i. kveselava, v. SubiTiZe

politologia

(politikuri Teoria da praqtika)

`teqnikuri universiteti”@

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

i. kveselava, v. SubiTiZe

politologia

(politikuri Teoria da praqtika)

damtkicebulia stu-s

saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos

mier. 27.05.2009, oqmi #5

Tbilisi

2009

politologiis es axali saxelmZRvanelo Zvelebisagan gansxvavebiT gamoirCeva mravali TemiT da Seqmnilia bolo wlebSi gamoqveynebuli samecniero da saswavlo-meToduri literaturis gaTvaliswinebiT. saxelmZRvanelo ZiriTadad eyrdnoba cnobili amerikeli (e. heivudi), rusi (s. soloviovi, m. makarenkovi, i. suSkovi, r. muxaevi, g. polunina da sxv.) da qarTveli avtorebis (i. rexviaSvili, j. jaliaSvili, v. xoWolava, vl. WanuyvaZe, v. qobalia, m. macaberiZe, S. jafariZe, g. abesaZe, a. tukvaZe, v. Wania, T. kiknaZe, o. gogiaSvili, a. kuWuxiZe, n. baraTaSvili, v. doliZe, a. bucxrikiZe, o. qoCoraZe, o. daviTaSvili, v. feraZe, o. WumburiZe, m. sioriZe, q. jijeiSvili, e. gvenetaZe, i. kveselava, v. SubiTiZe da sxv.) Sromebs, monografiebs, saxelmZRvaneloebsa da statiebs. wigni ZiriTadad gaTvaliswinebulia studentebis, magistrebisa da doqtorantebisaTvis, magram igi uTuod miiqcevs praqtikos-politikosTa, saxelmwifo moxeleTa, politikur mkvlevarTa da eqspertTa, mkiTxvelTa farTo wris yuradRebas, radgan masSi wamoWrili da ganxilulia politikis Teoriisa da praqtikis mravali aspeqti, romelic Cvens transformirebad sazogado-ebaSi mwvaved dgas da kvalificiur gansjas moiTxovs.

redaqtorebi: asoc. profesori q. jijeiSvili

asoc. profesori z. kvetenaZe

recenzentebi: asoc. profesori e. gvenetaZe

asoc. profesori r. ruxaZe

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-744-9 http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,

ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu

meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis

gareSe.

saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

2 3

politologiis es axali saxelmZRvanelo Zvelebisa-gan gansxvavebiT gamoirCeva mravali axali TemiT da Seqmnil-ia bolo wlebSi gamoqveynebuli samecniero da saswavlo-meToduri literaturis gaTvaliswinebiT. saxelmZRvaneloZiriTadad eyrdnoba cnobili amerikeli (e. heivudi), rusi (s.soloviovi, m. makarenkovi, i. suSkovi, r. muxaevi, g. polunina dasxv.) da qarTveli avtorebis (i. rexviaSvili, j. jaliaSvili, v.xoWolava, vl. WanuyvaZe, v. qobalia, m. macaberiZe, S. jafariZe, g.abesaZe, a. tukvaZe, v. Wania, T. kiknaZe, o. gogiaSvili, a. kuWuxiZe,n. baraTaSvili, v. doliZe, a. bucxrikiZe, o. qoCoraZe, o. davi-TaSvili, v. feraZe, o. WumburiZe, m. sioriZe, q. jijeiSvili, e.gvenetaZe, i. kveselava, v. SubiTiZe da sxv.) Sromebs, monografie-bs, saxelmZRvaneloebsa da statiebs. wigni ZiriTadad gaTval-iswinebulia studentebis, magistrebisa da doqtorantebisaTvis,magram igi uTuod miiqcevs praqtikos-politikosTa, saxelm-wifo moxeleTa, politikur mkvlevarTa da eqspertTa, mkiTx-velTa farTo wris yuradRebas, radgan masSi wamoWrili daganxilulia politikis Teoriisa da praqtikis mravali aspeq-ti, romelic Cvens transformirebad sazogadoebaSi mwvaveddgas da kvalificiur gansjas moiTxovs.

redaqtorebi:redaqtorebi:redaqtorebi:redaqtorebi:redaqtorebi:

asoc. profesori asoc. profesori asoc. profesori asoc. profesori asoc. profesori q. jijeiSviliq. jijeiSviliq. jijeiSviliq. jijeiSviliq. jijeiSvili

asoc. profesori asoc. profesori asoc. profesori asoc. profesori asoc. profesori z. kvetenaZez. kvetenaZez. kvetenaZez. kvetenaZez. kvetenaZe

recenzentebi:recenzentebi:recenzentebi:recenzentebi:recenzentebi:

asoc. profesori asoc. profesori asoc. profesori asoc. profesori asoc. profesori e. gvenetaZee. gvenetaZee. gvenetaZee. gvenetaZee. gvenetaZe

asoc. profesori asoc. profesori asoc. profesori asoc. profesori asoc. profesori r. ruxaZer. ruxaZer. ruxaZer. ruxaZer. ruxaZe

Tavi I. Tavi I. Tavi I. Tavi I. Tavi I. politika _ mowodeba, xeloba, xelovnebapolitika _ mowodeba, xeloba, xelovnebapolitika _ mowodeba, xeloba, xelovnebapolitika _ mowodeba, xeloba, xelovnebapolitika _ mowodeba, xeloba, xelovneba ------------------------------ 1010101010

politikis gansazRvrebapolitikis gansazRvrebapolitikis gansazRvrebapolitikis gansazRvrebapolitikis gansazRvreba ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1010101010

politika rogorc saxelmwifo marTvis xelovnebapolitika rogorc saxelmwifo marTvis xelovnebapolitika rogorc saxelmwifo marTvis xelovnebapolitika rogorc saxelmwifo marTvis xelovnebapolitika rogorc saxelmwifo marTvis xelovneba ------------------------------ 1212121212

politika rogorc sajaro procesipolitika rogorc sajaro procesipolitika rogorc sajaro procesipolitika rogorc sajaro procesipolitika rogorc sajaro procesi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1414141414

politika rogorc kompromisi da konsensusipolitika rogorc kompromisi da konsensusipolitika rogorc kompromisi da konsensusipolitika rogorc kompromisi da konsensusipolitika rogorc kompromisi da konsensusi ------------------------------------------------------------ 1515151515

politikuri Zalauflebapolitikuri Zalauflebapolitikuri Zalauflebapolitikuri Zalauflebapolitikuri Zalaufleba ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1616161616

politikis cnebebi, modelebi da Teoriebipolitikis cnebebi, modelebi da Teoriebipolitikis cnebebi, modelebi da Teoriebipolitikis cnebebi, modelebi da Teoriebipolitikis cnebebi, modelebi da Teoriebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1717171717

Tavi II. Tavi II. Tavi II. Tavi II. Tavi II. mTavrobebi, sistemebi da reJimebimTavrobebi, sistemebi da reJimebimTavrobebi, sistemebi da reJimebimTavrobebi, sistemebi da reJimebimTavrobebi, sistemebi da reJimebi------------------------------------------------------------ 2020202020

tradiciuli klasifikacia da titradiciuli klasifikacia da titradiciuli klasifikacia da titradiciuli klasifikacia da titradiciuli klasifikacia da ti pologiebipologiebipologiebipologiebipologiebi ----------------------------------------------------------------- 2020202020

`sami samyaros~ ti`sami samyaros~ ti`sami samyaros~ ti`sami samyaros~ ti`sami samyaros~ ti pologiapologiapologiapologiapologia ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 323232323

Tanamedrove msoflios reJimebiTanamedrove msoflios reJimebiTanamedrove msoflios reJimebiTanamedrove msoflios reJimebiTanamedrove msoflios reJimebi

da axali demokratiada axali demokratiada axali demokratiada axali demokratiada axali demokratia ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2525252525

Tavi III. Tavi III. Tavi III. Tavi III. Tavi III. politikuri ideologiebipolitikuri ideologiebipolitikuri ideologiebipolitikuri ideologiebipolitikuri ideologiebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 53 53 53 53 5

liberalizmi da neoliberalizmiliberalizmi da neoliberalizmiliberalizmi da neoliberalizmiliberalizmi da neoliberalizmiliberalizmi da neoliberalizmi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3636363636

Tanamedrove Tanamedrove Tanamedrove Tanamedrove Tanamedrove liberalizmiliberalizmiliberalizmiliberalizmiliberalizmi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3939393939

neoliberalizmineoliberalizmineoliberalizmineoliberalizmineoliberalizmi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3939393939

konservatizmi da neokonservatizmikonservatizmi da neokonservatizmikonservatizmi da neokonservatizmikonservatizmi da neokonservatizmikonservatizmi da neokonservatizmi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4040404040

socializmi da marqsizmisocializmi da marqsizmisocializmi da marqsizmisocializmi da marqsizmisocializmi da marqsizmi------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4343434343

social-demokratia da mesame gzasocial-demokratia da mesame gzasocial-demokratia da mesame gzasocial-demokratia da mesame gzasocial-demokratia da mesame gza ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4949494949

sxva ideologiuri tradiciebisxva ideologiuri tradiciebisxva ideologiuri tradiciebisxva ideologiuri tradiciebisxva ideologiuri tradiciebi

faSizmifaSizmifaSizmifaSizmifaSizmi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 151515151

anarqizmianarqizmianarqizmianarqizmianarqizmi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5252525252

feminizmifeminizmifeminizmifeminizmifeminizmi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 35 35 35 35 3

ideologiis momavaliideologiis momavaliideologiis momavaliideologiis momavaliideologiis momavali ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5454545454

Tavi IV. Tavi IV. Tavi IV. Tavi IV. Tavi IV. demokratiademokratiademokratiademokratiademokratia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5656565656

demokratiis gansazRvreba da modelebidemokratiis gansazRvreba da modelebidemokratiis gansazRvreba da modelebidemokratiis gansazRvreba da modelebidemokratiis gansazRvreba da modelebi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5656565656

klasikuri demokratiaklasikuri demokratiaklasikuri demokratiaklasikuri demokratiaklasikuri demokratia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6060606060

4 5

proteqtoraluri demokratiaproteqtoraluri demokratiaproteqtoraluri demokratiaproteqtoraluri demokratiaproteqtoraluri demokratia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6161616161

ganviTarebis demokratiaganviTarebis demokratiaganviTarebis demokratiaganviTarebis demokratiaganviTarebis demokratia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6262626262

saxalxo demokratiasaxalxo demokratiasaxalxo demokratiasaxalxo demokratiasaxalxo demokratia--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6464646464

demokratia praqtikaSi: sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisidemokratia praqtikaSi: sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisidemokratia praqtikaSi: sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisidemokratia praqtikaSi: sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisidemokratia praqtikaSi: sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi ------------------------- 6565656565

Tavi V. Tavi V. Tavi V. Tavi V. Tavi V. saxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifo--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7171717171

saxelmwifos arsi da tisaxelmwifos arsi da tisaxelmwifos arsi da tisaxelmwifos arsi da tisaxelmwifos arsi da ti pebipebipebipebipebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7171717171

saxelmwifos formebisaxelmwifos formebisaxelmwifos formebisaxelmwifos formebisaxelmwifos formebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7575757575

mcire saxelmwifomcire saxelmwifomcire saxelmwifomcire saxelmwifomcire saxelmwifo ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7575757575

socialur-demokratiuli saxelmwifosocialur-demokratiuli saxelmwifosocialur-demokratiuli saxelmwifosocialur-demokratiuli saxelmwifosocialur-demokratiuli saxelmwifo ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7777777777

totalitaruli saxelmwifototalitaruli saxelmwifototalitaruli saxelmwifototalitaruli saxelmwifototalitaruli saxelmwifo ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7878787878

koleqtivilizireburi saxelmwifokoleqtivilizireburi saxelmwifokoleqtivilizireburi saxelmwifokoleqtivilizireburi saxelmwifokoleqtivilizireburi saxelmwifo ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7979797979

globalizacia da saxelmwifoglobalizacia da saxelmwifoglobalizacia da saxelmwifoglobalizacia da saxelmwifoglobalizacia da saxelmwifo ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7979797979

Tavi VI. Tavi VI. Tavi VI. Tavi VI. Tavi VI. erebi da nacionalizmierebi da nacionalizmierebi da nacionalizmierebi da nacionalizmierebi da nacionalizmi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8484848484

eri, rogorc kulturuli da politikuri erTobaeri, rogorc kulturuli da politikuri erTobaeri, rogorc kulturuli da politikuri erTobaeri, rogorc kulturuli da politikuri erTobaeri, rogorc kulturuli da politikuri erToba --------------- 8484848484

nacionalizmis saxeebinacionalizmis saxeebinacionalizmis saxeebinacionalizmis saxeebinacionalizmis saxeebi-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8989898989

liberaluri nacionalizmiliberaluri nacionalizmiliberaluri nacionalizmiliberaluri nacionalizmiliberaluri nacionalizmi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9090909090

konservatoriuli nacionalizmikonservatoriuli nacionalizmikonservatoriuli nacionalizmikonservatoriuli nacionalizmikonservatoriuli nacionalizmi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9292929292

eqspansionisturi nacionalizmieqspansionisturi nacionalizmieqspansionisturi nacionalizmieqspansionisturi nacionalizmieqspansionisturi nacionalizmi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 393939393

erovnuli saxelmwifos momavalierovnuli saxelmwifos momavalierovnuli saxelmwifos momavalierovnuli saxelmwifos momavalierovnuli saxelmwifos momavali --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 393939393

Tavi VII. Tavi VII. Tavi VII. Tavi VII. Tavi VII. msoflio politikamsoflio politikamsoflio politikamsoflio politikamsoflio politika ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9797979797

msoflio politikis arsi damsoflio politikis arsi damsoflio politikis arsi damsoflio politikis arsi damsoflio politikis arsi da

ZiriTadi Teoriuli skolebiZiriTadi Teoriuli skolebiZiriTadi Teoriuli skolebiZiriTadi Teoriuli skolebiZiriTadi Teoriuli skolebi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9797979797

idealizmiidealizmiidealizmiidealizmiidealizmi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9898989898

realizmirealizmirealizmirealizmirealizmi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9999999999

pluralizmipluralizmipluralizmipluralizmipluralizmi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101101101101101

marqsizmimarqsizmimarqsizmimarqsizmimarqsizmi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102102102102102

msoflio wesrigi XXI saukumsoflio wesrigi XXI saukumsoflio wesrigi XXI saukumsoflio wesrigi XXI saukumsoflio wesrigi XXI saukuneSineSineSineSineSi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 103103103103103

Tavi VIII. Tavi VIII. Tavi VIII. Tavi VIII. Tavi VIII. qveynis Sida politikaqveynis Sida politikaqveynis Sida politikaqveynis Sida politikaqveynis Sida politika ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 107107107107107

centralizacia Tu decentralizacia?centralizacia Tu decentralizacia?centralizacia Tu decentralizacia?centralizacia Tu decentralizacia?centralizacia Tu decentralizacia? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 107107107107107

federaciuli sistemebifederaciuli sistemebifederaciuli sistemebifederaciuli sistemebifederaciuli sistemebi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 109109109109109

federalizmis niSnebifederalizmis niSnebifederalizmis niSnebifederalizmis niSnebifederalizmis niSnebi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112112112112112

federalizmis Zlieri da susti mxareebifederalizmis Zlieri da susti mxareebifederalizmis Zlieri da susti mxareebifederalizmis Zlieri da susti mxareebifederalizmis Zlieri da susti mxareebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 114114114114114

unitarizmiunitarizmiunitarizmiunitarizmiunitarizmi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 115115115115115

adgilobrivi xelisuflebaadgilobrivi xelisuflebaadgilobrivi xelisuflebaadgilobrivi xelisuflebaadgilobrivi xelisufleba ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 116116116116116

devolucia (uflebamosilebis gadacema)devolucia (uflebamosilebis gadacema)devolucia (uflebamosilebis gadacema)devolucia (uflebamosilebis gadacema)devolucia (uflebamosilebis gadacema) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 116116116116116

eTnikuri da adgilobrivi politika.eTnikuri da adgilobrivi politika.eTnikuri da adgilobrivi politika.eTnikuri da adgilobrivi politika.eTnikuri da adgilobrivi politika.

nacionalizmis gamococxlebanacionalizmis gamococxlebanacionalizmis gamococxlebanacionalizmis gamococxlebanacionalizmis gamococxleba ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 118118118118118

Tavi IX. Tavi IX. Tavi IX. Tavi IX. Tavi IX. sazogadoeba da ekonomikuri sistemebisazogadoeba da ekonomikuri sistemebisazogadoeba da ekonomikuri sistemebisazogadoeba da ekonomikuri sistemebisazogadoeba da ekonomikuri sistemebi --------------- 121121121121121

kapitalizmis saxeobebikapitalizmis saxeobebikapitalizmis saxeobebikapitalizmis saxeobebikapitalizmis saxeobebi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 121121121121121

sawarmoo kapitalizmisawarmoo kapitalizmisawarmoo kapitalizmisawarmoo kapitalizmisawarmoo kapitalizmi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 122122122122122

socialuri kapitalizmisocialuri kapitalizmisocialuri kapitalizmisocialuri kapitalizmisocialuri kapitalizmi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 124124124124124

koleqtiuri kapitalizmikoleqtiuri kapitalizmikoleqtiuri kapitalizmikoleqtiuri kapitalizmikoleqtiuri kapitalizmi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 125125125125125

marTvadi Tu TviTregulirebadi kapitalizmimarTvadi Tu TviTregulirebadi kapitalizmimarTvadi Tu TviTregulirebadi kapitalizmimarTvadi Tu TviTregulirebadi kapitalizmimarTvadi Tu TviTregulirebadi kapitalizmi --------------------------------------------- 126126126126126

socializmis saxeobanisocializmis saxeobanisocializmis saxeobanisocializmis saxeobanisocializmis saxeobani ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 128128128128128

saxelmwifo socializmisaxelmwifo socializmisaxelmwifo socializmisaxelmwifo socializmisaxelmwifo socializmi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 129129129129129

sabazro socializmisabazro socializmisabazro socializmisabazro socializmisabazro socializmi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 129129129129129

arsebobs Tu ara ekonomikaSi `mesame gza~?arsebobs Tu ara ekonomikaSi `mesame gza~?arsebobs Tu ara ekonomikaSi `mesame gza~?arsebobs Tu ara ekonomikaSi `mesame gza~?arsebobs Tu ara ekonomikaSi `mesame gza~? ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 130130130130130

Tavi X. Tavi X. Tavi X. Tavi X. Tavi X. politikuri kultura,politikuri kultura,politikuri kultura,politikuri kultura,politikuri kultura,

TviTgamoTviTgamoTviTgamoTviTgamoTviTgamorkveva da rkveva da rkveva da rkveva da rkveva da legitimurobalegitimurobalegitimurobalegitimurobalegitimuroba---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 133133133133133

samoqalaqo kultura Tu ideologiuri hegemonia?samoqalaqo kultura Tu ideologiuri hegemonia?samoqalaqo kultura Tu ideologiuri hegemonia?samoqalaqo kultura Tu ideologiuri hegemonia?samoqalaqo kultura Tu ideologiuri hegemonia? ------------------------------ 134134134134134

masobrivi informaciis saSualebebimasobrivi informaciis saSualebebimasobrivi informaciis saSualebebimasobrivi informaciis saSualebebimasobrivi informaciis saSualebebi

da politikuri komunikaciada politikuri komunikaciada politikuri komunikaciada politikuri komunikaciada politikuri komunikacia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 136136136136136

socialuri kapitalis degradacia?socialuri kapitalis degradacia?socialuri kapitalis degradacia?socialuri kapitalis degradacia?socialuri kapitalis degradacia? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 137137137137137

legitimuroba da politikuri stabilurobalegitimuroba da politikuri stabilurobalegitimuroba da politikuri stabilurobalegitimuroba da politikuri stabilurobalegitimuroba da politikuri stabiluroba ------------------------------------------------------- 139139139139139

Zalauflebis Zalauflebis Zalauflebis Zalauflebis Zalauflebis legitimacialegitimacialegitimacialegitimacialegitimacia ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 140140140140140

6 7

legitimurobis krizisilegitimurobis krizisilegitimurobis krizisilegitimurobis krizisilegitimurobis krizisi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 142142142142142

ratom xdeba revoluciebiratom xdeba revoluciebiratom xdeba revoluciebiratom xdeba revoluciebiratom xdeba revoluciebi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 143143143143143

marqsistuli revoluciuri Teoriebimarqsistuli revoluciuri Teoriebimarqsistuli revoluciuri Teoriebimarqsistuli revoluciuri Teoriebimarqsistuli revoluciuri Teoriebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 144144144144144

revoluciis aramarqsistuli Teoriebirevoluciis aramarqsistuli Teoriebirevoluciis aramarqsistuli Teoriebirevoluciis aramarqsistuli Teoriebirevoluciis aramarqsistuli Teoriebi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 145145145145145

Tavi XI. Tavi XI. Tavi XI. Tavi XI. Tavi XI. warmomadgenloba, arCevnebi,warmomadgenloba, arCevnebi,warmomadgenloba, arCevnebi,warmomadgenloba, arCevnebi,warmomadgenloba, arCevnebi,

xmis micema da referendumixmis micema da referendumixmis micema da referendumixmis micema da referendumixmis micema da referendumi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 149149149149149

warmomadgenlobis Teoriebiwarmomadgenlobis Teoriebiwarmomadgenlobis Teoriebiwarmomadgenlobis Teoriebiwarmomadgenlobis Teoriebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 149149149149149

mindobilobis modelimindobilobis modelimindobilobis modelimindobilobis modelimindobilobis modeli --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 150150150150150

delegirebis modelidelegirebis modelidelegirebis modelidelegirebis modelidelegirebis modeli ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 151151151151151

samandato modelisamandato modelisamandato modelisamandato modelisamandato modeli ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 152152152152152

gaigivebis modeligaigivebis modeligaigivebis modeligaigivebis modeligaigivebis modeli -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 153153153153153

arCevnebis arsi da funqciebiarCevnebis arsi da funqciebiarCevnebis arsi da funqciebiarCevnebis arsi da funqciebiarCevnebis arsi da funqciebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 154154154154154

saarCevno sistemebi: Zlieri da susti mxareebisaarCevno sistemebi: Zlieri da susti mxareebisaarCevno sistemebi: Zlieri da susti mxareebisaarCevno sistemebi: Zlieri da susti mxareebisaarCevno sistemebi: Zlieri da susti mxareebi ------------------------- 157157157157157

xmis micemis Teoriebixmis micemis Teoriebixmis micemis Teoriebixmis micemis Teoriebixmis micemis Teoriebi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 159159159159159

referendumireferendumireferendumireferendumireferendumi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 160160160160160

Tavi XII. Tavi XII. Tavi XII. Tavi XII. Tavi XII. konstituciebi, konstituciebi, konstituciebi, konstituciebi, konstituciebi, kanonmdeblobakanonmdeblobakanonmdeblobakanonmdeblobakanonmdebloba

da sasamarTlo sistemebida sasamarTlo sistemebida sasamarTlo sistemebida sasamarTlo sistemebida sasamarTlo sistemebi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 163163163163163

konstituciebikonstituciebikonstituciebikonstituciebikonstituciebi------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 163163163163163

konstituciebis klasifikaciakonstituciebis klasifikaciakonstituciebis klasifikaciakonstituciebis klasifikaciakonstituciebis klasifikacia ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 164164164164164

konstituciis miznebikonstituciis miznebikonstituciis miznebikonstituciis miznebikonstituciis miznebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 169169169169169

saxelmwifo iurisdiqciis gansazRvrasaxelmwifo iurisdiqciis gansazRvrasaxelmwifo iurisdiqciis gansazRvrasaxelmwifo iurisdiqciis gansazRvrasaxelmwifo iurisdiqciis gansazRvra ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 169169169169169

saerTo faseulobebis da miznebis dadgenasaerTo faseulobebis da miznebis dadgenasaerTo faseulobebis da miznebis dadgenasaerTo faseulobebis da miznebis dadgenasaerTo faseulobebis da miznebis dadgena ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 170170170170170

mmarTvelobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofammarTvelobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofammarTvelobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofammarTvelobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofammarTvelobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa ------------------------------------------------------------ 170170170170170

uflebebis dacvauflebebis dacvauflebebis dacvauflebebis dacvauflebebis dacva ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 171171171171171

rrrrreJimebis eJimebis eJimebis eJimebis eJimebis legitimacialegitimacialegitimacialegitimacialegitimacia ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 171171171171171

raSi mdgomareobs konstituciis mniSvneloba?raSi mdgomareobs konstituciis mniSvneloba?raSi mdgomareobs konstituciis mniSvneloba?raSi mdgomareobs konstituciis mniSvneloba?raSi mdgomareobs konstituciis mniSvneloba? ----------------------------------- 171171171171171

samarTali, morali da politikasamarTali, morali da politikasamarTali, morali da politikasamarTali, morali da politikasamarTali, morali da politika --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 173173173173173

sasamarTlo xelisuflebasasamarTlo xelisuflebasasamarTlo xelisuflebasasamarTlo xelisuflebasasamarTlo xelisufleba --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 174174174174174

warmoadgenen Tu ara mosamarTleebiwarmoadgenen Tu ara mosamarTleebiwarmoadgenen Tu ara mosamarTleebiwarmoadgenen Tu ara mosamarTleebiwarmoadgenen Tu ara mosamarTleebi

politikur figurebs?politikur figurebs?politikur figurebs?politikur figurebs?politikur figurebs? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 175175175175175

qmnian Tu ara mosamarTleebi politikas?qmnian Tu ara mosamarTleebi politikas?qmnian Tu ara mosamarTleebi politikas?qmnian Tu ara mosamarTleebi politikas?qmnian Tu ara mosamarTleebi politikas? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 178178178178178

Tavi XIII. Tavi XIII. Tavi XIII. Tavi XIII. Tavi XIII. sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 182182182182182

saparlamento da saprezidento sistemebisaparlamento da saprezidento sistemebisaparlamento da saprezidento sistemebisaparlamento da saprezidento sistemebisaparlamento da saprezidento sistemebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 182182182182182

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebisaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebisaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebisaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebisaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 183183183183183

sakanonmdeblo krebasakanonmdeblo krebasakanonmdeblo krebasakanonmdeblo krebasakanonmdeblo kreba ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 184184184184184

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebisaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebisaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebisaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebisaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 185185185185185

warmomadgenlobawarmomadgenlobawarmomadgenlobawarmomadgenlobawarmomadgenloba ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 186186186186186

