Chapter 18 The French Revolution Chapter 18 The French Revolution.

Chapter 18

The French

Revolution

Chapter 18

The French

Revolution

http://www.fotw.net/images/f/fr.gif

The French The French Monarchy:Monarchy:

1775 - 17931775 - 1793

Marie Antoinette & Louis Marie Antoinette & Louis XVIXVI

By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua,

NYNY

Section 1 The Crisis of the French Monarchy

• 1. Why has pre-Revolutionary France been called a rich nation with an impoverished government? How did the financial weakness of the French monarchy lay the foundations of the revolution of 1789?

• 2. What did Chancellor René Maupeou do in an attempt to collect new taxes?

• 2. How was Necker's approach to dealing with France's financial difficulties different from Turgot?

• 3. What were Charles Calonne's economic proposals? Why was he shocked at the refusal of the Assembly of Notables to endorse them?

• 4. What was the impact of the American Revolution on France and on the rest of Europe?

• 5. Why was the Estates-General reconvened after a century and a half?

Jacques NeckerJacques Necker

Charles Alexandre de Calonne, portrait by

Marie Louise Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun.

Charles Alexandre de Calonne, portrait by

Marie Louise Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jacques_Necker.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Calonne_by_lebrun.jpg

a Urban Urban Commoner’sCommoner’sBudget:Budget:

– Food 80%Food 80%– Rent 25%Rent 25%– Tithe 10%Tithe 10%– Taxes 35%Taxes 35%– Clothing 20%Clothing 20%– TOTAL 170%TOTAL 170%

a King’s Budget:King’s Budget:– Interest 50%Interest 50%– Army 25%Army 25%– Versailles 25%Versailles 25%– Coronation 10%Coronation 10%– Loans 25%Loans 25%– Admin. 25%Admin. 25%– TOTAL 160%TOTAL 160%

Financial Financial ProblemsProblems

in France, 1789in France, 1789


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Where is the tax Where is the tax money?money?


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Marie Marie AntoineAntoine

tte tte and the and the Royal Royal

ChildrenChildren


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Marie Antoinette’sMarie Antoinette’s“Peasant Cottage”“Peasant Cottage”


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The Necklace ScandalThe Necklace Scandal

Y Cardinal Louis René Édouard de RohanCardinal Louis René Édouard de Rohan

Y The Countess de LaMotteThe Countess de LaMotte

1,600,000 1,600,000 livreslivres

[$100 million [$100 million today]today]


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Section 2 The Revolution of 1789• 1. In the local elections which

ultimately sent representatives to the Estates General, which groups held a majority in each Estate?

• 2. What was Abbé Sieyès's view of the third estate? Why did the third estate clash with the other privileged estates?

• 3. What was the intent of the nobility when the Estates General was called into session? What was the reaction of the Third Estate?

• 4. How was the Estates General transformed into the National Assembly?

Abbé SieyèsAbbé Sieyès1748-18361748-1836

Section 2 The Revolution of 1789

5. What events led to the Tennis Court Oath on June 20, 1789? Why did Louis XVI falter & support the nobles?

6. What was the significance of the fall of the Bastille? Why did it help save the National Assembly and the Revolution?

7. Trace and account for the increasing intervention of the peasants and other commoners in the summer and early fall of 1789.

8. What was the Great Fear? What was its impact on the National Assembly?

9. What principles of the new state were created in the August 26, 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man? What role did women play?

10. What were Louis XVI’s most serious mistakes during the French Revolution? Had he been a more able ruler, could the French Revolution have been avoided or a constitutional monarchy could have succeeded? Did the revolution have little to do with the competence of the monarch?

““The Tennis Court The Tennis Court Oath”Oath”

by Jacques Louis Davidby Jacques Louis David

June 20, 1789June 20, 1789By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua,

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The Great Fear: The Great Fear: Peasant RevoltPeasant Revolt

(July 20, 1789)(July 20, 1789)

Y Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristosaristos] ] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.and pillage their land.By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. Pojer

Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NYNY

The The PathPath

of theof the“Great“GreatFear”Fear”


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Night Session of August Night Session of August 4, 17894, 1789

Y Before the night was over:Before the night was over: The feudal regime in France had The feudal regime in France had

been abolished.been abolished.

All Frenchmen were, at least in All Frenchmen were, at least in principle, subject to the same principle, subject to the same laws and the same taxes and laws and the same taxes and eligible for the same offices.eligible for the same offices.

