politikuri institutebi: analizi - CSS

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

politikuri

institutebi:

analizi

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

intensiuri seminari

socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

gia JorJoliani

Tbilisi

2006

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: [email protected]

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 8 - 2

Week IV Institutions in transforming societies: Changing Institutions

Required reading: 1. Power, Timothy J. and Mark J. Gasiorowski, “Institutional Design and Democratic

Consolidation in the Third World, “_ Comparative Political Studies, 1997, 30, pp. 123-155.

2. Lijphart, Arend,and Carlos H. Waisman, “Institutional Design and Democratization”, _ in: Institutional Design in New Democracies, eds. Arend Lijphart and Carlos H. Waisman, Boulde, CO: Westwiew Press, 1996, pp/ 1-11.

3. Claus Offe, “Designing Institutions in Eastern European Transitions”, _ in: Goodin R., (ed.) The Theory of Institutional Design, CUP, 1990.

4. Building Democracy in Georgia, Discussion papers series, International IDEA, 2003

5. M.Muskhelishvili Democracy as Communism: Methodological Limitations in Democratization Studies and democratization Policies, “Epoch”, N 3, CSS, 2003 (in Georgian)

6. Wolfgang Gaul, Designing and adopting constitution in Georgia, IRIS, 2002

7. G.Jorjoliani “Transition to democracy and trends towards formation of nation-states in Transcaucasia” - in: “Post-communist Democratic Changes and Geopolitics in the Transcaucasia”, conference papers, Tbilisi, 1998 (in Russian)

8. (Дуглас Норт, Вклад неоинституционализма в понимание проблем переходной экономики. _ http://www.wider.unu.edu)

Recommended reading: 1. J. J.Linz, A. Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Southern

Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe. The John Hopkins University Press, 1996

2. Guillermo A O'Donnell, Democracy, Law and Comparative Politics, Studies in Comparative International Development, New Brunswick, Spring 2001

3. M.Muskhelishvili The Avant-guarde of “Democratization”. in: “Public Image of Non-governmental organizations in Georgia”, Discussion Series, 2(8) CIPDD, CAP, Tbilisi, 2003

4. G.Jorjoliani Democratization. Societies in Transitional periods - Democratization in a Modern World (co-author, with M.Muskhelishvili and T.Berekashvili). Textbook for post-graduate students, OSGF, Tbilisi, 2001 (in Georgian)

5. Th.Hnaf, Gh.Nodia. Georgia - Lurching to Democracy. From Agnostic Tolerance to Pious Jacobinism: Societal Change and People's Reactions. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden, 2000

Requirements and grading

Attendance – 20%

Participation in discussions _ 30%

Presentations – 50%

42

s a r C e v i

seminaris aRwera.................................................................................................................... 4

I kvira

ra aris institutebi da rogor muSaoben isini ........................................ 6

Sesavali ............................................................................................................................. 6

meTodologiuri SeniSvnebi:

formaluri da araformaluri institutebi .............................................. 7

II kvira

politikuri institutebi sazogadoebisa da

politikis gadakveTaze: politikuri partiebi ................................... 11

Sesavali ........................................................................................................................... 11

partia: funqcia, struqtura da organizacia .................................................... 12

racionalizacia ............................................................................................................ 13

partia rogorc mTeli................................................................................................. 14

partia-saxelmwifos sistema (party-state system) .................................................. 15

partia Signidan; fraqciebi, dajgufebebi da tendenciebi ......................... 15

partiis problema “axal demokratebSi” .............................................................. 17

III kvira

xalxidan saxelmwifomde: saxelmwifo,

misi institucionalizacia da warmomadgenloba................................ 20

saxelmwifo ..................................................................................................................... 20

konstituciuri saxelmwifo da institutebi.................................................... 21

mmarTvelobis sistemis konstituciuri institutebi .................................. 23

warmomadgenloba.......................................................................................................... 24

IV kvira

politikuri institutebi gardamaval

sazogadoebebSi: institutTa cvlilebebi .............................................. 28

Sesavali ........................................................................................................................... 28

rogor icvlebian institutebi ............................................................................... 28

postkomunisturi transformacia da institucionaluri gamowveva ..... 30

bibliografia ..................................................................................................................... 33

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 33

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS ANALYZE ................................................................................ 36

3

seminaris aRwera

komunizmis dacemam aRmosavleT evropasa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, iseve

rogorc demokratiaze gadasvlam samxreT evropasa da laTinur amerikaSi, axali

biZgi misca debatebs politikuri institutebisa da maTi rolis Sesaxeb rogorc

saxelmwifoebriv mSeneblobaSi da efeqturi ekonomikuri Sedegebis miRwevis

saqmeSi, aseve moqalaqeTa warmomadgenlobis uzrunvelyofasa da “kargi”,

efeqturi mmarTvelobis CamoyalibebaSi.

seminari arsebiTad fokusirebulia politikur institutebze.

seminaris pirveli kvira eZRvneba imis analizsa da Seswavlas, Tu ras warmo-

adgenen institutebi zogadad, rogor iqmnebian da funqcionireben isini, ra

gansxvavebaa formalur da araformalur institutebs Soris, ra zegavlenas

axdenen institutebi ekonomikuri da politikuri aqtivobis Sedegebze.

seminaris meore nawili (2-3 kvirebi) eZRvneba uSualod politikuri insti-

tutebis analizs. am nawilis mTavari mizania, warmoaCinos Tu rogor SeiZleba

institutebis zogadi Teoria gamoyenebul iqnes konkretuli da ZiriTadi

politikuri institutebis analizisaTvis.

Sesabamisi midgomis safuZvelze ganxilulia: politikuri institutebis le-

gitimaciis sakiTxi; politikuri institutebi sazogadoebisa da politikis

mijnaze: politikuri partiebi; warmomadgenlobis principi; saxelmwifo da misi

institucionalizacia;saxelmwifo da konstituciuri mmarTveloba.

seminaris bolo kvira eZRvneba instituciuri cvlilebebis analizs funda-

menturi sazogadoebrivi transformaciis periodSi da gansakuTrebiT fokusire-

bulia postkomunistur realobaze.

specialuri analizis sagani iqneba postsabWoTa saqarTvelos institucio-

naluri ganviTareba — institutTa legitimuroba, efeqturoba; warmoamdgenlo-

biTobisa da monawileobis uzrunvelyofis problema institucionalur mSeneb-

lobaSi.

4

13. Holmes, Stephen, “Pre-commitment and the Paradox of Democracy”, in: Jon Elster and Ruth Slagstad, eds., Constitutionalism and Democracy, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1988.

14. Stephan, Alfred and Cindy Skach, “Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation”, World Politics, 1993, 46, pp.1-22.

15. Mueller, Dennis C. Constitutional Democracy, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996.

16. Jon Elster, Ways of constitution-making, in: Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, ed. by Axel Hadenius, Cambridge University Press, 1997

41

Week III From people to the state: political institutions of representation, formal

institutions in a systemic unity: state and constitutionalism

Required reading: 1. Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government, Cambridge University

Press, 1997, ch.6, pp.193-235

2. Yoram Barzel, A Theory of the State, Economic Rights, Legal Rights, and the Scope of the State, Cambridge, 2002, pp.198-266.

3. Bringing the State Back in ., Ed. by Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Theda Skocpol., Cambridge, 2002, pp.3-39, 169-191,

4. Kenneth A.Shepsle, Mark S.Bonchek; Analyzing Politics, Rationality, Behavior, and Institutions, New York, 1997, pp.166-194 (chapter: Voting Methods and Electoral Systems)

5. Sartory, Giovanni., Comparative Constitutional Engineering. An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes. London, Macmillan, 1994

6. Poggi, Gianfranco, The Development of the Modern State. A Sociological Introduction. Stnaford University Press, 1978, pp.117-152

Recommended reading: 1. Kenneth A. Shepsle, Mark S. Bonchek, Analyzing Polities: Rationality, Behavior, and

Institutions, New York, 1997, pp. 166-196.

2. Kenneth A. Shepsle, Mark S. Bonchek, Analyzing Polities: Rationality, Behavior, and Institutions, New York, 1997, pp. 299-312.

3. Donald L Horowitz, Constitutional Design: An Oxymoron? _ “Designing Democratic Institutions”, Ed. by Ian Shapiro and Stephen Macedo, New York University Press, New York and London, 2000, pp. 253-284.

4. Philip Petit, Democracy, Electoral and Contestatory, _ “Designing Democratic Institutions”, Ed. by Ian Shapiro and Stephen Macedo, New York University Press, New York and London, 2000, pp.105-146.

5. Stephan Haggard and Mathew D. Mccubbins, Introduction: Political Institutions and the Determinants of Public Policy, _ “Presidents, Parliaments, and Policy”, Ed. by Stephan Haggard, Mathew Mccubbins, University of Cambridge, 2001, pp. 1-20

6. Pippa Norris, Institutions Matter: Electoral rules and Voting Choices. New book with draft chapters available at www.pippanorris.com

7. Powell, Jr. G.Bingham, Elections as Instruments of Democracy, Yale University Press. 2000.

8. Lijphart, Arend, Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945-1990, Oxford, OUP, (Chapters2-3).

9. Gallagher, Michael, Michael Laver, and Peter Mair, Representative Government in Modern Europe. 3rd ed., London, McGraw Hill.

10. Powell, G.Bingham, Jr. “Constitutional Design and Citizen Electoral Control,” Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1989, 1 (2), pp.107-130.

11. Ainsworth, S. Representation and Institutional Stability Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1997, 9(2), pp.147-165.

12. Joel Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States., Princeton University press, 1988.

40

seminaris mizani

seminaris mizania studentebma miiRon Teoriuli codna institutebis Sesaxeb,

aiTvison ZiriTadi midgomebi da meTodebi institutebis SedarebiTi analizisa

da SeZlon maTi gamoyeneba konkretul politikuri institutTa da sistemaTa

analizisaTvis. studentebma unda SeiZinon unar — Cvevebi mocemul Temebze

analizis werilobiTi formiT warmodgenisaTvis.

meTodika

TiToeuli Sexvedra grZeldeba 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi (kviraSi orjer)

struqtura yvela

SexvedrisaTvis:

SHOW, EXPLAIN, EMULATE, DRILL

struqtura agebulia Semdegi principebis

dacviT _ martividan rTulisaken.

KNOWLEDGE, COMPREHENSION, APPLICATION

pirvel sesiaze: jgufis

gacnoba da muSaobis wesebis

dadgena. yvela sxva

Sexvedrisas xdeba

Teoriuli nawilis

prezentacia.

KNOWLEDGE codna

leqtori TiToeul

Tematikaze aZlevs Teoriul

codnas, rac mTliani drois

30-40%-s ikavebs.

Teoriuli nawilis

damuSaveba. interaqtiuli

swavleba. mcire da did

jgufSi diskusia

COMPREHENSION gageba

leqtori amzadebs masalebs

axsnili masalis gasagebad da

savarjiSod. iyenebs mcire da

did jgufebSi diskusias,

(interaqtiul meTodebs).

jgufi miyavs daskvnamde da ar

awvdis daskvnas. miaqvs drois

30%.

warmodgenili masala,

romlis ganxilvac xdeba da

Semdgom davaleba

damoukidebeli

muSaobisTvis am Sexvedraze

ganvlil TematikasTan

dakavSirebiT.

APPLICATION gamoyeneba

TiToeul wevrs eZleva

davaleba konkretuli

proeqtis mosamzadeblad da

Semdgom igi akeTebs

prezentacias jgufSi. iyenebs

jgufs, rogorc peer review. am

saqmianobas ukavia drois 30%.

seminaris struqtura (4 kvira — 16 saauditorio saaTi, 4 krediti)

seminaris Temebi ganawilebuli iqneba kvirebis mixedviT. TiToeul kviraSi

Catardeba 4 sT saauditoro Sexvedra — 2 + 2 saaTi. seminaris muSaobis periodSi

studentebi valdebulni arian waikiTxon aucilebeli literatura, monawileoba

miiRon diskusiebSi. TiToeulma studentma calke an mcire jgufis (2-3 studenti)

SemadgenlobaSi unda moamzados da warmoadginos proeqti.

Sefaseba: daswreba _ 20%

diskusiebSi monawileoba _ 30%

proeqti: Sesruleba da prezentacia _ 50 %

5

I kvira

ra aris institutebi da rogor muSaoben isini

Sesavali

II msoflio omis Semdgomi periodi politikur mecnierebaSi, gansakuTrebiT

aSS-Si, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc periodi, rodesac am disciplinaSi wamyvani

adgili daikava orma Teoriulma midgomam, romelic efuZneboda individualizms:

biheviorizmma da racionaluri arCevanis Teoriam. orive es midgoma gulisxmobs,

rom individTa moqmedeba avtonomiuria (rogorc calkeuli individebisa) da rom

igi (moqmedeba) efuZneba socio-fsiqologiur maxasiaTeblebsa da Tvisebebs, da

maTi personaluri sargeblis racionalur gaangariSebas. orive SemTxvevaSi,

politikuri procesis mimarT preferenciebi egzogenuria.

am Teoriulma da meTodologiurma midgomebma institutebi, rogorc poli-

tikuri mecnierebis centraluri Tema, ukana planze gadawia.

XXs-is 80-iani wlebidan institucionalizmi kvlav ibrunebs wamyvan adgils

politologiur kvlevebSi. amave dros, aRsaniSnavia, rom politikuri da sazo-

gadod socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis sul ufro misaRebi da damaxasiaTebeli

xdeba komplementarizmi Teoriul da meTodologiur midgomebSi: arc erTi

calke aRebuli midgoma ver uzrunvelyofs politikis fenomenebis met-naklebad

srulfasovan gagebasa da axsnas.

axali institucionalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia, agreTve: 1. koncentrire-

ba, ara mxolod formalur, aramed araformalur institutebzec; da 2. insti-

tucionaluri axsna gamoiyeneba ara mxolod mTavrobaTa da maTi politikis

(Policy) Seswavlisas, aramed individualuri qcevis donezec.

Tavad institucionalizmic Tavis SigniT ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos erTian

monoliTur mimdinareobad: is SeiZleba warmovidginoT met-naklebad gansxva-

vebuli “institucionalizmebis” krebulad, komplementarulobis gansxvavebuli

midrekilebebiT, romelTac aerTianebT interesi institutTa Seswavlisadmi da

maTi mniSvnelobis aRiareba.

b.gi petersi Zveli institucionalizmis mTavar maxasiaTeblebad miiCnevs

legalizms (igi dakavSirebulia kanonTan da marTvaSi kanonis centralur

rolTan), struqturalizms (struqtura gansazRvravs qcevas da amdenad

centralur adgils ikavebs politikuri sistema _ antibihevioristulia),

holizms (aqcenti ufro mTeli sistemebis ganxilvaze, vidre calkeuli

institutebisa), istoricizms (sistemis gasagebad aucilebelia gavigoT misi

ganviTarebis modeli, wesi), normatiul analizs (analizis mimarTeba tradiciuli

politikuri mecnierebis cenralur sakiTxTan _ “kargi mmarTveloba”).

bihevioristulma da “racionalurma” (“racionaluri arCevanis”) revoluciam

didi zegavlena moaxdina axal institucionalizmze, romelic damokidebulia am

revoluciaze rogorc pozitiuri (aiTvisa misgan garkveuli Teoriuli midgomebi

da koncefciebi), aseve negatiuri (misi kritikis safuZvelze Camoayaliba

axleburi midgomebi da koncefciebi) TvalsazrisiT. am revoluciisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli iyo: antinormatiuli safuZveli, meTodologiuri indivi-

dualizmi, “infuTizmi” (Input _ “Senatani”, anu reversireba da koncentrireba

sazogadoebis “Senatanze” politikur sistemaSi _ ix. mag, d.istoni).

axal institucionalizmSi b.gi petersi gamoyofs Semdeg mimdinareobebs:

1. normatiuli institucionalizmi;

2. racionaluri arCevanis Teoriis sinTezi institucionalizmTan;

3. istoriuli institucionalizmi;

4. empiriuli institucionalizmi;

5. sociologiuri institucionalizmi;

6. interesTa warmomadgenlobis institucionaluri analizi;

6

Week II Political institutions on the edge of society and politics: political parties

Required reading: 1. Richard Hofferbert, Introduction: Party Structure and Party Performance in New and Old

Democracies _ “Parties and Democracy”. Ed. By Richard Hofferbert, Blackwell Publishes, Oxford, 1998. pp. 1-9.

2. David M. Olson, Party Formation and Party System Consolidation in the New Democracies of Central Europe _ “Parties and Democracy”. Ed. By Richard Hofferbert, Blackwell Publishes, Oxford, 1998. pp. 10-42.