Tvalyuris devneba da kontroliTvalyuris devneba da kontroliTvalyuris devneba da kontroliTvalyuris devneba da kontroliTvalyuris devneba da kontroli ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 187187187187187

politikuri gadaadgileba da momzadebapolitikuri gadaadgileba da momzadebapolitikuri gadaadgileba da momzadebapolitikuri gadaadgileba da momzadebapolitikuri gadaadgileba da momzadeba ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 188188188188188

rrrrreJimis eJimis eJimis eJimis eJimis legitimurobalegitimurobalegitimurobalegitimurobalegitimuroba --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 188188188188188

sakanonmdeblo krebis struqturasakanonmdeblo krebis struqturasakanonmdeblo krebis struqturasakanonmdeblo krebis struqturasakanonmdeblo krebis struqtura ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 189189189189189

erTi Tu ori palata?erTi Tu ori palata?erTi Tu ori palata?erTi Tu ori palata?erTi Tu ori palata? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 191191191191191

komitetis upiratesoba da naklikomitetis upiratesoba da naklikomitetis upiratesoba da naklikomitetis upiratesoba da naklikomitetis upiratesoba da nakli ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 193193193193193

komitetebikomitetebikomitetebikomitetebikomitetebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 194194194194194

sakanonmdeblo krebebis renesansisakanonmdeblo krebebis renesansisakanonmdeblo krebebis renesansisakanonmdeblo krebebis renesansisakanonmdeblo krebebis renesansi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 198198198198198

Tavi XIV. Tavi XIV. Tavi XIV. Tavi XIV. Tavi XIV. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaaRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 201201201201201

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis

struqtura da funqciebistruqtura da funqciebistruqtura da funqciebistruqtura da funqciebistruqtura da funqciebi

vin vin aris aRmasrulebelivin vin aris aRmasrulebelivin vin aris aRmasrulebelivin vin aris aRmasrulebelivin vin aris aRmasrulebeli

xelisuflebis sistemaSixelisuflebis sistemaSixelisuflebis sistemaSixelisuflebis sistemaSixelisuflebis sistemaSi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 201201201201201

kontroli politikis ganxorcielebazekontroli politikis ganxorcielebazekontroli politikis ganxorcielebazekontroli politikis ganxorcielebazekontroli politikis ganxorcielebaze ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 203203203203203

saxelmwifo samsaxuris marTvasaxelmwifo samsaxuris marTvasaxelmwifo samsaxuris marTvasaxelmwifo samsaxuris marTvasaxelmwifo samsaxuris marTva ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 204204204204204

gadawyvetilebis miReba krizisul situaciebSigadawyvetilebis miReba krizisul situaciebSigadawyvetilebis miReba krizisul situaciebSigadawyvetilebis miReba krizisul situaciebSigadawyvetilebis miReba krizisul situaciebSi ------------------------- 205205205205205

rezidentebirezidentebirezidentebirezidentebirezidentebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 206206206206206

premier-ministrebipremier-ministrebipremier-ministrebipremier-ministrebipremier-ministrebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 212212212212212

ministrTa kabinetiministrTa kabinetiministrTa kabinetiministrTa kabinetiministrTa kabineti --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 216216216216216

8 9

politikurpolitikurpolitikurpolitikurpolitikuri i i i i lideroba da misi Tlideroba da misi Tlideroba da misi Tlideroba da misi Tlideroba da misi Teoeoeoeoeorrrrriebiiebiiebiiebiiebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 218218218218218

liderobis Teoriebiliderobis Teoriebiliderobis Teoriebiliderobis Teoriebiliderobis Teoriebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 219219219219219

liderobis stililiderobis stililiderobis stililiderobis stililiderobis stili ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 223223223223223

Tavi XV. Tavi XV. Tavi XV. Tavi XV. Tavi XV. armia da policiaarmia da policiaarmia da policiaarmia da policiaarmia da policia --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 228228228228228

armia da politikaarmia da politikaarmia da politikaarmia da politikaarmia da politika -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 228228228228228

armiis roliarmiis roliarmiis roliarmiis roliarmiis roliomis iaraRiomis iaraRiomis iaraRiomis iaraRiomis iaraRi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 230230230230230

armia rogorc interesebis dajgufebaarmia rogorc interesebis dajgufebaarmia rogorc interesebis dajgufebaarmia rogorc interesebis dajgufebaarmia rogorc interesebis dajgufeba ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 231231231231231

samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis alternativasamoqalaqo mmarTvelobis alternativasamoqalaqo mmarTvelobis alternativasamoqalaqo mmarTvelobis alternativasamoqalaqo mmarTvelobis alternativa --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 233233233233233

armiaze kontroliarmiaze kontroliarmiaze kontroliarmiaze kontroliarmiaze kontroli -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 235235235235235

rogor xdeba armiaze samoqalaqorogor xdeba armiaze samoqalaqorogor xdeba armiaze samoqalaqorogor xdeba armiaze samoqalaqorogor xdeba armiaze samoqalaqo

kontrolis daweseba?kontrolis daweseba?kontrolis daweseba?kontrolis daweseba?kontrolis daweseba? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 236236236236236

Sinagani wesrigis garantiaSinagani wesrigis garantiaSinagani wesrigis garantiaSinagani wesrigis garantiaSinagani wesrigis garantia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 237237237237237

policia da politikapolicia da politikapolicia da politikapolicia da politikapolicia da politika -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 239239239239239

samoqalaqo policiasamoqalaqo policiasamoqalaqo policiasamoqalaqo policiasamoqalaqo policia ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 240240240240240

politikuri policiapolitikuri policiapolitikuri policiapolitikuri policiapolitikuri policia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 241241241241241

policiuri saxelmwifoebipoliciuri saxelmwifoebipoliciuri saxelmwifoebipoliciuri saxelmwifoebipoliciuri saxelmwifoebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 243243243243243

Tavi XVI. Tavi XVI. Tavi XVI. Tavi XVI. Tavi XVI. saqarTvelos politikuri sistemasaqarTvelos politikuri sistemasaqarTvelos politikuri sistemasaqarTvelos politikuri sistemasaqarTvelos politikuri sistema ----------------------------------- 247247247247247

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba parlamentisakanonmdeblo xelisufleba parlamentisakanonmdeblo xelisufleba parlamentisakanonmdeblo xelisufleba parlamentisakanonmdeblo xelisufleba parlamenti ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 248248248248248

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaaRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 248248248248248

sasamarTlo xelisuflebasasamarTlo xelisuflebasasamarTlo xelisuflebasasamarTlo xelisuflebasasamarTlo xelisufleba --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 250250250250250

adgilobrivi xelisuflebaadgilobrivi xelisuflebaadgilobrivi xelisuflebaadgilobrivi xelisuflebaadgilobrivi xelisufleba ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 250250250250250

avtonomiebiavtonomiebiavtonomiebiavtonomiebiavtonomiebi------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 250250250250250

cxinvalis regionicxinvalis regionicxinvalis regionicxinvalis regionicxinvalis regioni --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 252252252252252

aWaris avtonomiuri respublikaaWaris avtonomiuri respublikaaWaris avtonomiuri respublikaaWaris avtonomiuri respublikaaWaris avtonomiuri respublika -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 253253253253253

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobaadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobaadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobaadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobaadgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 254254254254254

politikuri partiebipolitikuri partiebipolitikuri partiebipolitikuri partiebipolitikuri partiebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 255255255255255

masmediamasmediamasmediamasmediamasmedia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 256256256256256

arasamTavrobo organizaciebiarasamTavrobo organizaciebiarasamTavrobo organizaciebiarasamTavrobo organizaciebiarasamTavrobo organizaciebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 257257257257257

Tavi XVII. Tavi XVII. Tavi XVII. Tavi XVII. Tavi XVII. qarTuli politikuri azriqarTuli politikuri azriqarTuli politikuri azriqarTuli politikuri azriqarTuli politikuri azri ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 259259259259259

qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis saTaveebTanqarTuli politikuri azrovnebis saTaveebTanqarTuli politikuri azrovnebis saTaveebTanqarTuli politikuri azrovnebis saTaveebTanqarTuli politikuri azrovnebis saTaveebTan ---------------------------------------- 259259259259259

daviT aRmaSenebeli (1089-1125)daviT aRmaSenebeli (1089-1125)daviT aRmaSenebeli (1089-1125)daviT aRmaSenebeli (1089-1125)daviT aRmaSenebeli (1089-1125)

_ politikosi da moazrovne_ politikosi da moazrovne_ politikosi da moazrovne_ politikosi da moazrovne_ politikosi da moazrovne ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 262262262262262

SoTa rusTavelis socialur-politikuriSoTa rusTavelis socialur-politikuriSoTa rusTavelis socialur-politikuriSoTa rusTavelis socialur-politikuriSoTa rusTavelis socialur-politikuri

da religiuri Sexedulebebida religiuri Sexedulebebida religiuri Sexedulebebida religiuri Sexedulebebida religiuri Sexedulebebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 267267267267267

xelisuflebis danawilebis qarTuli modelixelisuflebis danawilebis qarTuli modelixelisuflebis danawilebis qarTuli modelixelisuflebis danawilebis qarTuli modelixelisuflebis danawilebis qarTuli modeli

(`isnis karavi~)(`isnis karavi~)(`isnis karavi~)(`isnis karavi~)(`isnis karavi~) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 272272272272272

ilia WavWavaZis socialur-politikuriilia WavWavaZis socialur-politikuriilia WavWavaZis socialur-politikuriilia WavWavaZis socialur-politikuriilia WavWavaZis socialur-politikuri

SexedulebebiSexedulebebiSexedulebebiSexedulebebiSexedulebebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 276276276276276

niko nikolaZis (1843-1928)niko nikolaZis (1843-1928)niko nikolaZis (1843-1928)niko nikolaZis (1843-1928)niko nikolaZis (1843-1928)

politikuri Sexedulebebipolitikuri Sexedulebebipolitikuri Sexedulebebipolitikuri Sexedulebebipolitikuri Sexedulebebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 283283283283283

vaJa-fSavela kosmopolitizmisavaJa-fSavela kosmopolitizmisavaJa-fSavela kosmopolitizmisavaJa-fSavela kosmopolitizmisavaJa-fSavela kosmopolitizmisa

da patriotizmis Sesaxebda patriotizmis Sesaxebda patriotizmis Sesaxebda patriotizmis Sesaxebda patriotizmis Sesaxeb ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 291291291291291

Tavi XVIII. Tavi XVIII. Tavi XVIII. Tavi XVIII. Tavi XVIII. saqarTvelos politikurisaqarTvelos politikurisaqarTvelos politikurisaqarTvelos politikurisaqarTvelos politikuri

orientacia: warsuli da Tanamedroveobaorientacia: warsuli da Tanamedroveobaorientacia: warsuli da Tanamedroveobaorientacia: warsuli da Tanamedroveobaorientacia: warsuli da Tanamedroveoba ------------------------------------------------------------ 294294294294294

politikur sityvaTa politikur sityvaTa politikur sityvaTa politikur sityvaTa politikur sityvaTa leqsikonleqsikonleqsikonleqsikonleqsikoniiiii ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 304304304304304

10 11

bis Secvlas an maT SenarCunebas aucileblad sWirdeba Tan-amSromloba.

politikis arsi xSirad dainaxeba konfliqtebis dar-egulirebis procesSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi farTo midg-omis drosac politika unda gavigoT ara rogorc konfliqte-bis gadawyveta, aramed gzebis Zieba maTi mogvarebisaTvis, rad-gan sazogadoebaSi yvela konfliqtis mogvareba rodia Sesa-Zlebeli. aqedan gamomdinare, erTis mxriv sazogadoebrivi nair-ferovneba, meores mxriv, sazogado resursebis deficiti mudamiqneba sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawili.

yovelgvari cda ufro zustad ganvsazRvroT cneba ̀ poli-tika~, dakavSirebulia ori problemis gadawyvetasTan.

pirveli _ es asociaciebis simravlea, romlebic yoveld-Riurad xmaroben termins ̀ politika~. es maSin, rodesac ter-minebi, ekonomika, geografia, istoria an biologia sazogadoeba-Si miCneulia rogorc samecniero disciplinebi, politika kigansxvavebul asociaciebs aRZravs. xSirad gvesmis, rom politi-ka aris mikerZoebuli, SeuZlebelia misi Seswavla piradi emocie-bis gareSe. zogierTis TvalSi politika ubralod `binZuri~da ̀ saeWvo~ saqmea, romelic iseT saqmeebTan aris dakavSirebu-li, rogoricaa Zaladoba, maqinaciebi, TvalTmaqcoba an ubral-od tyuili. cxadia, aq araferi axali ar aris. mag., jer kidev1775 wels ingliseli poeti da kritikosi samuel jonsoniambobda, rom ̀ politika _ mxolod da mxolod karieris gakeTe-baa am samyaroSi~. XIX s. amerikeli istorikosi henri adamsiase axasiaTebda am sagans _ ̀ urTierTgautanlobis mowesrige-buli sistema~. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom politikas aqvs meore,sruliad sapirispiro reputaciac _ sazogadoebis nawilisTvalSi politika umTavresi da sapativcemlo saqmea.

meore ufro rTuli problema mdgomareobs imaSi, romyvelaze didi avtoritetebic ki dRemde ver SeTanxmebulan, Turas warmoadgens politikis mecnierebis sagani da sxvadasxvameTodebiT gansazRvraven mas. SeiZleba gamoiyos oTxi Sexed-uleba politikaze:

politika rogorc saxelmwifos marTvis xelovneba;politika rogorc sajaro procesi;politika rogorc kompromisi da konsensusi;politika rogorc Zalaufleba da resursebis gadanaw-

ileba.

Tavi ITavi ITavi ITavi ITavi Ipolitika _ mowodeba, xeloba,politika _ mowodeba, xeloba,politika _ mowodeba, xeloba,politika _ mowodeba, xeloba,politika _ mowodeba, xeloba,

xelovneba xelovneba xelovneba xelovneba xelovneba

politika saintereso saqmea, radgan adamianebi sxva-dasxvanairebi arian da maT Soris ar aris SeTanxmeba, rogorunda icxovron, vin da ra unda miiRos sazogadoebidan, vinaris Zalauflebis Rirsi, rogor unda iyos gayofili sazoga-doebrivi resursebi da bolos, ra aris sazogadoebrivi cx-ovrebis fuZe _ TanamSromloba Tu konfliqti. adamianebixSirad ver Tanxmebian imaSi, Tu rogor unda gadawydes essakiTxebi, rogor unda iqnas SemuSavebuli koleqtiuri gadaw-yvetilebebi, vin da rogor unda gamoTqvas Tavisi mosazreba,rogor SeuZlia adamians imoqmedos sazogadoebriv cxovreba-ze da a.S. aristoteles TvalsazrisiT, yvelaferi es politi-kas ̀ samefo mecnierebad~ ayalibebda, rasac unda gaeumjobese-bina cxovrebis done da Seeqmna Rirseuli sazogadoeba. poli-tika, umTavresad sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobaa. is yovelTvisdialogia da ara monologi. cxadia, calke aRebul individebs,robinzon kruzos msgavsad, xelewifebaT Tavisi meurneobisgamarTva, xelovnebis nimuSis Seqmna da a.S. erTaderTi, rac maTar SeuZliaT, es politikiT dakavebaa. es imitom xdeba, rompolitika mxolod maSin iwyeba, mxatvrulad rom vTqvaT, rode-sac paraskeva Cndeba. mravalxmianoba, romelic politikis fuZeSidevs, raTqma unda, badebs kiTxvas, rogor unda SeviswavloT essagani. aq isev sxvadasxvagvar gagebas vejaxebiT, rac ama Tu imsazogadoebis problemas ̀ politikurs~ xdis _ rogor anal-izs saWiroebs politikuri moRvaweoba, rogor avxsnaT igiufro ukeTesad.

politikis gansazRvrebapolitikis gansazRvrebapolitikis gansazRvrebapolitikis gansazRvrebapolitikis gansazRvreba

yvelaze zogadi saxiT politika aris procesi, romlisfarglebSic xalxi qmnis, inarCunebs da amdidrebs Tavis Tanacx-ovrebis normebs. amitom politika ganuyofladaa dakavSirebu-li iseT movlenebTan, rogorebicaa konfliqti da TanamSrom-loba. es asea, radgan sazogadoebaSi arsebobs azrTa sxvaoba,romelic, erTis mxriv, moxmarebas, interesebsa TanacxovrebissaerTo normebs exeba; meores mxriv, yvela xvdeba, rom am wese-

12 13

`qveynis marTvasTan~. saxelmwifo aparatebis gaigiveba poli-tikasTan niSnavs, rom CarCoebs miRma rCeba saerTaSorisofaqtorebi _ transnacionaluri korporaciebi, romlebic sulufro mzard gavlenas axdenen Cvens cxovrebaze, iyo dro, rode-sac saerTaSoriso arenaze moqmedebda Sida Caketili naciona-luri saxelmwifoebi, es ewinaaRmdegeba dRevandelobas, rode-sac ufro da ufro rTuli sazogadoebebi xdebian marTvisobieqtebi da sazogadoebis marTvas axorcielebs ara imdenadmTavroba, aramed sazogadoebrivi da kerZo seqtori. amitomamboben, rom movida dro, roca unda Seicvalos terminiT _`makromarTva~.

politikisa da saxelmwifos TvalTaxedviT politikurimoRvaweoba xSirad negatiur WrilSia moTavsebuli, politi-kosebs ki arc Tu saxarbielod ixseneben. es yvelaferi tolo-bis niSniT erTiandeba politikuri sferosa da saxelmwifomoRvaweTa saqmianobaSi. yvela kargad icnobs mliqvnel poli-tikoss, romelic xelisuflebisken iltvis, magram araferigaaCnia sakuTari ambiciebis garda. sainformacio saSualebeb-is meSveobiT vigebT korumpirebulobis faqtebs saxelmwifoeSelonebSi. amaze laparakoben, rogorc ̀ politikanobaze~, da`biurokratebze, romlebic TavianT savarZelSi arian mokalaTe-bulni~. aqedan gamomdinare `antipolitikis~ kargi niadagiCndeba. xSirad amasTan dakavSirebiT nikolo makiavelis naS-romebs moixsenieben, romelmac wignSi ̀ mTavari~ (1513 w.) aRw-era Tavisi drois mmarTvelebis veragoba, cbiereba da simkac-ris realisturi suraTi.

politikis negatiuri saxe sazrdovdeba liberalurifilosofiis mxridanac: individs am filosofiaSi yovelTvismiewereba esa Tu is piraduli xasiaTis daintereseba, poli-tikuri xelisufleba, dasawyisSive afuWebs adamians, radganisini vinc `xelisuflebaSia~, yovelTvis gamoiyenebs Tavisadgils sakuTari miznebisaTvis sxvis xarjze.

es mosazreba aisaxa lordi aktonis (1834-1902) cnobilaforizmSi `yvelanairi Zalaufleba ryvnis, _ absoluturiZalaufleba ki absoluturad~.

politika rogorc saxelmwifo marTvis xelovnebapolitika rogorc saxelmwifo marTvis xelovnebapolitika rogorc saxelmwifo marTvis xelovnebapolitika rogorc saxelmwifo marTvis xelovnebapolitika rogorc saxelmwifo marTvis xelovneba

`politika ar aris mecniereba _ es xelovnebaa~ _ amsityvebs germaniis kancler bismarks miaweren. cxadia, masmxedvelobaSi hqonda saxelmwifos marTvis xelovneba ZveliberZnuli sityvis mniSvnelobis mixedviT. termini `politi-ka~ warmoiqmneba sityvidan polis (polis), rac sityvasityviTniSnavs qalaq-saxelmwifos, TiToeul maTgans hqonda TavisimarTvis organoebi. maTgan yvelaze didi da mZlavri aTeniiyo, romelic kanonierad iTvleba demokratiis akvnad. isto-riul WrilSi sityva politika gvagebinebs, rom saqme gvaqvsTanamedrove gansazRvrebis im formebTan, rac saxelmwifosexeba. politikis aseTi gaazreba ufro metad vlindeba yoveld-Riur metyvelebaSi, ase magaliTad, adamianze, romelmac daikavasaxelmwifos esa Tu is Tanamdeboba, Cven vambobT _ ̀ politika-Si wavida~. dReisaTvis politikis amgvari gageba ramdenamdemoZvelda, Tumca akademiur politikur mecnierebaSi arsebobstradicia, rom politikis Seswavla niSnavs mTavrobis, ufrofarTod ki xelisuflebis funqcionireba-Seswavlas. es tradiciagatarebulia gavleniani amerikeli politologis, devid is-Tonis naSromebSi. igi gansazRvravs politikas, rogorc ̀ fa-seulobis gadanawilebas~, romelsac Zalismieri struqturebiaxorcieleben. aq varaudoben, rom politika moicavs mxolodim procesebs, romelTa meSveobiT mTavroba reagirebs sazoga-doebriv zewolaze, riTac axerxebs gaanawilos faseulobebian negatur moqmedebebs mimarTavs. faseulobad miRebulia isaucilebeli Tvisebebi, romlebic miRebulia sazogadoebis mierda aRiarebulia aucileblobad.

aseTi midgomis nakli aris misi siviwrove. gamodis,rom politika efuZneba mxolod imas, rac Sig politikaSixdeba _ im sazogadoebis organizaciis sistemaSi, romelicsaxelisuflebo aparatis xelisuflebis irgvliv koncentr-irdeba. aseTi gagebiT politika iqmneba mxolod kabinetebSi,sakanonmdeblo palatebSi, samTavrobo uwyebebSi, xolo ganage-ben mas Zalian mcire da gansakuTrebuli jgufebis adamianebi.

adamianTa umravlesoba da institutebis didi nawilipolitikis CarCoebs miRma rCeba. biznesi, sxvadasxvagvari adg-ilobrivi gaerTianebebi, ojaxi, skola da sxva saganmanaTleb-lo dawesebulebebi _ yvelani aRiniSnebian, rogoc ̀ arapoli-tikuri~ struqturebi, isini arafriT ar arian dakavSirebulni

14 15

adamianuri moRvaweobis yvelaze mTavari forma, imitom rom aqsaqme gvaqvs Tanaswor da Tavisufal moqalaqeebis urTierTo-basTan, es aris is raRac unikaluri, rac yvela adamians aZlevscxovrebis azrs. miaxlovebul azrs gamoxatavda Jan-Jak rusoda jon stiuard mili.

politika rogorc kompromisi da konsensusipolitika rogorc kompromisi da konsensusipolitika rogorc kompromisi da konsensusipolitika rogorc kompromisi da konsensusipolitika rogorc kompromisi da konsensusi

politikis mesame koncefcia yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze,Tu rogori gziT miiReba gadawyvetilebebi. politika ganix-ileba rogorc konfliqtebis mogvarebis saSualeba kompro-misebis, molaparakebebisa da sxva saSualebebis gziT, rom-lebic gamoricxaven Zalis gamoyenebas an SiSvel Zalaufle-bas. es koncefcia aqvT mxedvelobaSi, roca amboben ̀ politikaaris SesaZleblobis xelovneba~. rodesac laparakia proble-mis ̀ politikuri~ gziT gadawyvetaze, mxedvelobaSi aqvT samS-vidobo molaparakeba ̀ Zalovan~ an ̀ samxedro~ gadawyvetile-bebis winaaRmdeg. es tradiciac aristotelesagan modis. sworedmisi postulatia _ idealuri marTvis sistema aris ̀ politi-ka~ _ ̀ Sereuli~ forma, romelic Seicavs rogorc aristokra-tiul, aseve demokratiul elementebs. am tradiciebis momxreCvens droSi gaxlavT bernard kriki. Tavis klasikur naSrom-Si ̀ politikis dasacavad~ is wers, rom konfliqtis mxareebiTanxmdebian mxolod maSin, rodesac maT gaaCniaT Zalauflebaan Zala. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi erT-erTi mxare ubralodgaiTeleba. Tu raime konfliqti warmoiSva, is unda gadaiWrasZaladobisa da muqaris gareSe. kriks kritikosebi gamouCndnen,romlebic miuTiTebdnen imaze, rom is gaerTo dasavlelipluralistebis magaliTiT da gaaigiva politika iseT movle-nasTan, rogoric eleqtoraluri procesi da partiuli mowi-naaRmdegeebia; rac Seexeba erTpartiul saxelmwifoebs dasamxedro diqtaturas, aq misi pozicia cota rames gangvimar-tavs. mocemuli koncefcia umTavresad miiCnevs kompromiss dakonsensuss. igi politikas dadebiT WrilSi warmoadgens, ma-gram miuTiTebs, rom aseT politikaSi midis brZola, sadacmTavar xifaTs warmoadgens _ `nebismieri fasiT Semovidesmkafio sicxade da garkveuloba~, es SesaZloa iyos demokrati-isadmi brma mimxroba, ybadaRebuli nacionalizmi an sulacmecnierebis pretenzia saboloo WeSmaritebazea.

politika rogorc sajaro procesipolitika rogorc sajaro procesipolitika rogorc sajaro procesipolitika rogorc sajaro procesipolitika rogorc sajaro procesi

meore ufro farTo koncefcia politikisa scildebasamTavrobo marTvas, kerZod, im mimarTulebiT midis, rasacewodeba ̀ sazogado cxovreba~ an ̀ sazogado saqme~. am midgomisTanaxmad, gansxvaveba ̀ politikursa~ da ̀ arapolitikurs~ SorisemTxveva gansxvavebas sajaro da kerZo cxovrebis sferoebsSoris. aseTi Sexedulebebi politikaze gamomdinareobs berZe-ni filosofosis aristoteles Sromebidan. Tavis ̀ politika-Si~ man miniSneba moaxdina imaze, rom `adamiani TavisTavadTavisi bunebiT aris politikuri arseba~ da `Rirseuli cx-ovreba~ xalxs SeuZlia mxolod im sazogadoebaSi, sadac arispolitika, _ politikur TanasazogadoebaSi. aq politika war-modgenilia ZiriTadad eTikur aspeqtSi: politika isaa, racukavSirdeba ̀ samarTlian sazogadoebas~, anu is, rasac aristo-telem ̀ samefo mecniereba~ uwoda. kiTxva mxolod erTSi mde-bareobs _ zustad sad gadis sazRvari `sajaro~ da `pirad~cxovrebas Soris. saerTod amboben, rom is emTxveva saxelm-wifo da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gayofas. saxelmwifo in-stitutebs (saxelmwifo aparati, sasamarTloebi, policia, jari,socialuri dacvis sistema da a.S.). Cven ganvixilavT rogorc`sajaros~, radgan isini pasuxs ageben sazogadoebis koleqti-uri cxovrebis organizaciaze da amasTanave sazogadoebisxarjze finansdebian _ gadasaxadebis saxiT.

