The French The French Revolution RevolutionSection One- The Old OrderSection One- The Old Order

EstatesEstates

The estates were The estates were orders of French societyorders of French society that that determined a person’s legal rightsdetermined a person’s legal rights and statusand status..

Members of the First Estate were Members of the First Estate were thethe higher and higher and lower Roman Catholic clergylower Roman Catholic clergy..

Members of the Second Estate were Members of the Second Estate were thethe nobilitynobility..Members of the Third Estate were Members of the Third Estate were the peasantsthe peasants, ,

artisans, and the bourgeoisieartisans, and the bourgeoisie..The estate that had the most members but the The estate that had the most members but the

least money, rights, and privileges was least money, rights, and privileges was thethe Third EstateThird Estate..

Causes of Unhappiness Causes of Unhappiness

a.a. peasants-peasants-increased cost of living andincreased cost of living and higher fees for equipmenthigher fees for equipment

b.b. artisans-artisans-higherhigher pricesprices

c.c. bourgeoisie-bourgeoisie-lacklack of political powerof political power

d.d. nobility- nobility- resented the king’s power andresented the king’s power and wanted to increase their ownwanted to increase their own

King Louis XVIKing Louis XVI

Louis XVI faced a financial crisis Louis XVI faced a financial crisis becausebecause of the serious debt from wars and theof the serious debt from wars and the extravagant court of Louis XVextravagant court of Louis XV..

b. He called the Estates-General b. He called the Estates-General to taxto tax the First and Second Estatesthe First and Second Estates..

National AssemblyNational Assembly

Explain how the National Assembly formed Explain how the National Assembly formed out of the Estates-General. out of the Estates-General. Members ofMembers of the Third Estate wanted the estates to the Third Estate wanted the estates to meet as one with delegates voting as meet as one with delegates voting as individuals; they were locked out of the individuals; they were locked out of the Estates-General; They took the Tennis Estates-General; They took the Tennis Court Oath and formed the National Court Oath and formed the National Assembly; the king was forced to order Assembly; the king was forced to order the first two estates to join themthe first two estates to join them..

BastilleBastille

The fall of Bastille came about as The fall of Bastille came about as a moba mob was seeking weapons to defend the was seeking weapons to defend the National Assembly against a possible National Assembly against a possible attack by the King’s armyattack by the King’s army..

““Great Fear”Great Fear”

The “Great Fear” was The “Great Fear” was the wave of violencethe wave of violence throughout France that was sparked by throughout France that was sparked by the fall of Bastillethe fall of Bastille..

Section Two- Section Two- Constitutional Government Constitutional Government

In the summer of 1789, the “Great Fear” swept In the summer of 1789, the “Great Fear” swept France. Fearful nobles in the France. Fearful nobles in the National National AssemblyAssembly were forced to pass many reforms. were forced to pass many reforms.

The reforms were as follows:The reforms were as follows:a.a. Destruction of feudalismDestruction of feudalismb.b. Abolition of feudal duesAbolition of feudal duesc.c. Abolition of feudal tithesAbolition of feudal tithesd.d. Taxing of nobilityTaxing of nobilitye.e. Opening of government, army, church offices Opening of government, army, church offices

to any male citizen.to any male citizen.

National AssemblyNational Assembly

The National Assembly also composed The National Assembly also composed The The Declaration of Rights of Man and ofDeclaration of Rights of Man and of CitizenCitizen, , which stated the major principles that the which stated the major principles that the reformers wanted. reformers wanted.

King Louis XVI refused to accept either the King Louis XVI refused to accept either the reforms or the document, both of which reforms or the document, both of which weakened his power. In October 1789, an weakened his power. In October 1789, an angry mob marched on angry mob marched on VersaillesVersailles, forcing the , forcing the king and his family to return to king and his family to return to ParisParis..

National AssemblyNational Assembly

After the crisis was over, the National Assembly After the crisis was over, the National Assembly continued its work. To raise money, the continued its work. To raise money, the Assembly voted to confiscate land owned by Assembly voted to confiscate land owned by the Catholic Churchthe Catholic Church and sell it. and sell it.

