Review: Present Simple, Present Continuous
Transcript of Review: Present Simple, Present Continuous
Language Reference in Context
Review: Present Simple, Present Continuous
Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso do Present Simple e do Present Continuous.
From: NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC KIDS. World Atlas. Fourth Edition. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2013, p.38.
No texto “Leading Languages”, as primeiras frases apresentam fatos sobre algumas línguas. Nelas, encontramos os verbos no Present Simple (have, stand out, has, account for). Já a última frase do texto expressa uma tendência atual para o uso da língua inglesa e, dessa forma, utilizou-se o Present Continuous (is becoming).
Usamos o Present Simple para:
• falar de fatos e generalizações.
“Some languages have only a few hundred speakers…”
“…23 languages stand out with more than 50 million speakers each."
“Earth’s population giant, China, has 845 million speakers of Mandarin…”
“Colonial expansion, trade, and migration account for the spread of the other most widely spoken languages.”
• falar de rotinas, hábitos, ações do dia a dia.
They always speak English at school.
We have Portuguese classes every Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday.
da língua inglesa e, dessa forma, utilizou-se o
90 122 144178 181 182
221
328 329
845
Chinese (Mandarin)
SpanishEnglish
ArabicHindiBengaliPortugueseRussianJapaneseGerman
LanguagesPopulation of �rst languagespeakers (in millions)
Leading Languages
Some languages have only a few hundred speakers, but 23 languages stand out with more than 50 million speakers each.Earth’s population giant, China, has 845 million speakers of Mandarin, more than double the next largest group of language speakers. Colonial expansion, trade, and migration account for the spread of the other most widely spoken languages.With growing use of the Internet, English is becoming the language of the technology age.
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Usamos o Present Continuous para:
• falar de ações que ocorrem no momento da fala/escrita.
They are talking about leading languages.He is exploring a graph right now.
• expressar mudanças que ocorrem momentaneamente (tendências atuais).
“English is becoming the language of the technology age.”Many people are using English on the Internet nowadays.
Veja, no quadro a seguir, as regras ortográficas para verbos terminados em -ing.
Regras ortográficas para verbos terminados em -ing Exemplos
A maioria dos verbos: verbo + ing
do + ing ѧ doingtalk + ing ѧ talking
Verbos terminados em e: verbo - e + ing
use - e + ing ѧ�usingbecome - e + ing ѧ�becoming
Verbos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante:verbo + última consoante + ing
stop + p + ing ѧ�stoppingswim + m + ing ѧ�swimming
Verbos terminados em ie: verbo - ie + y + ing
die - ie + ing ѧ�dyinglie - ie + ing ѧ�lying
Extra Practice
The text below is about school enrolment. Complete it with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous tense. Education (prepare) children to
participate in society and to find a place in the world of
work. School enrolment rates (rise),
but many children still (grow up) without
access to a basic education. There are many reasons why children
(not get) even a primary education. (...)
From: COLLINS World Watch: a dynamic visual guide packed with fascinating facts about the world. 2nd edition. Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers, 2012, p. 34. (fragment)
Future with will
Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso de will.
What is the Future of the English Language?
English, as any other language, is a living and dynamic system, and it transforms according to the way its speakers use it. For this reason, today’s English will be very different in about a century. (...)
From: <http://termcoord.eu/2014/07/future-english-language>. Accessed in: March 2015. (fragment)
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Language Reference in Context
No texto “What is the Future of the English Language?”, o trecho “today’s
English will be very different in about a century” refere-se ao futuro da língua
inglesa daqui a aproximadamente cem anos.
• Usamos will para nos referirmos ao futuro.
New varieties of English will spread.
Forma afirmativa
I
will bevery different in the future.
You
He / She / It
We / You / They
Veja, nos quadros a seguir, as formas negativa e interrogativa de will.
• Em frases negativas, usamos not depois do will e antes do verbo principal.
English will not be the same in about a hundred years.
Forma negativa
I
will not bethe same in the future.
You
He / She / It
We / You / They
(will not = won’t)
• Em frases interrogativas, usamos will antes do sujeito.
According to the text, will English be different in the future? Yes, it will.
Forma interrogativa
Will
I
bedifferent in the
future?
you
he / she / it
we / you / they
Respostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
Yes,
I
will. No,
I
won’t.you you
he / she / it he / she / it
we / you / they we / you / they
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Making Comparisons (The Comparative Form)
Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Comparative Form.
Available at: <www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1950/11/01>. Accessed in: February, 2015.
