 20, French forces defeated a Prussian army in the Battle of Valmy. This victory, which prevented the Prussians from advancing on Paris, helped end the crisis.

• In August 1792, the people of Paris took custody of Louis XVI and his family and imprisoned them. Louis's removal ended the constitutional monarchy. The Assembly then called for a National Convention to be chosen in an election open to nearly all French males age 21 or older, and for a new constitution.

• Meanwhile, French armies suffered more military defeats. Parisians feared that the invading armies would soon reach the city. Parisians also feared an uprising by the large number of people in the city's prisons. In the first week of September, small numbers of Parisians took the law into their own hands and executed more than 1,000 prisoners. These executions, called the September Massacres, turned many people in France and Europe against the revolution. On September 20, French forces defeated a Prussian army in the Battle of Valmy. This victory, which prevented the Prussians from advancing on Paris, helped end the crisis.

ReviewReview

• Why did the legislative assembly fail?– King fought against loss of power– Catholics were angered by loss of

church property and rights– Prussia and Austria invade France

to restore emigres

• Why did the legislative assembly fail?– King fought against loss of power– Catholics were angered by loss of

church property and rights– Prussia and Austria invade France

to restore emigres


Absolute Monarchy

Estates General

Absolute Monarchy

Estates General

National Assembly


National Assembly




National Convention

Republic 1792-93

Democratic Constitution (all males can vote)

National Convention

Republic 1792-93


National ConventionNational Convention

• The king's removal led to a new stage in the revolution. The first stage had been a liberal middle-class reform movement based on a constitutional monarchy. The second stage was organized around principles of democracy. The National Convention opened on Sept. 21, 1792, and declared France a republic. The republic's official slogan was "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity."

• Louis XVI was placed on trial for betraying the country. The National Convention found him guilty of treason, and a slim majority voted for the death penalty. The king was beheaded on the guillotine on Jan. 21, 1793. The revolution gradually grew more radical--that is, more open to extreme and violent change. Radical leaders came into prominence.

• The king's removal led to a new stage in the revolution. The first stage had been a liberal middle-class reform movement based on a constitutional monarchy. The second stage was organized around principles of democracy. The National Convention opened on Sept. 21, 1792, and declared France a republic. The republic's official slogan was "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity."

• Louis XVI was placed on trial for betraying the country. The National Convention found him guilty of treason, and a slim majority voted for the death penalty. The king was beheaded on the guillotine on Jan. 21, 1793. The revolution gradually grew more radical--that is, more open to extreme and violent change. Radical leaders came into prominence.


Absolute Monarchy

Estates General

Absolute Monarchy

Estates General

National Assembly


National Assembly




National Convention

Republic 1792-93


National Convention

Republic 1792-93


Jacobins: Reign of Terror (King and Monarchist executed) 1794

Robspierre


Robspierre

Reign of TerrorReign of Terror

• The Jacobin government was dictatorial and democratic. It was dictatorial because it suspended civil rights and political freedom in the emergency. The Convention's Committee of Public Safety took over actual rule of France, controlling local governments, the armed forces, and other institutions.

• The committee governed during the most terrible period of the revolution. Its leaders included Robespierre, Lazare Carnot, and Bertrand Barere. The Convention declared a policy of terror against rebels, supporters of the king or the Gironde, and anyone else who publicly disagreed with official policy. Hundreds of thousands of suspects were jailed. Courts handed down about 18,000 death sentences in what was called the Reign of Terror. Paris became used to the rattle of two-wheeled carts called tumbrels carrying people to the guillotine. Victims included Marie Antoinette, widow of Louis XVI.

• The Jacobin government was dictatorial and democratic. It was dictatorial because it suspended civil rights and political freedom in the emergency. The Convention's Committee of Public Safety took over actual rule of France, controlling local governments, the armed forces, and other institutions.

• The committee governed during the most terrible period of the revolution. Its leaders included Robespierre, Lazare Carnot, and Bertrand Barere. The Convention declared a policy of terror against rebels, supporters of the king or the Gironde, and anyone else who publicly disagreed with official policy. Hundreds of thousands of suspects were jailed. Courts handed down about 18,000 death sentences in what was called the Reign of Terror. Paris became used to the rattle of two-wheeled carts called tumbrels carrying people to the guillotine. Victims included Marie Antoinette, widow of Louis XVI.

