Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance in Italy

I. Renaissance

A. Means Re-BirthB. 1350-1600

1. Began in Italy expanding throughout Europea. Florence was starting point

2. Rebirth of literature, art, architecture.

3. Medici and Borgia families led the way.

C. Johann Gutenberg1. First developed moveable

type in Europe2. before, written on goat or

sheep skina. Was somewhat costlyb. Later found a way to make paper cheaper

3. First book printed by Gutenberg was the Biblea. U. of Texas owns one of the

originals

Leonardo da Vinci 1. Artist and engineer 2. Designed armored vehicles,

flying machines, parachutes, cannons and large sculptures.

3. Had a code--wrote backwards than used a mirror to read it

4. Dissected bodies and drew sketches of the anatomy

5. Also an outstanding artist a. Mona Lisa b. Last Supper

6. Major criticism was that he never finished what he started

Michealangelo

1. Artista. painted the ceiling in the

Sistine ChapelI. GeniusII. It is 134’ long 85’high 44’wide

III. Laid on his back 4 1/2 years

IV. Painted for Julius II

b. Painted the end wall 24 years laterI. Last Judgement II. 60’ high, 30’ wideIII. Took eight years

The Flood

Creation of the Planets, Sun, and Moon

Prophet Ezekiel

2. Sculptora. What he enjoyed the mostb. Statues of Moses, David,

Pieta

Statute of David and Moses

Pieta

Michelangelo’s Last Judgment

violent fresco painting, depicting the arrival of Charon's boat of damned souls in Hades.

3. Architecta. Helped design St. Peter’s

in Rome4. Teacher

used students to do or finish his work

most famous of these was Raphael

St. Peter’s

Machiavelli

1. A writer and a diplomat2.The Prince, his most

famous worka. Described his type of gov’tb. Everything was OK as long

as the state existed

Machiavelli

C. rulers were not under moral rules or laws

D. Deceit was OK3. Father of political science

II. Reformation

A. Inquisition1. Set up to eliminate heresy

and heretics2. Heavy penance for those who

recant

3. Condemned were turned over to civil governmenta. usually burned at the stake

B. Heresy

1. Questioning of church doctrinea. Teachings of Church

revealed through the Bible

John Wycliffe

A. Translated the Bible into EnglishI. everyone who could read

English could read itB. Felt you didn’t need a

priest to be saved

C. after he died and was buried, his bones were dug up and burned in a public ceremony

Martin Luther

A. 95 Theses 1. Nailed to church door of

Wittenberg Cathedral.A. protest against some practices of the church

B.particularly against indulgences

C. An invitation to debateD. Leo X--Pope

2. Indulgences

A. Given for performance of a good work

B. Now used(sold) to raise money for Church projects

C. Were pardons for sins

3. Simony

A. buying and selling of Church positions

B. Person would recoup the money by charging fees for services

4. Fake Relics A. a relic is a piece of a very

holy person or something that person has owned or touched

B. Many fake relics floating around Europe nails from the cross, skulls from

John the Baptist

5. Land

A. Much of land in Europe owned by the Church

B. Church was rich and powerful, money oriented

C. Was one of the largest landowners in Europe

B. Good Works

1. Church taught that in order to get to Heaven an individual had to perform good works

2. Luther believed thata. Belief in God would achieve

salvation

B. Salvation could come by faith alone

C. Good deeds and ceremonies would not save you

D. didn’t need clergy to administer the sacramentsonly two sacraments--baptism and

communion

E. Could not buy your way into Heaven

C. Result

1. Luther excommunicated 2. He protest against the

Church3. People who protested were

called Protestants

4. Began his own church--Lutheran Churcha. Had not intended to do this

but the Catholic Church left him no choice

Y.T.T.W.

Determine why the Catholic Church was so fearful of Martin Luther. Why did they eventually allow Martin Luther to set up his own church?

III. John Calvin

A. Born and raised in France1. Saw little hope for reform of

Church in France so left.B. Geneva

1. Doctrine of predestination

A. God already determined who were to be saved because He knows the future.

B. The chosen were called the “elect”

C. Only way to be sure was to lead a righteous life

2. Ideas spread but was never a major religion

3. Wrote “Institute of Christian Religion:a. Beliefs

Y.T.T.W.

Explain Calvin’s doctrine of predestination. Determine two common beliefs that Martin Luther and John Calvin shared.

IV. Reformation in England

A. Henry VIII1. Devoted Catholic2. Wanted a son--heir to throne

a. Only had a daughter

3. Wanted Pope to annul the marriagea. Pope stalled because Henry’s wife was Spanish and he didn’t want to upset the Spanish

b. Henry married total of 6 times

4. Henry excommunicateda. Made himself head of new

churchChurch of England

5. Break was political rather than religious

6. This was the Tudor Dynasty

Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived.

Henry VIII died at the age of 55 from a combination of Syphilis and an infection from a leg wound that never healed.

He is buried next to Jane Seymour at Windsor Castle.

Only son of Henry VIIIBorn to mother Jane

SeymourBecame King at Age 10Very sick from birth.Died at age of 15Was Protestant like his

step mother.

Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon.

Strict Catholic, killed thousands of Protestants during her reign.

Married to Prince Phillip of Spain.

Unable to have any children.

Died of stomach cancer.

Considered to be the greatest monarch to ever rule England.

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Hated by her half sister, Mary, loved by

her people. Strict Protestant, was almost beheaded by

her sister and was locked in the Tower of London.

Elizabeth never married, did not want to share her power with a man.

Was very well educated and skilled as a ruler.

Was opposed by her dead sister’s husband, Phillip of Spain who did not approve of her Protestant Ways.

Beheaded her cousin, Mary Queen of Scots who tried to oppose her rule.

One of England’s best rulers During her reign the Armada is

sent to punish England by the Spanish a. 1588 defeated beginning the

end of Spanish dominance

defeat because of weather, faster English ships and lack of supplies

Result is England is the leading Protestant country and no longer is there one Christian Church in England.

Y.T.T.W

Explain the changes the Church went through in England starting with Henry VII then Mary Tudor and finally Elizabeth.