Na tirinha, a menina faz várias comparações entre Charlie Brown e o outro menino. Usamos o comparativo de superioridade (more… than) para dizer que um elemento é superior a outro em algum aspecto.
“Are you stronger than Charlie Brown?”
“Are you older than Charlie Brown?”
“Are you smarter than Charlie Brown?”
Regras ortográficas para formar adjetivos no grau comparativo Exemplos
Adjetivos curtos
A maioria dos adjetivos:adjetivo + er
strong + er ѧ�strongerold + er ѧ�older
Adjetivos terminados em e:adjetivo + r
wise + r ѧ�wisernice + r ѧ�nicer
Adjetivos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante:adjetivo + última consoante + er
fat + t + er ѧ�fatterbig + g + er ѧ�bigger
Adjetivos terminados em consoante + y:adjetivo - y + ier
angry - y + ier ѧ�angrierfunny - y + ier ѧ�funnier
Adjetivos longos
more + adjetivodifficult ѧ�more + difficultimportant ѧ�more + important
Formas irregulares
good ѧ betterbad ѧ worsefar ѧ farther / further
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Extra Practice
In each item below, put the words into the correct order to make sentences.
a. be/Online learning/a more efficient way to learning languages/will
b. will/English/be/the most important language in the future
c. won’t/Spanish/so popular worldwide as English/be
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Language Reference in Context
Extra Practice
Based on the characteristics of the following characters, complete the sentences below with the comparative form of the adjectives in parentheses.
Lucybossy, crabby (bad-tempered)
Pattynot so smart, good at sports
Marciesmart, bad at sports
a. Lucy is than Marcie. (bossy)
b. Lucy is than Patty. (crabby)
c. Patty is at sports than Marcie. (good)
d. Marcie is than Patty. (smart)
Making Comparisons (The Superlative Form)
Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso da Superlative Form.
Speaking of São Paulo state without using superlatives is difficult. The southern hemisphere’s largest city! Its finest museums! Its best restaurants! Its worst traffic! (Well, you can’t have everything.) São Paulo city – Sampa to locals – serves as Brazil’s Boom Town, commercially, financially, industrially and culturally (...).
From: LONELY Planet Brazil. 9th Edition, November 2013, p. 215.
No texto, vemos que São Paulo é a maior cidade do hemisfério sul, com os melhores museus e restaurantes, mas o pior trânsito. Usamos o superlativo (the most…) para dizer que um elemento, em um grupo, alcança o grau mais alto no aspecto em que é comparado.
“The southern hemisphere’s largest city.”
São Paulo has the � nest museums, the best restaurants, but the worst traf� c.
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Regras ortográficas para formar adjetivos no grau comparativo
Exemplos
Adjetivos curtos
A maioria dos adjetivos:the + adjetivo + est
the + strong + est ѧ the strongestthe + old + est ѧ the oldest
Adjetivos terminados em e:the + adjetivo + st
the + large + st ѧ the largestthe + fine + st ѧ the finest
Adjetivos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante:the + adjetivo + última consoante + est
the + fat + t + est ѧ the fattestthe + big + g + est ѧ the biggest
Adjetivos terminados em consoante + y:the + adjetivo - y + iest
the + angry - y + iest ѧ the angriestthe + funny - y + iest ѧ the funniest
Adjetivos longos
the most + adjetivodifficult ѧ�the most + difficultimportant ѧ�the most + important
Formas irregulares
good ѧ the bestbad ѧ the worstfar ѧ the farthest/the furthest
Extra Practice
Complete the following sentences with the superlative form of the adjectives in parentheses.
a. Brazil has some of beaches on earth. (fine)
b. Spread between Argentina and Brazil, Iguaçu Falls are some of
waterfalls on earth. (spectacular)
c. Seen from the peak of Pão de Açúcar, Rio is undoubtedly city in the world. (beautiful)
d. By far diving in the country is in the Fernando de Noronha archipelago. (good)
From: LONELY Planet Brazil. 9th Edition, November 2013.
Past Simple (Verb To Be)
Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso do verb to be no Past Simple.
FAQFrequently Asked Questions
3. When was Nelson Mandela’s birthday?18 July
4. How old was Nelson Mandela?The late former President Mandela was 95 when he died.
5. What were the names of Nelson Mandela’s parents?His father was Nkosi (Chief) Mphakanyiswa Mandela and his mother was Nosekeni Mandela.
Available at: <www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/faqs>. Accessed in: March 2015. (fragment)
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Language Reference in Context
• Was e were são a forma do verb to be no Past Simple.