The National Assembly passed also passed the The National Assembly passed also passed the Civil Constitution of the ClergyCivil Constitution of the Clergy, which turned , which turned the clergy into elected, paid officials. In the clergy into elected, paid officials. In response, response, Pope Pius VIPope Pius VI, the leader of the , the leader of the Catholic Church, condemned the revolution.Catholic Church, condemned the revolution.

New ConstitutionNew Constitution

The National Assembly passed a new The National Assembly passed a new constitution in1791. It kept the monarchy but constitution in1791. It kept the monarchy but also created a also created a unicameral legislatureunicameral legislature, or one-, or one-house elected assembly.house elected assembly.

The constitution was not popular, and the people The constitution was not popular, and the people of France remained deeply divided. of France remained deeply divided. Disagreements over the future of France sent Disagreements over the future of France sent the country into turmoil. Violence was the country into turmoil. Violence was widespread. In response, the royal family widespread. In response, the royal family attempted to flee France and escape to attempted to flee France and escape to AustriaAustria..

ÉmigrésÉmigrés

Although the king couldn’t escape from Although the king couldn’t escape from France, many nobles, called France, many nobles, called émigrésémigrés, , did. They tried to convince leaders of did. They tried to convince leaders of other countries that the revolution also other countries that the revolution also threatened their rule.threatened their rule.

AustriaAustria

Concerned that Concerned that AustriaAustria might try to might try to reinstate Louis XVI, leaders of the French reinstate Louis XVI, leaders of the French Revolution declared war on this country Revolution declared war on this country in 1792.in 1792.

The “September massacres” were The “September massacres” were executions carried out against executions carried out against noblesnobles and and priestspriests..

Section Three- Dawn of a Section Three- Dawn of a New EraNew Era

The events at Valmy inspired the French The events at Valmy inspired the French revolutionaries because revolutionaries because the Frenchthe French victory at Valmy saved Paris and endedvictory at Valmy saved Paris and ended the revolution from the armies of thethe revolution from the armies of the European monarchiesEuropean monarchies..

National ConventionNational Convention

The National Convention was called to The National Convention was called to create a new government for Francecreate a new government for France..

The National Convention convicted Louis The National Convention convicted Louis XVIXVI of having “conspired against the of having “conspired against the liberty of the nation”.liberty of the nation”.

Sans-Culottes, Jacobins, Sans-Culottes, Jacobins, and Girondistsand Girondists

The sans-culottes saw themselves as heroes and The sans-culottes saw themselves as heroes and heroines because heroines because they werethey were the ordinary the ordinary citizens for whom and bycitizens for whom and by whom the revolution whom the revolution was wagedwas waged..

The Jacobins were The Jacobins were members of the Nationalmembers of the National Convention who supported the sans-culottesConvention who supported the sans-culottes and extreme radicals. They were also radicalsand extreme radicals. They were also radicals..

The Girondists were The Girondists were members of the Nationalmembers of the National Convention who wanted to protect the wealthyConvention who wanted to protect the wealthy middle class. They were moderatesmiddle class. They were moderates..

Committee of Public Committee of Public SafetySafety

The National Convention formed the The National Convention formed the Committee of Public Safety to Committee of Public Safety to direct thedirect the war effort against the army of Europe’swar effort against the army of Europe’s monarchiesmonarchies..

The Committee adopted conscription The Committee adopted conscription because the French armies were beingbecause the French armies were being defeateddefeated..

Reign of TerrorReign of Terror

The Reign of Terror was the The Reign of Terror was the effort by theeffort by the Jacobins to crush their opposition Jacobins to crush their opposition between July 1793 and July 1794between July 1793 and July 1794..

DirectoryDirectory

The Directory was The Directory was an executive council ofan executive council of five men set up to rule France after thefive men set up to rule France after the fall of Robespierrefall of Robespierre..

Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte was Napoleon Bonaparte was popular inpopular in France because he was a successfulFrance because he was a successful young general in the French armyyoung general in the French army..