3. Gabor Toka, Party Appeals and Voter Loyalty in New Democracies _ “Parties and Democracy”. Ed. By Richard Hofferbert, Blackwell Publishes, Oxford, 1998. pp. 167-188.

4. Dalton, Russell J. and Martin Wattenberg, Ed, Parties without Partisans. New York, Oxford University Press, 2001, Ch.1.

5. Duverger, Maurice, Political parties. Their organization and Activity in the Modern State, London, Methuen, 1964. ch.1-2

6. Sartory, Giovanni, Parties and Party System: A Framework for Analysis, vol.1., CUP (Chapt.1-4).

Recommended reading: 1. Kenneth Janda and Tyler Colman. Effects of Party Organization on Performance during

the “Golden Age” of Parties _ “Parties and Democracy”. Ed. By Richard Hofferbert, Blackwell Publishes, Oxford, 1998. pp. 189-210.

2. Rachel Gibson and Robert Harmel _ Party Families and Democratic Performance: Extraparliamentary versus Parliamentary Group Power _ “Parties and Democracy”. Ed. By Richard Hofferbert, Blackwell Publishes, Oxford, 1998. pp. 211-228.

3. Russell J. Dalton and Martin P. Wattenberg, Unthinkable Democracy: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies _ “Parties without Partisans. Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies”. Ed. by Russell J. Dalton and Martin P. Wattenberg, Oxford University Press, 2002, pp.3-18.

4. Susan E. Scarrow, Parties without members? Party Organization in a Changing Electoral Environment. _ “Parties without Partisans. Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies”. Ed. by Russell J. Dalton and Martin P. Wattenberg, Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 79-101.

5. Russell J. Dalton and Martin P. Wattenberg, Political Change and the Democratic Process, _ “Parties without Partisans. Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies”. Ed. by Russell J. Dalton and Martin P. Wattenberg, Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 261-285.

6. Lijphart, Arend., Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945-1990., Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994,

7. Schmitt, Hermann and Suren Holmberg., “Political Parties in Decline?” in: Citizens and the State, eds. H-D. Klingemann and D.Fuchs, New York, Oxford University Press, 1995, pp.95-133.

8. Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in 36 Countries, 1999, Ch.5, 8.

9. Scott Mainwaring, “Party systems in the Third Wave, in: Larry Diamond and Marc Plattner, eds. The Global Divergence of Democracy, Johns Hopkins, 2001.

39

Week I Institutions: Concepts and performance

Required reading: 1. North, Douglass C, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic performance,

Cambridge, CUP, 1990, Chapters 1-2. (Pp.3-69)

2. March, James, Olsen, Johan P., Rediscovering Institutions. New York, Free Press, 1989. Chapter 1.

3. Shepsle, Kenneth, “Studying Institutions: Some Lessons from the Rational Choice Approach,” Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1989, 1 (2), pp.131-147

4. Peters, B.Guy “Political Institution, Old and New” in: Robert E. Goodin and Hans Dieter Klingemann, eds, A New Handbook of Political Science, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996.

5. Джеффи Ходжсон, Экономическая теория и институты, М., 2003, pp. 9-13, 35-59.



2. Brooke A. Ackerly, Designing Democratic Institutions: Political or Economic? _ “Designing Democratic Institutions”, Ed. by Ian Shapiro and Stephen Macedo, New York University Press, New York and London, 2000, pp. 285.

3. Karol Soltan, Institutions as Products of Politics, _ “Institutions and Social Order”, Eds. Karol Soltan, Eric M. Uslaner, Virginia Haufler; University of Michigan, 1998, pp. 45-66.

4. Robert E.Goodin, “Institutions and their Design”, in: Robert Goodin (ed.) The Theory of Institutional Design, Cambridge University Press, 1990.

5. Ostrom, Elinor, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, 1990. pp. 1-102

6. Elias, Khalil, “Organizations vs. Institutions”, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 1995, 151, pp.445-466.

7. John Druzek, “The Informal Logic of Institutional Design”, in: Goodin R., (ed.) The Theory of Institutional Design, CUP, 1990.

8. Russell Hardin, Institutional Morality”, in: Goodin R., (ed.), The Theory of Institutional Design, CUP, 1990.

9. Itai Sened, The Political Institution of Private Property, 1997.

10. North, Douglass C, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic performance, Cambridge, CUP, 1990, Part 3, pp.107-140

11. Itai Sened, On the Social Contract. Caucasus US context, Issue 1, Tbilisi, 2003

12. H. de Soto, The Mystery of Capital, Basic Books, 2000

13. Tsebelis, George., Veto Players: Foundation of Political Analysis. Princeton, Princeton University Pres, Ch. 1-6.

14. Ken Shepsle, “political Deals in Institutional Settings”, in: Goodin, R., (ed.) The Theory of Institutional Design, CUP, 1990.

38

rasakvirvelia, es dayofa garkveulwilad pirobiTia da bevri mniSvnelovani

Teoria, midgoma Tu kvleva ganTavsebulia am mimdinareobaTa gadakveTaze.

ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, romelTa Seswavlasa da ganxilvas awarmoebs axali

institucionalizmi (rogorc Teoria, aseve konkretul institutTa kvleva)

Semdegia:

- ra aris instituti, ras warmoadgens, risgan Sedgeba;

- rogor iqmneba instituti, institucionalizacia da deinstitucionalizacia;

- rogor icvleba instituti, gamiznuloba, cnobieri faqtori;

- rogor urTierTqmedeben institutebi da individebi;

- rogor aixsneba qceva;

- rogoria institutis (institutebis) dizaini;

- rogoria “kargi instituti”;


formaluri da araformaluri institutebi

antikuri droidan moyolebuli politikuri Teoria dakavebuli iyo poli-

tikuri institutebis sakiTxebze msjelobiT, mTavari sakiTxi iyo: rogor

politikur institutebs SeuZliaT uzrunvelyon ukeTesi (kergi) tipis sazo-

gadoebisa da adamianis Camoyalibeba (Seqmna). XVIIIs-is bolodan da gansakuTrebiT

XIXs-Si sakiTxma politikuri institutebis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb SeiZina praq-

tikuli ganzomileba aqtiuri konstitucionalisturi procesebis gamoisobiT —

momdinareobda axali, industriuli sazogadoebis, axali ekonomikisa da axali

tipis saxelmwifos — eri-saxelmwifos institucionalilizaciis procesi.

XXs-is politikur mecnierebaSi utilistaristuli, bihevioristuli tenden-

ciebis da viwrodgagebuli racionaluri arCevanis Teoriis momZlavrebis

pirobebSi, institutebis Seswavlac am midgomebis kalapotSi warimarTeboda da

institutebis normatiuli aspeqti praqtikulad ignorirebuli iyo.

gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebidan da, gansakuTrebiT 80-iani wlebidan

moyolebuli politikuri institutebi kvlav ikaveben centralur adgils

politikur TeoriaSi. es pasuxia im cvlilebebze, romlebsac “dasavluri”

sazogadoeba ganicdis modernidan postmodernis epoqaSi gadasvlisas, im

krizisze, romelsac dasavluri sazogadoebrivi da politikuri institutebi

(mag, “sazogadoebrivi sferos krizisi”, “legitimurobis krizisi”, “delibera-

tiuli demokratia” — habermasi) ganicdian, im cvlilebebze, romlebsac

Rirebulebrivi orientirebi ganicdian (roulzi — “samarTlianobis Teoria”,

uolceri, elsteri...- Teoria; ingleharti — modernizacia da postmodernizacia

— empiria...). evrogaerTianebis farglebSi mimdinare intensiuri

institucionaluri mSenebloba am gamowvevaze pasuxad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli.

Tavad imanenturi ganviTareba mecnierebisa, gansakuTrebiT ekonomikaSi da

zogad socialur mecnierebaSi erTi Zlieri stimulatori iyo institutebisadmi

mibrunebisa (kouzi, olsoni, norti...).

80-iani wlebis bolodan iwyeba institucionaluri mSeneblobis bumi —

praqtikulad axladformirebad yofil socialistur da sabWoTa saxelmwifo-

ebSi. magram miuxedavad imisa, rom am qveynebSi kostitucionalisturi procesi

SeiZleba mivamsgavsoT XXs-Si dasavleT da centralur evropaSi mimdinare

procesebs, maT erTi arsebiTi ram ganasxvavebT: ukanasknel process (XIXs-is 80-

ian wlebs) Tan ar sdevda da miT umetes win ar uswrebda Teoriuli gaazreba da

analizi arc institutTa raobisa da arc institucionaluri mSeneblobis

pirobebisa; arc institutTa mimarTebisa sxva socialur da politikur

fenomenebTan. sxva, naklebmniSvnelovan mizezebTan erTad, es, upirveles

yovlisa, imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom arsebobda iluzia, rom SesaZlebelia e.w.

“dasavluri demokratiis modelis” (romelic TavisTavad sinamdvileSi ar

arsebobs, miT umetes formalizebuli institucionaluri sistemis saxiT, da

romelic met-naklebad erTian — mravalvariantul Zalian Teoriul da zogad

modelad SeiZleba warmovidginoT mxolod) nebismier qveyanaSi implimentacia.

7

bolo TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi warmarTulma procesebma naTlad aCvena

amgvari mcdelobebis warumatebeli Sedegebi da Tu gvsurs, ise rogorc antikur

droSi “ukeTesi (kargi) sazogadoeba” SevqmnaT, unda mivubrundeT institutebis

bunebisa da institucionaluri mSeneblobis SesaZleblobaTa fundamentur

Seswavlas.

imisTvis, rom amgvari kvlevebi efeqturi da azriani iyos, saWiroa, upirveles

yovlisa, sicxadis Setana im cnebebis Sesaxeb, romelnic iqneba gamoyenebuli

sakvlevi fenomnebis aRwerisas.

qvemoT me Sevecdebi warmovaCino ramdenime, Cemi azriT, saintereso

mimarTuleba institucionalisturi kvlevebisa.

daviwyoT TeoriiTa da cnebebiT.

institutebi amcirebs gaurkvevlobas!

institutebi aris TamaSis wesebi sazogadoebaSi, an ufro formalurad, isini

aris adamianis (adamianTa, adamianurad) mier gansazRvruli (gamogonili)

SezRudvebi, romlebic aZleven formas adamianur urTierTobebs.

duglas nortis (North) es gansazRvreba Tanabrad exeba rogorc politikur,

aseve socialur da ekonomikur institutebs. igive ganmarteba ar asxvavebs

erTmaneTisgan formalur da araformalur institutebs.

instituti, es aris termini, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba socialuri

praqtikis aRsawerad, romelic regularulad da gangrZobiTad meordeba da aris

sanqcirebuli da mxardaWerili socialuri normebiT. (Socilogy, Penguin Dictionary)

aqac formalur da araformalur institutebs Soris gansxvaveba ar aris.

igive North-i asxvavebs institutebsa da organizaciebs (rac iSviaTia sxva

avtorebTan): Tu institutebi es aris wesebi, organizaciebi es aris warmonaqmnebi

(socialuri), romlebic warmoiqmnebian da funqcionireben am wesebis mixedviT:

e.i. mag, warmomadgenlobiTi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis formirebisa da

funqcionirebis wesi iqneba instituti, xolo parlamenti - organizacia (wess ara

aqvs materialisturi Semadgeneli, organizacia Sedgeba adamianebisagan. wesi

SeiZleba iyos yovelTvis erTi da igive, erTnairi, organizacia - SeuZlebelia..).

aq me, upirveles yovlisa, vilaparakeb institutebze, e.i. wesebze da ara

organizaciebze. institutebi mniSvnelovnad gansazRvraven ara mxolod

organizaciebis formasa da Sinaarss, CarCoebs, aramed im adamianebis tipsac

(motivacias, qcevis wess, miswrafebebs), romlebic avseben organizaciis CarCos.

ganvasxvaoT erTmaneTisgan formaluri da araformaluri institutebi.

bunebriv enaSi SeiZleba amas Seesabamebodes Semdegi gamonaTqvamebi - dawerili da

dauwereli kanonebi.

SemoviRoT kidev ori cneba:

normebi Rirebulebebi

normebi aris molodinebi

Sesabamisi (misadagebuli-

misaRebi-damaxasiaTebeli-

appropriate) qcevis (moqcevis) Sesaxeb, romelic emsaxureba

(serve) rogorc sazogado

warmmarTveli

(saxelmZRvanelo xazi - common

guidlines) socialur moqmedebas.

- normebi gulisxmobs

arsebobas legitimurobisa,

Tanxmobisa da

winaswargansazRvrulobisa.

Cveulebriv asxvaveben Rirebulebebs (values),

romlebic ganixileba rogorc permanentuli

da mniSvnelovani sazogadoebisaTvis, da

damokidebulebebs (attitudes), romlebic aris

warmavali (fleeting) da arastabiluri. maSin

rodesac adamianTa damokidebulebebi xSirad

icvleba, sazogadoeba damokidebulia met-

naklebad stabilur Rirebulebebze.

Rirebulebebi aris zogadi, gaziarebuli

Sexedulebebi, romlebic ganixileba rogorc

legitimurobis mimcemi da SemzRudveli

(binding); isini moqmedeben (arian - act) rogorc

standartebi, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiTac

SeirCeva moqmedebebi (moqmedebis gezi)

(Parsons)

8

Seminar objectives Students get theoretical knowledge about political institutions; acquire approaches and

methods to the comparative analyses of institutions; use theory and comparative analyses while analyzing concrete political institutions and systems. Students get experience of written analyses on the above-mentioned topics.

Methodology

Each meeting will last for two hours (twice a week)

Structure for each meeting: SHOW, EXPLAIN, EMULATE, DRILL

The structure is constructed on a basis of following principles – from simple to comprehensive. KNOWLEDGE, COMPREHENSION, APPLICATION

On first session: introductory, setting rules for further work. All other meetings will include presentation of theoretical part.

KNOWLEDGE

At each theoretical issue the group will be provided with the theoretical knowledge. It will take about 30-40% of time.

Working on theory. Interactive learning. Discussions in big and small groups.

COMPREHENSION

Materials, illustrating and explaining theoretical issues are prepared by the lecturer. Method of group discussions in big and small groups is used (interactive method). The group is led to conclusion, rather than provided ready-made conclusion. It takes 30% of time.

The material will be presented, which then will be analyzed. Then students will get task for independent work, related to the thematic of the meeting.

APPLICATION

Each student will get task for independent work – he/she should prepare independent project and make its presentation for the group. The group takes role of peer review. 30% of time.

Structure of the seminar (4 weeks – 16 hours, 4 credits) Topics of the seminar will be organized according to the weeks of study. Each week

students will get 2 hours theoretical lecture and 2 hours seminar work. Students are required to read required literature before classes and to participate in discussions. Each student should prepare and present project, separately or as a member of small team (2-3 students).

Evaluation Attendance – 20% Participation in discussions – 30% Project presentation – 50%

37

Gia Jorjoliani

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS ANALYZE Intensive Seminar

Seminar description The fall of communism in Eastern Europe and in the ex-Soviet Union, as well as the

recent transition to democracy in Southern Europe and Latin America, have given new impetus to the debate about the role of political institutions, and in particular democratic ones, in the field of state-building, in generation of economic outcomes, adequate channeling of citizens representation and creation a “good” and effective governance.

The focus of this course is on political institutions, First part of the seminar is devoted to description and analyses of what are institutions in general, how they are created and how they function, what is the difference between formal and informal institutions, what is the influence of political institution on performance, including economic one.

Second part of the seminar (2-3weeks) will focus on the analyses of concrete political institutions. This part aims to unfold, how it is possible to use general theory of institutions for analyses of concrete essential political institutions.

At the basis of this approach following topics will be considered: problems of legitimating of political institutions; political institutions linking society and politics; political parties; principles of representation; state and its institutionalization; state and constitutional government.

Last week of the seminar will be devoted to the analyses of institutional change in a period of fundamental transformations of society; specific focus will be done on a post-communist reality.

Special attention will be devoted to the Institutional development of post-Soviet Georgia. It will be considered from the following perspectives: legitimacy, stability and efficiency of developing institutions; problems of representation and participation in institution building.

36

parsonsis mixedviT socialuri wesrigi upiratesad ganpirobebulia

Rirebulebebis arsebobiTa da maTi funqcionirebiT.

sqematurad warmovidginoT formaluri institutebis, araformaluri

institutebis, normebisa da Rirebulebebis urTirTmimarTebebi. formaluri

institutebisa da Rirebulebebis urTierTmimarTeba SeiZleba warmovidginoT

gaSualebulad araformaluri institutebisa da normebis meSveobiT.

form. inst. araform. inst. normebi Rirebulebebi

* * * *

yvelaze efeqturad formaluri institutebi funqcionirebs, Tu daculia

ganpirobebulobis (gansazRvrulobis) motanili sqema.

ra urTierTmimarTebebi SeiZleba warmovidginoT zemoT motanili

fenomenebisa?

formaluri da araformaluri institutebis urTierTmimarTeba arsebiTia

socialuri wesrigis uzrunvelyofisaTvis Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi!