“When was Nelson Mandela’s birthday?”
“How old was Nelson Mandela?”
“What were the names of Nelson Mandela’s parents?”
Forma afirmativa
I was
from South Africa.You were
He / She / It was
We / You / They were
Veja, nos quadros a seguir, as formas negativa e interrogativa do verb to be no Past Simple.
Extra Practice
Based on the FAQ about Nelson Mandela, complete the following sentences with was or were.
a. Nelson Mandela born on 18 July.
b. He 95 when he died.
c. His parents Nkosi Mandela and Nosekeni Mandela.
• Em frases negativas, usamos not depois do verb to be (was/were).
Mandela’s parents were not teachers.
Forma negativa
I was
notfrom South
Africa.
You were
He / She / It was
We / You / They were
• Em frases interrogativas, usamos o verb to be (was/were) antes do sujeito.
Was Mandela an anti-apartheid leader? Yes, he was.
Forma interrogativa
Was I
from South Africa?
Were you
Was he / she / it
Were we / you / they
(was not = wasn’t; were not = weren’t)
Respostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
Yes,
I was.
No,
I wasn’t.
you were. you weren’t.
he / she / it was. he / she / it wasn’t.
we / you / they were. we / you / they weren’t.
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Past Simple (Regular Verbs)
Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Past Simple.
DAVIS, Jim. Garfield. Available at: <http://garfield.com/comic/2013-10-14>. Accessed in: March 2015.
Na tirinha, o Past Simple é utilizado para dizer que Garfield ficou acordado por muito tempo na tarde passada. Note que, na tirinha, foi utilizado o verbo regular no Past Simple (stayed).
• Todos os verbos regulares no Past Simple terminam em ed.
“I stayed up too late last afternoon.”
He watched TV in the morning.
Regras ortográficas para verbos regulares no Past Simple Exemplos
A maioria dos verbos:verbo + ed
stay ѧ stayedwatch ѧ watched
Verbos terminados em e:verbo + d
live ѧ liveduse ѧ used
*Verbos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante:verbo + última consoante + ed
shop ѧ shoppedplan ѧ planned
Verbos terminados em consoante + y:verbo - y + ied
cry ѧ criedstudy ѧ studied
* Exceto os verbos terminados em w, x, y. Também não dobramos a última consoante quando a primeira sílaba for tônica, como em offered, visited.
• Usamos, geralmente, o Past Simple para falar de ações e estados completos no passado.
We studied English yesterday.
They visited their grandparents last weekend.
Forma afirmativa
I
lived in Brazil last year.You
He / She / It
We / You / They
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Language Reference in Context
• Em frases negativas, usamos didn’t (= did not) antes do verbo principal. Note que o verbo principal está em sua forma básica.
She didn’t work last Saturday.
They didn't attend the same school when they were kids.
Forma negativa
I
didn’t livein Mexico last year.
You
He / She / It
We / You / They
• Em frases interrogativas, usamos Did antes do sujeito. Note que o verbo principal está em sua forma básica.
Did you study English yesterday? Yes, we did.
Did she work last Saturday? No, she didn’t.
Forma interrogativa
Did
I
livein Brazil last
year?
you
he / she / it
we / you / they
Respostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
Yes,
I
did. No,
I
didn’t.you you
he / she / it he / she / it
we / you / they we / you / they
Extra Practice
The following text is about the organizations Nelson Mandela established. Complete it with the verbs in parentheses. Use the Past Simple tense as in the example.
FAQFrequently Asked Questions
15. Which organisations did Nelson Mandela establish?
Mr. Mandela (help) to found the African National Congress Youth
League in 1944. He also (help) in 1961 to establish Umkhonto
we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress and was its first
Commander-in-Chief. When he was President of South Africa he
(start) the Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund and (donate) one-third
of his salary every month to the organisation. In 1999 after he stepped down
(step down) as President he (start) the Nelson Mandela Foundation
as a post-presidential office and charity to assist in various causes. In 2003 he
(found) the Mandela Rhodes Foundation to assist postgraduate
students from throughout Africa to further their studies. He also
(establish) the Mandela Institute for Education and Rural Development.
Available at: <www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/faqs>. Accessed in: March 2015. (fragment)
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Past Simple (Irregular Verbs)
Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Past Simple.
DAVIS, Jim. Garfield. Available at: <http://garfield.com/comic/2014-05-28>. Accessed in: March 2015.