Reign of TerrorReign of TerrorReign of TerrorReign of Terror


Absolute Monarchy

Estates General

Absolute Monarchy

Estates General

National Assembly


National Assembly




National Convention

Republic 1792-93


National Convention

Republic 1792-93



Robspierre


Robspierre

Thermadorian Reaction

Directory 1795

Abolished Democratic reforms of Republic

Thermadorian Reaction

Directory 1795

Abolished Democratic reforms of Republic

Thermadorian ReactionThermadorian Reaction

• The revolution ends. In time, the radicals began to struggle for power among themselves. Robespierre succeeded in having Danton and other former leaders executed. Many people in France wished to end the Reign of Terror, the Jacobin dictatorship, and the democratic revolution. Robespierre's enemies in the Convention finally attacked him as a tyrant on July 27 (9 Thermidor by the French calendar), 1794. He was executed the next day. The Reign of Terror ended after Robespierre's death. Conservatives gained control of the Convention and drove the Jacobins from power. Most of the democratic reforms of the past two years were abolished in what became known as the Thermidorian Reaction.

• The Convention replaced the democratic constitution it had adopted in 1793 with a new one in 1795. The government formed under this new constitution was called the Directory, referring to the five-man executive directory that ruled along with a two-house legislature. France was still a republic, but once again only citizens who paid a certain amount of taxes could vote.

• The revolution ends. In time, the radicals began to struggle for power among themselves. Robespierre succeeded in having Danton and other former leaders executed. Many people in France wished to end the Reign of Terror, the Jacobin dictatorship, and the democratic revolution. Robespierre's enemies in the Convention finally attacked him as a tyrant on July 27 (9 Thermidor by the French calendar), 1794. He was executed the next day. The Reign of Terror ended after Robespierre's death. Conservatives gained control of the Convention and drove the Jacobins from power. Most of the democratic reforms of the past two years were abolished in what became known as the Thermidorian Reaction.

• The Convention replaced the democratic constitution it had adopted in 1793 with a new one in 1795. The government formed under this new constitution was called the Directory, referring to the five-man executive directory that ruled along with a two-house legislature. France was still a republic, but once again only citizens who paid a certain amount of taxes could vote.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Napoleon4.jpg

NapoleonNapoleon

• Meanwhile, France was winning victories on the battlefield. French armies had pushed back the invaders and crossed into Belgium, Germany, and Italy.

• The Directory began meeting in October 1795. But it was troubled by war, economic problems, and opposition from supporters of monarchy and former Jacobins. In October 1799, a number of political leaders plotted to overthrow the Directory. They needed military support and turned to Napoleon Bonaparte, a French general who had become a hero in a military campaign in Italy in 1796 and 1797. Bonaparte seized control of the government on Nov. 9 (18 Brumaire in the revolutionary calendar), 1799, ending the revolution.

• Meanwhile, France was winning victories on the battlefield. French armies had pushed back the invaders and crossed into Belgium, Germany, and Italy.

• The Directory began meeting in October 1795. But it was troubled by war, economic problems, and opposition from supporters of monarchy and former Jacobins. In October 1799, a number of political leaders plotted to overthrow the Directory. They needed military support and turned to Napoleon Bonaparte, a French general who had become a hero in a military campaign in Italy in 1796 and 1797. Bonaparte seized control of the government on Nov. 9 (18 Brumaire in the revolutionary calendar), 1799, ending the revolution.

QuizQuizQuizQuiz

Phases of RevolutionPhases of RevolutionPhases of RevolutionPhases of Revolution

The Age of Napoleon 1799-The Age of Napoleon 1799-18141814

The Age of Napoleon 1799-The Age of Napoleon 1799-18141814

Objective: Was Napoleon a Objective: Was Napoleon a friend or an enemy to the friend or an enemy to the

revolution?revolution?

Objective: Was Napoleon a Objective: Was Napoleon a friend or an enemy to the friend or an enemy to the

revolution?revolution?


• PlebiscitePlebiscite• NationalismNationalism• Scorched-earth Scorched-earth

policypolicy• Napoleonic Napoleonic

CodeCode

• PlebiscitePlebiscite• NationalismNationalism• Scorched-earth Scorched-earth

policypolicy• Napoleonic Napoleonic

CodeCode

• ConcordatConcordat• Horatio NelsonHoratio Nelson• Duke of Duke of

WellingtonWellington

• ConcordatConcordat• Horatio NelsonHoratio Nelson• Duke of Duke of

WellingtonWellington

NapoleonNapoleon

• Napoleon – 1Napoleon – 1stst modern dictator, under modern dictator, under a republica republic– Brought stability and safety after chaos Brought stability and safety after chaos

of revolutionof revolution– First five years of government called First five years of government called

consolate (approve or reject Napoleon’s consolate (approve or reject Napoleon’s ideas)ideas)