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Sedgeba ̀ patara ujredebisa-gan~, rogorc mas edmund biorki uwodebda, anu iseTi insti-tutebi, rogoricaa ojaxi, sisxliT monaTesave sazogadoebebi,kerZo sawarmoebi, profkavSirebi, klubebi, adgilobrivi Tanasa-zogadoebebi da sxva msgavsi struqturebi. isini `kerZoa~ imgagebiT, rom iqmnebian da arseboben kerZo pirebis xarjzemaTi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT (ekonomikaSi, socialur,sayofacxovrebo, pirad, kulturul sferoebSi da a.S.) da war-mogvidgebian rogorc ̀ arapolitikuri~. politikis, rogorcsazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis koncefcia, yovelTvis iyofoda`momxreebad~ da ̀ mowinaaRmdegeebad~. aristoteles tradicie-bis gaTvaliswinebiT, politikuri moRvaweoba ganixileba,rogorc Rirseuli da ganaTlebuli saqmianoba swored misi`sajaro~ xasiaTis gamo. ufro mogvianebiT es tradicia gaagr-Zela hanna arendcma, romelic naSromSi ̀ adamianuri arsebobispirobebi~ (1958 w.) werda imis Sesaxeb, rom politika aris

16 17

da damqiraveblis an mTavrobisa da moqalaqis urTierTobani.marqsizmi politikaze saubrobs, rogorc sazogadoebis

or doneze `zednaSenze~ da `bazisze~. TviT marqsi pirvel-sawyisad politikas aRiqvamda klasikurad, anu akavSirebda massaxelmwifosTan: magaliTad ̀ komunisturi partiis manifest-Si~ (1848 w.) is wers politikur xelisuflebaze, rogorc ̀ erTiklasis mier organizebul Zalauflebaze~. SemdgomSi man ga-naviTara Tavisi Teoria, miakuTvna politikur urTierTobassakanonmdeblo da kulturuli urTierTobani, anu ̀ zednaSe-ni~. `zednaSeni~ `bazisidan~ warmoiSoba da mas ireklavs.

SemdgomSi leninma moaxdina postulizeba da politikuriZalaufleba daukavSira sazogado klasobriv sistemas, anu ̀ poli-tika ekonomikis koncentrirebuli gamomxatveli gaxada~.

marqsizmis Tanaxmad ̀ ekonomika _ ukve politikaa~. zemoTganxilulis mixedviT, politika aris xalxisadmi mtruli Zala,igi dakavSirebulia erTi adamianisadmi meoris damorCilebasTan.radikaluri feminizmisaTvis es azri amkvidrebs `politikurpatriarqats,~ sadac qalisaTvis mamakacis qveSevrdomis roliagankuTvnili; marqsizmisaTvis _ burJuaziis mier proletaria-tis eqspluatacias. amave ToeriaSi politikas ara mxolod nega-tiuri, aramed pozitiuri mniSvneloba eniWeba _ rogorc iaraRs,romliTac sazogadoebriv uTanasworobas ebrZvian. feministebimouwodebdnen bolo moeRos ̀ seqsizmis politikas~ da aSendesiseTi sazogadoeba, romelSic ar iqneba sqesobrivi dayofa.

marqsistebis TvalsazrisiT `klasebis politika~ is-torias Cabardeba. is migviyvans `saxelmwifos sikvdilamde~da politikis, klasikuri gagebiT, dasrulebamde.

politikis cnebebi, modelebi da Teoriebipolitikis cnebebi, modelebi da Teoriebipolitikis cnebebi, modelebi da Teoriebipolitikis cnebebi, modelebi da Teoriebipolitikis cnebebi, modelebi da Teoriebi

cnebebi, modelebi da Teoriebi aris politikuri anal-izis instrumentebi, magram maTTan frTxili mopyrobaa saWiro.cneba _ esaa saerTo idea, ZiriTadad erTi sityviT an erTiwinadadebiT gamoxatuli. magram is ufro metia, vidre saku-Tari an sazogado sityva. mag. cneba `prezidentoba~ arganekuTvneba romelime konkretul prezidents. igi aris ide-ate erToblioba saxelmwifos meTauris raobaze. cneba in-strumentia, romelic gvexmareba fiqris, kritikis, mtkicebis,axsnasa da analizis dros. ubralo Tvalyuris devneba ar

politikuri Zalauflebapolitikuri Zalauflebapolitikuri Zalauflebapolitikuri Zalauflebapolitikuri Zalaufleba

meoTxe koncefcia yvelaze farToa da radikaluri. poli-tikas aq ar eTmoba raime konkretuli sfero mTavrobaSi, sax-elmwifosa Tu ̀ sazogado cxovrebaSi~, is sazogado moRvaweo-bis yvela dargSia, yvela ̀ nabijze~. rogorc adrian leftiviCiaRniSnavs Tavis naSromSi `ra aris politika? politikurimoRvaweoba da misi Seswavla~. ̀ politika sazogado moRvaweo-bis centrSia, rogorc oficialurad, aseve araoficialurad,sajaro da kerZoa, is yvela socialur jgufSia, institutebsada sazogadoebebSi~; Cven mas vxedavT yvela sazogado urTier-TobaSi. ojaxSi, mcire jgufebsa Tu megobarTa wreSi, Tu ersada globalur TanasazogadoebaSi. maSin ra gansxvavebaa poli-tikursa da sxva saxis moRvaweobas Soris, raSia misi specifika?

am kiTxvas es tradicia Semdegnairad xsnis: politikaewodeba yvelafers, rac warmoebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, resurse-bis danawilebasa da gamoyenebaze sazogadoebis funqcionireb-is uzrunvelsayofad, saubaria Zalauflebaze _ maT unarze`Tavisi miiRon~ xSirad nebismieri saSualebebiT. es idea mS-venivradaa reziumirebuli harold lasuelas wignSi ̀ poli-tika: vin ras Rebulobs, rodis da rogor?~ (1936 w.) sazogadocxovrebaSi es tradicia iTvaliswinebs interesebis mudmivkonfliqts, da rac mTavaria _ resursebis deficits, romelicmomdinareobs im ubralo viTarebisagan, rom adamianis survile-bi usazRvroa, magram maTi dakmayofilebis saSualeba SezRudu-li. amitom aq politikas, rogorc winaaRmdegobas, ise ganix-ilaven; Zalauflebas ki, rogorc mTavar instruments am winaaRm-degobaSi. am midgomas emxrobian feministebi da marqsistebi.

Tanamedrove feminizmi sazrdoobs ideiT, rom politi-ka ZiriTadad gamoricxavs qalebis moRvaweobas da mas mx-olod ojaxisa da ojaxuri valdebulebebis irgvliv tovebs,mamakaci ki agrZelebs moRvaweobas ara mxolod politikaSi,aramed sxva sazogado sferoebSic. amitom feminizmis Teore-tikosebi ewinaaRmdegebian sajarosa da piradulis gayofassazogadoebaSi, rasac Semdgom lozungs uyeneben ̀ piraduliaris politika~, raSic rogorc wylis wveTSi ireklebaradikaluri feminizmis mTeli filosofia.

feminizmma Taviseburi niSa gamoyo _ ̀ yoveldRiurobispolitika~. aq yvela saxis urTierToba _ ojaxSi, col-qmarsSoris, bavSvebTan iseve, ̀ politikuria~, rogorc mosamsaxurisa

18 19

flebisa da saxelmwifos problematika devs: pluralizmi,elitizmi, klasobrivi analizi da a.S.

tomas kunim Tavis wignSi `mecnieruli revoluciisstruqtura~ makroTeoriis warmodgenas uwoda paradigma, rogorcideologiur tradicias. paradigma _ urTierTdakavSirebuliprognozebis, doqtrinebis da Teoriebis aris krebuli, rom-lebic xels uwyobs gaazrebis struqturul process. bunebi-smetyvelebaSi, klunis mixedviT, yvela droSi mefobs erTiparadigma, Zvel paradigmas axali cvlis. es paradigmebi Rebu-loben farTo socialuri filosofiis formas, rasac xSiradideologias uwodeben _ liberalizms, konservatizms, social-izms, faSizms, feminizms da a.S.

daskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebi

politika aris moRvaweoba, romlis farglebSic xalxiqmnis, inarCunebs da amdidrebs sazogado wesebs. sazogadomoRvaweoba dakavSirebulia, erTis mxriv, nairferovnebasa dakonfliqtze, meores mxriv, _ TanamSromlobisa da amoqmedebaze.politika umjobesia gavigoT, rogorc konfliqtebis gadaWrisgza, magram yvela konfliqti ar aris mogvarebadi.

sxvadasxva tradiciebiT da sxvadasxva moazrovneTamixedviT politikas igebdnen sxvadasxvagvarad. mas saxelm-wifo marTvis xelovnebad aRiqvamdnen. sazogado konfliqteb-is mogvareba xdeboda diskusiebiTa da kompromisebiT. yvelazesadao problema politologiaSi aris is, Tu sazogado cx-ovrebis romel sferos moicavs ̀ politika~. tradiciuli midg-omiT am sferos ganekuTvnebian mxolod institutebi da isini,vinc moRvaweobs sazogadoebis ̀ sajaro dawesebulebebSi~. Tupolitikas gavigebT, rogorc Zalovani urTierTobis process,maSin mas miekuTvneba piradi cxovrebis calkeuli mxareebi.

politikis Seswavla mecnierul xasiaTs atarebs imde-nad, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia miviRoT obieqturi codna poli-tikis samyaroze, koncefciebi, modelebi da Teoriebi undagavigoT, rogorc politikuri analizis instrumentebi, romel-Ta meSveobiTac Cven gamovyofT codnas usasrulo da rTulirealobidan. saboloo jamSi, sazogadoebisa da politikis esaTu is gageba xorcieldeba farTo inteleqtualuri konstru-qciis farglebSi _ ideologiur paradigmaSi.

gvaZlevs srul codnas gare samyaros Sesaxeb. yvelaferi pirdapirkavSirSia politikis samyarosTan: Cven viZenT codnas, vamdi-drebT da vayalibebT cnebebs, romlebic msoflios usazRvro-bis arss gvagebinebs. cneba da koncefcia TavisTavad adamiansmovlenaTa Semecnebasa da gaazrebaSi exmareba.

modeli da Teoria farTe cnebaa; isini ideebia mTelspeqtrs Seicaven. modelis sityvis qveS tradiciulad viaz-rebT obieqts Semcirebuli masStabiT. mag, Tojinis saxli anTviTmfrinavi. modelis funqciaa rac SeiZleba zustad gaime-oros originali. mag. kompiuteruli ekonomikis modeli veriqneba TviTon ekonomikis fizikuri analogia. konceptualurimodeli _ ufro analitikuri instrumentia. modelebi Sei-caven urTierTobebis garkveul SigTavss, romlebic warmogviCe-nen empiriuli monacemebis azrsa da mniSvnelobas. poli-tikuri analizis erT-erTi yvelaze kargi politikuri siste-mis modeli SeimuSava devid istonma.

models Zalian ambiciuri mizani hqonda, analizis siste-mis safuZvelze aexsna mTeli politikuri procesi wamyvanipolitikuri aqtebis CaTvliT. rac, Tavis mxriv, erT mTlianobasqmnis. politikur sistemaSi, rogorc istonma axsna, aris ̀ wv-lili~ da `sargebeli~. pirveli niSnavs moTxovnas, mxardaW-eras sazogadoebis mxriv. meore _ gadawyvetilebebsa da mo-qmedebebs, romelSic sxvadasxva programebi Sedis, kanonebis miRebada sazogado saSualebebis gafarToeba. istonis modelSi poli-tikuri partiebi da interesebis jgufebi warmodgenilia rogorc`mekare~. maTi mTavari amocanaa politikur sistemaSi `Seyva-nis~ raodenobis regulireba. istonis modeli ukeTesad xsnisimas, Tu ratom midian represiasa da Zalisxmevaze, rogor xdebo-da es ama Tu im politikur sistemebSi. terminebi ̀ Teoria~ da`modeli~ xSirad ixmareba rogorc urTierTSemcvleli cnebe-bi. erTic da meorec Semadgeneli konceptualuri konstruq-ciaa. politologebi ityvian, rom Teoria SesaZloa iyos nakle-bad WeSmariti, modeli ki _ ufro naklebad `sasargeblo~.Teoria da modeli xSirad urTierTkavSirSia. rTul poli-tikur Teoriebs SeuZliaT iyon ilustrirebuli rigi mod-elebiT. magaliTad, pluralizmis Teoria SeiZleba aixsnassaxelmwifo modelis gamoyenebiT, eleqtoratuli procesisTeoria ki jgufuri politikis modeliT da a.S.

modeli da mikroTeoria politikuri analizis umTavre-si Teoretikuli instrumentebia, romlis centrSic Zalau-

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saxelmwifoSi SeiZleba vigulisxmoT nebismierimeqanizmi an instituti, romelic xelmZRvanelobs sazogadoe-bas, mxars uWers masSi dawesebul wesrigs, gaaCnia unari gamoi-muSavos koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebebi da ganaxorcielos isini.garkveuli mmarTvelobis amgvar sistemas Cven aRmovaCenT TiTq-mis yvela socialur institutSi _ ojaxSi, skolaSi, saqmianstruqturaSi, profkavSirebSi da sxv. termins `saxelmwifommarTveloba~ ZiriTadad miakuTvneben im oficialur da in-stitucionalur procesebs, romelTa meSveobiTac erovnuldoneze narCundeba kanoni da wesrigi, xorcieldeba koleqti-uri xasiaTis qmedebani. saxelmwifos centraluri funqciaaSeimuSaos, miiRos kanonebi da cxovrebaSi ganaxorcielos.

politikuri sistemis klasifikacia CvenTvis sainteresoda mniSvnelovania ori mizeziT. pirveli, igi arsebiTad am-subuqebs politikis da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis gagebas,politologiasa da sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi cno-biereba ZiriTadad modis Sedarebis gziT, eqsperimentuli xa-siaTis meTodebi aq miuRebelia.

meore _ klasifikacia aiolebs ara marto analizs,aramed movlenebis Sefasebas. aristoteles droidan poli-tikuri moazrovneebi miiswrafodnen ara marto gaegoT, aramedmoexdinaT Zalauflebis srulyofa. istoriaSi araerTxelganxorcielda udidesi arsiT utopiuri cdebi mmarTvelobisidealuri sistemis dasaxatad. mag. platonis `respublika~,Tomas moris ̀ utopia~, ̀ mindvrebi, fabrikebi da saxelosnoebi~da sxv. Cven gveZleva SesaZlebloba mivceT maT garkveulixarisxobrivi daxasiaTeba, Sefaseba. mxolod SedarebiTi midg-omis CarCoebSi SeiZleba garkveuli msjeloba sxvadasxva sak-iTxebze. mag. ̀ unda mivesalmoT Tu ara ruseTis, saqarTvelosda sxv. postsabWoTa qveynebis gadasvlas liberalur demokra-tiaze?~ `indoeTma uari unda Tqvas Tu ara federalizmzeunitaruli sistemis Tu regionebis damoukideblobis sasarge-blod?~, `didma britaneTma unda miiRos Tu ara dawerilikonstitucia?~ da a.S.

klasifikaciis yvela sistemas aqvs Tavisi naklovanebebi.aris saSiSroeba imisa, rom ar iqnas SemCneuli da gaTval-iswinebuli sxvadasxva pirobebSi erTi da igive movlenisgansxvavebuli azri, mag. iaponiasa da mTel aRmosavleT azia-Si `saxelmwifo~ arsiT da tipiT SeiZleba gansxvavdebodesim `saxelmwifosgan~, rogorc igi esmiT dasavleTSi. amitom

Tavi IITavi IITavi IITavi IITavi IImTavrobebi, sistemebi da reJimebimTavrobebi, sistemebi da reJimebimTavrobebi, sistemebi da reJimebimTavrobebi, sistemebi da reJimebimTavrobebi, sistemebi da reJimebi

Zveli drois moazrovneebi ganasxvavebdnen mmarTvelo-bis sxvadasxva formebs. jer kidev Zv. w. aR. me-4 s. aristotelempirvelma daaxasiaTa politikuri reJimebi iseTi cnebebis gamoy-enebiT, rogorebicaa ̀ demokratia~, ̀ oligarqia~ da ̀ tirania~.

me-18 dasawyisSi ukve gvaqvs monarqiuli da respub-likuri saxelmwifoebi, avtokratiuli da konstituciuri re-Jimebi. XX saukuneSi gaCnda kidev ufro specifikuri klas-ifikaciebi. mag. `civi omis~ periodSi planetis politikurisuraTi warmogvidgeboda or dapirispirebul mxares _ demokra-tiasa da totalitarizms Soris.

dReisTvis es klasifikacia moZvelebuli Cans iseTimovlenebis fonze, rogorebicaa komunizmis kraxi, aRmosavleTaziis amoZraveba da politikuri islamis Camoyalibeba. TumcajerjerobiT garkveuli ar aris raze mianiSnebs es cvlile-bebi _ dasavluri liberaluri demokratiis triumfze TuTanamedrove msoflios Semdgom politikur fragmentaciaze.

tradiciuli klasifikacia da titradiciuli klasifikacia da titradiciuli klasifikacia da titradiciuli klasifikacia da titradiciuli klasifikacia da ti pologiebipologiebipologiebipologiebipologiebi

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistemis arsebuli klas-ifikaciebis sakiTxze gadasasvlelad saWiroa pasuxi kiTxve-bze _ ra aris `mTavroba~ da riT gansxvavdeba mTavroba`politikuri sistemebis~ an ̀ reJimebisagan~. termini ̀ mTavro-ba~ miekuTvneba institutebsa da procesebs. romlis CarCoeb-Sic ZiriTadad miiReba koleqtiuri da, amasTanave, rogorcwesi, Sesasruleblad aucilebeli gadawyvetilebebi. poli-tikuri sistema an reJimi farTo gagebiT moicavs aramartoZalauflebis meqanizmebsa da saxelmwifos institutebs, asevestruqturebsa da procesebs, romelTa meSveobiT saxelmwifozemoqmedebs sazogadoebasTan.

reJimi aris ̀ mmarTvelobis sistema~, romelic narCun-deba mTavrobis yovelgvari cvlilebisas. mTavrobebi SeiZle-ba Seicvalos arCevnebis, dinastiebis Secvlis, saxelmwifogadatrialebebis da sxva movlenaTa Sedegad. reJimebi ki icv-leba an garedan samxedro Carevis Sedegad, an SigniT revolu-ciuri gadatrialebiT.

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Jan bodeni. naSromSi ̀ saerTo keTildReobis eqvsi principi~bodeni dawvrilebiT ganixilavda sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu vinaris Zalauflebis matarebeli saxelmwifoebSi. is mividadaskvnamde, rom mmarTvelobis ufro misaReb formad miCneuliunda iqnes absolutizmi, rameTu Zalauflebis matarebeli aqaris mmarTveli, romelsac aqvs ufleba ukarnaxos kanoni, Ta-vad ki aranairi kanoniT ar izRudeba. rodesac ZalauflebaerTi adamianis xelSia saxelmwifo, bodenis mixedviT, iRebserTiani da ganuyofeli suverenitetis yvela sikeTes. amasTanavemonarqic SezRudulia Tavis nebaSi _ RvTaebrivi kanoniT anadamianebis bunebrivi uflebiT. hobsi suverenitets ganmar-tavda rogorc gansakuTrebul uflebas iZulebiT Zalaufle-baze. mis wignSi ̀ leviaTani~ mmarTveli gamodis SeuzRudavixelisuflebis matareblad.

mogvianebiT am ideebis radikaluri gadasinjvis moTx-ovniT gamovidnen adrindeli liberaluri azris iseTi war-momadgenlebi, rogorebic iyvnen jon loki da monteskie _konstituciuri mmarTvelobis ideologebi. lokma `mTavro-bis or traqtatSi~ win wamoswia debuleba imis Sesaxeb, romsuvereniteti ̀ Tavsdeba~ ara monarqSi, aramed xalxSi. mTavro-bis Zalaufleba ki SezRuduli unda iqnas adamianis bune-brivi uflebebiT, gansakuTrebiT sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisada sakuTrebis uflebebiT. monteskies cnobili ̀ kanonTa kre-buli~ warmoadgenda sazogadoebis WeSmaritad mecnieruligamokvlevis cdas, rom Tavad monteskiem, absolutizmis Seurige-belma kritikosma da inglisis parlamentaruli tradiciisenTuziastma, pirvelma wamoayena ̀ Zalauflebis danawilebis~winadadeba aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo in-stitutebs Soris. mogvianebiT es principi ganxorcieldaamerikis konstituciaSi (1787).

`sami samyaros~ ti`sami samyaros~ ti`sami samyaros~ ti`sami samyaros~ ti`sami samyaros~ ti pologiapologiapologiapologiapologia

XX saukuneSi istoriis svlam kidev erTxel Secvalapolitikuri tipologiis kriteriumebi. or msoflio oms SorisperiodSi warmoiSva avtoritarizmis axali formebi _ stalinurruseTSi, faSistur italiasa da nacistur germaniaSi; msof-lio gaxda gaiyo or sistemad _ demokratiul da totali-tarul saxelmwifoebad. Tumca meore msoflio omSi faSizmi

SedarebiTi analizis Catarebisas mxedvelobaSia misaRebi eT-nocentrizmis saSiSroeba. klasifikaciebi SeiZleba iyos dam-axinjebuli ama Tu im faseuli zegavleniT. mag. iyo dro, rocapolitologebi aerTianebdnen komunistur da faSistur re-Jimebs erTi rubrikis ̀ totalitarulis~ qveS; warmoiSva su-raTi, rom `civi omis~ wlebSi dasavleTis liberaluridemokratiebi ebrZodnen arsebiTad im mters, romelTanac Tan-amSromlobdnen meore msoflio omSi. klasifikaciis yvelaCvens sistemas axasiaTebs kidev erTi nakli _ win ayenebssaxelmwifos, xolo qveynebs ganixilavs, rogorc mTlian siste-mebs. globalizaciis epoqaSi aseTi midgoma gaumarTlebelia.

istoriulad mmarTvelobis sistemis yvelaze ufroavtoritetuli sistema iyo is, romelic IV s. Cv. eramde Sei-muSava aristotelem _ misTvis masalad iqca 158 berZnulipolisi, romlebic im momentisTvis arsebobda. aristotelesSemdeg es sistema batonobda politikur filosofiaSi kidev2500 wels. aristotele Tvlida, rom mTavrobebi erTmaneTis-gan gansxvavdeba ori kategoriiT: ̀ vin marTavs~ da ̀ vis inter-esebSia es~. Zalaufleba SeiZleba iyos erTi adamianis, adami-anTa jgufebis an mravali moqalaqis xelSi. yvela am SemTx-vevaSi igi SeiZleba emsaxurebodes an mmarTvelebis viwro,aSkarad egoistur interesebs an mTeli sazogadoebis intere-sebs. ase aristotelem gamoyo mmarTvelobis eqvsiforma:Ltirania, oligarqia, demokratia, monarqia, aristokratiada politia.

aristotele cdilobda Rirseulad SeefasebinammarTvelobis TiToeuli forma, raTa ganesazRvra maT SorisukeTesi. uares, gafuWebul formebs man miakuTvna tirania,oligarqia da demokratia. ufro srulyofilad miiCnia monar-qia, aristokratia da politia: am sistemebSi Sesabamisad erTiadamiani, adamianTa klasi da sazogadoebis farTo fenebi mar-Tavdnen. mmarTvelobis yvelaze cud formad aristotele Tv-lida tiranias. mmarTvelobis srulyofil da mdgrad formadmiCneuli iqna politia.

aristotele upiratesobas aniWebda mmarTvelobis`Sereul~ formas, romelic gaaerTianebda Tavis TavSi demokrati-isa da aristokratiis elementebs, xolo Zalaufleba iqneboda`saSualo klasebis~ _ arc mdidrebisa da arc RaribebisxelSi. SemdegSi aristoteles Teoria ganviTarebuli iqnaiseTi moazrovneebis mier, rogorebic iyvnen tomas hobsi da

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Tanamedrove msoflios reJimebiTanamedrove msoflios reJimebiTanamedrove msoflios reJimebiTanamedrove msoflios reJimebiTanamedrove msoflios reJimebi da axali demokratia da axali demokratia da axali demokratia da axali demokratia da axali demokratia

1980 wlebis bolodan politologiaSi saerTod ar iyoseriozuli cdebi politikuri sistemebis klasifikaciaSiSemoeTavazebinaT raime axali Teoria. sami samyaros koncef-ciaze uari Tqves, magram rogori unda iyos dayofis axalixazebi msoflios politikur rukaze, aqamde ucnobia. istori-is dasasrulis idea Tavisi arsiT aRmoCnda erTdRiani pepela,romelic gamofrinda sinaTleze mxolod komunizmisa dademokratizaciis kraxis gamo 1989 wlis bolos da 1990 wlebisdasawyisSi. dRes gasagebia, rom triumfis ganwyobileba, ramacmaSin dasavleTi moicva sinamdvileSi iyo civi omis Semdegkmayofileba.

rac Seexeba axali sistemis klasifikaciis konturebs,SeiniSneba kidev erTi siZnele _ mkafio kriteriumebis uqon-loba. unda iTqvas, rom klasifikaciis arcerTi sistema arefuZneboda erTaderT kriteriums, Tundac yvelaze seriozu-ls.

unda gaviTvaliswinoT reJimis sami ZiriTadi daxasi-aTeba _ misi politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli aspeqte-bi. sistemebi gansxvavdeba ara marto Tavisi konkretuli poli-tikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli parametrebiT, aramed imiT,Tu rogor zemoqmedeben erTmaneTze da es parametrebi exmare-bian erTmaneTs realur cxovrebaSi Tavisi kulturuli kon-teqstidan gamomdinare: mag. mravalpartiuli arCevnebi da sa-bazro ekonomika dasavluri sazogadoebis liberalur kul-turaSi _ es erTia, dasavluri sazogadoebis kulturaSi gan-sxvavebuli. amasTanave saWiroa gageba, rom XX saukunis dasas-rulis uRrmesi politikuri gadatrialebebis fonze nebis-mieri klasifikacia droebiTi xasiaTis iqneba. TviTon poli-tikuri sistemebi dRes icvlebian ise swrafad, rom maTi klas-ificireba urTulesia. es cvalebadi politikuri realobisamaradiuli rbolaa.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi SeiZleba gamoiyos reJimebisxuTi ZiriTadi tipi: dasavluri poliarqiebi, axali demokratiebi,aRmosavleT-aziuri reJimebi, islamuri da samxedro reJimebi.

cneba ̀ dasavluri poliarqiebi~, faqtiurad, miekuTvnebaim sistemebs, romlebzec adre laparakobdnen rogorc liber-alur demokratiebze. es aris sistemebi, romelTa sawyisi

ganadgurda, kontrasti demokratiasa da totalitarizms Sorismainc TvalSisacemi iyo. daiwyo kvalifikaciis iseTi siste-mis Zieba, romelic iqneboda sruliad obieqturi da neitraluri.droTa ganmavlobaSi popularoba moipova e.w. ̀ sami samyaros~koncefciam, romlis mixedviT politikuri samyaro SeiZlebadaiyos sam blokad:

kapitalisturi ̀ pirveli samyaro~;komunisturi ̀ meore samyaro~;ganviTarebadi ̀ mesame samyaro~.am klasifikacias aqvs Tavisi ekonomikuri, ideologiuri,

politikuri da samxedro-strategiuli ganzomilebani.dasavluri industriuli reJimebi gamocxadebuli iqna

`pirvel samyarod~. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT aq mosaxleo-bis cxovrebis yvelaze maRali donea. 1983 w. es qveynebi, romelSiciyo msoflio mosaxleobis mxolod 15%, qmnida msofliosSida produqtis 63% (1885 w. msoflio bankis monacemebiT). amazriT, komunisturi reJimebi iyvnen `meoreebi~. maT gaiaresindustrializaciis procesi da SeeZloT daekmayofilebinaTTavianTi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi materialuri moTxovnebi; aqcxovrobda msoflio mosaxleobis 33%, es qveynebi awarmoebd-nen msoflio Sida produqciis 19%. aziis, afrikisa da laTi-nuri amerikis naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebi gaerTiandnen`mesame samyarod~ im kriteriumiT, rom isini ekonomikuraddamokidebuli da masobrivi siRaribiT arian moculi: aq msof-lio mosaxleobis 52% cxovrobs da masze modis msofliosasaqonlo produqciis 18%. damangreveli dartyma sami sam-yaros koncefciaze miitanes 1989-1991 w. aRmosavleT evropul-ma revoluciebma. maTi Sedegi iyo orTodoqsaluri komuniz-mis kraxi ssr kavSirSi da yofili socialisturi banakisqveynebSi, politikuri liberalizaciis da sabazro reforme-bis dawyeba. am mimarTulebiT frensis fukuiamam ganacxada,rom yvelaferi es niSnavs ̀ istoriis dasasruls~, radgan yovel-gvari ideologiuri winaaRmdegobebi damTavrda dasavluriliberaluri demokratiis gamarjvebiT. rac Seexeba meore damesame samyaros reJimebs, maT sabolood unda gaiazron, rommxolod kapitalisturi pirveli samyaro Tavazobs ekonomikuriayvavebisa da politikuri stabilurobis WeSmaritad sworperspeqtivebs.