Equality & Meritocracy!Equality & Meritocracy! Equality & Meritocracy!Equality & Meritocracy!


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National Constituent National Constituent AssemblyAssembly1789 - 17911789 - 1791

August DecreesAugust DecreesAugust 4-11, 1789August 4-11, 1789

(A renunciation of aristocratic (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!)privileges!)

Liberté!Liberté!Egalité!Egalité!

Fraternité!Fraternité!


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BUT . . . . .BUT . . . . .

Y Feudal dues were not renounced outright Feudal dues were not renounced outright [this had been too strong a threat to the [this had been too strong a threat to the principle of private property!]principle of private property!]

Y Peasants would compensate their Peasants would compensate their landlords through a series of direct landlords through a series of direct payments for obligations from which payments for obligations from which they had supposedly been freed.they had supposedly been freed.

Therefore, the National Assembly made Therefore, the National Assembly made revolutionary gestures, but remained revolutionary gestures, but remained essentially moderate.essentially moderate.

Their GoalTheir Goal Their GoalTheir Goal Safeguard the right of private Safeguard the right of private property!!property!!Safeguard the right of private Safeguard the right of private property!!property!!


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The Tricolor (1789)The Tricolor (1789)

The WHITE of the The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED Bourbons + the RED

& BLUE of Paris.& BLUE of Paris.

Citizen!Citizen!By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. Pojer


The Tricolor is the The Tricolor is the Fashion!Fashion!


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Section 3 The Reconstruction of France

• What was the difference between ‘active’ and ‘passive’ citizens?

• How did the new Constituent Assembly raise money?

• What changes too place under the 1790 Civil Constitution of the Clergy?

• Who were the émigrés? • What was the Flight to Varennes?

Why did this take place? What were its long term ramifications?

• What was the Declaration of Pillnitz? How did this declaration unite the divided revolutionary factions against the monarchy & other European monarchies?

•“Let them eat cake”?•“Let them eat cake”?

Revolutionary SymbolsRevolutionary Symbols

CockadeCockade

Revolutionary Revolutionary ClockClock

La RepublicLa RepublicLibertéLiberté


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The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Rights of Man and of

the Citizenthe CitizenAugust 26, August 26,

17891789

V Liberty!Liberty!

V Property!Property!

V Resistance to Resistance to oppression!oppression!

V Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at was in Paris at this time.this time.


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The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Rights of Man and of

the Citizen the Citizen Posed New DilemmasPosed New Dilemmas

1.1. Did women have equal rights with Did women have equal rights with men?men?

2.2. What about free blacks in the What about free blacks in the colonies?colonies?

3.3. How could slavery be justified if all How could slavery be justified if all men were born free?men were born free?

4.4. Did religious toleration of Protestants Did religious toleration of Protestants and Jews include equal political and Jews include equal political rights?rights?


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March of the Women,March of the Women,October 5-6, 1789October 5-6, 1789

We want the baker, the baker’s wife We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy!and the baker’s boy!

A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread.women for bread.


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Olympe de Gouges Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793)(1745-1793)

Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of the Rights of

WomanWomanand of the and of the

Citizen Citizen (1791)(1791)

Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of the Rights of

WomanWomanand of the and of the

Citizen Citizen (1791)(1791)

V Women played a Women played a vital role in the vital role in the Revolution.Revolution.

V But, But, The Declaration The Declaration of the Rights of Manof the Rights of Man did NOT extend the did NOT extend the rights and rights and protections of protections of citizenship to citizenship to women.women.

By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

The “October The “October Days” Days” (1789)(1789)

The king was thought to be surrounded by evil The king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at Versailles so he was forced to advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and reside at the move to Paris and reside at the Tuileries Tuileries

PalacePalace..By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua,

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How to Finance the How to Finance the New Govt.?New Govt.?

1.1. Confiscate Church Confiscate Church Lands Lands (1790)(1790)

One of the most controversial decisions of the One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.entire revolutionary period.


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2.2. Print Print AssignatsAssignats2.2. Print Print

AssignatsAssignats

V Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.V Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands

as security.as security.By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. Pojer


The Civil The Civil Constitution Constitution

of the of the ClergyClergy

July 12,July 12,17901790

JuryingJurying

vs.vs.