• Napoleon – 1Napoleon – 1stst modern dictator, under modern dictator, under a republica republic– Brought stability and safety after chaos Brought stability and safety after chaos

of revolutionof revolution– First five years of government called First five years of government called

consolate (approve or reject Napoleon’s consolate (approve or reject Napoleon’s ideas)ideas)

NapoleonNapoleon

• Age of Empire 1804Age of Empire 1804– Napoleon crowns himself emperorNapoleon crowns himself emperor– Plans to take over New World (USA)Plans to take over New World (USA)– Universal conscription (draft)Universal conscription (draft)– Promotion by abilityPromotion by ability– Takes over most of Europe except, Portugal, Takes over most of Europe except, Portugal,

Britain, Sweden and RussiaBritain, Sweden and Russia• Napoleon’s downfallNapoleon’s downfall

– The Peninsula war- SpainThe Peninsula war- Spain

– Defeat in Russia Defeat in Russia Scorched earth policy, Scorched earth policy, Russian WinterRussian Winter

– Napoleon returns (100 days) Napoleon returns (100 days) – Battle of Waterloo final defeatBattle of Waterloo final defeat

• Age of Empire 1804Age of Empire 1804– Napoleon crowns himself emperorNapoleon crowns himself emperor– Plans to take over New World (USA)Plans to take over New World (USA)– Universal conscription (draft)Universal conscription (draft)– Promotion by abilityPromotion by ability– Takes over most of Europe except, Portugal, Takes over most of Europe except, Portugal,

Britain, Sweden and RussiaBritain, Sweden and Russia• Napoleon’s downfallNapoleon’s downfall

– The Peninsula war- SpainThe Peninsula war- Spain

– Defeat in Russia Defeat in Russia Scorched earth policy, Scorched earth policy, Russian WinterRussian Winter

– Napoleon returns (100 days) Napoleon returns (100 days) – Battle of Waterloo final defeatBattle of Waterloo final defeat

NapoleonNapoleon

• AccomplishmentsAccomplishments– French laws, Napoleonic Code, Centralized GovernmentFrench laws, Napoleonic Code, Centralized Government

• Uniform code of lawsUniform code of laws• Equal treatmentEqual treatment• Trial by JuryTrial by Jury

– Finances back in orderFinances back in order• Bank of France promoted sound financial policyBank of France promoted sound financial policy• Debt paid offDebt paid off• Taxes collected fairlyTaxes collected fairly

– Public educationPublic education– Public works, beautifies ParisPublic works, beautifies Paris– Made peace with European countries and catholic churchMade peace with European countries and catholic church– Legion of Honor-distinguished service regardless of Legion of Honor-distinguished service regardless of

social statussocial status

• AccomplishmentsAccomplishments– French laws, Napoleonic Code, Centralized GovernmentFrench laws, Napoleonic Code, Centralized Government

• Uniform code of lawsUniform code of laws• Equal treatmentEqual treatment• Trial by JuryTrial by Jury

– Finances back in orderFinances back in order• Bank of France promoted sound financial policyBank of France promoted sound financial policy• Debt paid offDebt paid off• Taxes collected fairlyTaxes collected fairly

– Public educationPublic education– Public works, beautifies ParisPublic works, beautifies Paris– Made peace with European countries and catholic churchMade peace with European countries and catholic church– Legion of Honor-distinguished service regardless of Legion of Honor-distinguished service regardless of

social statussocial status

NapoleonNapoleon

• Influence of Napoleon on France Influence of Napoleon on France and Europeand Europe– Conqueror of EuropeConqueror of Europe– Empire too complex to be ruledEmpire too complex to be ruled– Napoleon blamed for decline in trade Napoleon blamed for decline in trade

and shortagesand shortages– Dictator who encouraged nationalismDictator who encouraged nationalism– Spread ideas of equality throughout Spread ideas of equality throughout

Europe and ended Old Regime Europe and ended Old Regime conditionsconditions

• Influence of Napoleon on France Influence of Napoleon on France and Europeand Europe– Conqueror of EuropeConqueror of Europe– Empire too complex to be ruledEmpire too complex to be ruled– Napoleon blamed for decline in trade Napoleon blamed for decline in trade

and shortagesand shortages– Dictator who encouraged nationalismDictator who encouraged nationalism– Spread ideas of equality throughout Spread ideas of equality throughout