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mkacr ganawilebaze da sruliad naTlad gawerilia konsti-tuciis muxlebSi. sxva qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT kontinenta-lur evropaSi saboloo politikuri konsensusis ukan dgaspartiaTa Soris urTierToba _ maTi molaparakebebiT, ̀ vaWro-biT~ da ̀ Zalauflebis danawilebiT~. belgiaSi, avstriasa daSveicariaSi ganviTareba hpova SeTanxmebiTi demokratiissistemam, rac ufro miesadageba Rrma religiuri, ideologiuri,kulturuli, regionaluri gansxvavebebis sazogadoebebs. kon-sensusuri an pluralistuli tendenciebi xSirad asocirdebakoaliciur mTavrobasTan, Zalauflebis danawilebasTan aR-masrulebel da sakanonmdeblo Stoebs Soris da a.S.

rogorc ar unda moxdes politikuri sistemis klas-ificireba, yvela poliarqiuli reJimi unikaluri erTjeradida gansakuTrebulia. amerikulis gansakuTrebuloba umetesadmodis iqidan, rom qveyanas ar gauvlia feodalizmi, magram iyomigraciis gamocdileba, dasaxlebis mowyoba da sazRvrebisganawileba. yvelaferi es gvixsnis Cven ratomaa aSS poli-tikuri kultura ase individualisturi, ratom (unikalurimomenti dasavlur poliarqiebs Soris) moaxdina qveyanam imu-nitetis demonstrireba socialisturi da am tipis sxvamoZraobebis mimarT).

ufro rTul SemTxvevas warmoadgens indoeTi. kultu-rul, religiur da filosofiur mimarTebaSi qveyanas veraf-riT mivakuTvnebT dasavleTs. evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikisganviTarebuli poliarqiebisgan gansxvavebiT igi umetesadagraruli qveyanaa, sadac ganaTlebis done odnav aRemateba50%-s. 1947 w. damoukideblobis miRebis Semdeg indoeTi war-moadgenda tipiur poliarqias, romelmac sakmaod adviladgadaitana `gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobac~ ki, romelic in-dira gandim SemoiRo 1970 w. bolos.

indoeTis politikuri stabiluroba aixsneba indoeT-is nacionaluri kongresis kasturi politikiT da, SeiZlebaiTqvas, im ̀ mistikiT~, rac yovelTvis gars akravda neru-gandisdinastias. dRes arcerTi faqtori aRar arsebobs da xdebaindoeTis evolucionireba SeTanxmebiTi demokratiisken.

msoflioSi demokratizaciis axali talRa hanTingTo-nis mixedviT daiwyo 1994 w. memarjvene mTavrobebis damxobiTsaberZneTSi, portugaliasa da espaneTSi da Semdeg gamoixatalaTinur amerikaSi samxedro diqtatorTa poziciebis Sesus-tebiT da, rac mTavaria, komunizmis kraxiT. 1989-1991 w.w. aRmo-

geografiuli areali iyo CrdiloeT amerika, dasavleT evropada avstralia. am reJimebSi hanTingToni ganixilavda demokra-tizaciis pirveli ori talRis produqts, romelTagan pirve-li moicavs periods 1828 wlidan 1926 wlamde da iseT qveynebs,rogoricaa aSS, safrangeTi da didi britaneTi, xolo meore1943-1962 ww. da moicavs dasavleT germanias, italias, iaponiasda indoeTs. Tumca am sistemebis damyarebis procesi gadiodademokratizaciasa da liberalizaciaze. termini poliarqiamocemul SemTxvevaSi ufro misaRebia, vidre `liberaluridemokratia~. miT umetes, cnebaSi `liberaluri demokratia~ufro bevri ramaa aRebuli politikuri idealidan, vidre si-namdvilidan.

politikuri sistemebis aRsawerad cneba ̀ poliarqia~Semotanili iqna dalis da lindblomis mier naSromSi ̀ poli-tika, ekonomika da keTildReoba~, xolo Semdeg ganviTarebuliqna dalis mier naSromSi ̀ poliarqia: monawileoba da opozi-cia~. am avtorTa azriT, poliarqiebi sazogadoebas aZlevenfarTo SesaZleblobebs politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobismisaRebad. aq didia politikuri aqtivobis done, romlis miR-weva xdeba mkveTrad damuSavebuli saarCevno sistemiT, racmoqalaqeebs uflebas aZlevs gaakontrolos, da Tu aucilebe-lia, moiSoros arasasurveli politikosebi. am azriT po-liarqiebi axloa demokratiuli elitizmis im formasTan,romelsac ioseb Sumpeteri aRwers naSromSi `kapitalizmi,socializmi da demokratia~. Tumca lindblomi da dali(1985) aRiarebdnen im faqts, rom poliarqiebi imyofebian didikorporaciebis uzomo zegavlenis qveS. saerTod, raRac po-liarqiuli niSnebi damaxasiaTebelia yvela saxelmwifosaTvis,romelTa praqtikaSic mravalperioduli arCevnebia. Tumca arSeiZleba iTqvas, rom dasavluri poliarqiebi erT TargzeagamoWrili. zogni midrekilni arian centralizaciisa da ma-Joritaruli mmarTvelobisadmi. maJoritaruli demokratiebidafuZnebulia parlamentarizmis principebze. yvelaze naTe-li magaliTi aq, ra Tqma unda, didi britaneTia, magram ammodelis mravali niSani Cans axali zelandiis, avstraliis,kanadis, israelisa da indoeTis politikur sistemebSi. ammodelisgan gansxvavebiT dasavluri poliarqiebisTvis damax-asiaTebelia Zalauflebis dayofa samTavrobo da partiuliinstitutebis mTel speqtrze. aSS mmarTvelobis sistemadafuZnebulia mTavrobis institutebs Soris Zalauflebis

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1992 w. Sewyvita arseboba Cexoslovakiam da daiyo CexeTad daslovakeTad. magram ufro dramatuli formebi miiRo naciona-lur-eTnikurma konfliqtma iugoslaviaSi, sadac man gamoiwviaomi serbeTsa da xorvatias Soris 1991 w. da samoqalaqo omibosniaSi 1992-1996 w.

postkomunisturi reJimebi, ra Tqma unda, aseve araerTg-varovania. mTavari gansxvavebebi aq gadis industriulad gan-viTarebul da `dasavlurad~ mcxovreb centralur evropisqveynebs _ CexeTi, ungreTi da poloneTi da ufro CamorCenilqveynebs _ rumineTi, bulgareTi da garkveul wilad ruseTsSoris. pirvel jgufSi sabazro reformebi Catarda swrafadda SedarebiT uproblemod, meoreSi isini arasruli iyo, gamoi-wvia seriozuli politikuri winaaRmdegobebi. saxelmwifoeb-is pirveli jgufi cdilobs rac SeiZleba swrafad Sevidesevropis kavSirSi. da bolos, SeuZlebelia daviviwyoT TviTruseTis unikaluroba, rac gamomdinareobs misi imperiuliwarsulidan, avtoritaruli da eqspansionisturi formebismiRebis rusuli saxelmwifoebriobis midrekilebidan da imgaremoebidan, rom petre I-is droidan aq pirispir idgnendasavluri da slavinofiluri interesebi da amitom dRes masuWirs gaerkves Tavis kulturul da politikur bedSi.

SeuZlebelia gamovricxoT, rom XX s dasasrulisTvisdawyebuli aRmosavleT aziis aRmavloba SeiZleba gaxdes ufromniSvnelovani globalur-istoriuli procesi, vidre komu-nizmis kraxi. am xnis ganmavlobaSi msoflio ekonomikis cen-trma gadainacvla dasavleTidan aRmosavleTiT. ukve XX sbolo or aTwleulSi ekonomikuri zrdis monacemebi wynariokeanis regionis dasavleT ̀ gareubanSi~ oTxjer aRematebodaevropisa da amerikis ganviTarebuli ekonomikis monacemebs.ufro naklebs laparakoben aRmosavleT-aziur politikursistemaze. 1980-1990 wlebSi mravalpartiuli eleqtoralurisistemebi warmatebiT ganviTarda iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaatailandi, samxreT korea da taivani. Tumca aziis poliarqiu-li institutebi ise ar funqcionireben, rogorc dasavleTSi.arsebiTi gansxvaveba kulturebs Sorisac, rac konfucianizmiszegavleniT dasavlurma fundamentalizmma Camoayaliba. undavaRiaroT, rom aziuri Rirebulebani dasavlurisgan mkveTradgansxvavebulia. ama Tu im mimarTebiT aRmosavleT aziur re-Jimebs aqvT raRac saerTo. isini met wilad organizebulniarian ufro ekonomikuri miznebis garSemo; maTi mTavari amocanaa

savleT evropuli revoluciebi aaqtiurebs demokratizaciisprocesebs, romelTa msvlelobaSi bevri ram nasesxebi iqnadasavluri liberaluri modelidan. mTavari aq iyo poli-tikaSi mravalpartiuli arCevnebisa da ekonomikaSi sabazroreformebis SemoReba. bevri politikuri reJimi ganicdis gar-damaval periods, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi gaiyvans maTdasavluri modelis poliarqiebze. dReisTvis umjobesia essistemebi mivakuTvnoT gansakuTrebul gardamaval tips. pirv-el rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom komunisturi warsulis simZimisdaZleva SeuZlebelia mokle xanSi, gansakuTrebiT ruseTSi. amqveynebSi gardamavalma periodma moitana axali problemebi,rasac araferi saerTo ar hqonda dasavlur sazogadoebaTaproblemebTan. es reJimebi Sesabamisad axal demokratiebad annaxevrad demokratiul reJimebad unda iqnas kvalificirebu-li.

paradoqsulia, magram, garkveul wilad, am sistemebSistabilurobis ideas atareben komunisturi da yofili komu-nisturi partiebi. rumineTSi da bulgareTSi komunisturisazogadoebis bevri instituti warmatebiT gadabargda post-komunistur epoqaSi, xolo ungreTSi, poloneTsa da ruseTSikomunisturi partiebi principuli an koniunqturuli mizeze-biT social-demokratiul poziciebze dganan.

kidev erTi problemebis wyeba dakavSirebuliaekonomikuri gardaqmnis procesTan. ̀ Sokuri Terapia~, romel-ic saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis receptebiT mimdinareobs,aris centraluri dagegmarebidan Tavisufal kapitalizmzegadasvla, man umuSevrobis zrdisa da inflaciis gamo arsebi-Tad gaauaresa sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenis mdgomareoba dagaaZliera socialuri uTanasworoba.

90-iani wlebis rTul drosTan SedarebiT dResekonomikuri liberalizaciis tempebi mkveTrad Senelda. ume-tesad, sazogadoebis uaryofiTi reaqciis gamo sabazro re-formebze, rac gamoixata komunistur da Tavisi SeferilobiTnacionalisturi partiebis mxardaWeraSi. bolos, problemebiskidev erTi wre dakavSirebulia saxelmwifo mmarTvelobissisustesTan. dRes es aSkarad Cans eTnikuri da erovnuliwinaaRmdegobebis aRorZinebaSi. ssrk kavSirSi komunizmiskraxTan erTad moxda yofili sabWoTa imperiis daSla. im 15damoukidebel saxelmwifoSi, romelmac igi Secvala ruseTisCaTvliT, erovnuli problemebi dgas yvelaze ufro mkveTrad.

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revoluciam gamoiwvia islamuri respublikis Seqmna aiaTolahomeinis meTaurobiT (1900-1989), romelsac Semdeg mibaZa sudan-ma da pakistanma. specifikuri da eqstravagantulic ki gaxdaislamis interpretacia iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa libia.

islami arasdros ar iyo mxolod religia. es ufromTliani cxovrebis wesia, rac gansazRvravs eTnikuri, poli-tikuri da ekonomikuri qcevis normebs rogorc adamianebis,aseve saxelmwifosTvis. ̀ islamis gza~ efuZneba muhamadis moZRvre-bas (570-632), romelic gadmocemulia yuranSi, rasac yvela mus-limi aRiarebs, rogorc RvTis sityvas, aseve surebSi ̀ gakva-lul gzaSi~, morwmune muslimanTa mxriv adaTebis dacvaSi.

politikuri islami iswrafvis Teokratiuli saxelm-wifos Seqmnisken, sadac politikuri da sxva urTierTobebidamorCilebuli iqneba rwmenis principebs. amasTanave arse-bobs misi gansxvavebuli mimarTulebebi Seurigebeli funda-mentalizmidan iseT formebamde, romlebic garkveulad exebi-an politikur pluralizms.

islamis fundamentalisturi versia asocirebuliairanTan. aq sicocxlis bolomde saTaveSi idga aiaTola homeini,romelic xelmZRvanelobda islamis revoluciur sabWos, or-ganos, romelic aerTianebda saeklesio ierarqiis 15 umaRlespirs. qveyanaSi arsebobda sayovelTaod arCeuli parlamenti,islamis sakonsultacio asambleis saxiT, yvela kanoni undadamtkicebuliyo konstituciis dacvis sabWos mier, igi Tvaly-urs adevnebda maT Sesabamisobas islamis principebTan.

homeinis gardacvalebis Semdeg 1989 w. misi memkvidrexaSemi rafsanjani gadavida ufro pragmatul da naklebadideologizirebul politikaze. SariaTis samarTali aq dRem-de rCeba gabatonebul samarTlad da moralur kodeqsad. ufrometad fundamentalizmi gamovlinda avRaneTSi. Talibanis reJimi1997-2001 wlebSi atarebda Teokratiul mmarTvelobas, sadacqalebi savsebiT gamoiricxnen ganaTlebidan, ekonomikidan da,saerTod, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan. aranakleb mniSvnelo-van rols asrulebs fundamentalizmi saudis arabeTSi, Tumcakonservatiuli sunituri reJimi gamoirCeva ufro msubuqiformebiT, vidre Siituri iranis revoluciuri populizmi.TviTon muslimanebi ar eTanxmebian islamuri reJimis Sefase-bebs rogorc `fundamentalisturisas~, xedaven ra masSi mx-olod dasavluri winaswarganzraxulobis gamovlenas ̀ egzo-tikuri~ da `despoturi~ aRmosavleTis winaaRmdeg. imis ma-

xeli Seuwyon ekonomikur zrdas da keTildReobas da argaafarTovon individualur uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa iswre, rasac Cven vxedavT dasavleTSi. es metismeti pragmatizmiaSkarad TvalSisacemia ̀ xuTi vefxvis~ ekonomikur ganviTare-baSi _ samxreT korea, taivani, honkongi, singapuri da malaizia.masve vxedavT CineTis ganviTarebaSi 1970-iani wlebis bolodanda es Zalauflebaze im komunisturi monopoliis dros, romelicjerac arsebobs CineTSi. am sistemebSi dafuZnebulia ̀ Zlieri~mTavrobis idea _ saxelmwifosadmi pativiscema da saTanadomxardaWera mmarTveli partiis mxridan, Tundac es kompartiaiyos.

xelmZRvaneli da lideri aq sargeblobs pativisce-miT. Tumca loalobis konfuciuri tradiciis mixedviT, yve-lafer amaSi SeiZleba davinaxoT raRac dafaruli an Riatendencia totalitarizmisken. da bolos, aq bevrs fiqrobensazogadoebasa da socialur kavSirebze _ ojaxi aris amtradiciis centraluri elementi. jamSi yalibdeba is, rasaciaponelebi uwodeben ̀ jgufur azrovnebas~, sadac sustia in-dividualizmi da adamianis uflebebi.

rogorc sxva sistemebi, aRmosavleT-aziuri sistemebierTgvarovani ar aris. aq vlindeba kulturuli gansxvavebebi.sainteresoa, rom singapuris skolebSi konfuciuri programe-bis danergva uSedegod damTavrda. msgavs situacias adgilihqonda malaiziaSi, sadac aseve yvelaferi keTdeboda, raTaSeeferxebinaT Cinuri zegavlena da metad gaeZlierebinaTamis gareSec aSkarad gamoxatuli nacionaluri kulturisislamuri elementebi. CineTis gadasvlam kapitalisturi gan-viTarebis gzaze metwilad Caaqro, Tumca ver gadawyvita yvelaes winaaRmdegoba. aqamde, SenarCunebulia mkveTri kontrasti`sabazro stalinizmsa~ (Cinuri nimuSis) da Rrmad gamjdariaponur demokratias Soris.

islamis, rogorc politikuri Zalis, aRmavlobam moax-dina gavlena CrdiloeT afrikaSi, aziis nawilsa da axloaRmosavleTSi politikis sferoze. calkeul SemTxvevebSimebrZoli muslimanuri moZraobebi Tavis Tavze iReben qala-qis RaribTa interesebis ruporis rols marqsizm-leninizmSisayovelTao imedgacruebis gamo da amiT ucxadeben gamowvevasarsebul reJimebs.

wminda islamur saxelmwifod Tavisi warmoSobisdroidan _ 1932 w _ iqca saudis arabeTi. 1979 w. iranSi

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Tia generaluri papandopulosi saberZneTSi (1974-1986 w.), gen-erali pinoCeti CileSi 1973 w. da generali abaCa nigeriaSi1993-1998 w.w. bolos, Cven vxedavT samxedro diqtaturebs, sadacmTavari faqtori armiis samxedro poziciaa, TviTon generali-teti ki amjobinebs darCes CrdilSi da ̀ mxolod Zafebi daqa-Cos~. swored aseT suraTs warmoadgenda brazilia meore msof-lio omis Semdeg, sadac armia amjobinebda SeenarCunebinaZalauflebis politikur da samxedro organoebad danawileba(aseT dros aris albaToba imisa, rom sazogadoebaSi Caisaxebasamoqalaqo mmarTvelobisken miswrafeba da diqtatura adreTu gvian daTmobs Tavis poziciebs da adgils dauTmobs demokra-tizaciis procesebs).

daskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebi

mTavroba unda aRviqvaT rogorc meqanizmi, romlis meS-veobiTac mowesrigebulia mmarTveloba, misi mTavari niSania_ koleqtiuri gadawyvetis gamotanis da maTi aRsrulebisuzrunvelyofis unari. cneba ̀ politikuri sistema~ an ̀ reJi-mi~ moicavs ara marto mmarTvelobis meqanizmebs da saxelm-wifo institutebs, aramed struqturebsa da procesebs, romlismeSveobiTac saxelmwifo urTierTmoqmedebs sazogadoebasTan.

politikuri sistemebis klasifikacia or mizans emsax-ureba: 1. movlenebis SejerebiT uzrunvelyofs maTSi msgavse-bisa da gansxvavebis gamovlenas; 2. gvexmareba SevafasoT poli-tikuri sistemebis esa Tu is xarisxi da Rirseba.

reJimebis klasifikaciisTvis istoriulad arsebobdagansxvavebuli kriteriumebi. klasikuri tipologiebi aris-toteles droidan gamodiodnen sazogadoebis calkeuli in-stitutebis saerTo.

komunizmis kraxma da demokratiis progresma seriozu-li siZneleebi Seitana axali msoflios politikuri kul-turis gagebaSi. klasifikaciis tradiciuli sistemebi moZ-velda, miT umetes, rom klasifikaciebs droebiTi xasiaTi aqvT.dRes politikuri sistemebis klasifikacia unda moxdes imismixedviT, Tu rogor xdeba maTSi politikuri, kulturuli daekonomikuri faqtorebis urTierTzemoqmedeba.

`istoriis dasasrulis~ Teoretikosebma gamoacxades,rom istoria damTavrda, an male damTavrdeba _ liberaluri

galiTi, rom islami savsebiT SeTavsebadia politikur plu-ralizmTan, aris malaizia. miuxedavad imisa, rom islami aqaris oficialuri saxelmwifo religia da qveynis umaRlesimmarTveli aris saxelmwifos da eklesiis meTauri, qveyanaSiCamoyalibda raRac `marTuli~ demokratiis magvari, sadacmravalpartiuli sistemis CarCoebSi Zalaufleba ekuTvnismalaizielTa erovnul organizacias premier-ministris xe-lmZRvanelobiT. Tumca 1988 w. reJims aRmoaCnda avtoritaru-li tendenciebi, da daWerebisa da qveyanaSi mkacri cenzurisSemoRebis Semdeg Sewyvita arseboba damoukidebelma samar-Talwarmoebam..

maSin, rodesac politikuri sistemebis umravlesobaformirdeba politikuri, kulturuli da ideologiuri faq-toris zemoqmedebiT, msoflioSi rCeba iseTi reJimebi, rom-lebic damyarebulia wminda samxedro Zalaze, sistematiuriZulebasa da represiebze _ samxedro reJimebze. maT miakuTvneben`avtoritarulebis~ ufro farTo kategorias. samxedro yaidisavtoritarizmi yovelTvis gavrcelebuli iyo laTinur amerika-Si, axlo aRmosavleTSi, afrikasa da samxreT-aRmosavleT azia-Si. meore msoflio omis Semdeg samxedro reJimebi aseve war-moiSva espaneTSi, portugaliasa da saberZneTSi. rogorc wesi,samxedro reJimis dros Zalaufleba gadadis samxedro xe-lmZRvanelobis xelSi. amasTanave xdeba tradiciuli poli-tikuri da sakonstitucio dawesebulebebis moqmedebis SeCere-ba, xolo institutebi, romelTa meSveobiTac SeiZleba sajaroopoziciis gamoxatva, parlamenti da presa sustdeba an ikrZa-leba.

Tumca samxedro mmarTvelobis yvela forma Rrmad repre-siulia, maT Soris mravali gansxvavebaa. zogierT diqtaturaSiarmia iTvisebs mTavrobaze pirdapiri kontrolis funqcias. amnairsaxeobis klasikuri gamoxatulebaa samxedro xunta. rogorclaTinuri amerikis istoria gviCvenebs, es koleqtiuri samxedrommarTvelobis formaa, sadac yvelaferi wydeba sameTauro sab-Wos mier. masSi jaris sami saxeobaa warmodgenili (saxmeleTo,sazRvao da samxedro-sahaero), zogjer xuntebisTvis damaxasi-aTebelia jaris saxeobebs Soris metoqeoba, ris SedegadacZalaufleba SeiZleba gadavides xelidan xelSi.

samxedro reJimis sxva formaa piradi diqtatura. amdros xSirad adgili aqvs pirovnebis kults da miswrafebasCamoyalibdes qarizmatuli wyobis Zalaufleba. amis magali-

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Tavi IIITavi IIITavi IIITavi IIITavi IIIpolitikuri ideologiebipolitikuri ideologiebipolitikuri ideologiebipolitikuri ideologiebipolitikuri ideologiebi

~ideologia~ _ politologiis is cnebaa, romlis irgv-livac mudmivad mimdinareobda da momavalSic gagrZeldebaxangrZlivi kamaTi. marTalia es termini Cvens droSi nei-traluri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, rogorc ama Tu im msof-lmxedvelobis ubralo axsna, magram, istoriulad mas sakmaodmZime bedi ergo. iyo dro, rodesac mas uaryofiT mniSvnelobasaniWebdnen. politikuri Sexedulebebis ~ideologiad~ moxse-nieba im droisaTvis yvelaze gamanadgurebeli Sefasebis tol-fasi iyo.