Non-JuryingNon-Jurying[refractory][refractory]

ClergyClergyThe oath of allegiance The oath of allegiance permanently divided the Catholic permanently divided the Catholic

population!population!By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. Pojer


New Relations New Relations Between Church & Between Church &

StateStateV Government paid the salaries of the Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the French clergy and maintained the churches.churches.

V The church was reorganized:The church was reorganized: Parish priests Parish priests elected by the district elected by the district

assemblies.assemblies. Bishops Bishops named by the named by the

department assemblies.department assemblies. The pope had NO The pope had NO

voice in the voice in the appointment of appointment of the French clergy.the French clergy.

V It transformed France’sIt transformed France’sRoman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Churchinto a branch of the state!!into a branch of the state!!

Pope Pius VIPope Pius VI[1775-1799][1775-1799]By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. Pojer


The French Constitution The French Constitution of 1791:of 1791:

A Bourgeois A Bourgeois GovernmentGovernment

V The king got the The king got the “suspensive” veto“suspensive” veto [which prevented the passage of laws [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years].for 4 years].

He could not pass laws.He could not pass laws. His ministers were responsible for their His ministers were responsible for their

own actions.own actions.

V A permanent, elected, single chamber A permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly.National Assembly.

Had the power to grant taxation.Had the power to grant taxation.

V An independent judiciary.An independent judiciary.


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The French Constitution The French Constitution of 1791:of 1791:

A Bourgeois A Bourgeois GovernmentGovernment

V ““Active” CitizenActive” Citizen [who pays taxes [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] could vote amounting to 3 days labor] could vote vs. vs. “Passive” Citizen“Passive” Citizen..

1/3 of adult males were denied the 1/3 of adult males were denied the franchise.franchise.

Domestic servants were also Domestic servants were also excluded.excluded.V A newly elected A newly elected LEGISLATIVE LEGISLATIVE

ASSEMBLYASSEMBLY..

GOALGOAL Make sure that the country Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!was not turned over to the mob!

GOALGOAL Make sure that the country Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!was not turned over to the mob!

83 Revolutionary 83 Revolutionary DepartmentsDepartments

February 26, 1790February 26, 1790By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. Pojer


The Royal Family The Royal Family Attempts Attempts

to Fleeto FleeY June, 1791June, 1791

Y Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover].lover].

Y Headed toward the Headed toward the LuxembourgLuxembourgborder.border.

Y The King wasThe King wasrecognized atrecognized atVarennes, nearVarennes, nearthe borderthe border


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The First Coalition The First Coalition &&

TheThe Brunswick Brunswick ManifestoManifesto

(August 3, 1792)(August 3, 1792)

FRANCEFRANCE1792

-1797

1792-

1797AUSTRIAAUSTRIAPRUSSIAPRUSSIABRITAINBRITAINSPAINSPAINPIEDMONTPIEDMONT

Duke of BrunswickDuke of Brunswick if the Royal Family is if the Royal Family is harmed,harmed, Paris will be leveled!! Paris will be leveled!!

This military crisis undermined the new This military crisis undermined the new Legislative Assembly.Legislative Assembly.By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. Pojer


French Soldiers & the French Soldiers & the Tricolor:Tricolor:

ViveVive Le Patrie!Le Patrie!V The French armies The French armies were ill-prepared for were ill-prepared for the conflict.the conflict.

V ½ of the officer ½ of the officer corps had corps had emigrated.emigrated.

V Many men disserted.Many men disserted.

V New recruits were New recruits were enthusiastic, butenthusiastic, butill-trained.ill-trained.

V French troops often French troops often broke ranks and fled broke ranks and fled in disorder.in disorder.By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. Pojer


French Expansion: French Expansion: 1791-17991791-1799


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Sir Edmund Burke Sir Edmund Burke (1790):(1790):

Reflections on the Revolution Reflections on the Revolution in Francein France

The conservative The conservative response to the French response to the French

RevolutionRevolutionBy: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. Pojer


Section 4 The End of the Monarchy: a Second

Revolution• What was the Revolution of 1792 & why did it occur?

• What were the policies of the Girondins? What groups supported them?

• What happened when Francis II became Emperor of Austria?

• Who were the sans-culottes & how did they become a factor in the politics of the period?

• How influential were the sans-culottes during ‘the Terror’?

Section 4 The End of the Monarchy: a Second

Revolution• Who were the Jacobins? What did they stand for?