Na tirinha, o Past Simple é utilizado para dizer que Garfield emprestou/deu seu livro a Odie. Note que, no texto, foram utilizados os verbos irregulares no Past Simple (lent e gave).
• Usamos, geralmente, o Past Simple para falar de ações e estados completos no passado.
“I lent Odie a book.”
“I gave Odie a book.”
Forma afirmativa
I
became popular.You
He / She / It
We / You / They
• Em frases negativas, usamos didn’t (= did not) antes do verbo principal. Note que o verbo principal está em sua forma básica.
Odie didn’t read Gar� eld’s book.
Gar� eld didn’t get back his book.
Forma negativa
I
didn’t become popular.You
He / She / It
We / You / They
• Em frases interrogativas, usamos Did antes do sujeito. Note que o verbo principal está em sua forma básica.
Did Gar� eld lend his book to Odie? Yes, he did.
Did Odie read Gar� eld’s book? No, he didn’t.
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Language Reference in Context
Forma interrogativa
Did
I
become popular?you
he / she / it
we / you / they
Respostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
Yes,
I
did. No,
I
didn’t.you you
he / she / it he / she / it
we / you / they we / you / they
Verbos irregulares no passado agrupados por ordem alfabética
Forma básica* Passado Tradução**
be was, were ser, estar
bear bore suportar; ser portador de
beat beat bater
become became tornar-se
begin began começar
behold beheld contemplar
bend bent curvar
bet bet apostar
bid bid oferecer, fazer uma oferta
bind bound unir, vincular, comprometer
bite bit morder
bleed bled sangrar, ter hemorragia
blow blew assoprar; explodir
break broke quebrar
breed bred procriar, reproduzir
bring brought trazer
broadcast broadcast transmitir, irradiar
build built construir
burn burnt/burned queimar
buy bought comprar
can could poder
catch caught pegar, capturar
choose chose escolher
come came vir
cost cost custar
cut cut cortar
deal dealt negociar, tratar
dig dug cavar, escavar
do did fazer
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draw drew desenhar
dream dreamt/dreamed sonhar
drink drank beber
drive drove dirigir, ir de carro
eat ate comer
fall fell cair
feed fed alimentar
feel felt sentir(-se)
fight fought lutar
find found achar, encontrar
flee fled fugir, escapar
fly flew voar; pilotar
forbid forbade proibir
forget forgot esquecer
forgive forgave perdoar
freeze froze congelar; paralisar
get got obter
give gave dar
go went ir
grow grew crescer, cultivar
hang hung*** pendurar
have had ter; beber; comer
hear heard ouvir
hide hid esconder
hit hit bater
hold held segurar
hurt hurt machucar
keep kept guardar; manter
know knew saber, conhecer
lay laid colocar em posição horizontal, assentar
lead led liderar, conduzir
learn learnt/learned aprender
leave left deixar, partir
lend lent emprestar (dar emprestado)
let let deixar; alugar
lie lay deitar
lose lost perder, extraviar
make made fazer, fabricar
mean meant significar, querer dizer
meet met encontrar, conhecer
overcome overcame superar
overtake overtook alcançar; surpreender
pay paid pagar
put put colocar
quit quit deixar, abandonar, desistir
read read ler
ride rode andar de (bicicleta, carro etc.), andar a (cavalo)
ring rang tocar (campainha, sinos, telefone etc.)
rise rose subir, erguer-se
run ran correr, concorrer; dirigir
saw sawed serrar
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Language Reference in Context
* Forma básica = infinitivo sem a partícula to.** Apresentamos aqui os sentidos mais comuns dos verbos listados. Em vários casos, os verbos
podem assumir outros sentidos. É necessário sempre observar o contexto para compreender o significado do verbo em uso.