TviTon sityva ~ideologia~ pirvelad gamoiyena frangmafilosofosma destiut de trasma (1754-1836). de trasisaTvisigi niSnavda axal ~mecnierebas ideaTa Sesaxeb~, romelsacCveni azrebis warmomavloba unda Seeswavla. filosofosiimedovnebda, rom ~ideologia~ droTa ganmavlobaSi iseTiveaRiarebuli mecniereba gaxdeboda, rogoric aris zoologiaan biologia... magram termins is mniSvneloba daumkvidrda,romelic XIX saukuneSi karl marqsma mianiWa. marqsi ideolo-gias ganixilavda rogorc ~mmarTveli klasis~ ideebis gamoxat-ulebas, romlebic aSuqebdnen fenebis eqspluatacias.

liberaluri da konservatiuli tradiciebi Taviseburadganmartavdnen ideologias totalitaruli ideis warmoqmnas-Tan erTad. liberaluri orientaciis mecnierebebSi karlkoperma (1902-1994), hana ardentma da j.l. talmonma, ideologiisganxilva daiwyes rogorc socialuri kontrolis saSualebi-sa, romelic uzrunvelyofda sazogadoebriv Tanxmobasa damorCilebas. ̀ civi omis~ periodSi muSaobisas es Teoretiko-sebi faSizmisa da komunizmis ideologias ganixilavdnenrogorc `daxuruli~ azrovnebis or variants. WeSmaritebismonopoliur flobaze acxadebdnen pretenzias da ar uSvebdagansxvavebuli azris arsebobas. am fonze, liberalizmi, kon-servatizmi da demokratiuli socializmi aRiqmebodnen ararogorc ideologiebi, aramed rogorc `Ria~ sistemebi _ imgagebiT, rom isini uSvebdnen Tavisufal azrovnebas, kritikasada opozicias. ufro metic, daJinebiT moiTxovdnen maT arse-bobas.

`ideologiis~ konservatiuli gageba SemuSavebuli iqnaiseTi moazrovnis mier, rogoric iyo maikl oukSoti. igi

demokratiis principebis sruli gamarjvebisTanave. dRes CvenmarTlac vxedavT, rom Tanamedrove samyaros politikuri siste-mebis umetesoba warmoadgens demokratiis ama Tu im saxeobas.amasTan arsebobs seriozuli safuZveli CavTvaloT, rom si-namdvileSi msoflios politikuri sistemebi xdeba ufro rTulida mravalsaxovani, rac Cans dasavluri poliarqiebis, axalidemokratiebis, samxedro diqtaturebis aRmosavleT aziisa daislamuri reJimebis Sedarebisas.

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tikuri doqtrina iyo, romelic absolutizms, feodalur priv-ilegiebsa da maT urTierTsawinaaRmdego konstituciur damogvianebiT, warmomadgenlobiT mmarTvelobasac akritikebda.

XIX s-is dasawyisisaTvis ganviTareba pova ekonomikurmaliberalizmma, romelic propagandas uwevda Tavisufal kapi-talizms da gmobda saxelmwifos yvelanair Carevas ekonomika-Si. XIX saukunis bolos warmoiSva socialuri liberaliz-mis forma, romelmac gaaTviTcnobiera socialuri reformebi-sa da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos Carevis aucile-bloba. aseTi midgoma XX saukunis liberalizmis damaxasi-aTebeli Tema gaxda.

upirveles yovlisa, adamianebi aq ganixilebian rogorcindividebi. isini unikalurebi arian da gaaCniaT Tanabarimoraluri Rirsebebi. amitom liberalizmi cdilobs SeqmnasiseTi sazogadoeba, sadac individis uzrunvelyofili iqnebakeTildReoba da yovel adamians mecema Sansi srulad moaxdi-non TavianTi SesaZleblobebis realizeba.

pirovnebis Tavisufleba pirovnebis Tavisufleba pirovnebis Tavisufleba pirovnebis Tavisufleba pirovnebis Tavisufleba _ liberalizmis erT-erTiSemadgeneli nawilia, romelic ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre,vTqvaT, Tanasworoba, samarTlianoba an Zalaufleba. liberalebiamjobineben isaubron ~Tavisuflebaze kanonis farglebSi~.isini cxadad acnobiereben, rom erTi adamianis TavisuflebamSeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas sxva adamianebis Tavisuflebas daes SeiZleba gadaizardos qaosSi. am problemis idealurigamosavali aq warmogvidgeba Semdegnairad: adamians unda miecesTavisuflebis is maqsimumi, romelic safrTxes ar Seuqmnissxva adamianebis Tavisuflebas.

goneba goneba goneba goneba goneba _ liberalebs swamT, rom samyaros gaaCnia Semec-nebiTi xasiaTi. amitom isini amjobineben irwmunon individisSesaZlebloba damoukideblad miiRos gadawyvetileba. aqedan ga-momdinareobs liberalebSi progresisa da adamianebis SesaZle-blobebis rwmena gadalaxon winaaRmdegobebi mSvidobiani gziT _diskusiiTa da molaparakebebiT da ara ZaladobiTa da omiT.

Tanasworoba Tanasworoba Tanasworoba Tanasworoba Tanasworoba _ individualizmi moicavs adamianTa Ta-nasworobis ideas. igi ar aRiarebs socialuri Tanasworobisideas _ Sedegebis Tanasworobas. vinaidan amis magivrad igiamjobinebs isaubros ~SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobaze~, romel-ic xalxs saSualebas aZlevs moaxdinos sakuTari potencial-is realizeba, romelic Tavidanve araTanabaria.

tolerantoba tolerantoba tolerantoba tolerantoba tolerantoba _ liberalebi darwmunebulni arian, rom

gamomdinareobda im garemoebidan, rom garSemomyofi samyaromTeli Tavisi sirTuliT adamianis SegnebisaTvis miuwvdome-lia. `politikaSi adamianebi curaven uZiro da usazRvrozRvaSi~. am TvalsazrisiT ideologia gvxvdeba rogorc`azrovnebis abstraqtuli sistema~ _ ideebis nakrebi, rom-lebic amaxinjeben politikur realobas, vinaidan cdilobenaxsnan is, risi axsnac SeuZlebelia. amis gaTvaliswinebiTkonservatorebi ideologiis nacvlad upiratesobas aniWebd-nen pragmatizms, tradiciasa da istorias.

yvela zemo aRniSnul midgomas gaaCnia is nakli, rommaTSi ideologia negatiuri mxriT aris warmodgenili. gamo-dis, rom zogi politikuri doqtrina SeiZleba mivakuTvnoTideologias, zogi ki ara. marqsi daJinebiT amtkicebda, rommisi ideebi atarebdnen ara ideologiur, aramed mecnierulxasiaTs; liberalebi uaryofdnen TavianTi filosofiis msof-lio ideologiisadmi mikuTvnebas; xolo konservatorebi amt-kicebdnen, rom politikaSi emxrobian ara ideologiur, aramedpragmatul pozicias. saWiroa moinaxos neitraluri dayovelmxrivi, yvela politikuri tradiciisaTvis misaRebiideologiis klasifikacia, unda ganvTavisufldeT im warmod-genisagan, rom ideologia SeiZleba iyos ̀ cudi an kargi, tyuilian marTali, ganmaTavisuflebeli an dammorCilebeli~. ideologi-is Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv-mecnieruli gagebis Rirsebaaris is, rom igi aixsneba rogorc ideebis mTlianoba, romelicama Tu im meTodiT marTavs politikur qmedebas.

liberalizmi da neoliberalizmiliberalizmi da neoliberalizmiliberalizmi da neoliberalizmiliberalizmi da neoliberalizmiliberalizmi da neoliberalizmi

nebismieri politikuri ideologiebis CamonaTvaliliberalizmiT unda iwyebodes, radgan liberalizmi TavisiarsiT warmoadgens samrewvelo dasavleTis ideologias. rogorcCamoyalibebuli politikuri doqtrina liberalizmi XIX s-is dasawyisSi damkvidrda. misi calkeuli elementebi Semdgo-mi 3 saukunis ganmavlobaSi formirdeboda. Tavisi SinaarsiT,liberalizmi iyo feodalizmis rRvevisa da sabazro kapital-isturi sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis Sedegi. adreuli liber-alizmi gamoxatavda samrewvelo, saSualo klasis miswrafe-bebs. mas Semdeg liberalizmi da kapitalizmi erTmaneTisaganfaqtobrivad ganuyofelia. igi Tavdapirvelad sufTa poli-

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Tanamedrove Tanamedrove Tanamedrove Tanamedrove Tanamedrove liberalizmiliberalizmiliberalizmiliberalizmiliberalizmi

Tanamedrove liberalizmi ufro advilad urigdeba sax-elmwifos Carevas sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi. arsebobs egreTwodebuli socialuri liberalizmis, an sxvagvarad rom vTq-vaT, ~sayovelTao keTildReobis~ liberalizmis cneba. aq mTa-vari idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saxelmwifos Careva, gansakuTre-biT socialuri daxmarebebis saxiT, afarToebs sazogadoebrivsazRvrebs da icavs adamians ~bedis ukuRmarTobisagan~. didbritaneTSi 1942 w. erT-erT samTavrobo moxsenebaSi am sakiTx-Tan dakavSirebiT miTiTebulia 5 ~monstris~ Sesaxeb: SimSili,umecreba, dausaqmebloba, avadmyofoba da gamflangveloba. yvelaam garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT Tanamedrove liberalizmma uaryoTavisufali kapitalis ideali. amaSi gansakuTrebuli roliiTamaSa j.m. keinsis Teoriam imis Sesaxeb, rom zrda da ganvi-Tareba miiRweva mxolod ~marTvadi~ CarCoebis farglebSi anregulirebisas, rodesac saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs ZiriTa-di ekonomikuri amocanebis gadaWras. magram amave dros, axalidrois liberalebi mzad arian mxari dauWiron saxelmwifoCarevis ideas mxolod garkveuli pirobebis dacvis SemTxveva-Si. maT mTavar sazrunavs warmoadgens ukiduresad gaWirvebulifenis dacva, romlebic namdvilad ususurebi arian; xolo mi-zans _ daexmaron am xalxs miaRwion im dones, roca isiniSeZleben damoukideblad moiwyon sakuTari cxovreba da eqnebaTTavisufali arCevanis saSualeba. yvelaze gavleniani Teoreti-kosi, romelic Seecada daekavSirebina liberalizmis princi-pebi ~sayovelTao keTildReobis~ politikasTan da sazogadoe-brivi resursebis gadanawilebis praqtikasTan, iyo jon loki.

neoliberalizmineoliberalizmineoliberalizmineoliberalizmineoliberalizmi

Tavisi SinaarsiT neoliberalizmi Tavisufali bazrisSesaxeb klasikuri politikuri ekonomikis ganaxlebul vari-ants warmoadgens, romelsac Tavis droze anviTarebdnen frid-rix haieki, milton fridmani da robert noziki. neoliberal-izmi or veSapzea dafuZnebuli: bazarsa da individze. neolib-eralizmis mTavari mizani iyo ~saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gada-weva~ im gaangariSebiT, rom regulirebisagan ganTavisuflebu-li kapitalisturi bazari TavisTavad moitans ekonomikur

tolerantoba erTdroulad piradi Tavisuflebis, kulturisada sxva danarCenis garantiaa. jansaRi sazogadoebis Seuc-domel maCveneblad gvevlineba pluralizmi, vinaidan igi xelsuwyobs SexedulebaTa gacvlas sazogadoebaSi da gavlenasaxdens maT ganviTarebaze, radgan mxolod aseT pirobebSigamoicdeba SexedulebaTa WeSmariteba Tavisufali sabazroideebis CarCoebSi. ufro metic, liberalizms sjera, rom saw-inaaRmdego interesebs Sorisac ki arsebobs ~damkvidrebuliharmonia~. swored amitom sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobs da arcSeiZleba arsebobdes iseTi konfliqti, romlis gadawyvetacar SeiZleba.

sazogadoebrsazogadoebrsazogadoebrsazogadoebrsazogadoebrivi Tanxmoba. konsesuivi Tanxmoba. konsesuivi Tanxmoba. konsesuivi Tanxmoba. konsesuivi Tanxmoba. konsesusi. si. si. si. si. _ liberal-izmis filosofiis Tanaxmad Zalaufleba da urTierTobebidafuZnebuli unda iyos sazogadoebriv Tanxmobasa da nebayo-flobiT SeTanxmebebze. yvelanairi mmarTveloba unda emyare-bodes ̀ im mxareTa Tanxmobas~, romelTac isini marTaven. sworedamitom liberalizmi emxroba demokratiis doqtrinas da poli-tikur warmomadgenlobas.

konstitucikonstitucikonstitucikonstitucikonstitucionalizmi onalizmi onalizmi onalizmi onalizmi _ liberaluri ideologiisaTvisyovelTvis warmoadgenda sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani wes-rigisa da stabilurobis garants sazogadoebaSi. yovelTvisarsebobs saSiSroeba, rom xelisuflebam SeiZleba gamoavli-nos tirania. Sesabamisad saWiroa misi SezRudva. sakiTxisgadaWra xdeba saxelmwifos Zalauflebis gayofiT. am amocan-is gadaWra xdeba saxelmwifo institutebSi Zalauflebisa dawinaaRmdegobebis SeCerebiT, kodificirebuli an werilobiTisamarTlebrivi konstituciis miRebiT, romliTac ganisazRvrebaindividis da saxelmwifos urTierToba.

klasikuri liberalizmi Tavidanve emxroboda individ-ualizmis ukidures formas. am tradiciis mqone adamianebiaRiqmebodnen rogorc egoisturi arsebebi, romlebic sakuTarimiznebis misaRwevad iRvwodnen da mxolod TavianTi Tavisimedi hqondaT. isini arian sakuTari bedis gamgebeli adamian-Ta kategoria, am sityvis sruli gagebiT, romelTac aranairivaldebuleba ar gaaCniaT sazogadoebisa da xalxis winaSe.

klasikuri liberalizmis idealad ~minimaluri saxelm-wifos~ idea miiCneoda, romelic ~Ramis guSagis~ funqciasSeasrulebda da Tanamoqalaqeebs yovelgvari usiamovno qmede-bisagan daicavda.

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dakavSirebuli yvelafer imasTan, rac drom gamoscada _tradiciebTan, adaT wesebTan, institutebTan. aq tradicia ariswarsulSi dagrovebuli sibrZne, romelic aucileblad undaiqnes SenarCunebuli momavali Taobebis sakeTildReod. yve-laferi es Zalian mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom amyarebs sa-zogadoebis damokidebulebas stabilurobisa da usafrTxoeb-isadmi.

pragmatizmi pragmatizmi pragmatizmi pragmatizmi pragmatizmi _ konservatorebi yovelTvis miuTiTebd-nen, rom samyaro metismetad rTulia saimisod, rom mas adami-anis goneba Caswvdes. aqedan gamomdinareobs maTi instinqturiundobloba absraqtuli principebisa da Teoriebis mimarT.isini amjobineben daeyrdnon gamocdilebas, istorias da, racmTavaria, darwmunebulni arian, rom unda imoqmedon gonivru-lad, praqtikul garemoebebTan da miznebTan SeTanxmebiT, erTisityviT, yvelafer imasTan, rac ~muSaobs praqtikaSi~.

ierarqia ierarqia ierarqia ierarqia ierarqia _ konservatorTa rwmeniT organul sazoga-doebaSi sxvaoba adamianTa socialur mdgomareobasa da sta-tuss Soris bunebrivi da gardauvalia. yvela adamians sxva-dasxva roli da faseulobebi akisria: mewarme da muSa, maswav-lebeli da moswavle, mSobeli da Svili. magram es uTanas-woroba TavisTavad ar qmnis konfliqts, radgan sazogadoebakavSirebiT aris gamagrebuli. gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgeblobaakisria sazogadoebis umaRles fenas. maTi moraluri valiaim adamianebze ifiqron, romlebsac naklebad gaumarTlaTcxovrebaSi.

Zalaufleba da avtoriteti Zalaufleba da avtoriteti Zalaufleba da avtoriteti Zalaufleba da avtoriteti Zalaufleba da avtoriteti _ konservatorebiyovelTvis amtkicebdnen, rom avtoriteti da Zalaufleba iqmnes~zevidan~. mxolod namdvil liders ZaluZs daanaxos sazoga-doebas swori mimarTuleba da mxari dauWiros maT, visac aryofnis gamocdileba, ganaTleba da codna. odesRac es yve-laferi ~bunebrivi aristokratiulobidan~ gamomdinareobda.dRes ki, avtoriteti da lideroba efuZneba ganaTlebasa dagamocdilebas.

sakuTreba sakuTreba sakuTreba sakuTreba sakuTreba _ gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas konserva-torebi aniWeben sakuTrebas, romelsac adamianisTvis moaqvsusafrTxoeba da uzrunvelyofs damoukideblobas saxelmwi-fosgan. garda amisa, es Tavis mxriv, adamianis ~eqsteritoriza-ciaa~. amave dros, sakuTreba dakavSirebulia rogorc ufle-bebTan, aseve valdebulebebTanac. garkveuli gagebiT yoveliCvengani mxolod qonebis meurveebi varT, romelic memkvidreo-

efeqts, zrdasa da ganviTarebas saxelmwifo ki, rogorc amorientaciis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, axSobs pirad iniciativasda mewarmeobas.

neoliberalizmis mimdevrebis gansakuTrebul Relvasiwvevs sakuTrebis problema. isini upiratesobas aniWeben arasaxelmwifo an nacionalur, aramed kerZo sakuTrebas e.i. ~yve-laferi sakuTari kargia, saxalxo _ cudi~. amis msgavsi ideebixSirad asocirdeba ~myari individualizmis~ saxelTan, romel-mac gamoxatuleba pova margaret tetCeris cnobil frazaSi:`ar arsebobs cneba sazogadoeba _ arseboben mxolod adami-anebi da maTi ojaxebi~.

dRes es ideebi globaluri progresis meSveobiT ikaf-aven gzebs, romlebic rigi avtorebis azriT, gvibrundeba neolib-eraluri globalizaciis saxiT.

konservatizmi da neokonservatizmikonservatizmi da neokonservatizmikonservatizmi da neokonservatizmikonservatizmi da neokonservatizmikonservatizmi da neokonservatizmi

konservatiuli ideebi da doqtrinebi pirvelad XVIII s.bolos Camoyalibdnen. konservatizmi damcvelad daudga moZ-velebuli sazogadoebriv wyobas, magram amave dros TviT yve-laze konservatiul ideaSic Tavidanve ar iyo erTianoba.kontinentalur evropaSi gaCnda mimdinareoba, romelic Riadatarebda aristokratiul da reaqciul xasiaTs da Tavidanveuaryofda nebismier cvlilebas. amerikasa da britaneTSi sic-ocxlisunariani konservatizmis forma aisaxa lozungSi: ~Se-icvalo, raTa SeinarCuno~.

aseTma midgomam saSualeba misca konservatorebs XIX s.gadasuliyvnen socialuri reformebis poziciaSi paternal-isturi lozungiT ~erTiani nacia~. am moZraobis apogeam mi-aRwia did britaneTSi 1950-ian wlebSi, rodesac konservatiu-li partia bolos da bolos Seegua omis Semdgom wesrigs dawamowia demokratiis sakuTari versia keinsis socialuridoqtrinis saxiT, magram es moZraoba 1970-ian wlebSi Seejaxakonservatiul opozicias ~axali memarjveneebis~ mxridan damimdinareoba Taviseburi antietatisturi da antipaternalis-turi sicxariT miubrunda klasikur Temebs da adreuli lib-eralizmis faseulobebs.

tradicia tradicia tradicia tradicia tradicia _ konservatiuli ideis centraluri Tema _~monapovris (dagrovebulis) SenarCuneba~ _ mWidrod aris

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socializmi da marqsizmisocializmi da marqsizmisocializmi da marqsizmisocializmi da marqsizmisocializmi da marqsizmi

miuxedavad imisa, rom socialisturi ideebis kvali XVIIs. gamoCnda levelerebTan da digerebTan, socializmi rogorcpolitikuri doqtrina Camoyalibda XIX s. dasawyisSi sam-rewvelo kapitalizmis reaqciul mowinaaRmdeged. pirveladmis socialur safuZvels warmoadgendnen xelosnebi, magrammale igi mzardma proletariatma, adreuli industrializaci-is ~fabrikis xorcma~ Secvala. Tavis adreul formebSi so-cializmi atarebda fundamentalur, utopiur da revoluciurxasiaTs. misi mizani iyo kapitalisturi meurneobis likvida-cia da misi Secvla axali, xarisxiani socialisturi sazoga-doebiT, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneboda sazogadoebriv sakuTre-baze. am mimarTulebis yvelaze avtoritetuli moazrovniskarl marqsis ideebma fundamenti Cauyara XX s-is komunisturideologias. Tumca XIX s-is dasawyisSi socializmSi gaCndareformistuli dineba, romelmac asaxa muSaTa klasis Tanda-TanobiTi integraciis procesi kapitalizmis pirobebSi _Sromis pirobebis gaumjobesebis, xelfasebis zrdis, profkav-Sirebis gaZlierebisa da socialisturi muSaTa partiebisCamoyalibebis gziT. reformizmma gamoavlina mSvidobiani,TandaTanobiTi da sruliad legaluri ~saparlamento gziT~socializmSi gadasvlis SesaZlebloba. am ideologias gaaCn-da ori wyaro: eTikuri socializmis humanisturi tradiciebi,dakavSirebuli iseT moazrovneebTan, rogorebic arian: rob-ert oueni (1771-1858), Sarl furie (1772-1837) da uiliam morisi(1854-1896) da aseve marqsistuli revizionistuli Sexedulebe-bi, romelsac ZiriTadad eduard bernSteini aviTarebda.

XX s. socialisturi moZraoba or mowinaaRmdege banakadiyo gayofili: revoluciuri mimarTulebis socialistebad,romlebic gayvnen leninsa da bolSevikebs da bolos dabolos ganisazRvrnen rogorc komunistebad. social-refor-matorebad, romelTac legaluri konstituciuri politikispozicia ekavaT, imaT TavianT irgvliv Semoikribes yvela iselementi, romelTac SemdgomSi social-demokratia daerqva.debatebi mimdinareobda ara marto socializmze gadasvlisgzebze, aramed ixileboda TviTon socialisturi ideebis arsi.

social-demokratebma kategoriulad uaryves iseTiradikaluri xasiaTis moTxovnilebebi, rogoric iyo sazoga-doebrivi sakuTreba da saxelmwifo dagegmareba. cdilobdnen

biT gvergo winaprebisagan da SemdgomSi STamomavlebs undagadavceT.

neokonservatizmi faqtobrivad aRadgens XIX s. konserva-tizmis socialur principebs. mTavar miznad igi miiCnevsaaRorZinos ~avtoriteti~ da tradiciuli faseulobebi dakav-Sirebuli ojaxTan, religiasTan da naciasTan. neokonserva-torebis azriT, mxolod avtoriteti iZleva stabilorobisSenarCunebis garantias sazogadoebaSi, ramdenadac mas Tansdevs disciplina da pativiscema tradiciebisadmi, romlebicuzrunvelyofen sazogadoebriv erTianobas. amas upirispirde-ba TviTneboba, sakuTari ̀ me~-s kulti, Cveva ~moiqce ise, rogorcginda~, romelic neokonservatorebis azriT, 1960-ianma wlebmamoitana.

sainteresoa, rom amerikeli neokonservatorebis umeteso-ba sinamdvileSi yofili liberalia, romlebsac imedi gaucruaTkenedi-jonsonis epoqaSi momxdarma reformebma.

~axali memarjveneebis~ ideologia imdenad gaemijna kon-servatiuli ideis mTavar azrs, rom, Tavis mxriv, igi iqca impraqtikis erTgvar kontrevoluciad, romelic Camoyalibda omisSemdgom periodSi da romelic iTvaliswinebda xelisufleb-is Carevasa da liberaluri da socialur-progresuli Rire-bulebebis gavrcelebas.

am ideologiis formireba 1970-ian wlebSi daemTxva imspecifikur moments, roca, erTi mxriv, amowuruli aRmoCndakeinzis moZRvreba socialuri demokratiis Sesaxeb, rac gam-oixata omis Semdgomi ekonomikuri aRmavlobis SewyvetiT da,meore mxriv, gamoikveTa socialuri krizisis konturebi daxelisuflebis avtoritetis vardna sazogadoebaSi. 1980-ianwlebSi did britaneTsa da amerikaSi, ~axalma memarjveneebma~gamoxatuleba poves tetCerizmsa da reiganizmSi. amas mohyvamasiuri Zvrebi sabazro ekonomikis formirebaSi, magram imavdrou-lad ~axali memarjveneebis~ ideologia gaxda ara imdenaderTiani da sistematuri filosofia, ramdenadac mcdelobaSeeTavsebinaT ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli tradicia _~neoliberalizmi~ da ~neokonservatizmi~. miuxedavad imisa,rom am or mimarTulebas Soris arsebobs Taviseburi daideologiuri winaaRmdegobebi, maT aerTianebT lozungi: ~Tavis-ufali ekonomika da Zlieri saxelmwifo~.

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lasgan SesaZleblobis mixedviT _ yvelas moTxovnilebismixedviT~. am filosofiis mixedviT, mxolod pirveladi moTx-ovnilebebis dakmayofilebis Semdeg iRebs adamiani sazoga-doebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobas. magram gaurkvevelia, Turogor mivaRwioT imas, rom moraluri xasiaTis faqtorma gada-wonos materialuri.

socialuri klasi socialuri klasi socialuri klasi socialuri klasi socialuri klasi _ socialisturi ideologia xSir-ad asocirdeba klasobrivi politikis garkveul formasTan.jer erTi, sazogadoeba upiratesad warmoCindeba klasobrivipolitikis struqturebidan gamomdinare, sadac keTildReobaklasobrivi moTxovnilebebis safuZvelze yalibdeba. meorec,socializmi Tavidanve gamoxatavda Cagruli proletariatisinteresebs da ganixilavda mas, rogorc socialuri revoluciisda sazogadoebrivi progresis mamoZravebel Zalas. am ideologi-is poziciidan gamomdinare, klasobrivi gansxvaveba gardamavalxasiaTs atarebs. socialistebis amocanas warmoadens socialurida ekonomikuri uTanasworobis likvidireba an maTi mniS-vnelovnad Semcireba,

sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba _ sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb,Tu rogor unda gadawydes principuli problema sakuTrebisganawilebis Sesaxeb, socialuri ideologiisTvisac ki sakama-To aRmoCnda. sakamaTo ar iyo mxolod is, rom warmoebisxarjze Seqmnili sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba, SesaZleblobasiZleoda materialuri resursebi Caeyenebina xalxis samsaxur-Si im dros, rodesac kerZo sakuTreba badebs egoizmsa damomxveWelobas, da, bolos da bolos, xels uwyobs sazogadoeb-is dayofas mdidrebad da Raribebad.

rogorc calke Teoriuli sistema, marqsizmi yovelTvisiyo liberalizmis mTavari oponenti. igi axali drois dasav-leTSi rogorc sulier, ise mis kulturul cxovrebaze gaba-tonda. asazrdoebda saerTaSoriso komunistur moZraobas damasTan erTad kapitalizmis sistemis mowinaaRmdege politikurZaladac gvevlineboda. yoveli SemTxvevisTvis es ase iyo 1917-1991 w.w. TvalTaxedvis aridan ar unda gamogvrCes socialurifilosofiis sxvaoba, gamomdinare karl marqsisa da fridrixengelsis klasikur naSromebsa da XX s-is komunizmis fenomensSoris, romelic sakmaod Camocilda klasikuri marqsizmis princ-ipebs. socializmis krizisi ar unda ganvixiloT rogorcmarqsizmis dasasruli. leninizmisa da stalinizmisagan gan-Tavisuflebam mas misca unari axali sunTqva SeiZinos.

ra gaeanalizebinaT socializmis kategoriebSi ~saxelmwifosayovelTao keTildReobisaTvis~, sazogadoebrivi saxsrebisgonebrivi gadanawileba da strategiul-ekonomikuri mmarTvelo-ba. XX s. bolos orive mimdinareobam krizisi ganicada, ramacsakmaod bevri aalaparaka ~socializmis dasasrulze~. yve-laze dramatuli momenti ki am SemTxvevaSi iyo komunizmiskrizisi, romelic aRmosavleT evropis 1989-91 w. revoluciisinicirebam gamoiwvia. magram social-demokratiis garkveulmanawilma principulad ar uaryo Tavisi tradiciebi, amitom,rogorc zogierTi Teoretikosi fiqrobs, dRes isini arafriTar gamoirCevian liberalebisagan.

sazogadoeba sazogadoeba sazogadoeba sazogadoeba sazogadoeba _ mTavari socializmSi aris Sexedulebaadamianze, rogorc socialur arsebaze, romelic mTeli TavisiarsiT dakavSirebulia samyarosTan.