Europe and ended Old Regime Europe and ended Old Regime conditionsconditions

NapoleonNapoleon

• Napoleon’s LegacyNapoleon’s Legacy– Growth of militarismGrowth of militarism– Aroused nationalism among Aroused nationalism among

conquered peopleconquered people– Caused widespread destruction Caused widespread destruction

and loss of lifeand loss of life– Dislocated Europe’s economyDislocated Europe’s economy– Placed heavy tax burden on Placed heavy tax burden on

conquered peopleconquered people– 11stst modern dictator modern dictator

• Napoleon’s LegacyNapoleon’s Legacy– Growth of militarismGrowth of militarism– Aroused nationalism among Aroused nationalism among

conquered peopleconquered people– Caused widespread destruction Caused widespread destruction

and loss of lifeand loss of life– Dislocated Europe’s economyDislocated Europe’s economy– Placed heavy tax burden on Placed heavy tax burden on

conquered peopleconquered people– 11stst modern dictator modern dictator

Turning Back the ClockTurning Back the ClockTurning Back the ClockTurning Back the Clock

How did the Congress of How did the Congress of Vienna Turn Back the Clock of Vienna Turn Back the Clock of

Political Progress? Political Progress?

How did the Congress of How did the Congress of Vienna Turn Back the Clock of Vienna Turn Back the Clock of

Political Progress? Political Progress?

Reading: Congress of Reading: Congress of ViennaVienna

Reading: Congress of Reading: Congress of ViennaVienna

• A meeting held from late 1814 through early 1815 to settle the issues arising from almost 25 years of war between France and the rest of Europe. The congress decided how Europe would be ruled after the imminent defeat of the French emperor and military leader Napoleon I. The workable settlements made in Vienna, Austria, won credit for helping avoid any wide European conflict for 100 years afterward.

• The chief decisions were made by representatives of the victorious Quadruple Alliance--Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia--and of France. The congress restored many European kings and princes who were forced from power by Napoleon or by forces associated with the French Revolution (1789-1799). The restored rulers included the monarchs of Spain and of what is now southern Italy and the rulers of a number of states in Germany and northern Italy.



Role PlayRole PlayRole PlayRole Play• SETTING: Napoleon’s army has been defeated. A meeting was held from late 1814 through early 1815 to settle the SETTING: Napoleon’s army has been defeated. A meeting was held from late 1814 through early 1815 to settle the

issues arising from almost 25 years of war between France and the rest of Europe. The congress decided how Europe issues arising from almost 25 years of war between France and the rest of Europe. The congress decided how Europe would be ruled after the imminent defeat of the French emperor and military leader Napoleon I. The chief decisions would be ruled after the imminent defeat of the French emperor and military leader Napoleon I. The chief decisions were made by representatives of the victorious Quadruple Alliance—were made by representatives of the victorious Quadruple Alliance—Prince MetternichPrince Metternich of of Austria, Austria, Lord Castlereagh Lord Castlereagh of Great Britain, of Great Britain, King Frederick William IIIKing Frederick William III of Prussia, and of Prussia, and Czar Alexander ICzar Alexander I of Russia--and of Russia--and Prince Charles de Prince Charles de Talleyand Talleyand of France.of France.

•

• Prince Metternich:Prince Metternich: Gentlemen the task is now before us to restore peace to the continent of Europe. A great wave of Gentlemen the task is now before us to restore peace to the continent of Europe. A great wave of destruction in the name of revolution has devastated our countries. Napoleon and his radical followers have proved that destruction in the name of revolution has devastated our countries. Napoleon and his radical followers have proved that power in the hands of the irresponsible masses is dangerous. It is up to us, the Divinely appointed nobility to restore power in the hands of the irresponsible masses is dangerous. It is up to us, the Divinely appointed nobility to restore order to the masses of Europe.order to the masses of Europe.

•

• Czar Alexander I:Czar Alexander I: Good and Noble men, power cannot be trusted in the hands of the many. Our war with Napoleon Good and Noble men, power cannot be trusted in the hands of the many. Our war with Napoleon has proven that. Russia has been left devastated. Millions of Russians have lost their lives defending the thrown of has proven that. Russia has been left devastated. Millions of Russians have lost their lives defending the thrown of their Czar. And I know that thousands of other Europeans have lost their lives in the defense of their monarchs. We their Czar. And I know that thousands of other Europeans have lost their lives in the defense of their monarchs. We owe it to those who gave their lives to restore the monarchs. If we do not restore the royal families of Europe then all owe it to those who gave their lives to restore the monarchs. If we do not restore the royal families of Europe then all our fighting would be in vain.our fighting would be in vain.

