French RevolutionFrench RevolutionWhy did the French Why did the French Revolution occur?Revolution occur?

King Louis XVIKing Louis XVI

Married age 15Married age 15Crowned age 19Crowned age 19 IntrovertedIntrovertedUninterested in governmentUninterested in government

Queen Marie AntoinetteQueen Marie Antoinette

Princess and Princess and Archduchess of the Archduchess of the Hapsburgs house Hapsburgs house of Austria of Austria

Married at age 14Married at age 14 Lavish in dress Lavish in dress

“Madame Deficit”“Madame Deficit” Scandals Scandals

GovernmentGovernment

General Estates-General Estates-First Estate-Roman Catholic clergy (1% First Estate-Roman Catholic clergy (1%

pop.)pop.)Second Estate-Nobility (2% of pop.)Second Estate-Nobility (2% of pop.)Third Estate (97 %) -Bourgeoisie, Third Estate (97 %) -Bourgeoisie,

Artisans, PeasantsArtisans, PeasantsBourgeoisie-Middle class people (Doctors, Bourgeoisie-Middle class people (Doctors,

Lawyers, Merchants)Lawyers, Merchants)

EstatesEstates

Clergy

Nobles

5-10%

Owned 25% of land

BourgeoisiBourgeoisieeArtisansArtisans

PeasantsPeasantsOwned 40% of

land

Causes of French RevolutionCauses of French Revolution

CausesCausesSeven Years War (King Louis XV)Seven Years War (King Louis XV) (French and Indian War)(French and Indian War)

National debtNational debt

Enlightenment ideas- “Social Contract”Enlightenment ideas- “Social Contract” John Locke John Locke Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau

CausesCauses

CausesCausesAmerican RevolutionAmerican RevolutionCrop failuresCrop failures

Bread ShortagesBread Shortages

King Louis XVI calls Estates GeneralKing Louis XVI calls Estates GeneralNeeds money for debtNeeds money for debtEstates General must voteEstates General must vote

The National Assembly The National Assembly B2B2

June 17, 1789June 17, 1789Third Estates created Third Estates created

new governing bodynew governing body

Tennis Court Oath-Tennis Court Oath--Wrote Constitution-Wrote Constitution

Storming the BastilleStorming the Bastille

Bastille-Prison in Paris Bastille-Prison in Paris Symbol of monarch’s power.Symbol of monarch’s power.

July 14, 1789 riot and took over the July 14, 1789 riot and took over the BastilleBastilleCommon People Common People Sign King was losing powerSign King was losing power

The Great FearThe Great FearRebellion spreads to the countrysideRebellion spreads to the countryside

Women’s CryWomen’s Cry

Women's march on VersaillesWomen's march on Versailles mobbed and armedmobbed and armedFighting for breadFighting for breadForced King to return to Paris and Forced King to return to Paris and

deal with the peopledeal with the people

StopStop

Declaration of the Rights of Declaration of the Rights of ManMan

Slogan of French Revolution: Slogan of French Revolution:

““Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”-RousseauLiberty, Equality, Fraternity”-Rousseau• Modeled after U.S. Declaration of Modeled after U.S. Declaration of

IndependenceIndependenceReadRead• Written by Marquis de Lafayette with Written by Marquis de Lafayette with

help of Thomas Jeffersonhelp of Thomas Jefferson• https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXsZbkt0yqo

Church and StateChurch and State

National Assembly National Assembly confiscates and confiscates and sells off church lands to pay for sells off church lands to pay for government debtgovernment debt

Civil Constitution of the ClergyCivil Constitution of the ClergyClergy elected Clergy elected Government employeesGovernment employees

Weakens power of Catholic ChurchWeakens power of Catholic Church

The Almost Great EscapeThe Almost Great Escape

Royal Family attempts to escape Royal Family attempts to escape FranceFrance

Caught near the boarder at Caught near the boarder at Varennes, Fr.Varennes, Fr.

Call for HelpCall for Help

Declaration of PillnitzDeclaration of Pillnitz -Austria and -Austria and Prussia willing to aide French royal Prussia willing to aide French royal familyfamily Austrian Emperor Leopold II is Queen’s brotherAustrian Emperor Leopold II is Queen’s brother

French response: Declared war on French response: Declared war on AustriaAustria

What did the European countries fear?What did the European countries fear?

What to do with the King?What to do with the King?