1. formaluri da araformaluri institutebi ramdenadac ufro uaxlovdeba

erTmaneTs, imdenad ufro garkveuli, mtkice, stabiluri da mkafioa normebi da

isini (normebi) miiswrafian universalobisaken (farTod gavrcelebisaken).

2. formaluri da araformaluri institutebi ramdenadac ufro daSorebulia

(Sordeba) erTmaneTisagan, miT ufro myife, aramkafio, araganmeorebadi da

arastabiluria, naklebad universaluria (naklebad gavrcelebulia erTiani)

normebi - isini (normebi) miiswrafan partikularulobisaken (varireben

calkeuli jgufebisa da SesaZloa individebis doneze).

3. formaluri da araformaluri institutebis urTierTzemoqmedeba:

a) formalur institutebs, Tu isini efeqturad moqmedeben (mag, kanonebi

sruldeba), SeuZliaT Secvalon (moaxdinon transformireba) araforma-

luri institutebi, rac Tavis mxriv (es cvlileba), midrekili iqneba

gangrZobiTobisken jer normebis da Semdeg Rirebulebebis mimarTulebiT.

am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iTqvas formaluri institutebi gansazRvraven

socialur wesrigs. (miesadageba rogorc diqtaturas, aseve demokratias!)

b) formalur institutebs, Tu isini araefeqturad, araadekvaturad moq-

medeben (mag. kanonebi ar sruldeba), ar SeuZliaT Secvalon araformaluri

institutebi da Sesabamisad, maTi zemoqmedeba ar vrceldeba arc normebze

da arc Semdgom, Rirebulebebze.

formaluri institutebis moqmedebis areali TandaTanobiT izRudeba,

xolo araformaluri institutebi ikaveben maT adgilsac da asruleben

realurad socialuri wesrigis ganmsazRvrel funqcias!

g) rodesac socialuri wesrigis ganmsazRvreli funqcia ukaviaT arafor-

malur institutebs (anu cxovreba mimdinareobs araformaluri wesebis

mixedviT), myardeba specifikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba formalur da

araformalur institutebs Soris.

institutebis nebismieri dispoziciis SemTxvevaSi socialuri wesrigis mqone

sazogadoeba (miT umetes raimegvari Tanamedrove saxelmwifo) ver warmoidgineba

formaluri institutebis ararsebobis pirobebSi. magram im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

wamyvani adgili ukaviaT araformalur institutebs, formaluri institutebis

funqcia xdeba mxolod gaformeba im gadawyvetilebebisa, romlebic araformaluri

wesebis safuZvelze miiReba: mag., araformalurad moqmedebs instituti - wesi, rom

mTavrobas (an romelime jgufs, romelic sinamdvileSi warmoadgens mTavrobas)

SeuZlia dapatimreba nebismieri (misTvis ar misaRebi) pirisa, magram arsebobs

formaluri SezRudvebi. mTavroba arRvevs nawils aseTi SezRudvebisa (mag, udebs

iaraRebs, an narkotikebs dasapatimrebel pirs) da misdevs meore nawils formaluri

wesebisa (kanonebi moqmedebs ise, rogorc unda emoqmeda, Tu marTlac napovni

iqneboda iaraRi an narkotikebi). igive sqema imoqmedebs ekonomikis sferoSi -

gadasaxadebis argadaxdis, an nawilobriv gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi da sxva.

9

TandaTan xdeba institucionalizeba arsebuli urTierTdamokidebulebebisa

(formalur da araformalur institutebs Soris), yalibdeba erTgvari

sinTezuri institutebi, romelic, rasakvirvelia, araformaluria, magram Tavis

TavSi Seicavs formalur institutebsac, romlebic srulad formalurad ar

funqcionireben.

msgavs viTarebaSi specifikur formebs iReben moqmedebis orientirebi,

iseTebi, rogoricaa magaliTad, racionaluri arCevani, samarTlianoba,

Tanasworoba da sxva.

me vfiqrob, rom orientirTa da institutTa kvleva maTi sxvadasxva

konfiguraciis pirobebSi da kerZo, calkeuli institutebis (organizaciebis)

detaluri analizi, Seqmnis SesaZleblobas ukeT gaviazroT is mwvave

institucionaluri krizisi, romelic ara mxolod Cveni sazogadoebisTvis aris

damaxasiaTebeli. ra Tqma unda, es gaazreba da codna tendenciebisa mxolod ver

SeZlebs Tavidan agvacilos arasasurveli tendenciebi institucionalur

transformaciebSi, magram xels namdvilad ar SegviSlis.

savaldebulo sakiTxavi literatura:

1. North, Douglass C, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic performance, Cambridge, CUP, 1990, Chapters 1-2. (gv.3-69)

2. March, James, Olsen, Johan P., Rediscovering Institutions. New York, Free Press, 1989., Chapter 1. 3. Shepsle, Kenneth, “Studying Institutions: Some Lessons from the Rational Choice Approach,”

Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1989, 1 (2), pp.131-147 (eleqtronuli). 4. Peters, B.Guy “Political Institution, Old and New” in: Robert E. Goodin and Hans Dieter

Klingemann, eds, A New Handbook of Political Science, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996. 5. Джеффи Ходжсон, Экономическая теория и институты, М., 2003, gv. 9-13, 35-59.

damatebiTi sakiTxavi literatura:









9. Itai Sened, The Political Institution of Private Property, 1997. 10. North, Douglass C, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic performance, Cambridge,

CUP, 1990, Part 3, pp.107-140 11. Itai Sened, On the Social Contract. Caucasus US context, Issue 1, Tbilisi, 2003 12. H. de Soto, The Mystery of Capital, Basik Books, 2000 13. Tsebelis, George., Veto Players: Foundation of Political Analysis. Princeton, Princeton

University Pres, Ch. 1-6. 14. Ken Shepsle, “political Deals in Institutional Settings”, in: Goodin, R., (ed.) The Theory of

Institutional Design, CUP, 1990.

10

53. Power, Timothy J. and Mark J. Gasiorowski, “Institutional Design and Democratic Consolidation in the Third World, “Comparative Political Studies, 1997.

54. Adam Przeworski, Mike Alvarez, Jose Antonio Cheibub and Fernando Limongi. Democracy and Development: Political Regimes and Economic Performance in the World, 1950 -1990; 2000

55. Sartory, Giovanni, Parties and Party System: A Framework for Analysis, vol.1, CUP (Chapt.1-4). 56. Sartory, Giovanni, Comparative Constitutional Engineering. An Inquiry into Structures,

Incentives and Outcomes. London, Macmillan, 1994 57. Susan E. Scarrow, Parties without members? Party Organization in a Changing Electoral

Environment. - “Parties without Partisans. Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies”. Ed. by Russell J. Dalton and Martin P. Wattenberg, Oxford University Press, 2002.

58. Schmitt, Hermann and Suren Holmberg., “Political Parties in Decline?” in: Citizens and the State, eds. H-D. Klingemann and D.Fuchs, New York, Oxford University Press, 1995.

59. Itai Sened, The Political Institution of Private Property, 1997. 60. Itai Sened, On the Social Contract. Caucasus US context, Issue 1, Tbilisi, 2003 61. Shepsle, Kenneth, “Studying Institutions: Some Lessons from the Rational Choice Approach,”

Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1989, 1 (2). 62. Ken Shepsle, “political Deals in Institutional Settings”, in: Goodin, R., (ed.) The Theory of

Institutional Design, CUP, 1990. 63. Kenneth A. Shepsle, Mark S. Bonchek, Analyzing Polities: Rationality, Behavior, and

Institutions, New York, 1997. 64. Kenneth A.Shepsle, Mark S.Bonchek; Analyzing Politics, Rationality, Behavior, and Institutions,

New York, 1997, pp.166-194 (Tavi: Voting Methods and Electoral Systems) 65. Kenneth A. Shepsle, Mark S. Bonchek, Analyzing Polities: Rationality, Behavior, and

Institutions, New York, 1997, pp. 166-196. 66. Kenneth A. Shepsle, Mark S. Bonchek, Analyzing Polities: Rationality, Behavior, and

Institutions, New York, 1997, pp. 299-312. 67. Schmitt, Hermann and Suren Holmberg., “Political Parties in Decline?” in: Citizens and the

State, eds. H-D. Klingemann and D.Fuchs, New York, Oxford University Press, 1995. 68. Skocpol, Theda., “Bringing the State Back in: Strategy in Current Research.” in: Evans,P.;

Rueschenmeyer, D.; Skocpol, T., eds. Bringing the State Back in., Cambridge, CHP, 1985. 69. Karol Soltan, Institutions as Products of Politics, _ “Institutions and Social Order”, Eds. Karol

Soltan, Eric M. Uslaner, Virginia Haufler; University of Michigan, 1998. 70. H. de Soto, The Mystery of Capital, Basik Books, 2000

71. Stephan, Alfred and Cindy Skach, “Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation”, World Politics, 1993.

72. Gabor Toka, Party Appeals and Voter Loyalty in New Democracies _ “Parties and Democracy”. Ed. By Richard Hofferbert, Blackwell Publishes, Oxford, 1998.

73. Tsebelis, George., Veto Players: Foundation of Political Analysis. Princeton, Princeton University Pres.

74. Weingast, Barry R., “The Economic Role of Political Institutions: Market-Preserving Federalism and Economic Development”, Journal of Low, Economics and Organization, 1995.

75. g.JorJoliani. demokratizacia: sazogadoebebi gardamaval periodebSi _

demokratizacia Tanamedrove msoflioSi (m.musxeliSvilisa da T.bereka-

Svilis TanaavtorobiT) saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2001. 76. m. musxeliSvili. demokratia rogorc komunizmi: meTodologiuri SezRudvebi

demokratizaciis Seswavlasa da demokratizaciis praqtikul gan-

xorcielebaSi. “epoqa”, N 3, sazogadoebis kvlevis centri, 2003

77. Г.Жоржолиани, Демократические изменения и стремление к формированию наций-государств в Закавказье. материалы конференции, Тбилиси, 1998

78. Джеффи Ходжсон, Экономическая теория и институты, М., 2003. 79. (Дуглас Норт, Вклад неоинституционализма в понимание проблем переходной экономики.

_ http://www.wider.unu.edu)

35

24. Donald L Horowitz, Constitutional Design: An Oxymoron? _ “Designing Democratic Institutions”, Ed. by Ian Shapiro and Stephen Macedo, New York University Press, New York and London, 2000.

25. Kenneth Janda and Tyler Colman. Effects of Party Organization on Performance during the “Golden Age” of Parties _ “Parties and Democracy”. Ed. By Richard Hofferbert, Blackwell Publishes, Oxford, 1998.

26. J. J.Linz, A. Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe. The John Hopkins University Press, 1996

27. Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in 36 Countries, 1999.


29. Lijphart, Arend, Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945-1990, Oxford, OUP.

30. Lijphart, Arend,and Carlos H. Waisman, “Institutional Design and Democratization”, in: Institutional Design in New Democracies, eds. Arend Lijphart and Carlos H. Waisman, Boulde, CO: Westwiew Press, 1996.


32. Bernard Manin, Adam Przeworski; and Susan Stokes, “Elections and Representation” in: Adam Prezeworski, Susan C. Stokes and Bernard Manin, eds., “Democracy, Accountability, and Representation,” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

33. Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government, Cambridge University Press, 1997 34. March, James, Olsen, Johan P., Rediscovering Institutions. New York, Free Press, 1989. 35. Migdal, Joel S. Studying the State. in: Lilbach, Mark Irving; Zuckerman, Alan S.; eds.

Comparative Politics, Rationality, Culture and Structure. New York, CUP, 1997. 36. Joel Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States., Princeton University press, 1988. 37. Mueller, Dennis C. Constitutional Democracy, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996. 38. Pippa Norris, Institutions Matter: Electoral rules and Voting Choices. New book with draft

chapters available at www.pippanorris.com 39. North, Douglass C, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic performance, Cambridge,

CUP, 1990 40. North, Douglass C, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic performance, Cambridge,

CUP, 1990 41. Guillermo A O'Donnell, Democracy, Law and Comparative Politics, Studies in Comparative

International Development, New Brunswick, Spring 2001 42. C. Offe, Political Economy: sociological aspects. in: A New Handbook of Political Science, ed.

by Robert E. Goodin, Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Oxford University Press, 1996 43. Claus Offe, “Designing Institutions in Eastern European Transitions”, in: Goodin R., (ed.) The

Theory of Institutional Design, CUP, 1990. 44. David M. Olson, Party Formation and Party System Consolidation in the New Democracies of

Central Europe _ “Parties and Democracy”. Ed. By Richard Hofferbert, Blackwell Publishes, Oxford, 1998.

45. Mancur Olson, Dictatorship, Democracy and Development, American Political Science Review, 87(3) September 1993

46. Ostrom, Elinor, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, 1990.


48. B.Guy Peters, Institutional Theory in Political Science. The “New Institutionalism”, Lond., 2001. 49. Philip Petit, Democracy, Electoral and Contestatory, _ “Designing Democratic Institutions”, Ed.

by Ian Shapiro and Stephen Macedo, New York University Press, New York and London, 2000. 50. Poggi, Gianfranco, The Development of the Modern State. A Sociological Introduction. Stnaford

University Press, 1978. 51. Powell, G.Bingham, Jr. “Constitutional Design and Citizen Electoral Control,” Journal of

Theoretical Politics, 1989, 1 (2). 52. Powell, Jr. G.Bingham, Elections as Instruments of Democracy, Yale University Press. 2000.

34

II kvira


politikis gadakveTaze: politikuri partiebi

Sesavali

partiebTan tradiciulad asocirebulia fundamenturi funqciebi, romlebic

ganapirobeben Tavad arsebobas liberaluri demokratiisa: xalxis nebis

gamoxatvis struqturireba, xalxis (amomrCevelTa, sazogadoebis) integracia da

mobilizacia, interesTa agregireba (da delkarireba), liderTa rekrutireba

sajaro Tanamdebobebze, saxelmwifo politikis (sajaro politikebis) formu-

lireba (formireba). aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove demokratiuli mmarTve-

loba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc partiuli mmarTveloba da (didwilad)

swored amgvarobis gamo iRebs igi aRiarebas da legitimizirdeba: partiebi

gamodian (xdebian) ZiriTad instrumentad institucionaluri legitimaciisa

(demokratiuli mmarTvelobisa). amave dros, politikur sistemaSi partiaTa

legitimaciis sakiTxi ganuyofelia Tavad maTi legitimurobis sakiTxisagan.

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu (an rodesac) legitimurni arian Tavad partiebi,

SeiZleba legitimurad CaiTvalon (aRiarebul iqnan) maT mier rekrutirebuli

liderebi, maT mier formulirebuli programebi (da politikebi _ olicy) da maT

mier Seqmnili (kontrolirebuli) mTavrobebi. partiaTa legitimurobis (erT-

erT) umTavres safuZvels aqamde (dRevandelobamde) dasavleTSi warmoadgenda

maTi masiuroba. partiebi gamoxatavdnen xalxis (sazogadoebriv) nebas da

uzrunvelyofdnen gadamwyvet kavSirs moqalaqeebsa da saxelmwifos Soris _ da

amas axorcielebdnen rogorc masobrivi organizaciebi, ramdenadac swored

rogorc aseTebi miekuTvnebodnen isini sazogadoebas, romlisganac iyvnen

warmoSobilni (warmoqmnilni). masobriobis (da Sesabamisad legitimurobis)

umTavres maxasiaTeblad miiCneoda maTi wevrTa raodenobrioba, eleqtoratis

mniSvnelovani segmentebis stabiluri mxardaWera, partiis wevrebisa da msxvili

interesTa jgufebis gavlena partiuli politikis formirebaze, da, agreTve,

materialuri damokidebuleba (partiis arsebobisa da funqcionirebisa) nebayof-

lobiT aqtivobasa da finansur wyaroebze, romlebic warmoadgenda wevrTa

Senatanebsa da institucionalur Semowirulobebs, rac Tavis mxriv uzrun-

velyofda damoukideblobasa da Tavisuflebas qmedebaSi.

