WORDS TO KNOWBOURGEOIS IE - T H E U R B A N M I D D L E C L A SS I N C LU D I N G M E R C H A N T S , M A N U FA C T U R E R S A N D P R O F E SS I O N A L S L I K E D O C T O R S A N D L AW Y E R S

COUP D’ETAT - S E I Z U R E O F F P O W E R BY F O R C E

CONSERVATIVE - G R O U P T H AT D O E S N O T WA N T T O C H A N G E E X I S T I N G C O N D I T I O N S

NATIONALISM - LO V E O F O N E ’ S C O U N T RY R AT H E R T H A N O F O N E ’ S N AT I V E R E G I O N .

ESTATE -T H E S O C I A L C L A SS E S O F F R A N C E — S E E B E LO W

  GUERILLA WARFARE - M I L I TA RY T E C H N I Q U E R E LY I N G O N S W I F T R A I D S BY S M A L L B A N D S O F S O L D I E R S

RADICALS - P E R S O N ’ S W H O WA N T B R O A D C H A N G E S M A D E I N T H E G O V E R N M E N T A N D A R E W I L L I N G T O U S E F O R C E T O G E T T H E S E C H A N G E S .

  LEGIT IMACY- P R I N C I P L E I N V O LV I N G R E S T O R I N G F O R M E R R U L I N G FA M I L I E S T O T H E I R T H R O N E S 

The French Revolution1789-1815

THE TEN PHASES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

1. The Old Regime—Rule of the King and Queen2. The Tennis Court Oath3. Storming of the Bastille4. Declarations of the Rights of Man5. Arrest and Death of the King and Queen6. The Committee of Public Safety7. The Reign of Terror8. The Directory9. The Rise of Napoleon10. Napoleon becomes Emperor

Stage 1: The Old Regime

French King Louis XVI (16th) came to power in 1774 and was married to Marie Antoinette He faced a great debt from aiding

the Americans in the American Revolution The Legislative Branch of France: Estates General— separated into social classes

POPULATION MAKE UP OF FRANCE

Estate Social StatusPercent of Population

Percent ofLand Owned

Percent of Taxes Paid

1st Roman Catholic

ClergyLess than

1%10% 2% as a gift

2nd

Nobles 2% 20% 0%--sometimes gave a donation

to the government

3rd

bourgeoisie-lawyers, doctors and merchants.Workers-butchers, weaversPeasant-80% of population

98% Most of the land was owned

by the bourgeoisie

Paid over HALF their income in

taxes

Events that led to the Oath

What happened when the King said no…

Stage 2: The Tennis Court Oath

Louis XVI tried to tax the nobles but they demanded a meeting of the Estates General to vote on the issue.

Estates General -had not met since 1614 Number of Representatives per Estate

1st Estate—150 members 2nd Estate—150 members 3rd Estate—300 members

each estate met separately, voted, then brought back ONE vote per estate—the 1st and 2nd usually voted together—even thought the 3rd Estate had the most members, they usually lost.

the Third Estate asked King Louis XVI for ALL estates to meet together and get one vote per PERSON—the king said NO!

The 3rd Estate rebelled and changed its name to the National Assembly and drew up a new Constitution/

When the King ordered them to disband and closed their meeting site they met at a nearby Tennis Court and swore to stay until the King signed the new Constitution

Stage 3: The Storming of the Bastille

•Louis XVI•asked •Swiss mercenaries to come to

France to help himThe National

Assembly assumed they

were coming to break them up.

On July 14, 1789 peasants stormed the French prison,

theBastille to get weapons to

defend themselves.

The Revolution starts to turn violent in Paris—spreads throughout France.

France’s 14th of July (like our 4th of July!!)

The anniversary of the Storming of

the Bastille is France’s Independence day!

Despite the fact that the French Revolution begins to move towards a more violent path, Bastille Day is a celebration of freedom and democracy!

Stage 4: The Declaration of the Rights of Man

August 8, 1789 After capturing the Bastille, the Great Fear swept the

countryside. Peasants joined together, killed nobles and took over their land.

Parisian women rioted due to rising bread prices. They marched from Paris to the King and Queen’s palace in Versailles, killed three guards and forced the King and his family to come to Paris.