Quick Write 2 minutesQuick Write 2 minutesReview the ideas debated last weekReview the ideas debated last weekShare outShare out

September MassacresSeptember Massacres

Aug 1792Aug 1792Paris mobs attack and kill nobles and Paris mobs attack and kill nobles and

priests whom they accused of political priests whom they accused of political crimescrimes

Radicals take over the National Radicals take over the National AssemblyAssemblyCall for new constitutionCall for new constitution

New ConstitutionNew Constitution

Constitutional monarchyConstitutional monarchy

Factions* Factions* (Define) (Define) within the Assemblywithin the AssemblyRoyalist (e’migre’s)-nobles wanted to Royalist (e’migre’s)-nobles wanted to

restore monarchyrestore monarchySans – Culottes Sans – Culottes (“those without knee (“those without knee

breeches”)breeches”) “common people” upper middle “common people” upper middle class Bourgeoisie who wanted to have class Bourgeoisie who wanted to have influence within the government influence within the government (Radicals/mobs)(Radicals/mobs)

The French RepublicThe French Republic

National Convention (Sept. 1792)National Convention (Sept. 1792)

Wrote first democratic constitutions Wrote first democratic constitutions (another one)(another one)Monarchy abolishedMonarchy abolishedExtend vote to all males with or without Extend vote to all males with or without

propertyproperty

Metric systemMetric system

New calendarNew calendar

FactionsFactions

Jacobins vs. GirondistsJacobins vs. Girondists

Girondists – moderates, felt Revolution Girondists – moderates, felt Revolution went too farwent too farMiddle classMiddle class

Jacobins – radicalJacobins – radical““Mountains” – most radical JacobinsMountains” – most radical Jacobins

Calls for the execution of the KingCalls for the execution of the King

Political LeadersPolitical Leaders

Maximilien Maximilien RobespierreRobespierre

JacobinJacobin LawyerLawyer Most Controversial Most Controversial

figure of the French figure of the French RevolutionRevolution

National Convention: National Convention: Committee of Public Committee of Public SafetySafety

Marquis de Lafayette Marquis de Lafayette GirondistGirondist Military commander in Military commander in

America during America during American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

Wrote: Wrote: Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Rights of Man and of Citizensof Citizens

Political LeadersPolitical Leaders

Georges Danton-Georges Danton- Jacobin Jacobin New Republics: New Republics:

Minister of JusticeMinister of Justice

Jean-Paul MaratJean-Paul Marat JacobinJacobin National Convention National Convention

membermember ““Friend of the People” Friend of the People”

–public paper–public paper

Hated by GirondistsHated by Girondists

OFF WITH HIS HEAD!OFF WITH HIS HEAD!

Jan. 1793 King Louis XVI was Jan. 1793 King Louis XVI was beheadedbeheaded

Tried before the National Convention Tried before the National Convention and convicted of conspiring against the and convicted of conspiring against the liberty of the nationliberty of the nation

The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror

WARWAR

France vs. Austria, Prussia, Great France vs. Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Holland, Spain (1793)Britain, Holland, Spain (1793)

National Convention instituted draft National Convention instituted draft 18-25 army18-25 armyFirst draft on European continentFirst draft on European continent

1796 French armies commanded by 1796 French armies commanded by young Napoleon Bonaparteyoung Napoleon Bonaparte

Reign of TerrorReign of Terror

Revolution gone bad!Revolution gone bad!

The Committee of Public The Committee of Public SafetySafety

Created by National ConventionCreated by National Convention DutiesDuties

Draft people into the armyDraft people into the army Famous Leaders : Danton, Marat, RobespierreFamous Leaders : Danton, Marat, Robespierre

RobespierreRobespierre used committee to get rid of enemies of the causeused committee to get rid of enemies of the cause

Took control of National Convention so Took control of National Convention so The The Committee of Public SafetyCommittee of Public Safety had more power had more power

Dictator powerDictator power

Reign of TerrorReign of Terror

July 1793-July 1794July 1793-July 1794 Committee Public Committee Public SafetySafety

Lead by RobespierreLead by Robespierre

GuillotinedGuillotinedEnemies of the RepublicEnemies of the Republic

40,000+ people executed 40,000+ people executed DantonDantonMarie AntoinetteMarie Antoinette

Jean Paul MaratJean Paul Marat JacobinJacobin

Spoke out with Spoke out with “Friend of the “Friend of the People”People”

Killed in his bathtubKilled in his bathtubStabbed by Stabbed by

Charlotte Corday Charlotte Corday – Girondist– Girondist

Was Was guillotined for guillotined for death of Maratdeath of Marat

Terror turns inwardTerror turns inward

DantonDanton Charged with trying Charged with trying

to over throw the to over throw the governmentgovernment

Charged by radicalsCharged by radicals

GiullotinedGiullotined

Robespierre and Robespierre and followers guillotinedfollowers guillotined Arrested and Arrested and

convicted by the convicted by the National ConventionNational Convention

Public Safety Public Safety committee committee dismantleddismantled

Jacobin clubs closedJacobin clubs closed

Napoleon Napoleon

The DirectoryThe Directory

1795-17991795-1799 New Legislative body “The Directory”New Legislative body “The Directory”