~yoveli adamiani kontinentis nawilia~... sazogadoeba,marTlac, adamianis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria.adamiani yalibdeba sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis, social-uri jgufebisa da koleqtivebis Camoyalibebis safuZvelze.amitom socialistebi adamianTa qmedebebs xsnian ara Tanday-olili TvisebebiT, aramed ZiriTadad socialuri faqtoriT.

erToba erToba erToba erToba erToba _ socialistebis azriT, xalxi, romelic sam-yaros ekuTvnis, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni unda iyvnen ZmuriurTierTobebiT. amitom, es tradicia amtkicebs TanamSromlo-bis prioritets konkurenciaze da koleqtivizmisas _ indi-vidualizmze. TanamSromlobis dros xalxi aerTianebs Tavi-anT Zalebs da amyareben socialur kavSirebs, xolo konkurenci-isas isini upirispirdebian erTmaneTs, aqvT mtruli da kon-fliqturi damokidebuleba.

socialuri Tanasworoba socialuri Tanasworoba socialuri Tanasworoba socialuri Tanasworoba socialuri Tanasworoba _ Tanasworoba socializ-mis erT-erTi fundamenturi faseulobaa. xSirad socializmiesmiT rogorc egalitarizmis erT-erTi forma, sadac Tanas-worobis cneba yvelaze ufro faseulia sxva faseulobaTaSoris. gansakuTrebuli roli am ideebis erTobliobaSimiekuTvneba socialur Tanasworobis ideas _ Tanabar rezul-tatebs da ara Tanabar SesaZleblobebs.

moTxovnileba moTxovnileba moTxovnileba moTxovnileba moTxovnileba _ socialisturi ideologiis mixedviT,Tanasworobis principidan gamomdinare, sazogadoebaSi mate-rialuri keTildReoba unda nawildebodes moTxovnilebebismixedviT da ara sxva mizezebis gamo. am principis klasikurgamoxatulebas Cven vpoulobT marqsistul formulaSi: ~yve-

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zedmeti Rirebuleba zedmeti Rirebuleba zedmeti Rirebuleba zedmeti Rirebuleba zedmeti Rirebuleba _ urTierToba burJuaziasa daproletariats Soris aris Seurigebeli antagonisturi xasi-aTisa. marqsis mixedviT muSis eqspluatacias kapitalisti-saTvis damatebiTi Semosavali moaqvs, romelic warmoebis pro-cesSi warmoiqmneba. kapitalisti amas aRwevs muSisaTvis ufrodabali anazRaurebis gadaxdiT, vidre mas ekuTvnis saqonlisRirebulebidan gamomdinare. daskvna: ramdenadac proletari-ats ar SeuZlia mudmivad Seeguos eqspluatacias, kapitalizmidaRupvisaTvis aris ganwiruli.

proletaruli revolucia proletaruli revolucia proletaruli revolucia proletaruli revolucia proletaruli revolucia _ kapitalizmi daRupvisTvisaris ganwiruli da, rogorc marqsi ambobda, proletariatissaxiT mas sakuTari ~mesaflave~ gaaCnia. magram kapitalizmsjer kidev mouwevs uamravi krizisisa da winaaRmdegobis gad-alaxva gardaqmnis gzaze. am dros proletariats uCndeba sak-uTari revoluciuri klasobrivi azrovneba. Cndeba uamravimizezi proletaruli revoluciisaTvis, romelic marqsis varau-diT stiqiur qmedebebSi gamovlindeba. magram Tavis gviandelwlebSi igi ar gamoricxavda socializmSi mSvidobiani gziTgadasvlis SesaZleblobas.

komunizmi komunizmi komunizmi komunizmi komunizmi _ marqsis mixedviT, proletaruli revoluciisSemdeg unda dadges gansakuTrebuli, ~socialisturi periodi~,rodesac burJuaziuli kontrrevoluciis CasaxSobad saWirogaxdeba ~proletariatis diqtatura~. klasobrivi winaaRmde-gobebis gadalaxvis Semdeg daiwyeba WeSmariti komunisturisazogadoebis Camoyalibebis procesi, romlis mimdinareobisdrosac saxelmwifo intensiurad daiwyebs ~kvdomas~. dadgebaaraklasobrivi komunisturi sazogadoebis epoqa. yvelanairimaterialuri simdidre sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaSi gadava, xolosaqonlis warmoebis sanacvlod daiwyeba adamianisTvis re-alurad saWiro moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. amis Semdegxalxi TviTon gaxdeba sakuTari bedis gamgebeli da miecemaTsaSualeba Tavisuflad ganaviTaron TavianTi SesaZleblobe-bi: ~TiToeuli adamianis Tavisufali ganviTareba, yvelasaTvisTavisufali ganviTarebis piroba gaxdeba~.

praqtikaSi marqsizmi mWidrod aRmoCnda dakavSirebulisabWoTa komunizmis periodTan da, pirvel rigSi, ori sabWoTalideris _ v.i. leninisa da i. stalinis moRvaweobasTan. XX s-is ideologia marqsizm-leninizmad iwodeba da orTodoqsalurmarqsizms warmoadgens im elementebis cvlilebebiT, romelicmasSi leninma Seitana. ZiriTadi wvlili, romelic marqsizmSi

marqsizmi rTuli sistemaa. marqsis gviani namuSevrebimniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba adreulisagan. erTi ram naTelia_ TviT marqsi Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli, rom SeimuSava so-cializmis mecnieruli sistema, romelic ara mxolod akri-tikebda kapitalizms esTetikuri poziciidan, aramed yovelmxrivganmartavda sazogadoebriv-istoriul procesebs. marqsis ideebmaufro didi auditoria misi gardacvalebis Semdeg Semoikriba.ZiriTadad misi TanamebrZolis f. engelsis, agreTve germane-li socialistebis lideris karl kacskis (1854-1938) da rusiTeoretikosis giorgi plexanovis (1856-1918) naSromebidan ga-momdinare, paralelurad yalibdeboda orTodoqsaluri marq-sizmi, romelsac dialeqtikuri materializmi ewoda.

istoriuli materializmiistoriuli materializmiistoriuli materializmiistoriuli materializmiistoriuli materializmi. marqsistuli filosofiisZiriTad idead gvevlineba is, rasac engelsma istoriis mate-rialuri gageba uwoda _ koncefcia, romelic asaxavs ekonomikismniSvnelobas da, saerTod, sazogadoebrivi warmoebis materi-alur pirobebs. marqsis mixedviT ekonomikuri ~bazisi~, yvelaim niSniT, romliTac xasiaTdeba ~warmoebis saSualeba~, war-moadgens erTgvar safuZvels, romelzedac Sendeba politikurida ideologiuri urTierTobebis sistema.

dialeqtika dialeqtika dialeqtika dialeqtika dialeqtika _ hegelis moZRvrebaze dayrdnobiT, marqsifiqrobda, rom istoriuli ganviTareba dialeqtikurad mim-dinareobda winaaRmdegobrivi brZoliT, romlis Sedegic arisganviTarebis ufro maRal stadiaze gadasvla. Tavis materi-alur ganmartebaSi es idea aRniSnavs, rom istorias amoZravebs~warmoebis saSualebebSi~ Cadebuli winaaRmdegobebi da klasebsSoris urTierTobebi. am modelis versia varaudobs, rom isto-riuli ganviTareba ~warmoebis saSualebebSi~ winaaRmdegobe-bis Sedegia, romelic aisaxeba klasobriv antagonizmSi.

klasobrivi brZola klasobrivi brZola klasobrivi brZola klasobrivi brZola klasobrivi brZola _ kapitalizmis mTavari winaaRm-degobebi warmoqmna kerZo sakuTrebam, romelmac sazogadoebadayo kapitalistebad, romelTac gaaCniaT warmoebis saSuale-bebi da sakuTrebaCamorTmeuli proletariati, romlebic mx-olod sakuTari Sromis gayidviT arseboben. burJuazia ~mmarTv-el klasad~ gvevlineba yvela SesaZlo mdgomareobaSi. isinifloben ekonomikur Zalauflebas, saxelmwifos meSveobiT ax-orcieleben TavianT politikur Zalauflebas da sargeblobensakuTari ideologiuri Zalauflebis yvela upiratesobiT,radgan maTi ideebi TavianTi drois ~mmarTvel ideebs~ war-moadgenen.

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gaze. maT ideebs xandaxan neomarqsizmis kvalifikacias aniWe-ben. pirvelebi, vinc marqsizmi humanistur filosofiad war-moadgines, iyvnen ungreli marqsisti georg lukasi (1885-1971)da italieli antonio gramSi, romelic 1929-35 wlebSi Tavis~cixis rveulebSi~ werda, rom kapitalizmi emyareba ara martoekonomikur, aramed politikur da kulturul faqtorebsac.gramSma amas ~ideologiuri hegemonia~ uwoda.

mrqsizmis ufro aSkarad hegelianuri mimarTuleba ganav-iTara franqfurtis sociologiurma skolam, romlis wamyvaniliderebi iyvnen: Teodor adorno (1903-1969), marqs horkhaimeri(1895-1973) da herbert markuze. franqfurtelma TeoretikosebmaganaviTares ~kritikuli Teoria~, romelic hegelis filosofiis,marqsistuli ekonomikisa da froidis fsiqologiis Sexamebaswarmoadgenda da ramac didi gavlena iqonia 1960-iani wlebis~axal memarjveneebze~.

social-demokratia da mesame gzasocial-demokratia da mesame gzasocial-demokratia da mesame gzasocial-demokratia da mesame gzasocial-demokratia da mesame gza

social-demokratias ar axasiaTebs is Teoriuli mTliano-ba da Tanmimdevroba, rac axasiaTebs klasikur liberalizms anradikalur socializms. im dros, rodesac liberalizmiideologiurad bazris, xolo socializmi sazogadoebrivisakuTrebis momxrea, social-demokratia mudmivad eZebs wonas-worobas bazarsa da saxelmwifos, sazogadoebasa da individsSoris. unda aRiniSnos, rom social-demokratebisaTvis bazrisaRiareba metad mtkivneuli aRmoCnda, magram isini am mosazrebasxsnidnen ara ideologiuri, aramed pragmatuli TvalsazrisiTeleqtoratis moTxovnilebebis safuZvelze. mag. SeiZleba mov-iyvanoT reformistuli aqti, rodesac XX s.-is dasawyisSi, ger-maniis social-demokratiulma partiam miiRo eduard bernSteinisrevizionizmi. mogvianebiT, magdegburgis yrilobaze, 1959 welsgermaniis social-demokratiulma partiam sabolood Tqva uarimarqsizmze da SeiaraRda principiT: ~konkurencia sadac saWiroa,_ dagegmareba sadac aucilebelia~.

social-demokratebis Tviseba iyo zrunva yvelaze susti,gandgomili fenis mimarT. magram am SemTxvevaSic ki ibadebakiTxva: ramdenad SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT isini sufTa socialis-tur tradiciebs. es ideebi saTaves Rebulobs farTo sainfor-macio wyaroebidan: TanagrZnobis humanuri eTikidan, samyaro-

leninma Seitana iyo revoluciuri Teoria. lenini iqidan ga-momdinareobda, rom mudmivad burJuaziuli ideebisa da burJua-ziuli crurwmenebis qveS myof proletariats ar SeeZlo ga-eTviTcnobierebina Tavisi revoluciuri SesaZleblobebi da arSeswevda unari elementaruli ~trediunionis~ situaciidan ga-mosuliyo, raTa gaeumjobesebina sakuTari Sromisa da cxovrebispirobebi. amitom ~muSaTa klasis avangardad~ saWiro iyo rev-oluciuri partiis arseboba, romelic mecnieruli marqsizmiTiqneboda aRWurvili. es unda yofiliyo axali tipis partia, aramasobrivi organizacia, aramed mcire, Sinaganad Sekruli profe-sionali revolucionerebis gundi. aseTi, ~muSaTa klasis avan-garduli partiis~ meSveobiT movidnen 1917 wels bolSevikebixelisuflebis saTaveSi. Tumca, Zalian male ~proletariatisdiqtatura~ ~komunisturi partiis diqtaturad~ amotrialda,romelic sabWoTa erTpartiuli saxelmwifos ~mamoZravebel Zal-ad~ iqca. 1930-iani wlebis stalinis ~meore revoluciam~ qveyanaufro Zlierad gadaatriala, vidre 1917 wlis revoluciam. sab-WoTa saxelmwifos Zirfesvianad Secvlis Semdeg stalinma Seqm-na orTodoqsaluri komunizmis sistema, romelic 1945 wlis Sem-deg dainerga aRmosavleT evropaSi, CineTSi, Crd. koreasa dakubaSi. ekonomikis pirveli xuTwledi daiwyo 1928 w. da ekonomi-kaSi kerZo seqtoris swrafi aRmofxvriT damTavrda. amas 1929 w.soflis meurneobis sruli koleqtivizacia mohyva. mTeli ekonomi-ka saxelmwifo kontrolis qveS gadavida da saxelmwifo dageg-marebis sistemas daeqvemdebara.

aseTive Rrma iyo qveyanaSi politikuri cvlilebebi. 1930—ani wlebis ganmavlobaSi stalinma ssrk-Si diqtatura daam-yara. partiaSi aRmofxvra sityvis Tavisufleba, saxelmwifomoxeleebi da samxedro mosamsaxureebi opoziciisagan gawminda.ssrk gaxda totalitaruli saxelmwifo. represiebi da teroricxovrebis normad iqca. gorbaCoviseuli gardaqmna (1985-1991)cdilobda Tavi daexsna dromoWmuli centralizebuli dageg-marebis sistemisagan. zedapirze amoxeTqa Zalam, romelic didixnis ganmavlobaSi Rrmad iyo Camaluli da romelmac gaamgza-vra komunizmi l. trockis TqmiT ~istoriis sanagve yuTze~.

marqsizmis bevrad rTulma da ~rafinirebulma~ formamTanamedrove marqsizmis saxiT, gavrceleba pova dasavleT evro-paSi. Tanamedrove marqsistebma Tavi daaRwies formulas _~bazisi _ zednaSeni~ da uari Tqves klasobrivi brZolisSexedulebebze, rogorc socialuri analizis alfasa da ome-

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qiuroba adgilobrivi kavSirebisa da mTlianad samoqalaqosazogadoebis ganviTarebis meSveobiT. am kuTxiT ~mesame gzis~politika warmoCindeba rogorc liberaluri komunitarizmissaxesxvaoba, romelic ~axali individualizmis~ deklarirebi-sas, saWiroebs balanss, erTi mxriv, adamianis uflebebsa damewarmeobas Soris, meore mxriv, sazogadoebriv valdebulebebi-sa da moraluri pasuxismgeblobas Soris. da bolos, kidev erTiTviseba ~mesame gzis~ ideologiisa, romelic uaryofs yvelanairevalitarizms, Tanabari SesaZleblobebis principis deklar-irebasa da meritokracias _ am orientaciis politikuri moR-vaweebi reformebis aucileblobas xedaven ara imisTvis, rommudmivad, ~akvnidan samaremde~ uzrunvelyon xalxi, aramed ̀ xeliSeuwyon adamians, raTa adamiani TviTon daexmaros Tavs~, iqnebaes SeRavaTebi Tu stipendia ganaTlebisTvis; uzrunvelyos iskategoria, romlebic TviTon arian dainteresebulni saqmiano-biT da mxolod sakuTari Tavis imedi aqvT. am ideologiaskritikosebic gamouCnda, miuTiTebdnen ra, rom aseTi midgomasakmaod winaaRmdegobrivia da maTi gadaWra praqtikulad rTu-li da SeuZlebelic kia.

sxva ideologiuri tradiciebisxva ideologiuri tradiciebisxva ideologiuri tradiciebisxva ideologiuri tradiciebisxva ideologiuri tradiciebifaSizmifaSizmifaSizmifaSizmifaSizmi

liberalizmi, konservatizmi da socializmi saTavis XIXs-Si iRebs, xolo faSizmi XX s-is pirmSoa. SeiZleba iTqvas,igi or msoflio oms Sors periodSi Camoyalibda. faSisturiideologiis zogierTi elementi XIX s-is bolos gamovlinda,magram saboloo saxe am idebs pirvelma msoflio omma damisma Sedegebma, kerZod, pirveli msoflio omisa da revoluci-is nazavma misca. am moZraobis ori ZiriTadi pirmSoa: musoli-nis faSisturi diqtatura italiaSi 1922-43 w.w. da hitlerisnacisturi diqtatura germaniaSi 1933-45 w.w. calkeuli neofa-Sisturi da neonacisturi recidivebi SeimCneoda XX s-isbolos, romelic ekonomikurma krizisma da politikurma ara-stabilurobam gamoiwvia.

Tavis droze, garkveuli azriT, faSizmi Camoyalibdarogorc protesti im faseulobaTa da ideaTa sawinaaRmdegod,romelic damonirdeba safrangeTis revoluciis droidan. racio-nalizmi, progresi, Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba _ yvelaferi es

saTvis individis mikuTvnebis socialisturi ideebisagan, Tana-bari SesaZleblobebisa da pozitiuri Tavisuflebis liber-aluri filosofiisagan da, bolos, konservatizmisaTvis damax-asiaTebeli paternalisturi wesebis dadgeniT. magram rogorizegavlenac ar unda moexdina maTze social-demokratias yve-laferi yovelTvis mTavrdeboda lozungiT ~saxelmwifos keTil-dReoba~, sazogadoebrivi saSualebebis gadanawileba dabalifenebisa da socialuri samarTlianobis sasargeblod. yvelaferies SesaZloa kargi iyo keinzianuri batonobis epoqaSi, magrammeore msoflio omis Semdgom yvela darwmunda, rom saxelmwi-fos ekonomikaSi farTod Carevis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba kapi-talizmis ~humanizireba~, sruli dasaqmeba da bolos da boloszRvaris SenarCuneba mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris. siRaribisSemcirebasTan erTad industriul qveynebSi ekonomikuri zr-dis mkveTrma vardnam social-demokratia daayena aucileblo-bis winaSe gadaexedaT TavianTi poziciebisaTvis.

~mesame gza~ zusti terminia da bevri interpretacia gaaC-nia. es imiT aixsneba, rom es moZraoba Tavidanve eyrdnobodasxvadasxva ideologiur tradiciebs. esenia: uaxlesi liberal-izmi, ~erTiani naciis~ konservatiuli principi da Tanamed-rove social-demokratia. ~mesame gzis~ koncefcia sxvadasxvaqveynebSi sxvadasxva politikuri Zalebis mier iyo wamoweuli.aSS-Si ~axali demokratebisa~ da bil qlinTonis mier, brita-neTSi ~axali demokratebisa~ da toni bleris mier. agreTvesxvadasxva Teoretikosebis mier germaniaSi, holandiaSi, ital-iasa da axal zelandiaSi. gansxvavebebis miuxedavad Camoyali-bebul ideologiaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT ramdenime saerTo Tema.pirveli, yvela sistemam, romelic agebulia principiT ~ze-modan _ qvemoT~ da romlebic odnav mainc emxroba saxelmwi-fos Carevas, gansakuTrebiT ki socialisturma sistemebma, sruliadamowures TavianTi SesaZleblobebi. meore, globalizaciiskvaldakval kapitalizmi ganicdis transformirebas ~codnisekonomikaSi~, romelic emyareba informaciul teqnologiebs,individualuri momzadebis waxalisebasa da samuSao Zalismobilurobas. neoliberalizmis sapirispirod ~mesame gzis~ideologia saxelmwifos cnobs sicocxlisaTvis aucilebelrogorc ekonomikur, ise socialur Zalad, im ganmartebiT, romsaxelmwifos movaleobaa xeli Seuwyos nacionaluri ekonomikissaerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobas ganaTlebisa da profesi-uli momzadebis gziT, aseve Seakavos globaluri sabazro sti-

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feminizmifeminizmifeminizmifeminizmifeminizmi

miuxedavad imisa, rom feminizmze saubrebi jer kidevZvel CineTSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, am sferoSi aranairiTeoriebi ar arsebobda sanam 1792 w. ar gamoCnda meri vol-stounkraftis wigni ~qalTa uflebebis dacva~. ufro farToauditoria feminizmma moizida 1840-50-ian wlebSi, rodesacdasavleTis qveynebSi daiwyo sufrakistebis moZraoba, romel-Ta mizani iyo qalebisaTvis saarCevno uflebebis miniWeba. esiyo e.w. ~feminizmis pirveli talRa~. mas Semdeg, rac XX s-isdasawyisSi dasavleTis umetes qveynebSi qalebs rogorc iqnamianiWes amomrCevlis uflebebi, moZraoba garkveuli droisganmavlobaSi naTeli miznisa da ZiriTadi principis gareSedarCa. 1960-ian wlebSi agorda feminizmis ~meore talRa~.masSi aisaxa qalTa politikuri emansipaciis radikaluri daim droisaTvis ufro revoluciuri moTxovnebi. dRes CvenvxvdebiT uamrav feministur Teoriebsa da ideebs. maTSi Sei-Zleba gamovyoT maTi gamaerTianebeli survili _ gaaZlierosqalis roli sazogadoebaSi. feminizms wiTel zolad gasdevsidea imis Sesaxeb, rom sazogadoebas axasiaTebs sqesTa Sorisprincipuli uTanasworoba, rom gabatonebuli sistema kacisaqalze aucileblad unda iqnes gadalaxuli.

gamoyofen sam gansxvavebul feministuri tradicias:liberaluri orientaciis feminizmi, romelic warmodgeniliaiseTi saxelebiT, rogorebic arian meri volstounkrafti dabeti frideni. isini problemas ganixilavdnen im kuTxiT, romsazogadoeba qals imaze bevrad nakelb uflebebsa da saSu-alebebs aniWebda, vidre mamakacs. Tanabari uflebebisaTvisbrZolam reformistuli xasiaTi miiRo. saubaria ~saxalxosferos~ mTlian reformaze, raTa amaRldes qalis politikurida samarTlebrivi statusi, mieces mas ganaTlebis miRebisa dakarieris gakeTebis SesaZlebloba. feminizmis socialisturisaubrebis ZiriTadi Tema iyo qalis roli kapitalisturiwarmoebis sistemis CaorCoebSi. isini miuTiTebdnen, rom qaliojaxis saqmianobas aris mijaWvuli, riTac igi aTavisuflebsmamakacs saojaxo meurneobis uRlisagan. amasTan erTad, qale-bi zrdian muSaxelis momaval Taobas kapitalisturi fabrike-bisaTvis, romelic Tavisi arsiT Sromis sarezervo armiaa.

magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani ~feminizmis meore talRa-Si~ feministuri kritikis aRmocenebaa, romelic aranairad ar

uaryofili iyo hegemoniis, beladizmis, Zalauflebisa da omissaxeliT. amitom faSizmSi mkveTrad figurirebs Zlieri ~anti~,ZiriTadad iq, rac misTvis miuRebelia. faSizmi antikomuniz-mis, antikapitalizmis, antiliberalizmis, antiindividualiz-mis da a.S. saxesxvaobaa. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba gamovyoTcentraluri Tema _ erTiani naciis organuli suraTi. indi-vidi am SemTxvevaSi arafers ar niSnavs, is aucileblad undaSeerwyas koleqtivs, jgufs an kavSirebs. faSisturi idealia _~axali adamiani~. es aris pasuxismgeblobis, movaleobis, RirsebisgrZnobiT aRsavse gmiri, romelic mzad aris fiureris erTisityvis gamo sicocxle gawiros erisa da naciis didebi-saTvis. Tumca, moZarobis SigniT iyo gansxvavebebic. italiurifaSizmi miiswrafoda etatizmis ukiduresi formisaken. rogorcfaSizmis filosofosma jentilem (1875-1944) aRniSna: ~yvelaferisaxelmwifosTvis, araferi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg. araferisaxelmwifos gareT~. germaniis nacional-socializmi ki ey-rdnoboda rasizm-semitizms, ebraeloba gamocxadebuli iyoborotebad da aRmofxvras eqvemdebareboda.

anarqizmianarqizmianarqizmianarqizmianarqizmi

politikur ideologiebs Soris anarqia unikaluria _arc erT anarqiul partias arsad da arasdros ar miuRweviaZalauflebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, anarqizmi sakmaod gavle-niani moZraoba iyo. espaneTSi, safrangeTSi, ruseTsa da meqsika-Si XX s-is dasawyisamde, anarqias, rogorc ideologias dResacTavisi adgili ukavia politikur diskusiebSi; rogorc anti-Tezas im tradiciuli mrwamsis mimarT, rom sazogadoeba ararsebobs kanonis, xelisuflebisa da saxelmwifos gareSe. anar-qizmis mTavari ideaa politikuri Zalebis miuRebloba yvelamis gamovlinebaSi, gansakuTrebiT, saxelmwifos saxiT. anar-qistebi mxars uWeren sazogadoebas saxelmwifos gareSe, sadacxalxi TviTon moagvarebs yvela problemas, Tavisuflad SeT-anxmdebian da iTanamSromleben erTmaneTTan. sainteresoa, romes ideologia Tavis droze viTardeboda ori mowinaaRmdegetradiciis _ liberaluri individualizmisa da socialis-turi komunitarizmis zegavleniT. amitom anarqizmi warmoad-gens raRac saSualos liberalizmsa da socializms Soris _~ultraliberalizmisa~ da ~ultrasocializmis~ erTianobas.