• Why did the Jacobins and sans-culottes cooperate at first?

• Who was Citizen Capet? What was his fate?

The “Second” The “Second” French RevolutionFrench Revolution

The National Convention:The National Convention:

Girondin Rule: 1792-1793Girondin Rule: 1792-1793

Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794[“Reign of Terror”][“Reign of Terror”]

Thermidorian Reaction: 1794-Thermidorian Reaction: 1794-17951795

The Directory The Directory 1795-1799 1795-1799By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. Pojer


Attitudes Attitudes & actions & actions

of of monarchymonarchy& court& court

Attitudes Attitudes & actions & actions

of of monarchymonarchy& court& court

Fear ofFear ofCounter-Counter-RevolutiRevoluti

onon

Fear ofFear ofCounter-Counter-RevolutiRevoluti

onon

ReligioReligiousus

divisiodivisionsns

ReligioReligiousus

divisiodivisionsns

PoliticPoliticalal

divisiodivisionsns

PoliticPoliticalal

divisiodivisionsns

WarWarWarWar

EconoEconomicmic

CrisesCrises

EconoEconomicmic

CrisesCrises

The Causes of The Causes of Instability in FranceInstability in France

1792 - 17951792 - 1795

The Causes of The Causes of Instability in FranceInstability in France

1792 - 17951792 - 1795


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The JacobinsThe JacobinsJacobin Meeting HouseJacobin Meeting House

They held their meetings in the They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris.monastery in Paris.

Started as a debating society.Started as a debating society.

Membership mostly middle Membership mostly middle class.class.

Created a vast network of clubs.Created a vast network of clubs.By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. Pojer


The The Sans-Culottes:Sans-Culottes:The Parisian Working The Parisian Working

ClassClass Small Small

shopkeepers.shopkeepers.

Tradesmen.Tradesmen.

Artisans.Artisans.

They shared many of They shared many of the ideals of their the ideals of their

middle class middle class representatives in representatives in

government!government!By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua,

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The The Sans-Sans-CulottesCulottes

Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.


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The Storming of the The Storming of the Tuilieres:Tuilieres:

August 9-10, 1792August 9-10, 1792

This was triggered in part by the publication This was triggered in part by the publication in Paris of the August 3 Brunswick Manifesto, in Paris of the August 3 Brunswick Manifesto,

which confirmed popular suspicions which confirmed popular suspicions concerning the king’s treason.concerning the king’s treason.


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The September The September Massacres, Massacres, 17921792

(The dark side of the (The dark side of the Revolution!)Revolution!)

Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front.attacked from the front.

Buveurs de sangBuveurs de sang [“drinkers of blood.”] [“drinkers of blood.”] over 1000 over 1000 killed!killed!

It discredited the Revolution among its remaining It discredited the Revolution among its remaining sympathizers abroad.sympathizers abroad.


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The National The National ConventionConvention

(September, 1792)(September, 1792) Its first act was the formal Its first act was the formal abolition of the monarchy on abolition of the monarchy on September 22, 1792.September 22, 1792.

The The Year IYear I of the French Republic. of the French Republic.

The Decree of FraternityThe Decree of Fraternity

it offered French assistance to any it offered French assistance to any subject peoples who wished to subject peoples who wished to overthrow their governments.overthrow their governments.

When France sneezes, When France sneezes, all of Europe catches all of Europe catches

cold!cold!

When France sneezes, When France sneezes, all of Europe catches all of Europe catches

cold!cold!

By: Susan M. By: Susan M. PojerPojer

Horace Horace Greeley H. S. Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, Chappaqua,

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The Political The Political SpectrumSpectrum

JacobinJacobinss

MontagnarMontagnardsds

(“The (“The Mountain”)Mountain”)

GirondistsGirondistsMonarchíeMonarchíe

nn(Royalists)(Royalists)

1790s:1790s:The PlainThe Plain

(swing (swing votes)votes)

TODAY:TODAY:


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The Politics of the The Politics of the National Convention National Convention

(1792-1795)(1792-1795)MontagnardsMontagnards Girondist

sGirondist

s Power base in Paris.Power base in Paris.

Main support from the Main support from the sans-culottessans-culottes..

Would adopt extreme Would adopt extreme measures to achieve their measures to achieve their goals.goals.

Saw Paris as the center of Saw Paris as the center of the Revolution.the Revolution.

More centralized [in Paris] More centralized [in Paris] approach to government.approach to government.