Two house parliamentTwo house parliamentExecutive head 5 menExecutive head 5 men

New ConstitutionNew ConstitutionOnly upper middle class men could vote Only upper middle class men could vote

only 20,000 menonly 20,000 men

Army put down riots under leadership of Army put down riots under leadership of NapoleonNapoleon

Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte

Commander of French forces fighting Commander of French forces fighting the Austrians in Italythe Austrians in Italymoved up through the ranksmoved up through the ranks

Marriage helped his statusMarriage helped his status

Improved soldiers conditionsImproved soldiers conditionsGains soldiers supportGains soldiers support

Coup d e’tatCoup d e’tat

BackgroundBackgroundNapoleon in Egypt fighting the BritishNapoleon in Egypt fighting the British

Defeated at the Battle at the NileDefeated at the Battle at the NileFlees back to ParisFlees back to ParisHero’s welcome the peopleHero’s welcome the people

CoupCoupNapoleon and armed soldiers march into Napoleon and armed soldiers march into

the Directory kick out legislatorsthe Directory kick out legislatorsThe new Reign beginnings The new Reign beginnings

Napoleon’s FranceNapoleon’s France

1799 Napoleon’s Dictatorship1799 Napoleon’s DictatorshipRestoring OrderRestoring Order

Napoleon appoints officersNapoleon appoints officersBank of FranceBank of France

Everyone pays taxesEveryone pays taxesMade business loansMade business loansControlled inflationControlled inflation

Created SchoolsCreated SchoolsSecondary schools, Technical schools, UniversitiesSecondary schools, Technical schools, Universities(step towards public schools)(step towards public schools)

Napoleon’s FranceNapoleon’s France

Napoleonic Code-Napoleonic Code-Enlightenment ideas thatEnlightenment ideas that all citizens all citizens

were equal before the lawwere equal before the lawReligious toleranceReligious toleranceState more important than the individualState more important than the individual

Limited freedom of speechLimited freedom of speechCensorshipCensorshipWomen’s rights limited Women’s rights limited (Men were head of (Men were head of

house)house)

Napoleon’s FranceNapoleon’s France

The ChurchThe ChurchMade peace with Catholic ChurchMade peace with Catholic Church

Napoleon still appointed bishops and paid Napoleon still appointed bishops and paid clergyclergy

Pope forgave Pope forgave

taken church lands taken church lands

Emperor NapoleonEmperor Napoleon

1804 named himself Emperor1804 named himself Emperor Crowned himselfCrowned himself

Road to Napoleonic Europe Road to Napoleonic Europe France vs. Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Italy, (Russia)France vs. Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Italy, (Russia)

Trade, ports, and economicsTrade, ports, and economicsconquered: Spain, Italy, “Germany”conquered: Spain, Italy, “Germany”

Attempts: Russia and Great Britain Attempts: Russia and Great Britain

Lessons not learned from History are bound to Lessons not learned from History are bound to be repeated-Who did not learn their history?be repeated-Who did not learn their history?

Napoleon’s Down FallNapoleon’s Down Fall

Napoleonic Wars 1799-1815Napoleonic Wars 1799-1815French fighting since Declaration of War on French fighting since Declaration of War on

Austria in 1792Austria in 1792 Invasion of RussiaInvasion of Russia

600,000 soldiers from all over Europe600,000 soldiers from all over EuropeRussia “Scorched Earth policy”Russia “Scorched Earth policy”Russian Winter, no food, no shelterRussian Winter, no food, no shelter400,000 soldiers die 400,000 soldiers die

(wounds, starvation, exposure)(wounds, starvation, exposure)

Napoleon’s Down FallNapoleon’s Down Fall March 1814 Napoleon forced to surrenderMarch 1814 Napoleon forced to surrender

Foreign monarch’s return France toForeign monarch’s return France to

King King Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI)Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI)

Napoleon exiled Napoleon exiled to Elba, off Italyto Elba, off Italy Raises an army and comes back as EmperorRaises an army and comes back as Emperor Defeated at Waterloo, by British Defeated at Waterloo, by British

Exiled Exiled to the island of Saint Helena under house to the island of Saint Helena under house arrest arrest

Dies 1821Dies 1821

You DecideYou Decide

NapoleonNapoleon

Tyrant or Unifier?Tyrant or Unifier?