•

• Lord Castlereagh: Lord Castlereagh: I agree, we noble few must establish order and reassign each man their rightful place according to I agree, we noble few must establish order and reassign each man their rightful place according to divine will. The Lords and the commoners must respect each other for their role in our society. Even though England divine will. The Lords and the commoners must respect each other for their role in our society. Even though England does respect the rights of all men, we still believe in the need for the educated few to guide the lives of the uneducated does respect the rights of all men, we still believe in the need for the educated few to guide the lives of the uneducated masses.masses.

•

• A Voice from the back of the room: A Voice from the back of the room: I agree with you on some points Lord Castlereagh, but what if the masses are I agree with you on some points Lord Castlereagh, but what if the masses are educated? Do they not have a right to equal protection and equal status? Doesn’t the educated have a right to choose educated? Do they not have a right to equal protection and equal status? Doesn’t the educated have a right to choose how they should be ruled?how they should be ruled?

• SETTING: Napoleon’s army has been defeated. A meeting was held from late 1814 through early 1815 to settle the SETTING: Napoleon’s army has been defeated. A meeting was held from late 1814 through early 1815 to settle the issues arising from almost 25 years of war between France and the rest of Europe. The congress decided how Europe issues arising from almost 25 years of war between France and the rest of Europe. The congress decided how Europe would be ruled after the imminent defeat of the French emperor and military leader Napoleon I. The chief decisions would be ruled after the imminent defeat of the French emperor and military leader Napoleon I. The chief decisions were made by representatives of the victorious Quadruple Alliance—were made by representatives of the victorious Quadruple Alliance—Prince MetternichPrince Metternich of of Austria, Austria, Lord Castlereagh Lord Castlereagh of Great Britain, of Great Britain, King Frederick William IIIKing Frederick William III of Prussia, and of Prussia, and Czar Alexander ICzar Alexander I of Russia--and of Russia--and Prince Charles de Prince Charles de Talleyand Talleyand of France.of France.

•

• Prince Metternich:Prince Metternich: Gentlemen the task is now before us to restore peace to the continent of Europe. A great wave of Gentlemen the task is now before us to restore peace to the continent of Europe. A great wave of destruction in the name of revolution has devastated our countries. Napoleon and his radical followers have proved that destruction in the name of revolution has devastated our countries. Napoleon and his radical followers have proved that power in the hands of the irresponsible masses is dangerous. It is up to us, the Divinely appointed nobility to restore power in the hands of the irresponsible masses is dangerous. It is up to us, the Divinely appointed nobility to restore order to the masses of Europe.order to the masses of Europe.

•

• Czar Alexander I:Czar Alexander I: Good and Noble men, power cannot be trusted in the hands of the many. Our war with Napoleon Good and Noble men, power cannot be trusted in the hands of the many. Our war with Napoleon has proven that. Russia has been left devastated. Millions of Russians have lost their lives defending the thrown of has proven that. Russia has been left devastated. Millions of Russians have lost their lives defending the thrown of their Czar. And I know that thousands of other Europeans have lost their lives in the defense of their monarchs. We their Czar. And I know that thousands of other Europeans have lost their lives in the defense of their monarchs. We owe it to those who gave their lives to restore the monarchs. If we do not restore the royal families of Europe then all owe it to those who gave their lives to restore the monarchs. If we do not restore the royal families of Europe then all our fighting would be in vain.our fighting would be in vain.

•

• Lord Castlereagh: Lord Castlereagh: I agree, we noble few must establish order and reassign each man their rightful place according to I agree, we noble few must establish order and reassign each man their rightful place according to divine will. The Lords and the commoners must respect each other for their role in our society. Even though England divine will. The Lords and the commoners must respect each other for their role in our society. Even though England does respect the rights of all men, we still believe in the need for the educated few to guide the lives of the uneducated does respect the rights of all men, we still believe in the need for the educated few to guide the lives of the uneducated masses.masses.

•

• A Voice from the back of the room: A Voice from the back of the room: I agree with you on some points Lord Castlereagh, but what if the masses are I agree with you on some points Lord Castlereagh, but what if the masses are educated? Do they not have a right to equal protection and equal status? Doesn’t the educated have a right to choose educated? Do they not have a right to equal protection and equal status? Doesn’t the educated have a right to choose how they should be ruled?how they should be ruled?

Role PlayRole PlayRole PlayRole Play• King Frederick: King Frederick: Who is that at the back of the room? You sir, what noble title do you hold?Who is that at the back of the room? You sir, what noble title do you hold?

• A Voice from the back of the room: A Voice from the back of the room: None that I know of sir. However God has given me a voice the same as you.None that I know of sir. However God has given me a voice the same as you.