Tanamedrove viTarebaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi aRiniSneba mTeli rigi

mimarTulebebiT. sul ufro izrdeba mniSvneloba e.w. marketinguli fenomenisa,

romelic principulad cvlis urTierTmimarTebas da urTierTqmedebas, erTi

mxriv, partiebsa da maT (rekrutirebul) kandidatebs Soris, da meore mxriv,

partiebsa (da kandidatebs) da amomrCevlebs Soris. adrindeli mobilizaciur-

ideologiuri sqemis mixedviT partiebi (da kandidatebi) cdilobdnen “moeqciaT

Tavis rwmenaze” rac SeiZleba meti moqalaqe, daerwmunebinaT isini sakuTar

simarTleSi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es iqneboda sarisko uaxloesi eleqtoraluri

Sedegis TvalsazrisiT. qcevis am tips SeiZleba vuwodoT misioneruli,

ramdenadac is gulisxmobda “gauTviTcnobierebeli” amomrCevlebis “ganaTlebas”

da maTTvis politikosTa (partiaTa da maT kandidatTa) mier SemuSavebuli

(formulirebuli) maTive (amomrCevelTa) interesebis gagebis axsna-ganmartebas.

marketinguli (anu sabazro) paradigmis mixedviT, piriqiT, swored eleqto-

raluri warmateba, rogorc mTavari mizani, gansazRvravs yvela danarCen para-

metrs, maT Soris SeTavazebuli politikuri saqonlis parametrebsa da kon-

kurentuli brZolis formebs. produqti (saqoneli), romelic waredgineba

(miewodeba) amomrCevel-momxmarebels (myidvels), damzadebulia (Seqmnilia)

samomxmareblo moTxovnis (anu amomrCevelTa preferenciebis) Seswavlis safuZ-

velze da konkretuli arCevnebisaTvis (konkurentuli bazrisTvis). swored amiT

unda aixsnas dRevandelobisaTvis TiTqmis sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli zrda

populisturi tendenciebisa, rogorc miswrafeba dakmayofilebul iqnes amomr-

Cevlis moTxovnebi, rogorc momxmareblisa. Tavis mxriv, araTanmimdevrulobasa

11

da gacnobierebul gadaxras marketinguli midgomidan mivyavarT danaxarjebis

zrdasTan da maTi efeqturobis SemcirebasTan. amave dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia,

rom amgvari, pirobiTad rom vTqvaT, “komivoiaJeruli” (marketinguli) qcevis

tipi dasaSvebs xdis vaWrobas imgvari nimuSebiT (saqonliT, produqtiT), romlis

xarisxic ara yovelTvis Seesabameba reklamirebuls (an sxvagvarad: rekla-

mirebuli nimuSi ar Seesabameba seriul produqcias): reklamirebuli da, rogorc

Sedegi, amomrCevelTa (momxmarebelTa) mier SeZenili produqti _ xelisufleba

(tipi-nimuSi), realurad SesaZloa Zlier gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan.

partia: funqcia, struqtura da organizacia

ganvixiloT partiis sami tipi: 1) partia, romelic rCeba ucxo gareT mTav-

robisgan da ar ereva mis saqmianobaSi 2) romelic monawileobs sistemaSi magram

ar marTavs 3) mmarTveli partia. sxvadasxvaa partia mTavrobaSi da partiuli

mmarTveloba.

Tavidan XVIII s-Si inglisSi iyo ara partiuli mmarTveloba, aramed pasuxis-

mgebeli mTavroba, ris Semdegac ganviTarda partiuli sistema. Tavidan ki

warmomadgenlebi kontrolis funqcias asrulebdnen xalxisTvis, rac ar niSnavs

kontrols xalxis mier. warmomadgenloba iyo virtualuri da ara eleqto-

raluri. partia iyo aristokratuli, mas ar sWirdeboda xmebi. mTavroba

pasuxismgebeli iyo palatebis mimarT. roca is pasuxismgebeli gaxda xalxis mier

arCeuli partiebis, anu xalxis mimarT, is gaxda reagirebadic. es procesi zemodan

daiwyo, roca warmomadgenlebma CaTvales, rom maT xmas meti wona eqneboda, Tu

isini ufro daukavSirdebodnen xalxs, anu gaxdebodnen ufro eleqtoruli. es

saarCevno uflebebis gazrdiT gamoixata. amrigad, saarCevno uflebebis gazrda

parlamentisa da mTavrobis paeqrobis rezultati iyo. ara marto parlamenti,

aramed mTavrobac mimarTavda amomrCevlebis mxardaWeris arsebobas parlamentis

gverdis avliT. es ar niSnavs, rom es mxolod zemodan iyo gatarebuli, qvemodanac

iyo zewola. am procesis Sedegi aris 1) partiis gamyareba (solidification), anu

partiebi Sekrulebi xdebian ara marto principebis safuZvelze, aramed imitomac,

rom maTi stabiluroba eleqtoraluri warmatebebis sawindaria; da 2) mTavroba

pasuxismgebelidan gardaiqmneba reagirebad mTavrobad (responsible responsive), an

am oris kombinaciad. SeiZleba mTavroba iyo reagirebadi da ara pasuxismgebeli,

anu uaryofdes mxolod mis pasuxismgeblobas. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom

reagirebadi mTavroba niSnavs partiul mTavrobas, radgan Tu partiebs ar

eqnebaT marTvis saSualeba, isini ver SeZleben eleqtoratis moTxovnebis

cxovrebaSi gatarebas, Tumca meore mxriv, Tu es partiebi ar gaatareben TavianT

programebs, maSin partiuli mTavrobis saWiroeba ar arsebobs.

eleqtoraluri sistemis gafarToeba qmnis xmebisTvis mebrZoli partiebis

fenomens, es eleqtoratis winaSe pasuxismgebel partiebs, partiul mTavrobas _

reagirebad mTavrobas. anu partiuli sistema iqneba ufro gvian vidre partiebi,

mxolod mas Semdeg rac saarCevno uflebebis gazrda im dones miaRwevs, roca

xelisuflebisTvis brZolaSi eleqtoratis mxardaWera partiebisTvis

gadamwyveti xdeba, aristokratuli partiebi iqcevian demokratiul partiebad,

masiur partiebad (mass party, es ar Seexeba Tavad partiis zomas). Tanmimdevrobaa:

pasuxismgebeli mTavroba __> arCvenebis “realoba” __> partiuli sistemis

Camoyalibeba.

12

bibliografia Bibliography

1. Brooke A. Ackerly, Designing Democratic Institutions: Political or Economic? _ “Designing

Democratic Institutions”, Ed. by Ian Shapiro and Stephen Macedo, New York University Press, New York and London, 2000.

2. Ainsworth, S. Representation and Institutional Stability Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1997, 9(2),.

3. Yoram Barzel, A Theory of the State, Economic Rights, Legal Rights, and the Scope of the State, Cambridge, 2002.

4. Blais, Andre and Louis Masicote, “Electoral Systems” (Chapter 2), in: Laurence Le Duc, Richard G. Niemi, and Pippa Norris, eds., Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Comparative Perspective., London, Sage, 1996.

5. Building Democracy in Georgia, Discussion papers series, International IDEA, 2003 6. Dalton, Russell J. and Martin Wattenberg, Ed, Parties without Partisans. New York, Oxford

University Press, 2001. 7. Russell J. Dalton and Martin P. Wattenberg, Unthinkable Democracy: Political Change in

Advanced Industrial Democracies _ “Parties without Partisans. Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies”. Ed. by Russell J. Dalton and Martin P. Wattenberg, Oxford University Press, 2002.

8. Russell J. Dalton and Martin P. Wattenberg, Political Change and the Democratic Process, _ “Parties without Partisans. Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies”. Ed. by Russell J. Dalton and Martin P. Wattenberg, Oxford University Press, 2002.

9. Downs, Anthony., “The Statics and Dynamics of Party Ideologies”, _ in his: An Economic Theory of Democracy., Harper Collins Publisher, 1957.



12. Elias, Khalil, “Organizations vs. Institutions”, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 1995.


14. Bringing the State Back in ., Ed. by Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Theda Skocpol., Cambridge, 2002


16. Wolfgang Gaul, Designing and adopting constitution in Georgia, IRIS, 2002 17. Rachel Gibson and Robert Harmel _ Party Families and Democratic Performance:

Extraparliamentary versus Parliamentary Group Power _ “Parties and Democracy”. Ed. By Richard Hofferbert, Blackwell Publishes, Oxford, 1998.


19. Stephan Haggard and Mathew D. Mccubbins, Introduction: Political Institutions and the Determinants of Public Policy, _ “Presidents, Parliaments, and Policy”, Ed. by Stephan Haggard, Mathew Mccubbins, University of Cambridge, 2001



22. Richard Hofferbert, Introduction: Party Structure and Party Performance in New and Old Democracies _ “Parties and Democracy”. Ed. By Richard Hofferbert, Blackwell Publishes, Oxford, 1998.


33






32

pasuxismgebeli mTavroba saparlamento partia

(Responsible government) (SigniT orientirebuli)

(Parliamentary party (inward oriented))

saarCevno uflebis eleqtoraluri (xmebisTvis

pirveli gafarToeba mebrZoli) partia

(First enfranchisement) (Electoral (vote seeking) party)

reagirebadi mTavroba

(Responsive government)

partiuli mTavroba partiis gamyareba

(Party government) (Party Solidification)

partiuli sistema

(Party System) saarCevno uflebis masiuri partia

didi gafarToeba (gareT orientirebuli)

(Large enfranchisement) (Mass party (outward oriented))

racionalizacia

partiis ZiriTadi parametrebia: (racionaluri midgoma es ar aris yovelTvis

realuri)

1. partiebi ar arian dajgufebebi (factions)

2. partia aris mTelis nawili (parts of a whole)

3. partiebi arian eqspresiis arxebi (chennels of expression)

1. dajgufebebi gamoxataven mxolod viwro, personalur interesebs. es ar

niSnavs, rom partiis wevrebs aseTi interesebi ar gaaCniaT, magram misi qceva ver

iqneba am motivaciis Sesabamisi, rasac sistemis meqanizmebi uzrunvelyofs.

mokled rom vTqvaT, partiebi funqcionaluri institutebia, dajgufebebi ki ara.

Tumca, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom partiebi dajgufebebisgan warmoiSvnen da

safrTxe yovelTvis arsebobs, rom maTi funqciebis dakargva da kvlav

dajgufebebad gadaqceva moxdes.

2. partia aris pluralistuli mTelis nawili, mTeli Sedgeba nawilebis

urTierTqmedebisagan da ar SeiZleba gaigivebul iqnes mxolod erT nawilTan. am

SemTxvevaSi, arc nawili, arc mTeli iqneba mTeli. rac Seexeba partias, is aris

nawili (part), romelic ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT mTelTan kavSiris gareSe. Tu is

ar iRwvis marTos mTelis sasargeblod, maSin is ar aris partia da aris

dajgufeba. partia aris nawili, magram misi qmedeba araa nawilis, aramed mTelis

sakeTildReod. Tumca, “mTelis interesi” abstraqtuli da fardobiTi cnebaa da

es interesebi sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba iqnes gagebuli, magram maTi

gancalkeveba SesaZlebelia partikularistuli, piradi interesebisagan. ufro

swori iqneba gansazRvreba daviwyoT ara imiT, Tu ra aris saerTo interesi,

aramed, Tu ra ar aris. ar unda gvqondes imis iluziac, rom partiebi

altruistuli gaerTianebebia. aq ubralod mTavaria balansi kerZo da sazogado

interesebs Soris da es balansi mniSvnelovan wilad damokidebulia im

imperativis efeqturobaze, romlis mixedviTac sazogado partikularulze

maRla dgas.

3. partiebi arian xalxis warmomadgenlobis institutebi maTi moTxovnebis

13

gamoxatvis gziT. es yovelTvis ase ar iyo da es politikuri sistemis

demokratiuli ganviTarebis bunebrivi Sedegia, razec adre gvqonda saubari.

amrigad, dRes partiebi aris 1) warmomadgenlobis da 2) gamoxatvis (expression)

instrumentebi. pirveli sakmaod bundovania da sakamaTo, ramdenad warmoadgenen

Tavis amomrCevlebs partiebi da ara sakuTar wevrebs. garda amisa,

warmomadgenlobisaTvis ar aris aucilebeli partiebis arseboba. wina planze

gadmodis eqspresiuli funqcia. isini arian komunikaciis saSualebani

moqalaqeebsa da mTavrobas Soris. Tumca, Tu maT mxolod informaciis miwodeba

evalebaT xelisuflebisaTvis, maSin amas Tavad moqalaqeebic kargad SeZlebdnen

raime sxva formiT (mag. opinion polls). mTavari aris is, rom partiebi gadascemen

moTxovnebs mTavrobas garkveul zewolasTan erTad, da garda amisa, isini axdenen

am moTxovnebis erT arxSi moqcevas (channel) maTi garkveulwilad formirebis,

koreqtirebis, sistematizaciis saSualebiT. xSirad es moTxovnebi Tavad

partiebis moRvaweobis Sedegad aris generirebuli.

partia rogorc mTeli

arapartiuloba erTpartiulobis winaaRmdeg

Cven partia rogorc mTelis erTi nawili ganvsazRvreT. erTpartiuli

sistemis ganxilvisas Cndeba kiTxva: Tu aris mxolod erTi nawili, romelic Tavs

mTelTan aigivebs, SeiZleba ki mas ewodos partia? mTeli yovelTvis ufro metia,

vidre Tundac mxolod erTi nawili (imitom rom partia yvelas ver gaaerTianebs),

magram am SemTxvevaSi mTeli aRar dgas nawilebze maRla. nawili miiswrafis

mTelTan gaigivebasTan (maT Soris mis Sida struqturaSi). amrigad, erTi partiis

sistemis racionalizacia gansxvavdeba mravalpartiuli sistemisagan. Tu erTi

nawili cdilobs sxvebis ganadgurebas, maSin ratom ar yalibdeba sabolood ara

arapartiuli sistema da rCeba erTi partia? aq jer gamovyoT arapartiuli

sistemebis (no-party system) 2 tipi: 1) upartio (partyless) da 2) antipartiuli (antiparty).

pirveli es aris ZiriTadad prepartiuli qveynebi (saudis arabeTi, iemeni,

iordania, avRaneTi, nepali...) da meore, ZiriTadad samxedro reJimebi.

hantingtoni tradiciuli sazogadoebis modernizacias (arademokratiuls)

Tvlis partiuli sistemis evoluciisas ZiriTad faqtorad. modernizaciis

Sedegad partiuli sistema Semdegnairad viTardeba: upartio (partyless) __>

antipartiuli (antiparty) __> erTpartiuli (uniparty). es ukanaskneli cvlis

antipartiulobas, imitom, rom modernizaciis garkveul doneze igi ufro

efeqturi da stabiluria, vidre partiis ararseboba. es niSnavs, rom yvela

erTpartiulma sistemam ganviTarebis es gza gaiara. rogorc wesi,

erTpartiuloba cvlis multipartiul sistemas, magram hantingtonis modeli

xsnis ufro imas modernizaciis mocemul doneze avtoritarizmis tendenciebi ra

sistemisken aris mimarTuli: antipartiulisken Tu erTpartiulisken.

Tu partiuli pluralizmis piroba iyo saarCevno uflebebis gazrda,

erTpartiulobis _ sazogadoebis politizireba. iqac ki, sadac partiebi ar

arsebobdnen an SezRudulni iyvnen, naTeli gaxda rom sazogadoebis, romelic

sul ufro metad iTxovda politikur cxovrebaSi CarTvas, ugulvebelyofa

arasasurveli iyo. SeiZleba partiuli pluralizmi aikrZalos, magram es ar

Secvlis socialuri politizaciis obieqtur realobas, saWiroa masebis

mobilizacia reJimis sasargeblod. partiis gareSe sistema ver axerxebs

modernizebuli sazogadoebis efeqtur kontrols, aucilebeli xdeba

organizacia, romelic moaxerxebs masebis dakavSirebas reJimTan. es kavSiri

(channelment) ar niSnavs, rom yovelTvis eqspresiis process emsaxureba, is

arademokratiul, erTpartiul sistemebSi sxva funqcias atarebs. igi

kontrolis, mobilizaciis, propagandis meqanizmia, romelsac arapartiuli (no-party) sistema moklebulia.