Power base in the Power base in the provinces.provinces.

Feared the influence Feared the influence of the of the sans-culottessans-culottes..

Feared the Feared the dominance of Paris dominance of Paris in national politics.in national politics.

Supported more Supported more national national government government centralization centralization [federalism].[federalism].


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The “Purifying” Pot The “Purifying” Pot of the Jacobinof the Jacobin


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Louis XVI as a Louis XVI as a PigPig

c For the Montagnards, the king was a For the Montagnards, the king was a traitor.traitor.

c The Girondins felt that the Revolution had The Girondins felt that the Revolution had gone far enough and didn’t want to gone far enough and didn’t want to execute the king [maybe exile him].execute the king [maybe exile him].By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. Pojer


Louis XVI’s Head Louis XVI’s Head (January (January 21, 1793)21, 1793)c The trial of the king The trial of the king

was hastened by the was hastened by the discovery in a secret discovery in a secret cupboard in the cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache Tuilieres of a cache of documents.of documents.

c They proved They proved conclusively Louis’ conclusively Louis’ knowledge and knowledge and encouragement of encouragement of foreign intervention.foreign intervention.

c The National The National Convention votedConvention voted387 to 334387 to 334 to to execute the execute the monarchs.monarchs.


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The Death of “Citizen” The Death of “Citizen” Louis CapetLouis Capet

Matter for Matter for reflectionreflection

for the crowned for the crowned jugglers.jugglers.

So impure bloodSo impure blooddoesn’t soil our land!doesn’t soil our land!


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Marie Antoinette as a Marie Antoinette as a SerpentSerpent

The “Widow Capet”The “Widow Capet”By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. Pojer


Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette on the Way to the on the Way to the

GuillotineGuillotine


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Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Died in October, Died in October,

17931793


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Section 4: Europe at War With the Revolution

• On what points did Edmund Burke attack the Second French Revolution in his book Reflections on the Revolution in France?

• What were the political consequences of the French Revolution on British politics?

• What were the consequences of the French Revolution upon Poland?

• Why did France go to war with Austria in 1792? What were the benefits & drawbacks for France of fighting an external war in the midst of a domestic political revolution?

Section 4: Europe at War With the Revolution

Section 5: The Reign of Terror• What nations formed the First Coalition

against France? What were these nations seeking to achieve in going to war against revolutionary France?

• What was the result of the War of the First Coalition?

• Napoleon at the Battle of Rivoli, by Felix Philipoteaux

The The Levee en Masse:Levee en Masse:An Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 SoldiersAn Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 Soldiers

An army based on merit, not An army based on merit, not birth!birth!


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Section 5: The Reign of Terror• What were the causes of the

Terror?• What was the Committee of Public

Safety?• How did the Jacobins use the sans-

culottes to secure power in the Convention in 1793?

• What was the Levée en Masse? Why is it considered such an important aspect of early modern history?

• What was the ‘Republic of Virtue’? Who was its leader?

• Why did the Jacobins attempt to de-Christianize France? What was Robespierre’s reaction to this attempt?

The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror

Terror is nothing other than Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible.justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre-- Robespierre

Let terror be Let terror be the order of the order of

the day!the day!c The Revolutionary The Revolutionary

Tribunal of Paris alone Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 executed 2,639 victims in 15 months.victims in 15 months.

c The total number of The total number of victims nationwide victims nationwide was over 20,000!was over 20,000!


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Different Social Different Social Classes Executed Classes Executed

28%

31%

25%

8%

7%


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The De-Christianization The De-Christianization ProgramProgram

1.1. The adoption of a new The adoption of a new Republican Republican CalendarCalendar::

abolished Sundays & religious holidays.abolished Sundays & religious holidays. months named after seasonal features.months named after seasonal features. 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day

decades.decades. the yearly calendar was dated fromthe yearly calendar was dated from

the creation of the Republic the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792][Sept. 22, 1792]

The Convention symbolically divorced The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the Church!!the state from the Church!!