• King Frederick: King Frederick: Then what right do you have to talk! You are a commoner, it is because of radicals like you that so Then what right do you have to talk! You are a commoner, it is because of radicals like you that so many have died! Your liberal views of freedom and equality have almost destroyed Europe! The rule of the masses many have died! Your liberal views of freedom and equality have almost destroyed Europe! The rule of the masses has only brought chaos and anarchy.has only brought chaos and anarchy.

• A Voice from the back of the room: A Voice from the back of the room: You say that these wars happened because of the disorder of the masses. I say You say that these wars happened because of the disorder of the masses. I say that these wars happened because of the abusive powers of the nobility! The people have had enough of absolute that these wars happened because of the abusive powers of the nobility! The people have had enough of absolute rulers! Those that have died on the battlefield were not defending the monarchy they were defending their homes! rulers! Those that have died on the battlefield were not defending the monarchy they were defending their homes! Noblemen and peasants were both “equal” enough to die together on the battlefields of Europe but now they are not Noblemen and peasants were both “equal” enough to die together on the battlefields of Europe but now they are not “equal” enough to rule together or have the same rights as you! You (pointing to the Czar) do not honor the lives of “equal” enough to rule together or have the same rights as you! You (pointing to the Czar) do not honor the lives of Russians by denying their families the basic rights of equality! All of you put together cannot stop the voices of the Russians by denying their families the basic rights of equality! All of you put together cannot stop the voices of the people, we shall be heard! people, we shall be heard!

• Prince Metternich: Prince Metternich: Guards remove this radical from our sight!Guards remove this radical from our sight!

• Three guards approach the man and start struggling with him. He becomes violent and has to be dragged out.Three guards approach the man and start struggling with him. He becomes violent and has to be dragged out.

• A Voice from the back of the room: (as he is being dragged out) A Voice from the back of the room: (as he is being dragged out) Via la France!, We the people of the revolution Via la France!, We the people of the revolution shall all see your heads rolling just like old king Louis! Your days are over “liberty, fraterity, and justice shall prevail.shall all see your heads rolling just like old king Louis! Your days are over “liberty, fraterity, and justice shall prevail.

• Talleyrand: Talleyrand: Gentlemen, yes my country was the birth of this radical revolution, and you can see the violent nature of it Gentlemen, yes my country was the birth of this radical revolution, and you can see the violent nature of it exhibited in this man. My country has seen a lot of bloodshed. If we can restore order, even though it may mean exhibited in this man. My country has seen a lot of bloodshed. If we can restore order, even though it may mean denying certain rights of mankind, I would much rather have peace and order, than chaos and violence in the disguise of denying certain rights of mankind, I would much rather have peace and order, than chaos and violence in the disguise of freedom.freedom.

• Prince Metternich: Prince Metternich: This radical, is like many of his kind they are like children without the control of their parents. This radical, is like many of his kind they are like children without the control of their parents. Gentlemen, it is up to us to restore the family of Europe. It is up to us as parents (monarchs)to bring order to our house Gentlemen, it is up to us to restore the family of Europe. It is up to us as parents (monarchs)to bring order to our house (kingdoms) and start disciplining our children (peasants). Let us together restore the rule of the Monarchs and teach (kingdoms) and start disciplining our children (peasants). Let us together restore the rule of the Monarchs and teach our people the proper ways of living. Maybe some day mankind will be mature enough to talk about freedom and our people the proper ways of living. Maybe some day mankind will be mature enough to talk about freedom and equality, but as for now we must treat them as parents treat their children. equality, but as for now we must treat them as parents treat their children.

• King Frederick: King Frederick: Who is that at the back of the room? You sir, what noble title do you hold?Who is that at the back of the room? You sir, what noble title do you hold?

• A Voice from the back of the room: A Voice from the back of the room: None that I know of sir. However God has given me a voice the same as you.None that I know of sir. However God has given me a voice the same as you.

• King Frederick: King Frederick: Then what right do you have to talk! You are a commoner, it is because of radicals like you that so Then what right do you have to talk! You are a commoner, it is because of radicals like you that so many have died! Your liberal views of freedom and equality have almost destroyed Europe! The rule of the masses many have died! Your liberal views of freedom and equality have almost destroyed Europe! The rule of the masses has only brought chaos and anarchy.has only brought chaos and anarchy.