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ruli SeniSna. magram es problemis erTdaerTi xedva ar aris.mag. entoni gidesi (1994) amtkicebs, rom globalizaciis epoqa-Si tradiciebis dacemisa da socialuri refleqsurobis ga-Zlierebisas yevla ideologia zedmetia. kidev erT midgomasgvTavazobs postmodernizmi, amtkicebs ra, rom yevla ideolo-gia Tavisi arsiT aris modernizaciis produqti, romelicdRes dasrulda. aqve unda gaviazroT, rom ideologiis, is-toriis anda modernizaciis eris dasasrulis mtkiceba, TavisTa-vad ideologizirebulia. maT ar SeuZliaT daamtkicon, rommovida ideologiis dasasruli. amis magivrad isini amtkice-ben, rom diskusia ideologiaze bunebrivi da realuria, xoloideologiuri azris moZraoba usasrulo procesia.

daskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebi

ideilogia politikur Teorias politikur praqtikasTanakavSirebs. igi winaaRmdegobrivi politikuri terminia, romelicgarkveuli politikuri filosofiuri kategoriacaa. ideologiaaris msoflmxedvelobrivi Rirebulebebis erTgvari krebuli, Tumcameore mxriv politikuri moZraobis formasac iZens politikuriliderebis, partiebisa da jgufebis qmedebebSi vlindeba.

ideoligiebis sistemur xasiaTs atareben, maT sakuTariprincipebi da ideebi aqvT. Tumca maTi sistemuroba da urT-ierTkavSiri mxolod fardobiTia, radgan yoveli ideologiasakuTar TavSi dapirispirebul tradiciebsa da winaaRmde-gobebsac moicavs.

ideologiaTa mniSvneloba drois mixedviT icvleba,anu imis Sesabamisad Tu ramdenad miesadageba igi arsebulpolitikur, socialur da ekonomikur viTarebas.

ideologiur dasasrulde dResac ar wydeba kamaTi. XXsaukuneSi faSizmisa da komunizmis daamarcxebam xeli Seuwyomosazrebis damkvidrebas, rom ideologiurma dapirispirebamadgili unda dauTmos ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da urT-ierTsargeblianobis princips. Tumca male gamoCnda frensisfukuiamas `istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli adamiani~,romelis liberaluri demokratiis planetis masStabiT gama-rjvebas gvauwyebda. postmodernizmi ki yovelgvari ideologi-isadmi yavlgasulobaze saubrobs. ase rom, kvlavac drogviCvenebs am SexedulebaTa avkargianobas.

aris dakavSirebuli Cveulebriv ideologiasTan. radikalurifeminizmis moZRvreba darwmunebulia, rom sqesobrivi sxvaobabevrad ufro Rrmaa da politikuri mniSvnelobiT sazogadoe-bis wyalgamyofi. mTeli sazogadoeba _ axali da Zveli _ amxedviT patriarqaluria. qeiT miletis (1969) TqmiT: es sistema~samyaros erT nawils _ kacebs saSualebas aZlebs akontro-lon meore nawili _ qalebi~. radikaluri feminizmi seqsu-aluri revoluciis aucileblobis momxrea, romelic yvelafer-Tan erTad Secvlis ara marto politikur, aramed piradul,ojaxur cxovrebas. misi damaxasiaTebeli lozungia _ ~pir-aduli aris politikuri~. marTalia, saqme ar dadis iqamde, rommamakacSi ~mteri dainaxo~. mxolod mis ukidures formebSiradikaluri feminizmis mouwodebs qalebs daSordnen mamakac-Ta sazogadoebas.

ideologiis momavaliideologiis momavaliideologiis momavaliideologiis momavaliideologiis momavali

XX s. dasasruls bevrs saubrobdnen imaze, rom ideolo-giebi gamoifitnen an ukidures SemTxvevaSi dakarges TavianTipirveladi mniSvneloba. 1950-ian wlebSi daiwyo, mas Semdeg,rac II msoflio omSi faSizmi damnarcxda da dasavleTissxvadasxva qveynebSi daiwyo komunisturi krizisi. daiwyodiskusiebi ~ideologiis dasasrulis~ Sesaxeb. deniel belmaTavis naSromSi _ ~ideologiis dasasruli? politikuri idee-bis gamofitva 1950-ian wlebSi~ _ ganacxada, rom kacobriobamabsoluturad amowura politikuri ideebis maragi. belismixedviT, ekonomikam politikaze gaimarjva. magram dReisTvisirkveva, rom momenti, romelzec beli werda, sinamdvielSi iyoara ideologiis dasasruli, aramed ideologiuri konsensusisfarTo gamovlineba wamyvan politikur partiebs Soris. amangamoiwvia politikuri debatebis droebiT Sewyveta, mizezigaxda ~kapitalizmis sayovelTao keTildReobis~ keinziseu-li msjelobebis warmateba. diskusia ganaaxla fresis fuku-iamam Tavis naSromSi ~istoriis dasasruli~. fukuiama aramtkicebda imas, rom politikurma ideologiam sruliad dakargamniSvneloba. igi amtkicebda, rom liberalurma demokratiamajoba yvela mowinaaRmdeges da es gamarjveba sabolooa. esseaRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis kraxis fonze iwereboda ammovlenebSi, fukuiamam marqsizm-leninizmis ideologiis dasas-

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demokratiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSania politikuriTanabrobis principi, idea imaze, rom politikuri Zalauflebarac SeiZleba farTod da Tanabrad gadanawildes. magram sak-iTxi imaSi mdgomareobs, rogor socialur doneze da rogorsocialur CarCoSi unda gavrceldes igi. sxva sityvebiT romvTqvaT, vin Sedis cneba ̀ xalxi~-s SemadgenlobaSi? erTi Sexed-viT pasuxi naTelia: `demos~-Si an `xalxSi~ unda vigulisx-moT yvela adamiani anu qveynis yvela macxovrebeli, Tumcapraqtikulad yvela demokratiuli sistema zRudavda poli-tikur monawileobas da amave dros Zalian mkacrad.

Zveli berZeni avtorebi demosSi moiazrebdnen, umravle-sobas _ Raribebs, romlebic moklebulni iyvnen yovelgvarsakuTrebas. amitom aq sityva `demokratia~ gamoxatavda arapolitikuri Tanabrobis ideas, aramed politikuri balansisdarRvevas Raribebis sasargeblod. berZnul qalaq-saxelmwi-foebSi politikuri monawileoba Semoifargleboda mosaxleo-bis mcire nawiliT _ 20 wels gadacilebuli mamakacebiT.gamoiricxebodnen qalebi, monebi da ucxoelebi. dasavleTisqveynebis umetesobaSi SemdgomSic arsebobda amomrCevelTa ufle-bebis mkacri SezRudva, gansakuTrebiT qonebrivi cenziT anqalTa diskriminaciiT. did britaneTSi amomrCevelTa uflebasayovelTao mxolod 1928 wlidan gaxda, roca amomrCevlis yuT-Tan qalebi dauSves. aSS-Si amas miaRwies 1960 w-dan; maSin bevrsamxreT StatSi afroamerikelebi pirvelad dauSves arCevnebze.SveicariaSi qalebma arCevnebis ufleba miiRes 1971 wlidan.

ramdenadac yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs SinaganiuTanxmoeba, praqtikaSi damkvidrda xalxis sxvagvari definicia,rogorc sazogadoebis umravlesobisa. xalxi SeiZleba gavigoTaseve, rogorc Tavisufali da Tanaswori individebis erToblioba,romelTagan TiToeul maTgans aqvs ufleba miiRos sakuTarigadawyvetileba. Sexedulebis es bolo Tvalsazrisi ara martoaSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba maJoritarizmis maJoritarizmis maJoritarizmis maJoritarizmis maJoritarizmis nebismier formas, aramedgulisxmobs, rom sabooloo jamSi erTxmad miRebuli gadaw-yvetileba sayovelTaod aucilebelia demosisTvis, rac radikalu-rad zRudavs demokratiuli principebis gamoyenebas.

demokratiis umTavresi koncefciebi dafuZnebulia prin-cipze: `mTavroba xalxisagan~. is niSnavs, rom xalxi mniS-vnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi monawileobiT arsebi-Tad marTavs Tavis Tavs da sakuTar da sazogadoebis bedsgansazRvravs.

Tavi IVTavi IVTavi IVTavi IVTavi IVdemokratiademokratiademokratiademokratiademokratia

demokratiis gansazRvreba da modelebidemokratiis gansazRvreba da modelebidemokratiis gansazRvreba da modelebidemokratiis gansazRvreba da modelebidemokratiis gansazRvreba da modelebi

`demokratiis~ gageba CvenTan Zveli saberZneTidan movida,im sityvebis msgavsad, romlebic ̀ kratia~-ze mTavrdeba (avtokra-tia, aristokratia, biurokratia). termini ̀ demokratia~ dafuZneb-ulia berZnul sityvaze ̀ kratia~, rac mmarTvelobas, xelisufle-bas niSnavs. ̀ demokratia~ ki, Sesabamisad, _ ̀ demosis Zalaufle-bas~ (demosi niSnavs ̀ xalxs~, Tumca berZnebi Tavdapirvelad aseuwodebdnen ̀ siRaribes~ an ̀ masas~). es cneba ̀ xalxis mmarTveloba~dRes cota rames Tu gveubneba. saqme imaSia, rom demokratiisproblema TviTon am terminis gavrcelebadoba gaxda, romelicxandaxan uSlis kidevac xels demokratiis rogorc seriozulipolitikuri koncefciis gagebas. ramdenadac demokratia dRes-dReisobiT ̀ karg ramed~ iTvleba, is ukve mWidrod damkvidrdaiseT sityvaTa leqsikonSi, romelic mniSvnelovnad udris xmama-Ral ̀ vaSas~ gansazRvruli ideebis kompleqsis an Zalauflebiskoncefciis mosamarTiT. rogorc bernard kriki (1993 w) aRniSnav-da: `demokratia sazogadoebrivi politikis leqsikonSi Sesa-Zloa erT-erTi yvelaze arasando sityva iyos~.

problemis analizi yvelaze ukeT SeiZleba daviwyoTabraam linkolnis moxsenebiT, romelic 1864 wels getisberg-Si amerikis samoqalaqo omis dros warmoTqva. igi saubrobdademokratiaze, rogorc ̀ xalxis mmarTvelobaze xalxidan daxalxisaTvis~.

am sityvebidan naTelia, rom demokratia akavSirebsmTavrobas xalxTan, magram TviTon es kavSiri SeiZleba ganx-orcieldes sxvadasxva gziT: sakuTriv rogorc xalxis xalxis xalxis xalxis xalxis Za-laufleba; rogorc Zalaufleba maTi, vinc gamovida xalx-vinc gamovida xalx-vinc gamovida xalx-vinc gamovida xalx-vinc gamovida xalx-idan idan idan idan idan da rogorc mmarTveloba xalxis interesebisaTvis.xalxis interesebisaTvis.xalxis interesebisaTvis.xalxis interesebisaTvis.xalxis interesebisaTvis.

is, Tu rogor gavigoT es komponentebi, yovelTvis iyoyvelaze cxeli politikuri da ideologiuri diskusiebissagani. saqmis arsi Tavs iyris Semdeg 3 kiTxvasTan:

• ra aris xalxi?• saxeldobr rogori azria Cadebuli xalxis mmarTvelo-

baSi?• ramdenad Sors SeuZlia da unda gavrceldes xalxis

Zalaufleba?

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bi ̀ demokratiis samyarosi?~ rogori sakiTxebi unda gadawyvi-tos xalxma da rogori _ calkeulma moqalaqeebma? liber-alur individualizmze aSenebuli demokratiis modelebipolitikis viwro gagebiT Cveulebriv gulisxmobs demokrati-uli sferoebis SezRudvas politikiT. politikiT am pozici-idan demokratiis mizania daamkvidros raRac saerTo kanoneb-is krebuli, romlis CarCoebSic individebs eqnebaT SesaZle-bloba maqsimalurad Tavisuflad ganaxorcielon piradi in-teresebi.

arsebobs sxva saxis Sexeduleba demokratiaze, mag: so-cialistebis da radikal-demokratebis Teoriebi radikaluridemokratiis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT adamianebs aqvT sawyisiufleba miiRon monawileoba nebismieri gadawyvetilebebismiRebaSi, romlebic maT cxovrebas exeba. demokratiaSi aq ig-ulisxmeba koleqtiuri procesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs yve-lafer amas. sakuTrebis gansazogadoeba da muSaTa TviTm-marTvelobis Semotana gaigeba rogorc ekonomikuri cxovreb-is demokratizaciis saSualeba.

amrigad, politikuri demokratiis magivrad social-istebi mouwodebdnen `sazogadoebrivi demokratiisaken~ an`sawarmoo demokratiisaken~.

feminizmis warmomadgenlebic aseve moiTxoven ojax-uri cxovrebis demokratizacias, romelic gagebulia, rogorcsayovelTao monawileobis ufleba ojaxuri da piradi cx-ovrebisas gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.

demokratiis ukanaskneli gageba konkretizirdeba dam-atebiTi epiTetiT `liberaluri~. Tumca sinamdvileSi arse-bobs demokratiis ramdenime konkurentuli Teoria an modeli,romelTagan TiToeuli maTgani gvTavazobs saxalxo xelisu-flebis sakuTar versias. es cxadyofs aramarto demokratiu-li formebisa da meqanizmebis mravalsaxeobas, aramed logikurisafuZvlebis sxvadasxvaobas, romelzedac SesaZloa dafuZndesdemokratiuli ideebi. iseT gavrcelebul terminzec ki, rogor-icaa ̀ liberaluri demokratia~, sinamdvileSi arsebobs sruliadsxvadasxva da urTierTsapirispiro poziciebi. saerTod, Sei-Zleba gamoiyos demokratiis 4 sxvadasxva modeli:

• klasikuri demokratia• proteqciuli demokratia• ganviTarebis demokratia• saxalxo demokratia

magram am monawileobas aqvs sxvadasxva formebi. TuCven vsaubrobT pirdapir demokratiaze, maSin xalxis monawi-leobaSi igulisxmeba uSualo da ganuwyveteli monawileobagadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi referendumis meSveobiT, masobriviSekrebebiT. demokratiuli monawileobis alternatiuli daufro Cveulebrivi forma aris politikuri arCevnebi. aq Cnde-ba e.w. warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba,roca moqalaqeebi irCeven maT, vinc miiRebs gadawyvetilebasmaTi saxeliT. xmis micemis demokratiuli xasiaTi erTismxriv iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom sazogadoebam ̀ moisro-los naZiralebi~ da amgvarad uzrunvelyos politikosebisangariSgeba sazogadoebisadmi.

arsebobs demokratiis iseTi modelebic, romlebic efuZne-ba princips: ̀ mTavroba xalxisaTvis~. aq xalxs utoveben pirda-pir an iribad politikuri monawileobis mcire SesaZleblo-bas. yvelaze groteskuli magaliTia e.w. totalitarulidemokratiebi, formirebuli iseTi faSisturi diqtaturis dros,rogoric iyo musolinis da hitleris reJimebi. maTi swrafva`demokratiulobaze~ efuZneboda im ideas, rom mxolod lidersSeeZlo xalxis namdvili interesis gamoxatva. aseT SemTxveva-Si gamodis, rom ̀ WeSmariti demokratia~ SeiZleba mxolod abso-luturi diqtaturis dros. am dros `xalxis xelisufleba~gamoixateboda yovlisSemZle beladisadmi Tavmoxris ritual-Si yrilobebis saxiT, marSebiT, e.w. sazeimo koncertebiT, Soue-biT, piar-aqciebiT, demonstraciebiT da a.S. zogjer amas war-moadgendnen rogorc plebicistur demokratias, Tumca total-itarul demokratiaSi yvela Cveulebrivi gageba demokratiulmmarTvelobaze Tavdayira dgas, isini axdenen erTi mniSvnelo-vani momentis ilustracias, saxeldobr, ̀ mmarTveloba uSualodxalxis meSveobiT~ (sazogadoebis aqtiuri politikuri monawi-leobiT) da ̀ mmarTveloba xalxisaTvis~ (mmarTveloba xalxisinteresebisaTvis) Soris SeiZleba iyos uSvelebeli distan-cia. amitom warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis momxreebiyovelTvis miiswrafian sazogadoebis monawileoba politika-Si daiyvanon xmis ubralo micemaze, imis SiSiT, rom TviTonsazogadoebas SeuZlia ar eyos Wkua, gamocdileba da ganaTleba,raTa TviTon ganaxorcielos mmarTveloba.

roca gavarkvieT ra aris xalxi da rogor unda mar-Tavdes igi, aucilebelia ganvixiloT sakiTxi: ramdenad far-Tod unda vrceldebodes misi mmarTveloba? rogoria sazRvre-

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nadme daZabuli movaleobebisagan. am azriT aTenuri polisiTavis TavSi moicavda demokratiuli idealebis sruliad sa-pirispiro models. miuxedavad amisa politikur cxovrebaSixalxis pirdapiri da ganuwyveteli monawileobis klasikurmamodelma gamoyeneba hpova ufro mogvianebiTac. igi devs refer-endumis safuZvelSi, gansakuTrebiT konstituciur sakiTxebT-an dakavSirebiT da axali demokratiuli gamocdilebis dan-ergvis dro. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT saxalxoTaTbiri da eleqtronuli demokratia.

proteqtoraluri demokratiaproteqtoraluri demokratiaproteqtoraluri demokratiaproteqtoraluri demokratiaproteqtoraluri demokratia

aRorZinebis periodSi XVII-XVIII s.s. demokratiuliideebi Zlier gansxvavdeboda Zv. berZnuli klasikuri demokrati-isgan. demokratias ganmartavdnen ara rogorc politikurcxovrebaSi sazogadoebis monawileobis meqanizms, aramed rogorcsaSualebas, romliTac xalxs SeeZlo SemoesazRvra Tavi Tavi-anT cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos Carevisagan. aqedanaa saxelwode-ba ̀ proteqtoruli demokratia~. demokratiis aseTi gageba dam-axasiaTebeli iyo adreuli liberaluri moazrovneebisaTvis.

SeuzRudavi mmarTvelobisadmi SiSis gamo, jon lokiXVIII s. amtkicebda, rom xmis politikuri ufleba momdinare-obs adamianis bunebrivi uflebisagan, kerZod, sakuTrebis ufleb-isagan. Tanamedrove gagebiT TviTon loks Znelad SeiZlebaewodos demokrati, ramdenadac is Tvlida, rom xmis poli-tikuri ufleba unda hqondes mxolod sakuTrebis mflobelebs,radgan mxolod isini floben im bunebriv uflebas, romelsacSeuZlia SezRudos saxelmwifo mmarTveloba. ufro radikalurigageba sayovelTao arCevnebis Taobaze hqondaT XVIII s. util-itarizmis iseT Teoretikosebs, rogorebic iyvnen ieremia ben-tani da jeims mili (1773-1836 ww).

utilitarizmi demokratiis dasabuTebaSi eyrdnobodaindividualuri interesebis dacvis an mxardaWeris aucile-blobas.

demokratiis dafuZnebas individis dacvis principzeaqvs mniSvnelovani, magram ara gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. pro-teqtoraluri koncefcia mainc Tavis TavSi moicavs SezRudulda ara pirdapiri demokratiis formas. es upirvelesad daumTavresad konstituciuri demokratiis sistemaa, funqcion-

klasikuri demokratiaklasikuri demokratiaklasikuri demokratiaklasikuri demokratiaklasikuri demokratia

demokratiis klasikuri modeli dakavSirebuliapolisTan (Zv. berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifo), xelisuflebis imsistemasTan, romelmac miiRo ganviTareba saberZneTis udidesda yvelaze Zlier qalaq-saxelmwifoSi _ aTenSi. pirdapiridemokratiis forma, romelic arsebobda aTenSi Cv.w.aR.-mde VI-V s.s., xSirad gaigeba, rogorc politikuri monawileobis er-TaderTi idealuri sistema. am modelma gavlena moaxdinaufro gviandel moazrovneebze, rogoric iyo ruso da marqsi.aTenis demokratia Tavis TavSi moicavda pirdapiri saxalxoxelisuflebis specifikur saxes, romelsac Tanamedrove msof-lioSi Zalian SezRudulad gamoiyeneba. demokratia aTenSigaigivebuli iyo mmarTvelobasTan saxalxo krebis meSveobiT.yvela ZiriTad gadawyvetilebas iRebda kreba, romelSic yvelamoqalaqe Sedioda. igi ikribeboda aranakleb 40-jer weliwad-Si. Tanamdebobebi, rogoroc wesi, gaTvlili iyo xanmokledroze. saxalxo krebis aRmasrulebel organos warmoadgendadidi sabWo, romelSic Sedioda 500 moqalaqe, agreTve arsebob-da 50 moqalaqis kolegia, romelic winadadebas awvdida didsabWos. kolegiis Tavmjdomare asrulebda am movaleobas mx-olod erT dRes da am mniSvnelovani sapatio adgilis dakave-ba SeeZlo mxolod erTxel cxovrebaSi. erTaderTi gamonak-lisi daiSveboda 10 samxedro sardlisaTvis.

aTenis demokratiis mniSvnelovani niSani iyo moqalaqe-Ta politikuri aqtivobis done. isini ara marto monawile-obdnen regularul SexvedrebSi, aramed umravlesoba mzad iyodaekavebina nebismieri saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba, Tumca am demokra-tias hyavda Tavisi kritikosebic. maT Soris gansakuTrebiTgavleniani iyo filosofosi platoni. is akritikebda poli-tikuri Tanabrobis princips. naSromSi ̀ respublika~ proble-mis gadawyvetas is xedavda imaSi, rom Zalaufleba gadascemo-daT mefe-filosofosebs. aTenis demokratiis mTavari nakliiyo is, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi mosaxleobis zogierTikategoria ar monawileobda. monawileobis ufleba hqondaTmxolod aTenSi dabadebul mamakacebs 20 wlis zeviT. monebs(mosaxleobis umetesoba), qalebs da ucxoelebs ar hqondaTaraviTari politikuri ufleba. gasagebia, rom aTenelebs hqon-daT SesaZlebloba mieZRvnaT mTeli dro politikisTvis imiswyalobiT, rom monaTmflobeloba aTavisuflebda maT ramde-

62 63

saqme exeba ̀ monawileobis sazogadoebas~, _ sazogadoebas, romelSicTeoriulad moqalaqes eqneba sruli Tavisufleba gadawyvetileb-is miRebaSi monawileobis dros. amas ver mivaRwevT mTavarisazogadoebrivi institutebis _ ojaxis, samuSao adgilisa daadgilobrivi sazogadoebis, aseve politikuri institutebis _partiis, interesTa jgufis, sakanonmdeblo organoebis Riaobis,angariSgebisa da decentralizaciis gareSe.

am modelis safuZvlad devs koncefcia ̀ dabali~ demokrati-is an rogorc mas uwodebdnen ̀ balaxis fesvebis demokratiis~koncefcia. misi arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom politikuri Zalau-fleba unda amovides Zalian dabali donidan maRla.

ganviTarebadi demokratiis koncefciis ufro zomierivarianti, dakavSirebuli warmomadgenlobiTi mTavrobis lib-eralur modelTan, Camoyalibebulia jon stuard midis mier.demokratiis mTavar Rirsebad midi ganixilavda imas, rom isuzrunvelyofs adamianis SesaZleblobebis harmoniul daumaRles ganviTarebas. politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobaamaRlebs moqalaqis Segnebis dones da zrdis adamianis grZnobas,erTi sityviT, ganaviTarebs mas. demokratia aq warmogvidgebarogorc ganaTleba. amitomac midi mouwodebda gafarToebu-liyo moqalaqeTa monawileobis sferoebi politikaSi. sTvl-ida, rom xmis ufleba unda iyos micemuli yvela adamiani-saTvis, garda gaunaTleblebisa. amomrCevlis uflebas is avr-celebda qalebzec. es iyo im droisaTvis yvelaze radikaluriidea. mis TeoriaSi mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebda Zlieri dadamoukidebeli adgilobrivi xelisuflebac, liberaluri azrissxva warmomadgenlebisgan gansxvavebiT is ar scnobda for-maluri politikuri Tanasworobis ideas iseve, rogorc Tavisdroze platoni. aqedan momdinareobs misi winadadeba mraval-jeradad xmis micemaze _ iseTi sistemis Seqmnaze, romlisdrosac arakvalificiur muSas eqneba erTi xma, kvalificiurs_ ori, kolejdamTavrebulsa da mecniers ki _ 5-6. magram midsaseT SemTxvevaSi hqonda seriozuli eWvebi, romelic aleqsisde tokvilma Tavis cnobil frazaSi gaaxmiana: ̀ umravlesobistirania~. demokratia am TvalsazrisiT yovelTvis atarebsTavis TavSi imis saSiSroebas, sazogadoebis sulieri cxovre-ba SeiZleba msxverplad iqnas mitanili umravlesobis sur-vilTan da maSin gamefdeba erTferovneba da mosawyeni kon-formizmi.

irebadi gansazRvruli formebiT da araformaluri uflebiT,uzrunvelyofili Zalauflebis gayofiT aRmasrulebel, sa-kanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebad, agreTve uflebiTadamainis ZiriTadi uzrunvelyofili _ sityvis uflebiT, gada-adgilebis TavisuflebiTa da TviTnebobisagan dacviT.

proteqtoruli demokratia orientirebulia mo-qalaqeTaTvis rac SeiZleba ufro farTo SesaZleblobebismicemaze, raTa man icxovros ise, rogorc unda. TvalnaTelia,rom is dakavSirebulia Tavisufali kapitalizmis principTanda koncefciasTan, rom swored individi unda aRiWurvos maqsi-maluri pasuxismgeblobiT Tavis ekonomikur da socialurmdgomareobaze.

ganviTarebis demokratiaganviTarebis demokratiaganviTarebis demokratiaganviTarebis demokratiaganviTarebis demokratia

demokratiis Tavdapirveli Teoria ufro metad pirovneb-is uflebebis da interesebis dacviT iyo dakavebuli, magrammale masSi gaCnda arsebiTad axali aqcenti _ sazogadoebisada adamianis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. am WrilSi aRmocenebuliaxali koncefciebi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT models, romelsacganviTarebis demokratia hqvia. yvelaze Tamami midgoma amsferoSi Tavisi droisTvis wamoayena Jan-Jak rusom. bevriTvalsazrisiT rusos ideebma, romlebic gadaWriT uaryofdnendemokratiis liberaluri koncefciis batonobas, momavalSigavlena moaxdines rogorc marqsistul, ise anarqistultradiciebze, ufro mogvianebiT _ ̀ axal memarcxeneebze~.

rusosTvis demokratia iyo saSualeba, romlis daxmare-biTac adamianebi moipovebdnen Tavisuflebas da damoukide-blobas. ruso gamodioda demokratiis gagebis im CarCodan,romelsac dahyavs igi arCevnebamde da win swevda pirdapiridemokratiis ideas, romelic Zalian radikaluri iyo TavisidroisaTvis. misi TeoriiT moqalaqeebi `Tavisuflebi arianmxolod maSin, roca isini TviTon pirdapir da ganuwyvetlivmonawileoben sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi~. SemTxveviTi araa,rom man mogvca mkacri kritika arCevnebis im sistemisadmi,romelic did britaneTSi iyo. ̀ sazogadoebriv xelSekrule-ba~-Si (1762).

rusos Teoria daexmara Tanamedrove ideis formirebas,romliTac 1960-70-ian wlebSi gamovidnen ̀ axali memarcxeneebi~.