Napoleon was able to accomplish his coup Napoleon was able to accomplish his coup d’etatd’etat because he made an unannounced because he made an unannounced return to France during a politicallyreturn to France during a politically uncertain timeuncertain time..

Section Four- Napoleon’s Section Four- Napoleon’s EmpireEmpire

Napoleon set up a Napoleon set up a dictatorshipdictatorship in France. in France.

Napoleon restructured the government and financial Napoleon restructured the government and financial system of France in the following ways:system of France in the following ways:

a.a. Replacement of local elected officialsReplacement of local elected officialsb.b. Placing education under the control of the national Placing education under the control of the national

governmentgovernmentc.c. Creating technical schools and universitiesCreating technical schools and universitiesd.d. Creating the Bank of FranceCreating the Bank of Francee.e. Requiring all citizens to pay taxesRequiring all citizens to pay taxes

Napoleonic CodeNapoleonic Code

The Napoleonic Code was The Napoleonic Code was French lawFrench law rewritten under Napoleon. It unifiedrewritten under Napoleon. It unified French laws, made them clear andFrench laws, made them clear and consistent, and was based onconsistent, and was based on Enlightenment ideas such as equalityEnlightenment ideas such as equality and toleranceand tolerance..

Concordat of 1801Concordat of 1801

The Concordat of 1801 The Concordat of 1801 acknowledged acknowledged Catholicism as the religion of the majorityCatholicism as the religion of the majority of the people of Franceof the people of France..

Napoleon’s EmpireNapoleon’s Empire

In building his empire, Napoleon first In building his empire, Napoleon first defeated defeated Italy and AustriaItaly and Austria..

Battle of TrafalgarBattle of Trafalgar

The Battle of Trafalgar was very important The Battle of Trafalgar was very important because it removed the possibility of a because it removed the possibility of a French invasionFrench invasion..

The Continental SystemThe Continental System

The Continental System was The Continental System was Napoleon’sNapoleon’s economic blockade against Great Britain, economic blockade against Great Britain, in which he ordered all European nations in which he ordered all European nations to stop trading with that country.to stop trading with that country.

The Continental System failed The Continental System failed because thebecause the British navy maintained control of theBritish navy maintained control of the seasseas..

NationalismNationalism

Nationalism Nationalism is the yearning for self rule andis the yearning for self rule and a people’s own customs and traditionsa people’s own customs and traditions..

Nationalism was a threat to Napoleon’s Nationalism was a threat to Napoleon’s empire because empire because nationalist feelings led tonationalist feelings led to resentment of French rule and revolts resentment of French rule and revolts against Napoleonagainst Napoleon..

Downfall of NapoleonDownfall of Napoleon

Napoleon invaded Russia Napoleon invaded Russia to punish themto punish them for withdrawing from the Continental for withdrawing from the Continental SystemSystem..

The invasion of Russia was a disaster The invasion of Russia was a disaster because of the fire in Moscowbecause of the fire in Moscow, , Napoleon’s delay before ordering aNapoleon’s delay before ordering a retreat, especially to Russian attacks inretreat, especially to Russian attacks in the bitter winter during the long retreatthe bitter winter during the long retreat..

Downfall of NapoleonDownfall of Napoleon

The failed Russian invasion led to The failed Russian invasion led to Napoleon’s downfall Napoleon’s downfall due to thedue to the destruction of most of Napoleon’s army destruction of most of Napoleon’s army and the opportunity seized by other and the opportunity seized by other nations to attacknations to attack..

Hundred DaysHundred Days

The Hundred Days was The Hundred Days was the short period ofthe short period of time during which Napoleon againtime during which Napoleon again reigned as emperor after his surrender reigned as emperor after his surrender and abdicationand abdication..

WaterlooWaterloo

At Waterloo, At Waterloo, Napoleon was finally defeatedNapoleon was finally defeated by the armies of Prussia, Great Britainby the armies of Prussia, Great Britain, , and the Netherlands under the commandand the Netherlands under the command of the Duke of Wellingtonof the Duke of Wellington..