• A Voice from the back of the room: A Voice from the back of the room: You say that these wars happened because of the disorder of the masses. I say You say that these wars happened because of the disorder of the masses. I say that these wars happened because of the abusive powers of the nobility! The people have had enough of absolute that these wars happened because of the abusive powers of the nobility! The people have had enough of absolute rulers! Those that have died on the battlefield were not defending the monarchy they were defending their homes! rulers! Those that have died on the battlefield were not defending the monarchy they were defending their homes! Noblemen and peasants were both “equal” enough to die together on the battlefields of Europe but now they are not Noblemen and peasants were both “equal” enough to die together on the battlefields of Europe but now they are not “equal” enough to rule together or have the same rights as you! You (pointing to the Czar) do not honor the lives of “equal” enough to rule together or have the same rights as you! You (pointing to the Czar) do not honor the lives of Russians by denying their families the basic rights of equality! All of you put together cannot stop the voices of the Russians by denying their families the basic rights of equality! All of you put together cannot stop the voices of the people, we shall be heard! people, we shall be heard!

• Prince Metternich: Prince Metternich: Guards remove this radical from our sight!Guards remove this radical from our sight!

• Three guards approach the man and start struggling with him. He becomes violent and has to be dragged out.Three guards approach the man and start struggling with him. He becomes violent and has to be dragged out.

• A Voice from the back of the room: (as he is being dragged out) A Voice from the back of the room: (as he is being dragged out) Via la France!, We the people of the revolution Via la France!, We the people of the revolution shall all see your heads rolling just like old king Louis! Your days are over “liberty, fraterity, and justice shall prevail.shall all see your heads rolling just like old king Louis! Your days are over “liberty, fraterity, and justice shall prevail.

• Talleyrand: Talleyrand: Gentlemen, yes my country was the birth of this radical revolution, and you can see the violent nature of it Gentlemen, yes my country was the birth of this radical revolution, and you can see the violent nature of it exhibited in this man. My country has seen a lot of bloodshed. If we can restore order, even though it may mean exhibited in this man. My country has seen a lot of bloodshed. If we can restore order, even though it may mean denying certain rights of mankind, I would much rather have peace and order, than chaos and violence in the disguise of denying certain rights of mankind, I would much rather have peace and order, than chaos and violence in the disguise of freedom.freedom.

• Prince Metternich: Prince Metternich: This radical, is like many of his kind they are like children without the control of their parents. This radical, is like many of his kind they are like children without the control of their parents. Gentlemen, it is up to us to restore the family of Europe. It is up to us as parents (monarchs)to bring order to our house Gentlemen, it is up to us to restore the family of Europe. It is up to us as parents (monarchs)to bring order to our house (kingdoms) and start disciplining our children (peasants). Let us together restore the rule of the Monarchs and teach (kingdoms) and start disciplining our children (peasants). Let us together restore the rule of the Monarchs and teach our people the proper ways of living. Maybe some day mankind will be mature enough to talk about freedom and our people the proper ways of living. Maybe some day mankind will be mature enough to talk about freedom and equality, but as for now we must treat them as parents treat their children. equality, but as for now we must treat them as parents treat their children.

Reading: Congress of ViennaReading: Congress of ViennaReading: Congress of ViennaReading: Congress of Vienna





Reading: Congress of ViennaReading: Congress of ViennaReading: Congress of ViennaReading: Congress of Vienna

• The congress also ratified several allied conquests. Britain retained a number of colonies it had seized during the fighting. Russia kept Finland and Bessarabia and won most of Poland. Austria and Prussia regained control of the remaining parts of Poland.

• In addition, the congress attempted to limit the power of France by placing strong countries on France's borders. For example, the congress created the Kingdom of the Netherlands on the northeastern border of France by joining together Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg. Prussia received German territories that bordered eastern France, and Austria gained major provinces in northern Italy.

• The Congress of Vienna was bitterly criticized for many years because it ignored the strong democratic and nationalistic sentiments of many Europeans. These sentiments contributed to democratic revolutions in numerous European countries in 1830 and 1848 and to nationalistic movements in Germany and Italy. But some historians have praised the Congress of Vienna for creating a balance of power in Europe and for not treating defeated France too harshly.

• The congress also ratified several allied conquests. Britain retained a number of colonies it had seized during the fighting. Russia kept Finland and Bessarabia and won most of Poland. Austria and Prussia regained control of the remaining parts of Poland.

• In addition, the congress attempted to limit the power of France by placing strong countries on France's borders. For example, the congress created the Kingdom of the Netherlands on the northeastern border of France by joining together Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg. Prussia received German territories that bordered eastern France, and Austria gained major provinces in northern Italy.

• The Congress of Vienna was bitterly criticized for many years because it ignored the strong democratic and nationalistic sentiments of many Europeans. These sentiments contributed to democratic revolutions in numerous European countries in 1830 and 1848 and to nationalistic movements in Germany and Italy. But some historians have praised the Congress of Vienna for creating a balance of power in Europe and for not treating defeated France too harshly.