*** Quando hang é usado no sentido de enforcar, é um verbo regular (hang/hanged).
say said dizersee saw verseek sought procurar obter, objetivarsell sold vendersend sent mandarset set estabelecer; colocar; pôr em determinada
condição; marcar; ajustarshake shook sacudir, tremershine shone brilharshoot shot atirar, alvejarshow showed mostrar, exibirshrink shrank encolher, contrairshut shut fechar, cerrarsing sang cantarsink sank afundar, submergirsit sat sentarsleep slept dormirslide slid deslizar, escorregarsmell smelled/smelt cheirarspeak spoke falarspend spent gastarspin spun girar; fiarspit spit/spat cuspirspread spread espalharstand stood parar; ficar de pé; aguentarsteal stole roubarstick stuck furar, fincar, enfiarstink stank cheirar malstrike struck golpear, desferir, atacarstrive strove esforçar-se, lutarswear swore jurar, prometer, assegurarsweep swept varrerswim swam nadarswing swung balançar, alternartake took tomarteach taught ensinar, dar aulatear tore rasgar, despedaçartell told contar, dizerthink thought pensarthrow threw atirar, arremessarundergo underwent submeter-se a, suportarunderstand understood entenderuphold upheld sustentar, apoiar; defenderwear wore vestir, usar; gastarweep wept chorarwin won vencer, ganharwrite wrote escrever, redigir
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Verbos irregulares no passado agrupados por formas
semelhantes
Forma básica e Passado com a mesma forma
Forma básica Passado Tradução
bet bet apostar
bid bid oferecer, fazer uma oferta
broadcast broadcast transmitir, irradiar
cast cast atirar, deitar
cost cost custar
cut cut cortar
hit hit bater
hurt hurt machucar
let let deixar, alugar
put put colocar
quit quit deixar, abandonar, desistir
read read ler
set set estabelecer; colocar; pôr em determinada condição; marcar; ajustar
shut shut fechar, cerrar
spread spread espalhar
Passado com o som /an/ /D�/
Forma básica Passado Tradução
begin began começar
drink drank beber
run ran correr, concorrer; dirigir
ring rang tocar (campainha, sinos, telefone etc.)
shrink shrank encolher, contrair
sing sang cantar
sink sank afundar, submergir
stink stank cheirar mal
swim swam nadar
Passado com o som /��/
Forma básica Passado Tradução
break broke quebrar
choose chose escolher
drive drove dirigir, ir de carro
freeze froze congelar, paralisar
ride rode andar de (bicicleta, carro etc.), andar a (cavalo)
rise rose subir, erguer-se
speak spoke falar
steal stole roubar
write wrote escrever, redigir
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Language Reference in Context
Passado com o som /��W/
Forma básica Passado Tradução
bring brought trazer
buy bought comprar
fight fought lutar
seek sought procurar obter, objetivar
think thought pensar
catch caught pegar, capturar
teach taught ensinar, dar aula
Passado com o som /X�/
Forma básica Passado Tradução
blow blew assoprar, explodir
draw drew desenhar
fly flew voar, pilotar
grow grew crescer, cultivar
know knew saber, conhecer
throw threw atirar, arremessar
Passado com o som /�QW/
Forma básica Passado Tradução
bend bent curvar
lend lent dar emprestado
send sent mandar
spend spent gastar
Passado com o som /HSW/
Forma básica Passado Tradução
keep kept guardar, manter
sleep slept dormir
sweep swept varrer
weep wept chorar
Extra Practice
The following text is about Steve Jobs, a famous inventor. Complete it with the verbs from the box below. Use the Past Simple tense as in the example.
be born give go teach not want
Steven Paul Jobs was born on February 24, 1955, to a pair of graduate students who him up for adoption because their parents
them to marry. Steve was adopted at birth by Clara and Paul Jobs. His mother him to read before he to school. Steve and his father would work on electronics in the family garage, taking apart and reassembling televisions, radios and stereos.
Available at: <http://mrnussbaum.com/steve-jobs>. Accessed in: March 2015.Steve Jobs, inventor
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Past Simple or Past Continuous?
Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Past Simple e do Past Continuous.
DAVIS, Jim. Garfield. Available at: <http://garfield.com/comic/2013-10-13>. Accessed in: March 2015.
Na tirinha, encontramos a maioria dos verbos no Past Simple porque a gata descreve ações completas que aconteceram no passado como, no primeiro quadrinho, em “I had a dream about us last night, Garfield.” Já no segundo quadrinho, encontramos ações em andamento no passado (“We were having a picnic, eating sandwiches”) e, dessa forma, utilizou-se o Past Continuous.
• Usamos, geralmente, o Past Simple para falar de ações no passado.
“a huge bear jumped out and attacked us."
“ Then you sprang into action, fought him off with your bare paws, swept me into your arms and carried me to safety!”
• Usamos, geralmente, o Past Continuous para falar de ações em andamento no passado.
“We were having a picnic, eating sandwiches.”
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Extra Practice
In each item below, put the words into the correct order to make sentences.
a. saved/from a huge bear/Garfield/his girlfriend
b. sandwiches/were/They/a bear attacked them/eating/when
c. about sandwiches/was/Garfield/while/thinking/she was talking
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WTE_Ingles_Vol8_PNLD2017_161a176_LR.indd 176 5/26/15 11:06 PM