14

nomikur moqnilobas axali pirobebisa da SesaZleblobebisadmi adaptaciisaTvis.

aseTma adapturad (adaptaciis TvalsazrisiT) efeqturma institutebma unda

uzrunvelyon stimulebi (gaaCinon isini) swavlebisa da codnisadmi,

inovaciebisadmi, gaaaqtiuron agentebi (ekonomikuri, politikuri), romelnic

midrekilni arian riskisa da inovaciebisaken. ganusazRvrelobisa da informaciis

arasrulyofilebis samyaroSi aravin icis swori (marTebuli) gadawyveta

problemisa, romelsac Cven vixilavT (ix. haieki). amdenad, institutebma xeli

unda Seuwyon (mxari dauWiron) siaxleebs (axals), da amave dros gaasworon

(Seasworon, gamoasworon) Secdomebi. aqedan logikurad gamomdinareobs daskvna,

rom aucilebelia gadawyvetilebaTa miReba decenralizebulad. es SesaZleb-

lobas miscems sazogadoebas ganixilos da gamoikvlios (Seiswavlos) gadawyvetis

alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi da airCios saukeTeso. aseve qmnis ukeTes SesaZ-

leblobas gaTvaliswinebul iqnes warsuli Secdomebi da viswavloT maTze

(Secdomebze). amgvarad, institutebma ara marto unda Seamciron danaxarjebi

sakuTrebis uflebaTa specifikaciisa, agreTve danaxarjebi sakuTrebis ufle-

baTa specifikaciisa, agreTve danaxarjebi sxvadasxva kanonTa (gadawyvetilebaTa)

miRebisa (Sedgenisa) da realizebisa, aramed xeli Seuwyon gadawyvetilebaTa

decentralizebul miRebas da konkurentul bazarTa efeqturobas.

mTavari problema mdgomareobda politikuri ekonomiis arasakmarisad da

araRrmad gagebaSi. jerjerobiT ar aris naTeli, rogor unda Seiqmnas efeqturi

politikuri bazrebi. isini (es bazrebi) moiTxovs ara mxolod formaluri wesebis

krebuls, aramed damatebiT normebs, romelnic mxars dauWeren (xels Seuwyoben,

gaamyareben, ganamtkiceben) maT (am wesebs), da, agreTve, marTvisa da kontrolis

meqanizmebs.

es yvelaferi ar arsebobda postsabWoTa qveynebSi, ramac Sedegad migviyvana

maRal transaqciur danaxarjebTan, sakuTrebis uflebebis arasrul specifi-

kaciasTan da ekonomikuri procesebis mcire jgufebis (klanuri, mafiozuri) mier

regulirebasTan.

arsebiTad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jer ar arsebobs Sesabamisi (gamosadegi)

Teoriuli modelebi mesame samyaros qveynebisa da gardamavali (transformirebadi

postsabWoTa) ekonomikebisaTvis (ekonomikuri da politikuri sistemebisaTvis).

arsebul TeoriebSi damakavSirebeli rgoli ekonomikasa da politikas Soris jer

kidev aris (imyofeba) primitiul doneze, da misi ganviTareba uaRresad aucilebelia,

Tu gvinda miznebis Sesabamisi politikis ganxorcieleba.


1. Power, Timothy J. and Mark J. Gasiorowski, “Institutional Design and Democratic Consolidation in the Third World, “ Comparative Political Studies, 1997, 30, pp. 123-155.

2. Lijphart, Arend,and Carlos H. Waisman, “Institutional Design and Democratization”, in: Institutional Design in New Democracies, eds. Arend Lijphart and Carlos H. Waisman, Boulde, CO: Westwiew Press, 1996, pp/ 1-11.

3. Claus Offe, “Designing Institutions in Eastern European Transitions”, in: Goodin R., (ed.) The Theory of Institutional Design, CUP, 1990.


5. m. musxeliSvili. demokratia rogorc komunizmi: meTodologiuri SezRudvebi

demokratizaciis Seswavlasa da demokratizaciis praqtikul

ganxorcielebaSi. “epoqa”, N 3, sazogadoebis kvlevis centri, 2003




31

magram, yvela formaluri institutis SemoReba SeiZleba ar dasruldes misi

realuri damkvidrebiTa da adekvaturi funqcionirebiT:

_ formaluri institutis SemoRebidan normebisa da Rirebulebebis cvli-

lebebamde yvela SemTxvevaSi arsebobs drois monakveTi, romlis xangrZlivoba

mraval faqtorze SeiZleba iyos damokidebuli. mag.: informaciis gavrceleba da

diskusiis warmarTva SemoRebamde (SeCveva); SemoRebidanve efeqturi da adek-

vaturi ganxorcieleba Zalis (mTavrobis, moxeleebis...) meSveobiT (Zala); aSkara

sargeblianoba aqtorebisaTvis (utilitaruloba); momavali aqtorebis aqtiuri

monawileoba institutis gansazRvraSi; misi siaxlove/siSore adrindel insti-

tutTan; transaqciuri xarjebis simcire/metoba, da sxva.

postkomunisturi transformacia

da institucionaluri gamowveva

axali demokratiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia TiTqmis totaluri ararseboba

eqsperimentirebisa axal insituttTa formirebisas. isini (axali demokratiebi)

upiratesad orientirebulni arian mibaZvaze imisa, rac Cveulebriv ganixileba

rogorc demokratiuli norma, romlis efeqturoba da vargisianoba TiTqosda

dadasturebulia dasavluri gamocdilebiT. xSir SemTxvevaSi aseTebad (aseT

normebad, an normatiul modelebad) miiCneva Tanamedrove dasavluri

demokratiebis rutinuli praqtika, romelic (aseve xSirad) Tavad imyofeba mwvave

krizisis (dacemis) pirobebSi (mdgomareobaSi). dasavlur nimuSTa kopirebis

konformistuli ganwyobis pirobebSi axali demokratiebi, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,

SeiZleba Camoyalibdnen, rogorc mxolod dasavluri institutebis

arasrulfasovani imitaciebi (Sdr. originali da kopio mxatvrobaSi).

sinamdvileSi, rasakvirvelia saqme gvaqvs bevrad ufro rTul viTarebasTan.

demokratiuli institutebis efeqturobis dadastureba sakmaod rTuli

piroblemaa, rogorc Teoriuli, aseve praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT. ar SeiZleba

winaswar da TavisTavad efeqturad iqnes miCneuli instituti. institutebma unda

daadasturon Tavisi efeqturoba da unari sazogadoebis winaSe mdgomi

problemis (gamowvevis) gadawyvetisa; mxolod amis Semdeg iReben isini masiuri

jgufebis mxardaWeras, sazogadoebriv aRiarebasa da legitimurobas, rac

aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens maTi konsolidirebisa da ramdenadme grZel-

vadiani funqcionirebisaTvis (rac urTierTganpirobebulobis mimarTebaSi

imyofeba legitimurobasa da efeqturobasTan). institutTa formirebisa da

transformirebis istoriuli gamocdileba adasturebs, rom am uaRresad rTuli

gzis gamartiveba praqtikulad (didwilad Teoriuladac) SeuZlebelia.

postkomunisturi demokratiebi dganan specifiuri amocanebisa da

gamowvevebis winaSe, romlebic radikalurad gansxvavdeba Sesabamisi dasavluri

istoriulad arsebuli amocanebisgan. rogorc vnaxeT, institucionaluri

mSenebloba SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes mxolod istoriuli tradiciebis,

kulturisa da Tanamedrove gamowvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac yvela

gansxvavebuli konfiguraciisas gansxvavebul Sedegebamde migviyvans.

mxolod da swored amgvari SemoqmedebiTi qmedebebis (racionalizmis,

kulturis, istoriisa da Tanamedrove amocanaTa sinTezis safuZvelze _

rogorc praqtikis, aseve refleqsiis) safuZvelze iqmnebodnen da

transformirdebodnen institutebi Tavad dasavlur demokratiebSic.

efeqturi bazrebi (rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve politikuri) warmoiqmneba

institutTa funqcionirebis gamoisobiT (Sedegad), romelnic uzrunvelyofen

transaqciur da kontraqtis Sedgenis danaxarjTa Semcirebas drois garkveul

(gansazRvrul) momentSi. magram Cven gvainteresebs amgvari maxasiaTeblebis mqone

bazrebi ara romeliRac calkeul momentSi, aramed Cven gvsurs, rom bazarTa

(politikur, ekonomikur) efeqturoba arsebobdes droSi mudmivad. amisaTvis

aucilebelia institutebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofdnen politikur da eko-

30

partia-saxelmwifos sistema (party-state system) 2 SekiTxvas unda gaeces pasuxi: 1) ramdenad marTebulia erTpartias ewodos

partia da 2) ramdenad SesaZlebelia erTpartiul saxelmwifoSi ganvixiloT

partiuli sistema.

pirvel SekiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT, saWiroa gavarCioT partia sapirispiro

nawilebis gareSe (party without counter party) partiisagan, romelic Tavad aris nawili

(party as party). realurad, partiul pluralizms da erT partias Soris gansxvaveba

exeba ufro sistemas, vidre partias, romelic inarCunebs igive meqanizms da

struqturas, rac pluralistur sistemaSi, anadgurebs sxva partiebs, magram

Tavad rCeba partiis msgavs organizaciul iaraRad. rac Seexeba sistemas, aq

cxadia, rom es sistema ver iqneba partiuli sistema, erT partias ar SeuZlia amis

warmoqmna. Tu vivaraudebT, rom es aris erTi partiis sistema, maSin Semdegi

sirTuleebia: sistemis koncefcia unda akmayofilebdes minimum or moTxovnas: 1)

mas unda gaaCndes atributebi, romlebic ar ekuTvnis sistemis Semadgenel arc

erT calke aRebul komponents; 2) is unda Sedgebodes misi komponentebis

sqematizirebadi urTierTqmedebebisgan, romelTac garkveuli CarCo aqvT;

erTpartiuli sistema ki ver pasuxobs pirvel moTxovnas, radgan es da misi

atributebi emTxveva partias da mis atributebs, xolo meores imitom, rom

urTierTqmedeba xdeba ara sistemis CarCoSi, aramed mis gareT, radgan sistemis

da komponentis sazRvari erTi da igivea. ase rom, ar aris swori davuSvaT sistema

partiaze maRla, maSin is unda veZeboT Tavad partiaSi, partia rogorc sistema. am

SemTxvevaSic ar viqnebiT koreqtulebi. Secdoma SemdegSia: Cven sistemis

partiaSi daSvebisas vcvliT analizis dones, gadavdivarT ra sistemis analizidan

partiis analizze. sad aris maSin sistema? Tu erTi partia aris ukve ara nawili,

aramed mTeli, iseve rogorc saxelmwifo, maSin logikurad gamomdinareobs, rom

ori mTeli ver iarsebebs Tu isini erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. amrigad, sworia termini

partia-saxelmwifos sistema (party-state system), iqneba es saxelmwifo, romelic

cdilobs partiis absorbirebas, Tu piriqiT. unda isic aRvniSnoT, rom yovelTvis

sadac erTi partiaa ar SegviZlia vilaparakoT partia-saxelmwifos sistemaze.

ubralod, am SemTxvevaSi Cven vaqvs an am tipis sistema, an saerTod ar aris raime

mniSvnelovani sistema. am sistemis mTavari funqcionaluri maxasiaTebelia

subsistemuri avtonomiisaTvis xelis SeSla, rac mas partiebis gareSe

sistemisgan gamoarCevs. SeiZleba erTgvari terminologiuri uzustoba iyos,

roca aq viyenebT sityva “partias”, romelic TavisTavad ar SeiZleba iyos mTeli,

radgan mxolod nawilia, magram sxva terminis ararsebobis pirobebSi Cven

SegviZlia davuSvaT am terminis gamoyeneba monopoliur partiasTan mimarTebaSi,

Tu mkafiod ganvasxvavebT sistemis Taviseburebebs. erTpartiuli sistema ar

arsebobs. partiuli sistemebi mxolod pluralistur reJimebs axasiaTebT.

unipartizmis SemTxvevaSi sistema erTia _ partia-saxelmwifo.

partia Signidan

fraqciebi, dajgufebebi da tendenciebi

partia Tavad aris miniaturuli politikuri sistema xelisuflebis

struqturiT, warmomadgenlobiTi procesiT, eleqtoraluri sistemiT da sxva.

partiebis, rogorc sistemis Seswavlisas ZiriTadad 2 midgoma gamoiyofa: 1)

Sidapartiuli demokratiis Seswavla da 2) organizaciuli midgoma. pirveli

midgoma saTaves iRebs mixelsis naSromidan “oligarqiis rkinis kanoni”. am

midgomaSi ZiriTadi problema “demokratiis” Sefasebis meTodebSia. meore

midgoma iwyeba diuverJedan. organizaciuli struqturebis Seswavla

garkveulwilad Seexeba Sidapartiuli demokratiis sakiTxsac, ramdenadac

demokratiuli procesi moiTxovs garkveul konkretul struqturebs, Tumca

15

organizaciuli midgoma miznad ar isaxavs gaarkvios, Tu ramdenad demokratiuli

an arademokratiulia esa Tu is struqturebi. partia, TviT totalitarulic ki,

ar aris monoliTi. masSi aris formaluri an araformaluri suberTeulebi (sub-units), romlebic partiis sistemaSi iseTive doneze unda ganvixiloT, rogorc

partiul sistemaSi partiebi. garkveul sirTules warmoadgens im terminis

gansazRvra, riTac am sub-erTeulebs aRvniSnavT. termini “dajgufebis” (faction)

gamoyeneba aq, albaT, ar iqneboda koreqtuli, ramdenadac am termins aqvs

SefasebiTi datvirTva. garda amisa, dajgufebebi Tavisi Tavdapirveli

mniSvnelobiT jer kidev arseboben mTel rig ganviTarebad qveynebSi da igive

terminis gamoyeneba partiuli sub-erTeulebis klasis aRsaniSnavad gaugebrobas

gamoiwvevda. saWiroa sxva termini _ fraqcia, rasac ar aqvs iseTi SefasebiTi

datvirTva, rogorc dajgufebas (fraqcia SeiZleba iyos dajgufeba, SeiZleba

ara). Sidapartiuli struqturis kvleva ar iqneba sruli Tu ar SemovitaneT

tendenciis cneba. riCard rouzis azriT, fraqciebsa da tendenciebs Soris

gansxvaveba maT organizaciul doneebSia. fraqcia aris pirvel rigSi konkretuli

jgufi, tendencia ki stabiluri etitudia. sartori: organizaciuli momenti ar

aris mTavari ganmasxvavebeli. SeiZleba fraqcia ar iyos konkretuli jgufi,

arsebobs individualuri fraqcionalizmi, xolo tendenciam Seqmnas garkveuli

organizebuli erToba raRac sakiTxTa garSemo, magram es ar iyos fraqcia.

tendencia aRniSnavs ufro farTo, araerTgvarovan sub-erTeuls (mag, memarcxene

da memarjvene tendenciebi), xolo fraqcia ufro erTgvarovan, mWidrod Sekrul

suberTeuls.

fraqciebi sxvadasxva saxis arian da sxvadasxva fraqciebi sxvadasxvanair

zegavlenas axdenen 1) partiis erTianoba-fragmentaciaze da 2) Sidapartiul

urTierTobebsa da dinamikaze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fraqciebis buneba

gansazRvravs partiis bunebas. msgavsi ideologiis da struqturis mqone

partiebi SesaZlebelia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodnen, Tu maTi fraqciebis

buneba gansxvavebulia.

1) organizacionaluri, 2) motivaciuri,

3) ideologiuri da 4) memarcxene-memarjvene.

1. organizaciuli mimarTuleba. gamodis pirvel planze, ramdenadac partias

da dajgufebas Soris gansxvaveba mniSvnelovanwilad maTi organizaciis

doneebSia gamoxatuli, Tumca dRes Cven viciT, rom zog SemTxvevaSi suberTe-

ulebi SeiZleba ufro metad iqnen organizebuli, vidre mTlianad partia.

suberTeulebis avtonomiurobis xarisxi partiasTan mimarTebaSi aris indi-

katori, Tu analizis romel doneze iqneboda mocemul SemTxvevaSi ufro mar-

Tebuli _ partiul Tu subpartiul doneze. organizacionaluri mimarTuleba

aseve migviTiTebs Sidapartiuli fraqcionalizaciis xarisxze. am mimarTulebis

gamoyenebisas ar unda gamogvrCes Semdegi fenomenis gaTvaliswineba: fraqciebis

organizebuloba “gadamdebia”, Tu garkveuli fraqciebi metad organizebulni

xdebian, danarCenebi mihyvebian maT magaliTs, raTa efeqturad gauwion maT

metoqeoba. amrigad, organizacionaluri cvladi SeiZleba Seicvalos, magram

fraqciebi darCnen igive sxva parametrebis mixedviT.