Congress of ViennaCongress of ViennaCongress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

•Background- French Revolution Background- French Revolution spread throughout Europe by spread throughout Europe by Napoleon’s conquestsNapoleon’s conquests– Democratic Ideas infected EuropeDemocratic Ideas infected Europe– After Napoleon’s defeat After Napoleon’s defeat – Congress of Vienna meets, made Congress of Vienna meets, made

up of Europe’s nobilityup of Europe’s nobility

•Background- French Revolution Background- French Revolution spread throughout Europe by spread throughout Europe by Napoleon’s conquestsNapoleon’s conquests– Democratic Ideas infected EuropeDemocratic Ideas infected Europe– After Napoleon’s defeat After Napoleon’s defeat – Congress of Vienna meets, made Congress of Vienna meets, made

up of Europe’s nobilityup of Europe’s nobility


•PurposePurpose– Restore peace to EuropeRestore peace to Europe– Redraw map of Europe, restore Redraw map of Europe, restore

old countriesold countries– Bring back old ruleBring back old rule– Establish the power of Establish the power of

monarchies againmonarchies again

•PurposePurpose– Restore peace to EuropeRestore peace to Europe– Redraw map of Europe, restore Redraw map of Europe, restore

old countriesold countries– Bring back old ruleBring back old rule– Establish the power of Establish the power of

monarchies againmonarchies again


•EffectsEffects– PositivePositive

•Maintain peace and order for 100 Maintain peace and order for 100 yearsyears

•Make people secureMake people secure

– NegativeNegative•People denied freedomsPeople denied freedoms•No democracy, little rights for lower No democracy, little rights for lower classesclasses

•Sparks revolutions in 1830 and 1848Sparks revolutions in 1830 and 1848

•EffectsEffects– PositivePositive

•Maintain peace and order for 100 Maintain peace and order for 100 yearsyears

•Make people secureMake people secure

– NegativeNegative•People denied freedomsPeople denied freedoms•No democracy, little rights for lower No democracy, little rights for lower classesclasses

•Sparks revolutions in 1830 and 1848Sparks revolutions in 1830 and 1848

Effects of the French Effects of the French RevolutionRevolution

Effects of the French Effects of the French RevolutionRevolution

How did the French How did the French Revolution influence the Revolution influence the

World?World?

How did the French How did the French Revolution influence the Revolution influence the

World?World?

Democratic IdealsDemocratic IdealsDemocratic IdealsDemocratic Ideals• Liberty- FreedomLiberty- Freedom

– From absolute governmentFrom absolute government– From unfair economic restrictionsFrom unfair economic restrictions– To change the governmentTo change the government– To exercise basic civil liberties- speech, press, To exercise basic civil liberties- speech, press,

religionreligion

• EqualityEquality– Equal treatment before the lawEqual treatment before the law– Equal treatment in societyEqual treatment in society

• FraternityFraternity– Brotherhood, people working togetherBrotherhood, people working together

• Liberty- FreedomLiberty- Freedom– From absolute governmentFrom absolute government– From unfair economic restrictionsFrom unfair economic restrictions– To change the governmentTo change the government– To exercise basic civil liberties- speech, press, To exercise basic civil liberties- speech, press,

religionreligion

• EqualityEquality– Equal treatment before the lawEqual treatment before the law– Equal treatment in societyEqual treatment in society

• FraternityFraternity– Brotherhood, people working togetherBrotherhood, people working together

NationalismNationalismNationalismNationalism

• Loyalty to the nation replaces loyalty Loyalty to the nation replaces loyalty to the kingto the king

• National anthems and flags National anthems and flags symbolized the unity of the nationsymbolized the unity of the nation

• Loyalty to the nation replaces loyalty Loyalty to the nation replaces loyalty to the kingto the king

• National anthems and flags National anthems and flags symbolized the unity of the nationsymbolized the unity of the nation

World Wide InfluenceWorld Wide InfluenceWorld Wide InfluenceWorld Wide Influence

• Revolutionary ideas spread to Revolutionary ideas spread to – Other countries in EuropeOther countries in Europe– Latin AmericaLatin America– Asia and AfricaAsia and Africa– Birth of socialism and social sciencesBirth of socialism and social sciences

• Revolutionary ideas spread to Revolutionary ideas spread to – Other countries in EuropeOther countries in Europe– Latin AmericaLatin America– Asia and AfricaAsia and Africa– Birth of socialism and social sciencesBirth of socialism and social sciences

Understanding the French Revolution By Mr. Stankus

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