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The New Republican The New Republican CalendarCalendarNew Name Meaning Time Period

Vendemaire Vintage September 22 – October 21

Brumaire Fog October 22 – November 20

Frimaire Frost November 21 – December 20

Nivose Snow December 21 – January 19

Pluviose Rain January 20 – February 18

Ventose Wind February 19 – March 20

Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19

Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19

Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18

Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18

Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17

Fructidor Fruit August 18 – September 21

A New Republican A New Republican Calendar YearCalendar YearI 1792 – 1793

II 1793 – 1794

III 1794 – 1795

IV 1795 – 1796

V 1796 – 1797

VI 1797 – 1798

VII 1798 – 1799

VIII 1799 – 1800

IX 1800 – 1801

X 1801 – 1802

XI 1802 – 1803

XII 1803 – 1804

XIII 1804 – 1805

XIV 1805

The Gregorian System returned in 1806.

Section 5: The Reign of Terror• What brought about an end

to the Terror? What events led to the downfall of Robespierre & the Committee of Public Safety?

• How did Robespierre bring about his own downfall?

• What happened during the Thermidorian Reaction? What social class emerged triumphant from the Revolution?

• What was the Directory? What sort of government did it establish?

• How did General Napoleon Bonaparte secure a hold on power during the Directory?

The “Thermidorian The “Thermidorian Reaction”Reaction”V Curtailed the power of the Committee Curtailed the power of the Committee

for Public Safety.for Public Safety.

V Closed the Jacobin Clubs.Closed the Jacobin Clubs.

V Churches were reopened.Churches were reopened.

1795 1795 freedom of worship for all cults freedom of worship for all cults was granted.was granted.

V Economic restrictions were lifted in Economic restrictions were lifted in favor of laissez-faire policies.favor of laissez-faire policies.

V August, 1795 August, 1795 a new Constitution is a new Constitution is writtenwritten

more conservative republicanism.more conservative republicanism.By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. Pojer


Characteristics of the DirectoryCharacteristics of the DirectoryV The Paris Commune was outlawed.The Paris Commune was outlawed.

V The Law of 22 Prairial was revoked.The Law of 22 Prairial was revoked.

V People involved in the original Terror People involved in the original Terror were now attacked were now attacked “White” “White” TerrorTerror

V Inflation continues.Inflation continues.

V Rule by rich bourgeois liberals.Rule by rich bourgeois liberals.

V Self-indulgence Self-indulgence frivolous culture; frivolous culture;salons return; wild fashions.salons return; wild fashions.

V Political corruption.Political corruption.

V Revival of Catholicism.Revival of Catholicism.By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua,

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The Government Structure The Government Structure of the of the

New DirectoryNew DirectoryV 5-man executive committee or 5-man executive committee or oligarchy oligarchy [to [to avoid a dictatorship].avoid a dictatorship].

V Tried to avoid the dangers of a one-house Tried to avoid the dangers of a one-house legislature.legislature.

Council of 500Council of 500 initiates legislation. initiates legislation.

Council of EldersCouncil of Elders [250 members] [250 members] married or married or widowed males over 40 years of age.widowed males over 40 years of age.

o They accepted or rejected the legislation.They accepted or rejected the legislation.

Both houses elected by electors who owned or Both houses elected by electors who owned or rented property worth 100-200 days’ labor rented property worth 100-200 days’ labor [limited to 30,000 voters].[limited to 30,000 voters].

The electors were elected by all males over 21 The electors were elected by all males over 21 who were taxpayers.who were taxpayers.

By: By: Susan M. Susan M.

PojerPojerHorace Horace Greeley Greeley H. S. H. S.

ChappaquChappaqua, NYa, NY

Political Instability: Political Instability: 1795-17961795-1796

April, 1795 April, 1795 Inflation; bread riots. Inflation; bread riots.

May 20, 1795 May 20, 1795 Revolt of Prairial [Year Revolt of Prairial [Year III]III]

October, 1795 :October, 1795 :

VVendéeendée and Brittany and Brittany revolted.revolted.

Military suppressed Military suppressed them.them.

May, 1796 May, 1796 First First “communist” revolt“communist” revolt

Gracchus BabeufGracchus Babeuf and and the the Conspiracy of Equals”Conspiracy of Equals”By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. Pojer


18 Brumaire 18 Brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799)(Nov. 9, 1799)

Coup d’Coup d’éétattat by Napoleon.by Napoleon.

Approved by a Approved by a plebiscite in plebiscite in December.December.

Abbe Sieyès: Abbe Sieyès: Confidence Confidence from below; from below; authority authority from above.from above.


NYNY

Chapter 18 The French Revolution Chapter 18 The French Revolution.

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 18 The French Revolution Chapter 18 The French Revolution.