2. motivaciuri mimarTuleba. ufro pirdapir Seexeba sxvadasxva tipis

suberTeulebis gansxvavebebs. hiumi ansxvavebda ori tipis dajgufebebs: inte-

resis da principis safuZvelze. interesiT motivirebul dajgufebebSi SeiZleba

2 saxeoba gamoiyos: 1) Zalauflebis dajgufebebi (power factions,

Zalaufleba_mizani), 2) “nadavlis” dajgufebebi (spoils factions, ufro garkveul

sargebelze orientirebuli, vidre Zalauflebaze). rac Seexeba hiumis principze

dafuZnebul jgufebs, dRevandeli “principis fraqciebic” SeiZleba or nawilad

davyoT: ideologiuri jgufebi da ideis jgufebi (idea groups), anu jgufebi,

romlis ideebi, Sexedulebebi ar iziareben ideologiuri jgufebis sxva

maCveneblebs. es dayofa mniSvnelovania evropul literaturaSi arsebul

16

varianti I _

- calkeul individs ecvleba Rirebulebebi _ TavisTavad (an/gare

cvlilebebis Sedegad)

- normebis cvlileba gamoixateba imiT, rom isini kargaven Zalas

(akldebaT Zala) _ vidre axali araformaluri institutebi ar

formirdeba. normebi ver iReben met-naklebad mkafio da stabilur saxes,

romlis gareSec maTi funqcionireba izRudeba. normebis amgvari tipi

(arastabiluri, aramkafiio) xels uSlis Rirebulebebis gamkafioebasa da

gastabilurebas.

- araformaluri institutebi, iseve, rogorc normebi kargaven Zalas,

ver iRebs mkafio da stabilur saxes, sruliad Sordeba formalur

institutebs, mcirdeba maTi efeqturoba, izrdeba transaqciuri xarjebi.

maTi stabilurobis zrda urTierTdamokidebulebaSi imyofeba normebis

stabilurobis zrdasTan, rac aseTsave mimarTebaSia TavisTavad Rire-

bulebebis gastabilurebasTan.

magram, saboloo jamSi, TandaTan icvleba normebic da araformaluri insti-

tutebic, magram es xdeba nela, SeiZleba araefeqturad da araracionalurad,

izrdeba gaurkvevloba da izRudeba Tavisufleba.

viRebT Semdeg debulebaTa mwkrivs:

1. Tu Rirebulebebi ar Seicvala, normebi ar Seicvleba! Tu normebi ar

Seicvala, araformaluri institutebi ar Seicvleba!

2. Tu araformaluri institutebi myari (stabiluri) ar aris, normebi ar

myardeba.

Tu normebi myari (stabiluri) ar aris, araformaluri institutebi ar

myardeba

Tu mormebi da araformaluri institutebi myari (stabiluri) ar aris,

Rirebulebebi ar myardeba;

3. formaluri institutebis efeqturoba mudmivad ecema aseT viTarebaSi

1. _ amgvari arastabilurobis pirobebSi transaqciuri danaxarjebi

mudmivad miiswrafis zrdisaken!

2. _ qmedebaTa efeqti miiswrafis Semcirebisken

3. _ socialuri wesrigi praqtikulad iRebs uwesrigobis saxes

(anarqiuli sazogadoeba?)!

4. _ izRudeba qmedebis Tavisufleba.

amgvari gaurkvevlobis, arastabilurobisa da arasimyaris Semcireba SesaZ-

lebelia formalur institutebSi cvlilebebis SetaniT, cvlilebebisa, romleb-

sac aqvT bma kavSiri realobaSi momxdar cvlilebebTan. aseTi formaluri

instituciuri cvlilebebi SesaZloa, gaamyarebs erT nawils (albaT) Rirebu-

lebrivi da normatiuli, da Sesabamisad, araformaluri institucionaluri

cvlilebebisa, da Seasustebs meore nawils (mxars dauWers cvlilebebis zogierT

tendencias, da SeewinaaRmdegeba sxvas).

ratom ar SeiZleba gaaZlieros yvela tendencia erTad (mTlianad)?

1. Tu cvlilebebi mudmivia (permanentulia), nebismieri damkvidrebuli

formaluri instituti, Tundac garkveuli droiT mainc, SeewinaaRmde-

geba axal cvlilebas. tempi formaluri instituciuri cvlilebebisa

ver daemTxveva _ CamorCeba _ realobis cvlilebaTa temps.

2. Rirebulebrivi cvlilebebi sazogadoebaSi (romlebic gamowveulia

realobis cvlilebebiT), SeuZlebelia iyos srulad erTnairi da erTi

veqtorisken mimarTuli, sazogadoebis sruli erTgvarovnebis

SeuZleblobis gamo.

aqedan gamomdinare, nebismieri axali formaluri institutis realuri dam-

kvidreba da adekvaturi funqcionireba gamoiwvevs araformaluri institutis

(institutebis), romelic masTan SexebaSi aRmoCndeba, modificirebas, garkveuli

normebisa da Rirebulebebis gamyarebas, xolo sxvebis (zogis) Sesustebas.

29

IV kvira


sazogadoebebSi: institutTa cvlilebebi

Sesavali

sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa (da transformaciis) strategiebSi SeiZleba ga-

moiyos mimarTulebebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan konfliqtur damokidebulebaSi

arian. erTi aseTi konfliqti gamovlindeba SejaxebaSi, erTi mxriv, konstruqti-

vistuli mimarTulebisa (midgomisa), romelic igebs (xsnis, aRiqvams) politikas,

gansakuTrebiT demokratiuls, rogorc process sazogadoebis gardaqmnisa

(gadawyobisa, rekonstruirebisa), xolo, meore mxriv, “Rrmad konservatuli”

(pirobiTad) midgomisa, romelic iRebs sazogadoebas iseTs, rogoric is aris, mis

realurad arsebul formebSi.

meore konfliqtad SeiZleba warmovidginoT konfliqti zRvrulad ganzo-

gadebuli, Semajamebeli nimuSisadmi (modelisadmi) _ xSirad utopiuris an

miTuris (Temuris) _ miswrafebasa, rac warmogvidgens (igebs) politikas xistad

(uaRresad mkacrad) konstruqtivistulad, da pluralistur pozicias Soris.

pluralizmi (an pluralistuli midgoma) ar uaryofs aucileblobiT konstruq-

tivistul midgomas politikisadmi, magram is moiTxovs (an: iwvevs Sedegad)

cxovrebis organizebis modelebis mravalgvarobis aRiarebas, rac uzrunvel-

yofs Sesabamisad am modelebis CarCoebSive arsebuli da ganviTarebadi tra-

diciebisa da sazogadoebrivi interesebis gagebisa da interpretaciis

mravalgvarobis aRiarebasac.

es konfliqti arsebiTi aRmoCnda postkoministuri transformaciisTvisac.

rogor icvlebian institutebi

Cvens garSemo mudmivad xdeba cvlilebebi, romlebic Cvenze (Cvens cxov-

rebaze) zemoqmedebs _ icvleba Cveni garemomcveli realoba. es cvlilebebi

Cvengan damoukidebelia, ar aris calkeuli individis racionaluri mizan-

mimarTuli qmedebis da survilis Sedegi _ igi uamravi, rogorc erTi, aseve

sxvadasxva veqtorebiT warmarTuli qmedebisa da survilis Sedegia: miznisa da

Sedegis sruli Sesabamisoba praqtikulad miuRwevelia, Tu ar warmovidgenT

absoluturad monistur, totalitarul, gaqvavebul da izolirebul samyaros

(ara mxolod sazogadoebas, aramed mis garemomcvel bunebasac), an absolutis

(RmerTis) qmedebas...

es cvlilebebi ar iwvevs maSinve da avtomaturad Sesabamisad cvlilebebs

Cvens ganwyobebSi, miswrafebebSi, miznebSi, normebSi, RirebulebebSi.

magram es cvlilebebi aucileblad moaxdens zemoqmedebas Cvenze, Cvens

cxovrebaze da aucileblad gamoiwvevs mis (cxovrebis) cvlilebas SemdgomSi.

Tu socialuri wesrigis zemoT motanil sqemas mivubrundebiT, warmovid-

ginoT, rogori iqneba gare cvlilebebis masze zegavlena.

cvlileba TavisTavad aucileblad Seexeba araformalur institutebs, nor-

mebs da Rirebulebebs. TavisTavad, cvlileba aucileblobiT ar Seexeba for-

malur institutebs _ anu isini formalurad ar Seicvlebian, magram funqci-

onalurad ganicdian cvlilebas, rogorc Semadgeneli (nawili) araformaluri

institutebisa.

magram isini (formaluri institutebi) eqvemdebarebian racionalur da

gamiznul cvlilebebs, maSin, rodesac sxva sami Semadgeneli Cveni socialuri

wesrigis sqemisa amgvar (pirdapir) Carevas ar eqvemdebareba. magram, formaluri

institutebis Secvlis meSveobiT, Cven SegviZlia SevitanoT maTSic (araform.

instit., norm. Rireb.) cvlilebebi (ix.zemoT); (amave dros, rom es sami Semadgeneli

mainc ganicdis cvlilebebs gare cvlilebebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad).

warmovidginoT, rogor SeiZleba es ganxorcieldes:

28

sakiTxTan _ ideologiur partiebTan da Sexedulebis partiebTan (opinion party)

mimarTebaSi. am mimarTulebis gamoyenebisas sirTules warmoadgens is faqti, rom

interesis safuZvelze gaerTianebuli jgufebi xSirad iniRbebian efeqturobis,

ideologiis da sxva safars ukan, rac legitimaciisken swrafviT aixsneba. rom ar

SevideT SecdomaSi, aq unda CavrToT garkveulwilad organizacionaluri

mimarTuleba da gavarkvioT ramdenad gaaCnia ama Tu im fraqcias

klientelisturi qseli da ramdenad aris misi funqcionireba klienteruli

tipis. Tumca, aqac aris sirTule _ klientelistuli struqturis arseboba-

ararseboba mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra Zalauflebas flobs

es jgufi. motivaciuri mimarTulebis gamoyeneba unda Seicavdes mTel rig

indikatorebs, periodul dakvirvebebs da reputacionalur meTods.

3. ideologiuri mimarTuleba. es mimarTuleba garkveulwilad SexebaSia

motivaciur mimarTulebasTan, ramdenadac ideologia erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

motivaciuri Zalaa, magram motivaciebi ideologiiT ar Semoifargleba, es sxva

ganzomilebaa. motivaciuri kontiniumi mdebareobs wminda dauintereseblobidan

wminda egoizms Soris, ideologiuri kontiniumi mdebareobs ideologiur

fanatizms da pragmatizms Soris. es ori mimarTuleba amrigad SesaZlebelia

damoukideblad icvlebodes. maTi gamoyofa erTmaneTisagan dagvexmareba im

SemTxvevebis Seswavlisas, rodesac piradi interesebiT motivirebuli dajgufeba

ideologiuri kamufliaJis miRma imaleba. kidev erTi mniSvneloba am

mimarTulebis aris is, rom igi miuTiTebs kulturul faqtorze, politikis

saerTo daZabulobis doneze mocemul kulturul konteqstSi.

4. memarcxene-memarjvene mimarTuleba. es yvelaze naklebad sando

kategoriebia, Tumca maTi gamoricxva ar iqneboda marTebuli, ramdenadac,

rogorc farTo sazogadoeba, aseve elitebi xSirad am konteqstSi aRiqvamen

politikas. aseve es mimarTuleba kargad arTmevs Tavs tendenciebis, damou-

kidebeli poziciebisa da atomizirebuli konfiguraciebis identifikacias.

sirTule aq isaa, rom Znelia mravalmxrivi mimarTulebebis am sqemiT daxasiaTeba,

amitom es sqema unda gamoyenebul iqnes mas Semdeg, rac gamoyenebuli iqneba

motivaciuri da ideologiuri mimarTulebebi, ris Semdegac sufTa saxiT es

kategoriac damoukidebeli cvladi iqneba. ar unda dagvaviwydes isic, rom es

mniSvnelovanwilad subieqturi kategoriaa da rodesac romelime jgufze vam-

bobT, rom es memarcxene an memarjvene jgufia, Cven vambobT, rom is ase aRiqmeba

zogadad.

partiis problema “axal demokratebSi”

rac ufro naklebad aris ganviTarebuli organizebul interesTa jgufebis

sistema, miT ufro sustia (an ara tradiciul-dasavluria) mobilizaciis

meqanizmebi da Sesabamisad politikuri partiis instituti (da mTlianobaSi

partiuli sistema aqedan gamomdinare), miT ufro savaraudoa (sxva pirobebis

igiveobis SemTxvevaSi) aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis dominireba da politikuri

procesebis araformaluri regulireba.

sazogadoebis mravalganzomilebiani da Zlieri (xSiri) fragmentacia, da

Sesabamisad, SeuZlebloba sazogadoebaSi fesvgamdgari (sazogadoebrivi Rrma da

mtkice sayrdenis mqone) politikur organizaciaTa formirebisa, warmogvidgens

konstituciuri liberaluri demokratiebisagan sruliad gansxvavebul politi-

kur institutTa dizains. es institutebi, Cveulebriv, ar axorcieleben warmo-

madgenlobisa da interesTa gamSualebel (transmisiis arxis) funqcias.

TavisTavad gamSualebeli arxis vakuumis gaCena xels uwyobs populistur da

plebiscistur mmarTvelobas, romelic tradiciuli dasavluri institucio-

naluri demokratiis nacvlad uaxlovdeba avtoritaruli prezidentebis

(mmarTvelebis) “saxalxo demokratiebs”.

SeiZleba ganvixiloT ramdenime SemTxveva.

17

I _ aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba akontrolebs nacionalur partiul

sistemas kargad organizebuli mmarTveli (saprezidento) partiis meSveobiT.

amave dros, aseTi partia masTan dakavSirebuli dainteresebuli jgufebis

meSveobiT axdens nacionaluri masStabiT asociaciaTa (sxvadasxva tipis viwro an

SedarebiT farTo interesTa jgufebis) kolonizirebas da uwevs maT

mfarvelobas. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba ar Seiqmnas vakuumi (Tumca umeteswilad es

asociaciebi sazogadoebis uaRresad mcire jgufebis interesebs gamoxataven),

magram saxelmwifo axdens Tavissa (saxelmwifos) da sazogadoebas Soris

arsebuli sivrcis okupirebas (aseT magaliTad, Cveulebriv moyavT Tujmanis

xorvatia. Sdr. saqarTvelos viTareba)

II _ am Soris sivrceSi araformalurad SeaRweven klientelisturi partiebi

da asociaciebi. formaluri institucionaluri wesebisa da samarTlebrivi

saxelmwifos sisuste aq kompensirdeba Sidaelituri qselebiT. am viTarebaSi

liberalur-konstituciuri formaluri institutebi ganidevnebian am Sorisi

sivrcidan da stabilizacia da gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis politikur

proceduraTa moqniloba uzrunvelyofili xdeba politikur sistemaSi inte-

resTa araformaluri CarTvis (warmodgenis) meSveobiT. amgvari araformaluri

institutebi (an: institucionaluri wesebi) praqtikulad auqmeben

demokratiuli warmomadgenlobis normebsa da institutebs, pasuxismgeblobisa

da angariSvaldebulebebis Sesabamis wesrigs.

savaraudoa, rom amgvari sistemebi stabilurobas SeinarCuneben mxolod

moklevadian perspeqtivaSi, xolo grZelvadiani perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT

mosalodnelia Tundac arsebuli susti demokratiuli institutebis, kerZod,

gamSualebeli institutebis _ partiebis (transmisiis arxi) kidev ufro

dasusteba, an sruli degradacia.


1. Richard Hofferbert, Introduction: Party Structure and Party Performance in New and Old Democracies _ “Parties and Democracy”. Ed. By Richard Hofferbert, Blackwell Publishes, Oxford, 1998. pp. 1-9.







1. Kenneth Janda and Tyler Colman. Effects of Party Organization on Performance during the

“Golden Age” of Parties _ “Parties and Democracy”. Ed. By Richard Hofferbert, Blackwell Publishes, Oxford, 1998. pp. 189-210.


18

magram arc erT qveyanaSi evropaSi dReisaTvis ar aris sistema, romlis

mixedviTac amomrCeveli “brmad”, mxolod partiasTan asocirebis gamo irCevs

“warmomadgenlebs”, romelnic qmnian parlamentis 2/3-s (verc erTi amomrCeveli,

rasakvirvelia, warmodgenil 100-kacian siebs ver aRiqvams da masSi warmodgenil

pirovnebebs _ anu Tavis warmomadgenlebs irCevs praqtikulad “brmad”). Ziri-

Tadad, yvelgan, sxvagan, sadac proporciuli arCevnebia _ aris mravalmandatiani

olqebi _ TiTo olqSi Cveulebriv airCeva 5-dan 15-mde deputati. garda amisa,

xSiria preferencia. (rac niSnavs imas, rom amomrCeveli Tavis rigiTobas aniWebs

asarCev kandidatebs...).

aqedan cxadia, rom angariSvaldebulebisa da pasuxismgeblobis done uaR-

resad dabalia.

yovelive amis Sedegad, sazogadoebrivi sferosa da politikuri sferos dis-

kursebi absoluturad sxvadasxvaa, mTlianad parlamentis warmomadgenlobiToba

da angariSvaldebuleba ki _ uaRresad dabali.


1. Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ch.6, pp.193-235.



4. Kenneth A.Shepsle, Mark S.Bonchek; Analyzing Politics, Rationality, Behavior, and Institutions, New York, 1997, pp.166-194 (Tavi: Voting Methods and Electoral Systems)














27

(programul-ideologiur-platformul TanxvedrasTan erTad) gansazRvravda

partiis kavSirs sazogadoebasTan, sazogadoebrivi Sexedulebebi emTxveoda

partiul Sexedulebebs; parlamenti warmoadgenda adgils, sadac sxvadasxva

SexedulebebiT (partiaTa) Sejaxebebisa da SeTanxmebebis (sul erTia

maJoritaruli, Tu konsensusuri) Sedegad yalibdeboda qmedebebis programa

(gadawyvetilebebi), romlebic realizdeboda administraciebis mier.

(Cven specialurad ar ganvixilavT arasaparlamento variants _ magaliTad,

bolSevizmi, faSizmi, sxvadasxva tipis avtoritarizmi, ramdenadac es variantebi

TiTqos sabolood dagmobili da uaryofilia).

TiToeuli zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTebeli rom ganvixiloT, vnaxavT, rom

isini ar Seesabamebian Cveni sazogadoebis realobebs (sazogadoebis dayofa ar

aris klasobrivi, fragmentulia, grZelvadiani identurobebis [ideuri,

platformuli...] nacvlad _ identurobebi sakiTxebis mimarT, Sedegad

araplatformuli partiebi, sazogadoebrivi Sexedulebebi ar Seesabameba

partiebisas [an, SeiZleba iTqvas ar arsebobs], da sxv.).

magram, vidre analizi gaRrmavdebodes, aucilebelia yuradReba SevaCeroT

or fenomenze: warmomadgenlobiToba da pasuxismgebloba.

TiTqmis sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli mcdari azris sawinaaRmdegod unda

iTqvas, rom warmomadgenlobiToba ar aris identuri demokratiisa (miT umetes

masobrivi demokratiisa), da metic, XVIII da XIX s-is dasawyisSi moazrovneebi (maT

Soris amerikis konstituciis Semoqmedni) warmomadgenlobiTobas

upirispirebdnen demokratias. Cven SegviZlia avirCioT mmarTvelebi, romlebic

ar iqnebian Cveni warmomadgenlebi (funqciurad, formalurad, Sinaarsobrivad).

im periodSi, romelzec Cven zemoT vlaparakobdiT (pirobiTad vuwodoT

“partiuli demokratiebi” _ b.maninis mixedviT) es terminebi

(warmomadgenlobiToba da demokratia = masobrivi) erTmaneTs daukavSirda, rac

ganpirobebuli iyo, rogorc zemoT CamoTvlili, aseve sxva argumentebiT.

warmomadgenloba daukavSirda identurobasa da interesebis Tanxvedras da maTi

gatarebisaTvis zrunvas (moqmedebas). magram Tu es safuZvlebi ar arsebobs

(rogorc Cven vfiqrobT), maSin ras niSnavs warmomadgenlobiToba da rogor unda

iqnes igi uzrunvelyofili.

masiur demokratiebamde warmomadgenlobiToba gulisxmobda Semdegs:

moqalaqeni (bevrad ufro cotani, vidre masiuri demokratiebisas) arCevis an

SerCevis gziT gamoyofdnen warmomadgenlebs (mmarTvelebs), romelnic

moqmedebdnen ara amomrCevlis (an jgufis) interesebis Sesabamisad (partiuli

demokratiebi _ identuroba, interesebi), aramed saerTo saqmis Tvalsawieridan

_ es aris respublikanizmi da ara demokratia.

am SemTxvevaSi arCevans ganapirobebs ndoba _ ara dafuZnebuli identurobasa

da Tanxvedraze, rogorc “partiuli demokratiebisas”, aramed _ ndoba

dafuZnebuli arCeulis moralur Rirebulebaze, keTilSobilebaze.

Cvens SemTxvevaSi arsebobs politikuri sistema, romelic miesadageba im tipis

warmomadgenlobiT demokratias, romelsac, Cven vuwodebT “partiul

demokratiebs”. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs saarCevno sistema _ amomrCeveli xmas

aZlevs partias _ 150-dan 100 adgili, anu 2/3 parlamentisa ase ivseba.

Tu daveTanxmebiT zemoT gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom is safuZveli, romelic

uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebrivi sferos funqcionirebas “partiuli demokra-

tiis” pirobebSi (identuroba, sazogadoebis dayofa, saz. Sexedulebisa da part.

Sexeduleba-platformis Tanxvedra...) ar arsebobs anu sruliad sxvagvaria (ara-

klasobrivi, fragmentul araplatformuli...), unda vaRiaroT, rom politikuri

sistema (partiebi da saarCevno sistema) ar aris mowodebuli (absolururad

unars moklebulia) uzrunvelyos transmisiac da warmomadgenlobiTobac.

metic, parlamentis wevrTa warmomadgenlobiToba TiTqmis sruliad ispoba

saarCevno sistemis erTi Taviseburebis gamo, romelic unikaluria mTel

dRevandel evropaSi, romelic samSobloa e.w. “partiuli demokratiebisa”. es aris

CvenSi damkvidrebuli proporciuli sistemis tipi. saerTod proporciuli

sistema advilad dasanaxia, rom miesadageba “partiul demokratias” da igi

upiratesad swored im qveynebSi damkvidrda istoriulad, sadac Zlierebi iyvnen

e.w. masiuri partiebi (umeteswilad memarcxene _ social-demokratebi).

26








19

III kvira

xalxidan saxelmwifomde:

saxelmwifo, misi institucionalizacia

da warmomadgenloba

saxelmwifo

1950-ian da 60-ian wlebSi sazogadoeba-centrirebuli axsna politikisa da

mTavrobis aqtivobisa iyo gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebeli pluralistuli da

struqturul-funqcionalisturi midgomisa (perspeqtivisa), rac dominirebda

imndroindel politikur mecnierebasa da sociologiaSi, gansakuTrebiT aSS-Si

(ramdenime gamonaklisi iyo s. hantigtoni, r. bendiqsi, s. eizenStadti da sxva). am

midgomaSi saxelmwifo ganixileboda, rogorc Zvelmoduri koncepti, dakavSi-

rebuli xist da martiv legalur-formalur kvlevasTan nacionaluri gansakuT-

rebuli konstituciuri principebisa (midgomis ZiriTadi principi ix. d.

istonTan, g. almondTan, j. s. kolemanTan da sxva). "mTavroba" ganixileboda,

upirveles yovlisa, rogorc arena, romelSic ekonomikuri interesTa jgufebi an

normatiuli socialuri moZraobebi urTierTqmedebdnen da ukavSirdebodnen

erTmaneTs, raTa SeeqmnaT CarCo (SesaZlebloba) sajaro politikis gadaw-

yvetilebaTa warmoebisaTvis (SemuSavebisa da miRebisaTvis). kvleva koncentrir-

deboda societalur "Senatanebze" (input) mTavrobaSi da "Sedegebisa" distri-

buciul efeqtebze.

60-iani wlebis bolodan Tavad am mimarTulebaTa SigniT, iseve rogorc sxva

mimdinareobebSi (mag, neomarqsizmi) xdeba mibruneba saxelmwifosken, rogorc

kvlevis obieqtis, politikis umniSvnelovanesi aqtorisa da institutisaken.

wminda mecnierulis garda, praqtikuli ganviTarebis procesebmac (keinsianizmi

xdeba wamyvani ekonomikuri politika, axali saxelmwifoebis formireba

dekolonizaciis Sedegad da sxva) Seuwyves xeli saxelmwifosadmi interesis

gaRvivebas, mis kvlevas da saxelmwifo-centrirebuli axsnis farTod

damkvidrebas socialur mecnierebebSi (ara mxolod totalitaruli saxelmwifos

SemTxvevaSi da axlad industializebadi qveynebis Seswavlisas, rac TavisTavad

bunebrivia, aramed iseTi qveynebis politikis Seswavlisasac, rogoricaa aSS da

didi britaneTi).

Tanamedrove saxelmwifos (politikuri reJimebis) instituciuri evolucia

(maT Soris konstituciur-demokratiulisa) asaxavda evropaSi teritoriuli

saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisa da axali tipis (sazogadoebrivi) erTobebis

formirebis process. am procesisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo Zlieri fokusireba

teritoriul sazRvrebze, saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris axleburi urTi-

erTobebis ganviTareba (sabolood: samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba), da

paraleluri, Tanamdevi transformacia politikuri procesebisa da Tanamedrove

sabazro ekonomikebis Camoyalibeba. es instituciuri gardaqmnebi xorciel-

debodnen politikuri da samxedro urTierTqmedebis pirobebSi. amgvari

konsolidaciis umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli iyo resursebis mobilizacia

samxedro miznebisaTvis, romelic amzadebda, agreTve, niadags evropis sazRvrebs

gareT eqspansiisaTvis.

Tanamedroveobis programa efuZneboda ukve arsebul inteleqtualur tra-

dicias da sazogadoebriv gardaqmnaTa gamocdilebas _ antikuri politikuri

Teoriidan respublikur warmodgenebamde (aRorZinebisa da reformaciis

epoqisa), romelic Tavis TavSi moicavda reformaciis periodSi Camoyalibebul

xelSekrulebiT koncefciebs. meore umniSvnelovanesi konponenti am ideolo-

giuri programisa modis ideidan mmarTvelTa pasuxismgeblobisa (angariSval-

debulebisa) uzenaesi kanonis winaSe _ zeciuri mandati. msgavsi wesi legi-

timaciisa damaxasiaTebeli iyo TiTqmis yvela ZiriTadi civilizaciisaTvis, maT

Soris evropulisTvisac. kidev erTi, uaRresad mniSvnelovani komponenti iyo

aqcenti individis avtonomiurobaze da amasTan dakavSirebuli legitimacia

20

romelic damaxasiaTebelia postmodernuli sazogadoebisaTvis.

ra mimarTebaSia sazogadoeba da politika saqarTveloSi, anu ramdenad

uzrunvelyofilia sazogadoebrivi da politikuri cxovrebis warmarTva xalxis

(qveynis) nebis, survilis, interesebis Sesabamisad.

gamovyoT ramdenime sakiTxi:

1. monawileobs Tu ara sazogadoeba sazogadoebrivi (sazogadoebriv-

politikuri) sakiTxebis ganxilvaSi _ an sxvanairad davsvaT sakiTxi:

mimdinareobs Tu ara saerTod sazogadoebrivi cxovreba _ anu miaCniaT Tu ara

moqalaqeebs saerTo (sazogado) mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi Tavisi kompetenciis

(ganxilvis) sagnad, an kidev ufro pirdapir: fiqrobs (msjelobs) Tu ara

sazogadoeba (moqalaqeebi) imaze, Tu rogor (sworad, samarTlianad, kargad)

mimdinareobs misi (sazogadoebis) cxovreba?

aseTi fiqri da msjeloba SeiZleba dasruldes orgvarad:

1. mxolod viTarebis SefasebiT: pozitiuri, negatiuri, neitraluri,

nihilisturi. 2. SefasebiTa da moqmedebiT, romelic orientirebuli iqneba

viTarebis gaumjobesebaze (cvlilebebze).

1. sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze msjeloba SeiZleba mimdinareobdes

sazogadoebrivi qselis institutebSi (sazogadoebrivi sfero funqcionirebs

Sesabamisi qselis meSveobiT), rogoricaa asociacia-gaerTianebebi,

profkavSirebi, saganmanaTleblo qseli (dawesebulebebi), religiuri Temebi,

zogadad adgilebi, sadac interesebi da Rirebulebrivi orientirebi xdeba

ganxilvis sagani.

aseTi adgilebi (institutebi) saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs (mag. profkavSirebi,

realuri biznes an profesiuli asociaciebi,...), an romlebic arsebobs (mag.

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi) dawerili da dauwereli kanonebis safuZvelze

gamoTiSulia am saqmianobidan _ igulisxmeba e.w. depolitizaciis moTxovna,

romelmac sinamdvileSi SeuZlebeli (an TiTqmis) gaxada sazogadoebrivi sferos

funqcionirebis am erT-erTi umTavresi institutis (adgilis) Sesabamisi mizniT

amoqmedeba, xolo is amocana ki, romelsac igi unda momsaxureboda _

departizacia, sazogadoebaSi urTierTdapirispirebis (gansakuTrebiT mwvave

formebiT) gaqroba (an Sesusteba) _ ver Seasrula.

2. davuSvaT, rom sazogadoeba axdens refleqsias _ anu daiwyo aseTi

refleqsia (anu gaxada Tavisi msjelobis sagnad sazogadoebrivi cxovreba _ an

daiwyo amoqmedeba sazogadoebrivma sferom!).

am msjelobam transmisia unda ganicados, anu gaxdes politikuri qmedebis

sagani, unda moxdes nafiqrisa da namsjelis realizeba cxovrebaSi. rasakvirvelia

es permanentuli procesia da ar sruldeba _ fiqri, msjeloba da diskusia

grZeldeba ara sxva sferoSi (politikur sferoSi), aramed xdeba am (politikuri)

sferos CaTrevac, CarTva diskusiaSi, msjelobaSi. iqmneba erTiani

sazogadoebriv-politikuri diskursi.

aseTi erTiani diskursis Seqmnis gareSe sazogadoebrivi sfero ver

funqcionirebs _ kvdeba motivacia.

aseTi gadatanis (transmisiis) arxebad Cveulebriv warmoidgineba politikuri

partiebi _ politikuri instituti, romelic, erTi mxriv, dakavSirebulia

sazogadoebasTan (impulsebs iRebs, asaxavs sazogadoebriv interesebs, asaxavs

sazogadoebriv dayofas da a.S.), xolo meore, mxriv administraciasTan (qmnis

administracias da axorcielebs sazogadoebric-politikuri diskursis

Sesabamis qmedebas administraciuli berketebis meSveobiT).

SeuZlia Tu ara am instituts (politikur partias) dRes, Tanamedrove epoqaSi

am Tavisi umTavresi daniSnulebis Sesruleba saqarTveloSi? (Tumca es eWvi

mxolod saqarTvelos ar exeba).

argumentacia, rom transmisia amgvarad unda ganxorcieldes, upiratesad

eyrdnoboda im Teorias (demokratiis Teorias), romelic asaxavs sruliad

garkveuli droisa da adgilis sazogadoebis funqcionirebis kanonzomierebebs

_ es aris ZiriTadad dasavleT evropa XIX s-is 70-iani wlebidan XX s-is 70-ian

wlebamde _ es aris klasobrivi sazogadoebebi, masiuri demokratiebi, sadac

partiebi axasavdnen sazogadoebriv dayofas, moqalaqeTa TviTidenturoba

25

demokratiuli institutebisa da procedurebis mimarTulebiT ganviTarebis

perspeqtivas uCndeba sxva, bevrad ufro Zlieri (mosalodneli) alternativebi.

magaliTi ilustraciisaTvis: Zalauflebis Secvla saqarTveloSi: formaluri

da araformaluri institutebisa da meqanizmebis simbiozi.

1990 wlidan moyolebuli dRemde saqarTveloSi Zalaufleba Seicvala samjer:

1990 wlis oqtomberSi zviad gamsaxurdiam (da misma blokma) Secvala komunisturi

partia, Semdeg Tavad zviad gamsaxurdias cvlis eduard SevardnaZe da bolos,

2003 wels xelisulebaSi modis mixeil saakaSvili da “nacionaluri moZraoba”.

formaluri institucionaluri TvalsazrisiT, arsebobs xelisuflebis

cvlilebebis mxolod erTi gza _ sayovelTao arCevnebi.

magram, realurad, sinamdvileSi xelisufleba icvleboda araformaluri we-

sebis (institutebis) _ mag, revolucia, ajanyeba, SeTqmuleba (Zalis, rac ara-

formaluria da ara arCevnebis, rac formaluria) _ meSveobiT, da mxolod maTi

Semadgeneli erTi (araganmsazRvreli) nawili iyo formaluri (arCevnebi, rogorc

gaformeba, arCevnebis “gayalbebis Cveneba”, rogorc formaluri mizezi...).

warmomadgenloba

postkomunisturi tranzitis ganvlili periodi seriozuli analizisa da

kritikis sagani gaxda dRevandel rogorc akademiur literaturaSi, aseve

sazogadoebriv azrSi (opinion).

magram, miuxedavad Zalian mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebisa (romelTagan

davasaxelebT mxolod zogierTs: O’Donnell, Linz-Stepan, Капустин, Offe, Carothers…), specialuri analizis sagani ar gamxdara iseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, rogoricaa

warmomadgenlobiTobis sakiTxi, da Sesabamisad politikuri sistema, romelmac,

wesiT, unda uzrunvelyos warmomadgenlobiToba.