The National Assembly drew up the Declaration based on Enlightenment ideas. The nobles supported it out of fear. The Declaration took land away from the Church and also gave freedom of religion and speech.

The King was forced to sign it in October 1789. At this point, the Third Estate had achieved their goals…

but the RADICALS were about to take control!!!Update: THE THIRD ESTATE BECAME THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

Stage: 5 Arrest and Death of the King and Queen

In September of 1791, the National Assembly stepped down to allow a newly elected group, the Legislative Assembly to rule with the monarchy—the King.

Radicals Moderates ConservativesThis political split dominated society and politics in Western Europe throughout the 1800s. Many countries struggled with preserving the old monarch system and push for more democracy.

wanted to abolish the monarchy

Wanted to limit the monarchy but still keep it

Wanted to restore the monarchy to full control.

led by theJacobins, they forced the Legislative Assembly to step down and held new, fixed elections.

Newly elected branch became the Legislative Assembly.

At this point the French Revolution was run by the bourgeoisie & no longer needed peasant support.

3rd Estate National Assembly Legislative Assembly.

International Concerns: Austria and Prussia joined against France and warned against harming the King and Queen. All five countries who shared the balance of power had monarchies. If democracy won in one country, they were all in danger of losing power.

January 21, 1793-the National Convention, who had previously arrested and imprisoned the King and Queen, tried and convicted Louis XVI of treason. He was sent to the guillotine and beheaded.

The First Coalition: Britain, Prussia, Portugal, Austria, and Spain moved towards France to stop the Revolution. They were unsuccessful.

Stage 6: Committee of Public Safety

led by the Jacobin ruler Maximillien Robespierre

The committee wanted to rid France of the past monarchy and nobility and decided who were enemies of the new republic.

Tried people in the morning and executed them in the evening.

Beheaded those who were not seen as radical enough.

Got rid of the original revolutionaries.

"Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible"

Stage 7: THE REIGN OF TERROR

Led by Maximillien Robespierre—he had his closest allies killed to prevent any counter-revolution.

Widespread use of the guillotine

Killed many of the original revolutionaries that were seen as threat to Jacobin and radical ideals.

beheaded about 40,000 100,000s died from disease in overcrowded prisons.

Queen Marie Antoinette is beheaded

It is rumored that Marie Antoinette used the phrase “Let them eat cake,” when told that peasants were starving due to a bread shortage. Traditionally it used to show that she did not care about the problems of the people, however this is not a proven fact, but it is still a well known quote.

The first victim was Marie Antoinette. She had been imprisoned with her children after she was separated from Louis. First they took her son Louis Charles from her. He disappeared under suspicious circumstances. Then she led off a parade of citizens to their deaths. The guillotine, the new was put to work. Public executions were considered educational. Women were encouraged to sit and knit during trials and executions. (http://www.historywiz.com/terror.htm)

Stage 8: THE DIRECTORY

1794-members of the National Convention feared

for their own lives and turned on Robespierre, beheaded him ending the Reign of Terror

created a new constitution which had a legislative branch and a Five member consul as the executive branch—known as The Directory

Despite corruption it gave France a period of order.

found a new general to lead the French armies: Napoleon Bonaparte.

This guy

NOT This guy!!

General Napoleon

Europe’s Reaction: Monarchies of Europe felt

threatened by democratic revolution in France. If France was successful, revolution would spread. Joined together to put down the French Revolution.

1796-1797: Napoleon defeated Italy forcing Austria and Prussia to drop out of the First Coalition

1799-Britain made Second coalition with Austria and Russia but by 1802 were forced to make peace with Napoleon

Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Spain tried to suppress the French Revolution

Stage 9: Napoleon Rises to Power

1799

•The Directory had grown corrupt, people began to question their power

Napoleon’s Cou

p

•Napoleon had become famous for his defeat of other European nations.

• took the weakness of the Directory as a chance to seize power and did!

The New

“King”

•Napoleon ruled with 2 consuls but took powers of dictator for himself.

Stage 9: Napoleon Rises to Power

Until 1800 Napoleon had ruled with other consuls but in that same year the people approved another new Constitution which gave Napoleon Sole Power of France.

The French Revolution was coming full circle, beginning with a King and ending with a dictator

Stage 10: Napoleon Rules as Emperor 1800-1815

Napoleon Restored OrderEconomically: slowed inflation balanced the budget set up a National BankSocially: Nobles who had fled were allowed to return promoted people based on merit not social class/nobilityLegally: established a new legal system abolished the 3 Estate System granted equal rights in law to all ClassesReligiously brought back the Catholic Church was tolerant of Jews and ProtestantsNegative Actions Napoleon had the power to censor all newspapers took away a woman’s right to own property Restored slavery in the French Caribbean Napoleon was exempt from all laws.

NAPOLEON BUILD AN EMPIRE

Third Coalition—Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden, and Prussia joined against Napoleon.

Napoleon defeated Austria, captured Berlin and beat the Russians in Prussia—Czar Alexander I of Russia made a deal with Napoleon to split Poland—Poland disappears from the map until after World War I.

Napoleon controlled all of Europe except Britain the Ottoman Empire, Russia and Sweden.

Completely ended the existence of the Holy Roman Empire--the German states now became ruled as independent states.

NAPOLEON’S THREE MISTAKES

1.  The Continental System (Blockade of Britain) Napoleon’s navy blocked Britain from importing and exporting

goods the blockade was not tight enoughgoods got through Britain responded with its own Blockade on France hurting

France’s economy.  2. Underestimating Nationalism Napoleon took over Spain and planned to replace the Spanish

leader with his brother. The Spanish people were angered and fought to preserve their culture.

Spanish used guerilla tactics and defeated France. Showed Europe France could be defeated and rebellions broke

out all over Napoleon’s empire.

3. THE INVASION OF RUSSIA Napoleon supplied his army with

as little as possible assuming they would move faster and take needed supplies and food from groups they conquered.

Russia knew this strategy and used it against France. When the French army attacked the Russians retreated, burned their crops and killed livestock to starve the French.

When Napoleon’s men finally retreated the Russians attacked and easily killed 300,000 of France’s troops.

NAPOLEON’S THREE MISTAKES

THE FALL OF NAPOLEON

The Fall of Napoleon with Napoleon weak European

countries attacked France and defeated Napoleon

1814-Napoleon was exiled to Elba (an island off of Italy)

1815-Napoleon escaped, returned to France & raised an army.

the Grand Alliance quickly moved in and defeated Napoleon for the last time at the Battle of Waterloo.

He was exiled to St. Helena where he died 6 years later.

“Au revoir France. Shouldn’t have went for Russia, sigh.”

THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1815

Purpose: Austria, Great Britain, Prussia and Russia wanted to restore

the boundaries of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon

The Congress was led by Prince Klemons von Metternich of Austria who dominated the Congress.

Metternich’s Three Goals:1. Strengthen the countries

around France2. Restore the Balance of

Power in Europe3. Legitimacy restore royal

rulers of France:

Europe in 1815

Impact of the French Revolution

Conservatives Controlled Europe—Throughout the 1800s—Prussia, Russia, Great Britain, France, and Austria tried to maintain a balance of power with each other preserve their own monarchies.

Congress of Vienna restored the monarchies of Western Europe

Britain established a constitutional monarchy but only the wealthy citizens could vote

Russia, Prussia and Austria maintained an Absolute monarchy and created the Holy Alliance: promised to help each other if they were threatened by reformers

France—Louis XVIII shared his power with a legislative branch called the Chamber of Deputies. Despite the restoration of the monarchy, France remained greatly divided between conservatives, liberals and those who wanted liberty, equality, & fraternity

New Political Ideas Spread throughout Europe

Philosophy What they Wanted

Thoughts on Democracy

Who Supported it?

Conservatism restoration of monarchies in Europe

Hated democracy

wealthy and the leaders at the Congress of Vienna

Liberalismwanted a King and an elected Parliament

Wanted small amount of democracy

supported by merchants and bourgeoisie

Radicalismfavored radical change and apt to use violence

Pushed for complete democracy

supported by the working class