Cven SevecdebiT am TvalsazrisiT CamovayaliboT zogierTi mTavari

problema, postkomunisturi saqarTvelos viTarebis analizis magaliTze.

rogor uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos politikuri sistema warmomadgenlobi-

Tobas?

sakiTxis ganxilvisaTvis mcire Teoriuli eqskursi unda ganvaxorcieloT

sazogadoebis TviTrefleqsiis Sesaxeb.

politikuri pluralizmi dRes sxvanairia, vidre adre. Sexedulebebis plu-

ralizmi Secvlilia ZalauflebisaTvis mebrZoli jgufebis (partiebis)

pluralizmiT _ saxezea Politics without Policy.

ratom Camoyalibda politikuri sistema, romelSic mTavari politikuri

institutis rols asruleben partiebi? an sxvanairad ra aris am sistemis

legitimaciis safuZveli?

Sinagani (imanenturi) legitimacia (socialuri safuZveli) am sistemas ar

gaaCnia. misi legitimaciis mTavari safuZvelia e.w. “dasavluri demokratiis”

modelis aRiareba erTaderT misaReb (legitimur) modelad (sistemad).

magram, aRiarebas safuZvlad edo ara TavisTavad sistemis (an modelis) raci-

onaluri gansjis Sedegad miReba-mowoneba, aramed rwmena misi efeqturobisa, rwmena

imisa, rom amgvarad mowyobili politikuri sistema uzrunvelyofda im politikuri,

socialuri da ekonomikuri miznebis miRwevas, romliskenac miiswrafodnen yofili

komunisturi qveynebis moqalaqeni. rogorc vaSingtonis konsensusze dafuZnebul

neoliberalur ekonomikas unda uzrunveleyo materialuri siuxve, aseve mis

Tanmdev politikur “demokratiul proeqts” unda aeSenebina samoqalaqo sazoga-

doeba, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo da daemkvidrebina politikuri pluralizmi.

politikuri sistemis araefeqturoba, rac dRes sruliad ueWvelia gvibiZgebs

imisken, rom veZeboT gzebi dRevandeli (arsebuli) realobis Sesatyvisi,

adekvaturi politikuri institutebis Camoyalibebisa. amave dros, es insti-

tutebi qmediTi da efeqturi iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTi legitimacia myar

safuZvels daeyrdnoba.

postkoministuri saqarTvelos sazogadoeba bevri im niSniT xasiaTdeba,

24

kerZo interesebisa. aseve, uaRresad mniSvnelovania utopiuri komponenti

(esxatologiuri) _ rac gulisxmobda idealuri sazogadoebrivi mowyobis

(wesrigis) Ziebas, rac aseve ZiriTad civilizaciaTa tradiciebSi poulobda

sawyis safuZvlebs.

da bolos, umniSvnelovanes konponentad iqca (Camoyalibda) tradicia

warmomadgenlobisa da warmomadgenlobis institutebi, romlebic yalibdeba

ukve Sua saukuneebis evropaSi. amgvari institutebi saTaves iReben

sxvadasxvagvar sakrebuloebSi, parlamentebSi da wodebriv krebebSi, romelTa

didi nawilic eyrdnoboda Tavis mxriv tomTa sabWoebis rCevebs.

konstituciuri saxelmwifo da institutebi

araliberalur demokratiebSi konstituciis samarTlebrivi normebis Ria

darRveva da mudmivi gadaxra (gadaqaCva) prerogativebisa (Zalauflebis

resursebisa) sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebidan aRmasrulebeli

xelisuflebis sasargeblod Sedegia araformaluri institutebis dominirebisa,

maTi rolis zrdisa formalur institutebTan SedarebiT. Tavad am rolis zrda

ki aris ara pirdapiri Sedegi avtokratiuli memkvidreobisa (rogorc es xSirad

warmoudgeniaT), aramed aqtorTa racionaluri strategiebisa: igulisxmeba iseTi

praqtikebi, rogoricaa personalizmi, klientelizmi, sayovelTao korufcia,

arakonstituciur CarCoebSi Seqmnili aqtorTa kartelebi da sxva. amgvari

viTareba warmoiqmneba ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri krizisebis dros,

rodesac aqtorebi iZulebulni arian imoqmedon maRali (donis) ekonomikuri da

politikuri ganusazRvrelobis pirobebSi. ganusazRvrelobis pirobebSi ara-

formaluri wesebi SesaZleblobas aZlevs aqtorebs dawion (daadablon) ara-

prognozirebadi aqciebis xarjebi. rodesac ar aris naTeli, ramdenad Sedegiania

(efeqturia) axali demokratiuli da konstituciur-samarTlebrivi institu-

tebi, gansakuTrebiT Zlierdeba (Zlieri xdeba) stimulebi araformaluri wesebis

SeqmnisaTvis, xolo danaxarjebi moqmedebebze (aqciebze), romelnic arRveven

(angreven) samarTlebriv da sakonstitucio saxelmwifos normebs, _ gan-

sakuTrebiT dabali.

amgvari wesebi SeiZleba Camoyalibdes, rogorc formaluri institutebis

CarCoebis gareT (“paraleluri institutebi”), aseve maT SigniT. araformaluri

qmedebebi formaluri institutebis CarCoebSi, SesaZleblobas aZlevs aqtorebs

moaxdinon kombinireba araformaluri wesrigis (gare aqtorTa gamoTiSva, molo-

dinTa garantireba, maRali moqniloba gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisas) da for-

maluri demokratiuli institutebis (demokratiuli legitimuroba) sargeb-

lebisa. saboloo jamSi, daZabulobam formalur da araformalur institutebs

Soris SeiZleba miaRwios iseT dones, rom warmoiqmneba axali formaluri wesebi,

romlebic ufro metad Seesatyvisebian arsebul formalur praqtikebs da

pasuxoben mniSvnelovani aqtorebis moTxovnilebebsa da interesebs (magaliTad,

calkeuli firmebisTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis dakanoneba).

formaluri da araformaluri politikuri (socialuri) institutebi SeiZ-

leba gaimijnos Semdegnairad. formaluri institutebi — es aris konstituciebi,

kanonebi, administraciuli normebi da sxva amgvari (dawerili-dadgenili). isini

gansazRvraven politikuri sistemis formalur struqturebs da legitimuri

Zalauflebis meqanizmebs. saxelmwifo institutebi uzrunvelyofen formaluri

wesebis dacvas darwmunebis (idealSi), muqarisa (molodinis) da sanqciebis

(dasjis) meSveobiT. araformalur socialur (politikur) institutebs mie-

kuTvneba “dauwereli kanonebi”, tradiciebi, Cvevebi, religiuri rwmenebi

(rogorc wesebi), Rirebulebrivi sistemebi (mowesrigebuli — pozitiuri da

negatiuri urTierTmimarTebebiTurT) da sxva wesebi (normebsa da Rirebulebebze

dafuZnebuli) grZelvadiani (maRali stabilobis mqone) urTierTobebisa.

formaluri institutebi iqmneba, icvleba da inergeba garedan ZalisxmeviT, xolo

araformaluri institutebi warmoiqmneba (wamoizrdeba) socialuri urTierT-

qmedebis TviTorganizebadi dinamikis safuZvelze. formalur institutebs qmnis

21

saxelmwifo, araformaluri institutebi ki generirdeba socialurad. for-

maluri institutebi atareben (miiswrafian mainc) sayovelTao universalistur

xasiaTs, araformalurebi ki _ partikularistuls (miiswarfian mainc). gadaw-

yvetilebaTa miRebis formaluri procesebi mimdinareobs biurokratizebul

instanciebSi da dadgenili procedurebis mixedviT. araformaluri institutebi

da procesebi gadainacvleben am instanciebidan paralelur struqturebSi da

mimdinareoben monawile aqtorTa Soris “molaparakebaTa sistemis (wesrigis)”

saxiT.

sakvanZo (Zireuli) gansxvaveba liberalur (efeqturad funqcionirebad) da

araliberalur (“defeqtur”) demokratiebs Soris dakavSirebulia ara maTSi

formaluri da araformaluri institutebis arsebobasTan (isini arseboben

orive tipis saxelmwiofebSi _ sazogadoebebSi), aramed imasTan, Tu rogor (ra

wesiT da formiT) Seezrdebian araformaluri institutebi formalurebs.

liberalur konstituciur-samarTlebriv demokratiul saxelmwifoSi orive

forma institutebisa (foraluri da araformaluri) avsebs erTmaneTs im azriT,

rom formaluri institutebi eyrdnoba araformaluri institutebis damatebiT

mxardaWeras. es aniWebs formalur institutebs moqnilobas da elastiurobas,

rac aZlevs maT SesaZleblobas miesadagon sazogadoebrivi da politikuri

procesis moTxovnebs. wesebis interpretirebisa da molaparakebaTa procesis

amgvari deformalizacia ar aZlevs demokratiis (demokratiuli saxelmwifos)

liberalur konstituciur-samarTlebriv Senaarss vidre mxolod kompetenturi

da konstituciur-samarTlebrivi formiT (wesiT) legitimirebuli organoebi

iReben saboloo gadawyvetilebebs.

araliberalur (arasamarTlebriv-defeqtur) demokratiaSi (demokratiul

saxelmwifoSi) araformaluri wesebi da paternebi (nimuSebi) arRveven (angreven)

da zRudaven formaluri, demokratiulad (da samarTlebrivad) legitimirebuli

formaluri institutebis funqcionirebis wesrigs. isini arRveven formalur

institutTa funqcionalur kodebs, amaxinjeben da ganagdeben (ganTesaven) maT,

rogorc mniSvnelobis mqone (maRali an ubralod relevanturobis mqone)

gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procedurebsa da praqtikebs. araformaluri

institutebi SeaRweven (SeiWrebian) formalur institutTa garsSi da avseben mas

Tavisi funqciuri logikis Sesabamisad.

am SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis doneze demokratia (demokratiuli

saxelmwifo) funqcionirebs araformaluri da aralegitimirebuli institu-

tebisa da wesebis Sesabamisad, romlebic winaaRmdegobaSi modis samarTlebrivi

(demokratiuli) saxelmwifos principebTan. amgvari Secvla (Canacvleba) moqme-

debis formaluri wesebisa araformaluriT SeiZleba ganxorciledes rogorc

zevidan, ise qvevidan.

praqtikaSi araformaluri SezRudvebi (wesebi) zemodan xSirad “Seerevian” im

araformalur SezRudvebs (wesebs), romlebic warmoiqmnebian qvemodan da

piriqiT. es aris ormxrivi procesi, rodesac erTi mimarTuleba meores “kvebavs”,

axdens mis stimulirebas. amgvari “Sereva-aTqvefis” Sedegi SeiZleba iyos imgvari

saxelmwifo (defeqturi demokratia), romelSic politikuri elitis segmentebi

Tanaarseboben sazogadoebis segmentebTan araformaluri, magram stabiluri

(SeiZleba konsolidirebuli) simbolur-klientelisturi kavSirebis meSveobiT.

am viTarebaSi, konstituciurad gansazRvruli warmomadgenlobis meqanizmebi

ziandeba da nawilobriv an droebiT kargavs Zalas (Tumca ki formalurad

arseboben). am SemTxvevaSi, politikur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis defor-

malizacia (wa)arTmevs demoss mis suverenitets, romelic garantirebulia

warmomadgenlobiT.

22

mmarTvelobis sistemis konstituciuri institutebi

araliberaluri kavSirSia araformalurTan. medisonisa da hamiltonis

Sexedulebebis sawinaaRmdegod, Tanamedrove samyaroSi demokratiis TviTrRveva

(TviTganadgureba) dakavSirebulia ara upiratesad parlamentTan, aramed mis

(parlamentis) Zalauflebisgan CamoSorebasTan populisturi da kvaziplebis-

cisturi legitimirebuli prezidentebis mier. mmarTvelobis saprezidento

sistemebs, arakonsolidirebul demokratiebSi (demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi)

aqvT tendencia konfliqtis provocirebisaken parlamentsa da prezidentis

aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas Soris. krizisul viTarebebSi prezidents eniWeba

sagangebo politikuri uflebamosilebebi da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis uf-

lebebi. es uflebebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes konstituciis arsis (sulis)

sawinaaRmdegod. prezidenti iwyebs marTvas brZanebulebebis meSveobiT. pre-

zidents eZleva SesaZlebloba gverdi auaros (nawilobriv mainc) xelisuflebis

konkurentul da makontrolebel Stoebs swored am brZanebulebebis (dek-

retebis) meSveobiT. am viTarebaSi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba Tavisken

gadaqaCavs mniSvnelovan sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebebs. gadawyvetilebaTa

miRebis politikuri procesi xdeba aragamWvirvale da gadadis (gadaecema)

formaluri institutebidan araformalur jgufebSi.

sxva politikur aqtorTa gamoricxva da saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebaTa

mTeli (sruli) moculobis gamoyeneba warmoSobs “zepolitikur” da “zepartiul”

mmarTvelobis stils, rodesac politikuri gadawyvetilebebi miiReba da

(reformebi) xorcieldeba ara parlamentTan da partiebTan erTad, aramed maT

sawinaaRmdegod (xSirad). iqmneba arakonstituciuri “kabinetebi” da “ojaxebi”.

(mag.; elcinis ruseTi, an menemis argentina da sxv.) amas xSirad mivyavarT

Zalauflebis “borotad” gamoyenebasTan da ganxorcilebuli politikuri “re-

formebi” realurad mimarTulia ara politikuri sistemis gaumjobesebisken,

aramed Zalauflebis ganmtkicebisken, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gaZli-

erebisken da sxva politikuri aqtorebisa da institutebis (maT Soris

parlamentis) mizanmimarTuli neitralizaciisken. amgvari wesiT miRebuli

gadawyvetilebebi ar realizdeba (an mxolod mcire nawilSi realizdeba),

ramdenadac xvdeba winaaRmdegobas saxelmwifo (da ekonomikuri) biurokratiis

mxridan an/da ar miiReba (ar aRiardeba) sazogadoebisa da ekonomikis mier.

amdenad uaRresad izrdeba araformaluri institutebis (wesrigis) roli.

[cxadia, araformaluri wesrigis damkvidreba politikur gadawyvetilebaTa

miRebis proceSi SesaZlebelia saparlamento sistemebSic. amave dros, isic

naTelia, rom araformaluri institutebis da araliberaluri wesrigis

warmoSobisa da damkvidrebis Sansi saprezidento sistemebSi, mniSvnelovnad

damokidebulia viTarebaze politikuri sistemis sxva nawilebSi.]

sxva (meore) gza araformalur institutTa damkvidrebisa da dominirebisa

aris elituri jgufebis klientelistuli struqturebis “CarTva” (“Cawera”,

“CaSeneba”...) mTavrobis, sasamarTlosa da parlamentis formalur institutebSi.

amis Sedegad, konstituciurad legitimirebuli institutebi an izRudebian

(“iqcevian”, “xdebian”) individTa an elitur jgufTa (kartelTa) sargeblis

maqsimizaciaze orientirebuli strategiiT, an srulad (TiTqmis srulad)

kargaven Zalas. aseT viTarebaSi politikuri liderebi Tavisufldebian (Tavs

aRweven) demokratiuli da konstituciur-samarTlebrivi kontrolisagan.

Tumca, araformaluri praqtikebis SeRwevam formalur samarTlebriv

institutebSi SesaZloa mianiWos politikur sistemas fardobiTi stabiluroba,

magram misi ganmtkiceba (Zlierad konsolidireba) problematuria. stabiluroba

damokidebulia, upirveles yovlisa, aqtorTa da maT strategiaTa specifiur

konfiguraciaze, xolo aRweril viTarebaSi es konfiguracia eqvemdebareba xSir

cvlilebebs, ramdenadac ar aris Camoyalibebuli (dadgenili) formaluri

institutebis saxiT (grZelvadiani tradiciiTurT). Sua da grZelvadian

perspeqtivaSi araformaluri institutebis sicocxlisunarianobis SenarCuneba

negatiurad moqmedebs sistemis konsolidaciaze da mis reformatul unarze.

rasakvirvelia, am viTarebaSi, liberalur konstituciur-samarTlebrivi da

23