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demokratia praqtikaSi: sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisidemokratia praqtikaSi: sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisidemokratia praqtikaSi: sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisidemokratia praqtikaSi: sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisidemokratia praqtikaSi: sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi

demokratiis ama Tu im formebis Sesaxeb kamaTi arwydeba, magram dRes ufro mets kamaToben imaze, Tu rogormuSaobs demokratia praqtikulad. ZiriTadad saubari midisliberaluri demokratiis modelze, romelic ase Tu ise aRi-arebulia mTels msoflioSi, Tumca Sinaganad masSi gvxvdebawinaaRmdegobebic.

liberaluri demokratiis modeli dafuZnebulia Seji-brebiTobaze, masSi yvelaferi wydeba amomrCevelTa arCevaniTda Zalaufleba ekuTvnis mas, vinc gaimarjvebs arCevnebSi, arCevne-bi ki dafuZnebulia yvela moqalaqis formalur politikurTanasworobaze. aq saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo sazogadoebaerTmaneTisagan mkveTrad arian gamijnuli: sazogadoeba yal-ibdeba damoukidebeli socialuri jgufebisagan da organize-bulia sabazro e.i. kapitalisturi ekonomikis principebze.

liberalur demokratiasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobskiTxvebic: efeqturad uzrunvelyofs Tu ara es modeli namd-vil ganawilebas politikur xelisuflebaSi. saboloo an-gariSSi mogebulia Tu wagebulia sazogadoeba, Sesabamisoba-Sia Tu ara politikuri Tanasworoba ekonomikur uTanas-worobasTan? Teoretikosebi sxvadasxvanairad pasuxoben amkiTxvebze. imis mixedviT, Tu rogori pasuxi gvaqvs, unda gamovy-oT Semdegi ZiriTadi midgomebi: pluralizmi, elitizmi, kor-porativizmi, axali memarjveneebi, marqsizmi.

pluralistuli ideebi dakavSirebulia liberalurpolitikur filosofiasTan, kerZod, lokisa da monteskiesnaSromebTan. magram mas ufro sistematuri forma misca jeimsmedisonma, romelmac pirvelad Camoayaliba pluralizmis princ-ipebi.

dReisTvis politikuri pluralizmis Teoriis Tval-saCino warmomadgenlad iTvleba robert dali, romelmac em-piriuli analizis safuZvelze saintereso daskvnebi gaakeTa.

termin `pluralizms~ aqvs ori gageba: farTo da vi-wro. farTo gagebiT igia mravalferovani da mravalsaxeobiTiSexedulebaTa sistema. termini SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnesmravalpartiulobis aRsaniSnavad (politikuri pluralizmi);eTikuri faseulobebis mravalferovnebis (eTikuri plural-izmi) an kulturuli normebis (kulturuli pluralizmi)gamosaxatavad. igi gulisxmobs, rom TavisTavad mravalfer-

saxalxo demokratiasaxalxo demokratiasaxalxo demokratiasaxalxo demokratiasaxalxo demokratia

termini `saxalxo demokratia~ modis im orTodoqsa-luri komunisturi reJimidan, romelic Seiqmna meore msof-lio omis Semdeg. Cven viyenebT mas farTo gagebiT, mivakuTvnebTra mas marqsistuli tradiciebiT warmoSobil demokratiissruliad gansxvavebul modelebs. isini cota ar aris dayvela isini arian STambeWdav kontrastSi gavrcelebul lib-eralur demokratiul modelebTan. marqsistebi, rogorc cno-bilia, yovelTvis emijnebodnen liberalur an parlamentaruldemokratias, xedavdnen ra masSi ufro metad ̀ burJuaziul~,`kapitalistur~ mmarTvelobis formas. am ideals maT mima-rTes imitom, rom masSi arsebobs Tanasworobis idea. ̀ demokra-tia~ aq niSnavda socialur Tanasworobas agebuls sakuTreb-is ganzogadebaze. marqsi darwmunebuli iyo imaSi, rom sakmari-sia daamarcxo kapitalizmi da demokratia adre Tu gviangaimarjvebs. marTalia, namdvil komunizmamde jer kidev Soria,amitom saWiro iqneba e.w. gardamavali periodi misTvis damax-asiaTebeli ̀ proletariatis revoluciuri diqtaturiT~. asemova ̀ burJuaziuli damokratiis~ Semcvlelad sruliad axa-li sistema _ `proletaruli demokratia~. marqsistulidemokratiis modeli komunistur sazogadoebaSi dakavSirebu-lia ufro leninis saxelTan. 1917 wels leninis lozungSi`mTeli Zalaufleba muSaTa, jariskacTa da mezRvaurTa sab-Woebs~, iyo parizis komunis suliskveTeba, magram, praqtikulad,Zalaufleba Zalian male gadavida bolSevikTa partiis xel-Si. leninis azriT, es iyo `mSromelTa klasis avangardi~,SeiaraRebuli marqsizmiT da amitomac hqonda unari gaegoproletariatis WeSmariti interesebi. es Teoria gaxda ̀ leni-nuri demokratiis~ qvakuTxedi sabWoTa kavSirSi da SemdegmiRebuli iqna komunisturi reJimebis mier, rogorc marqsizm-leninizmis erT-erTi centraluri debuleba. am sistemis mTa-vari sisuste iyo, rom igi ar iTvaliswinebda kontrols ko-mpartiis Zalauflebaze, gansakuTrebiT misi liderebis mima-rT da Sesabamisad, isinic ar gaxdnen is sinamdvileSi pasux-ismgebeli da angariSvaldebuli muSaTa klasis winaSe. isicsakiTxavia, Tu movaxdenT aristoteles kiTxvis perifrazire-bas platonisadmi _ vin daicavs komunistur partias?

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tis irgvliv arsebul Zalauflebriv elitas aqvs SesaZle-bloba miiRos ̀ WeSmaritad istoriuli~ gadawyvetilebani, gan-sakuTrebiT Tavdacvasa da saSinao politikaSi, aseve ekonomikurstrategiaSi.

Zalauflebrivi elitis am modelidan bunebrivad ga-momdinareobs daskvna, rom sinamdvileSi amerikul demokra-tiaze laparaki ar SeiZleba.

amasTan zogierTi Teoretikosi amtkicebs, rom zogSemTxvevebSi elitis Zalaufleba ar gamoricxavs politikuriangariSsworebis process, aq saubaria konkurentuli elitiz-mis koncefciaze gamomdinare elitis SejibrebiTobis faqtidan.

antoni daunsma konkretuli elitizmis modelze dayrd-nobiT daamuSava `demokratiis ekonomikuri Teoria~, sadacgvTavazobs Semdeg koncefcias: arCevnebze metoqeoba qmnisTavisebur politikur bazars, sadac politikosebi warmodge-nilia mewarmeebad, romlebic miiltvian miiRon Zalaufleba,amomrCevlebi ki _ momxmareblebad, romlebic xmas aZlevenmaTi survilebisa da arCevanis gamomxatvel partias.

am SemTxvevaSi sistema Riaa da SejibrebiTi arCevnebisdemokratiuloba garantirebulia, radgan xelisufleba gada-ecema im partias, romlis filosofia, faseulobani da politi-ka Seesabameba amomrCevelTa umravlesobis interesebs.

rogorc Sumpeteri ambobs: `demokratia _ es poli-tikuri Zalauflebaa~. elitebis konkurencia rogorc demokra-tiuli politikis modeli zustad xsnis liberalur-demokra-tiuli sistemis namdvil meqanizms.

elitebis konkurencia yovel SemTxvevaSi arisdemokratiis susti forma. elitis Secvlis dros sazogadoe-bas eniWeba Zalian mokrZalebuli roli _ ramdenime weliwad-Si erTxel gadawyvitos Tu romeli elita daiwyebs marTvasmisi saxeliT. es ki iwvevs sazogadoebis pasiurobas, gulgri-lobasa da gaucxoebas.

igi saTaves iRebs im periodidan, rodesac faSisturitaliaSi cdilobdnen SeeqmnaT e.w. `korporatiuli saxelm-wifo~, sadac gadawyvetilebas miiRebdnen mmarTvelebi da muSebi.aRniSnuli midgomis Teoretikosebi miuTiTeben imaze, romwamyvani industriuli saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebaSi SeimCne-va saerTo procesebi. saubaria ̀ sammxrivi mTavrobis~ mTelispeqtris Camoyalibebis ideaze, sadac mmarTveloba xorcield-eba organizaciuli struqturebiT, romlebic erTmaneTTan

ovneba warmoadgens sazogadoebis sasurveli da jansaRi gan-viTarebis aucileblobas, radgan is xels uwyobs pirovnebisdacvas da warmoadgens areals diskusiebisaTvis.

ufro viwro gagebiT pluralizmi esaa koncefcia poli-tikuri xelisuflebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb. misi arsi imaSia,rom Zalaufleba ar unda iyos koncentrirebuli elitisa dawamyvani klasis xelSi. am SemTxvevaSi pluralizmi Cveulebrivganixileba, rogorc ̀ jgufuri politikis~ Teoria, romelicgulisxmobs, rom individebis interesi unda gamovlindes sa-zogadoebrivi organizaciebis meSveobiT.

elituri midgomis ideologiebi da misi momxreebiTvlian, rom Zalaufleba sazogadoebaSi ekuTvnis elitebs.amas miiCneven sazogadoebis yofis normalur da dadebiT anarasasurvel, magram gamosworebad procesad. klasikuri eli-tizmis Teoretikosebia vilfredo pareto, gaetano moska darobert mixelsi. maTi mtkicebiT demokratia briyvuli dab-neulobaa, ramdenadac politikuri Zala yovelTvis ekuTvnisprivilegirebul umciresobas _ elitas.

paretom gamohyo adamianTa ori fsiqologiuri tipi,romlebsac marTvis unari gaaCniaT _ `meliebi~, romlebicmarTaven eSmakobiT da lomebi, romlebic mizans ZaladobiTda iZulebiT aRweven.

mixelsma SemogvTavaza meorenairi midgoma, romelicexeba nebismier organizacias, rogori demokratiulic ar undagveCvenebodes is. masSi xdeba xelisuflebis koncentraciaadamianTa mcire jgufis xelSi, romelTac dominirebis, orga-nizaciisa da gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis unari gaaCniaT, sxvaTasawinaaRmdegod. mixelsma amas uwoda ̀ oligarqiis rkinis kano-ni~. ufro gvian jeims barnexmma daamuSava `biurokratiulimmarTvelobis~ cneba. is amtkicebda rom, yvela industriulsazogadoebaSi, rogorc kapitalisturSi, aseve socialistur-Sic mmarTveli klasi gamoirCeva samecniero teqnikuri cod-niTa da administrirebis xelovnebiT.

Tanamedrove politikuri Teoretikosebi ufro metadsaubroben imaze, Tu ra Sorsaa calkeuli politikuri siste-mebi demokratiul idealisagan. aseT pozicias afiqsirebsraita milsi Tavis cnobil gamokvlevebSi, romlebSic naCvenebia,rom aSS-Si batonobs Zalze viwro wre sxvadasxva dajgufebe-bidan. ̀ xelisuflebrivi elita~ warmoqmnilia didi biznesisarmiisa da samrewvelo kompleqsis dajgufebidan. preziden-

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revoluciis idea da mTlianad gadavidnen mSvidobiani, kanon-ieri da demokratiuli `socializmis gzis~ ideologiaze.Tumca neomaqrsistebi, iseTebi, rogorebic iyvnen iurgen hamer-mansi da klaus ofe, Zveleburad miuTiTebdnen kapitalisturidemokratiis Sida arastabilurobaze da winaaRmdegobebze.

praqtikaSi yvelaze aRiarebuli demokratiis modelialiberaluri demokratia. misi Zlieri mxareebi mdgomareobsimaSi, demokratiis es forma dafuZnebulia regularularCevnebze, funqcionirebs ra partiuli Sejibrebisa da eleq-toratuli sistemis safuZvelze, is icavs zust zRvars sax-elmwifosa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris da sanqciasaZlevs Tavisufali, damoukidebeli socialuri jgufebisa dakerZo sakuTrebis funqcionirebas.

arsebobs demokratiis uamravi modeli, romelSic Ti-Toeuli maTgani gvTavazobs demokratiuli mmarTvelobis saku-Tar versias. esaa klasikuri demokratia, romelic dafuZnebuliasaxalxo TviTmmarTvelobis principebze; proteqtuli demokra-tia, romelic gamomdinareobs Tavisuflebis individualuri gage-bisagan; ganviTarebis demokratia, romelic orientirebulia sa-zogadoebis politikur gafarToebaze da saxalxo demokratia,sadac centraluri sakiTxi aris urTierTobebi klasebs Soris.klasikuri demokratia, romelic momdinareobs aTenis politikurisistemidan, istoriaSi Sevida imiT, rom marto aq xorcieldebodaxalxis uSualo Zalaufleba. proteqtiuli demokratia aniWebsxalxs maqsimalur Tavisuflebas piradi cxovrebis mosawyobad.ganviTarebis demokratiis Rirseba imaSia, rom axasiaTebs rapolitikur monawileobas, is amasTan afarToebs Tavisuflebissferos da individis pirad ganviTarebas. saxalxo demokratiaorientirebulia ara imdenad individis politikuri uflebebisgafarToebaze, ramdenadac mis ekonomikur emansipaciaze.

daskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebi

demokratiis cneba, rogorc seriozuli politikurikoncefcia, zogjer Zalian Znelad gamoiyeneba. terminSi Cade-bulia Ria sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebi _ masebis Zalauflebidandawyebuli da mmarTvelobis formebiT damTavrebuli, rom-lebic dafuZnebulia sazogadoebis pirdapir da mudmiv poli-tikur monawileobaze, umravlesobis Zalauflebaze, partiuli

pirdapir akavSirebs saxelmwifo Cinovnikebs, saqmian wreebsada profkavSirebs. amis safuZvelze yalibdeba neokorporativ-izmi an liberaluri korporativizmi.

ekonomikuri interesebis pirdapiri CarTva saxelmwi-foebriv mmarTvelobaSi gamovlinda omis Semdgom periodSiiseT qveynebSi, rogorebic iyvnen Svecia, norvegia, holandia daavstria. aq xelisuflebis ZiriTad amocanas mmarTvelobisada ekonomikis regulacia warmoadgenda. saxelmwifo eswrafvodaekonomikuri momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofas, rac ukavSirdebodainstitucionalur sqemas, romlis CarCoebSi sazogadoebissxvadasxva kategoriebi mxars uWerdnen qveynis saerTo ekonomikurstrategias. iq, sadac saxelmwifoebrivi Careva ekonomikurcxovrebasa da bazris gafarToebaSi SezRuduli iyo (rogorc,mag. did britaneTSi 1979 wlis Semdgom) uars ambobdnen kor-porativizmze.

`axali memarjveneebis~ gamoCena moxda 70-ian wlebSidemokratizmis kritikiT. maT daiwyes saubari sazogadoebis`demokratiul gadatvirTvaze~, aseve politikuri sistemis paral-izebaze metismeti eleqtoratuli zewolis gamo. mkacri kri-tikis qveS moeqca korporativizmic, saqme imaSi iyo, rom ̀ axa-li memarjveneebis~ Teoretikosebi _ Tavisufali bazris mt-kice momxreebi miiCnevdnen, rom ekonomika yvelaze ukeTesadmuSaobs maSin, rodesac mTavroba mas ar awuxebs.

rogorc devid markandi SeniSnavda, axali memarjvenee-bis midgomis Tvalsazrisi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom ̀ demokra-tia ufrosebisaTvis _ es igive iyo, rac Sokoladi bavSvi-saTvis~. rac uvnebelia patara doziT, magram mavnebelia dididoziT. amitom `axali memarjveneebis~ Teoretikosebs aqvTmidrekileba dainaxon demokratiaSi ara socialuri gardaqm-nis, aramed mTavrobis TviTnebobisagan dacvis saSualeba.

marqsistuli Sexeduleba demokratiaze dafuZnebuliaklasobriv analizze. marqsizmis mixedviT ar SeiZleba poli-tikuri xelisuflebis arsi ganvixiloT viwro gagebiT. saWiroaufro Rrmad Caxedva, radgan politikuri Zalaufleba asaxavsekonomikuri Zalauflebis ganawilebas. marqsizmi akritikebsliberalur da pluralistur demokratiebs, saubrobs elit-istur Teoriebzec.

magram Tanamedrove marqsistebi sulac ar xedaven eleq-toralur demokratiaSi mTlian butaforiasa da motyuebas.

evrokomunistebma magaliTad uaryves socialisturi

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Tavi VTavi VTavi VTavi VTavi Vsaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifo

saxelmwifos arsi da tisaxelmwifos arsi da tisaxelmwifos arsi da tisaxelmwifos arsi da tisaxelmwifos arsi da ti pebipebipebipebipebi

terminis ̀ saxelmwifo~-s mimarT arsebobs idealisturi,funqcionaluri da organizaciuli midgoma.

idealisturi midgoma damaxasiaTebulia hegelis naS-romebisaTvis, sadac saxelmwifo eTikur sazogadoebas war-moadgens, gamsWvaluls saerTo simpaTiiT. Tumca saxelmwifoseTikur kategoriaSi ganTavsebiT, igi uZluri xdeba gviCvenoszusti zRvari saxelmwifo da ara saxelmwifo institutebsSoris.

funqcionaluri midgoma saxelmwifosadmi imazea foku-sirebuli, Tu rogoria saxelmwifo institutebis roli damiznebi. aq saxelmwifos mTavari funqciaa sazogadoebriviwesrigis damyareba, kerZod, saxelmwifo warmogvidgeba rogorcinstitutebis kompleqsi, romelic amyarebs wesrigsa da stabi-lurobas sazogadoebaSi.

rac Seexeba organizaciul midgomas, aq saxelmwifowarmogvidgeba marTvis aparatis yvelaze farTo mniSvnelo-biT. es aris institutebis kompleqsi, romelTac aqvT aSkaradgamoxatuli ̀ saxalxo~ xasiaTi im azriT, _ is pasuxobs koleq-tiuri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis organizacias da finansirdebasazogadoebis xarjze.

Tanamedrove saxelmwifos warmoSoba dakavSirebuliaevropasTan (XV-XVI ss.), rodesac aq warmoiSva pirveli cen-tralizebuli marTvis organoebi, romlebmac Tanmimdevruladdaiqvemdebara sxva institutebi da struqturebi, rogorc sa-suliero, ise aristokratiuli, xolo vestfaliis samSvidobomolaparakebaSi (1680 w.) pirvelad iyo formulirebuli ̀ sax-elmwifo suvereniteti~.

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis saSualeba, romelic uzrun-velyofs yvela kanonis dacvas da sjis maT damrRvevebs, e.i.`kanoniT daSvebuli Zaladobis~ meSveobiT (maqs veberi) gamox-atavs Tavis suverenitets.

saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze farTo cnebaa. xelisu-fleba misi nawilia. Tu saxelmwifo aris istoriulad Camoy-alibebuli da samudamo, xelisufleba aris droebiTi, romel-ic modis da midis. xelisufleba aris saSualeba, romlis

konkurenciis sistemasa da sayovelTao saarCevno uflebebze.istoriulad diskusiebi demokratiis bunebaze 3 sak-

iTxis irgvliv trialebda. pirveli _ ra aris xalxi daramdenad unda vrceldebodes maTze politikuri Zalaufle-ba? meore _ SeuZlia Tu ara xalxs marTos Tavisi TaviTviTon Tu es funqcia unda gadasces politikosebsa da poli-tikur partiebs, romlebsac aqvT pretenzia warmoadgendnensazogadoebas? mesame _ ra sakiTxebi eqvemdebareba koleqtiurgadawyvetas demokratiul procesSi?

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isturi sistemis dangreva gamoiwvevda burJuaziuli klasisdaSlas da xels Seuwyobda axali, proletaruli saxelmwi-fos Seqmnas.

marqsis memkvidreobaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi dau-toves Tanamedrove maqrsistebs an da neomarqsistebs, raTaTviTon moaxdinon saxelmwifo xelisuflebis farTo anal-izi. aq didi roli iTamaSa italieli marqsistis antoniogramSis Sromebma, sadac amtkicebda, rom mmarTveli klasicdilobs moipovos batonoba ara Ria ZaldatanebiT, aramedideologiuri manipulaciebiT. gramSisTvis burJuaziis poli-tikuri batonoba narCundeba `hegemoniiT~ _ misi batonobiTsasuliero da kulturul cxovrebaSi, raSic saxelmwifo Tama-Sobs umniSvnelovanes rols.

saxelmwifos saxe, rogorc ̀ leviaTani~ (monstri, romel-ic dakavebulia Tavis Tavis gamokvebiT da gazrdiT sigrZesada siganeSi) ganmtkicebuli iyo Tanamedrove politikurazrovnebaSi da Tanamedrove Teoretikosebis SromebSi. saer-Tod ki es Sexeduleba warmoiSva klasikuri liberalizmisdros. am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo ar una Caeriosqveynis ekonomikur da socialur sferoSi, radgan es emuqrebapirovnebis Tavisuflebasa da qveynis ekonomikis usafrTxoe-bas. aq ukve saxelmwifo gvevlineba ara rogorc msaji, rogorces pluralistebs miaCndaT, aramed rogorc uceremonio ̀ ZiZa~,romelic midis sazogado interesebis winaaRmdeg (gansxvave-buli niSani marqsizmisgan!) da es interesebi yovelTvis moiTx-ovs saxelmwifos rolisa da pasuxismgeblobis gazrdas. ̀ axa-li uflebis~ Teoretikosebi amiT gviCveneben, rom XX sauku-nis moZraoba saxelmwifos Carevis uflebis gafarTovebiT,sinamdvileSi ar iyo pasuxi sazogadoebis moTxovnebze _ekonomikuri da socialuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa asevekapitalizmis stabilurobaze klasobrivi urTierTobis Ser-bilebis xarjze _ aramed es iyo saxelmwifos Sinagani di-namika.

Tanamedrove ierarqiuli saxelmwifos idea wamovidafeministuri Teoriidan. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom feministebssakuTari Teoria aqvT saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. saerTod femi-nistebi did mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben saxelmwifos, radganisini ikvleven mamakacis batonobas sazogadoebaze, romlisfesvebicaa ojaxuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebi. ra Tqmaunda, zogierTi feministi ar eTanxmeba saxelmwifos sazoga-

meSveobiTac saxelmwifo axorcielebs xelisuflebas, is sax-elmwifos tvinia, romelic xels uwyobs mis arsebobas dagamoxatavs imaT partiul midrekilebebs, vinc imyofeba xe-lisuflebis saTaveSi.

politologiis erT-erTi mTavari problema yovelTvisiyo saxelmwifo Zalauflebis bunebis sakiTxi. politolo-giaSi gamoyofen saxelmwifos oTx Teorias: pluralizebuls,kapitalisturs, saxelmwifo leviaTanisa da patriarqalurs.

pluralizebuli saxelmwifos Teoria ixreba liber-aluri tradiciisken. saxelmwifo aq warmogvidgeba rogorc`referi~ sazogadoebaSi, romelic yuradRebas ar aqcevs annaklebad aqcevs saxelmwifosa da mis institutebs da didmniSvnelobas aniWebs ̀ xelisuflebas~.

saxelmwifos Teoriis sawyisebi viTardeba XVII sauku-neSi iseTi Teoretikosebis mier, rogorebic arian Tomas hob-si da jon loki. yvelaze metad am politologebs awuxebTkiTxva politikuri valdebulebebis Sesaxeb.

XX saukuneSi am ideebze dayrdnobiT warmoiSva plu-ralistuli ideologiis saxelmwifo. rogorc sazogadoebiskoncefcia, pluralizmis Tanaxmad liberalur-demokratiulsaxelmwifoSi xelisufleba danawilebulia farTod daTanabrad. yoveli saxelmwifo reagirebs saxelmwifoebriv azrze.ase rom saxelmwifo SeiZleba SevadaroT fliugers, romelicSebrundeba im mxares, saiTkenac miuTiTebs sazogadoeba.

marqsizmi gvTavazobs kapitalisturi saxelmwifossruliad sxva gagebas. mas araferi aqvs saerTo ̀ neitralurireferis~ politikasTan, romlidanac gamomdinareoben plu-ralizmis Teoretikosebi. marqsizmis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo arSeiZleba iqnas ganxiluli sazogadoebis araekonomikur stru-qturaSi; klasikuri formulirebiT, es aris klasobrivi CagvrisiaraRi, romelic warmoiSoba klasobrivi sistemidan da arismisi anarekli.

marqsizmis mTavari azri imaSi gamoixateba, rom saxelm-wifo, romelsac warmoSobs kapitalisturi klasi, gvevlineba,an damonebis iaraRad, an kidev klasobrivi antagonizmis Ser-bilebis meqanizmad. magram marqsis damokidebuleba saxelmwi-fosadmi ar iyo mTlianad negatiuri. is Tvlida, rom kapital-izmidan komunizmSi gadasvlis periodSi ̀ proletariatis rev-oluciuri diqtatura~ SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas rogorcabsoluturad konstruqciuli Zala; amasTan erTad kapital-

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saxelmwifos formebisaxelmwifos formebisaxelmwifos formebisaxelmwifos formebisaxelmwifos formebi

yvela arsebuli koncefcia saxelmwifo xelisuflebisSesaxeb, ase Tu ise, dakavSirebulia kiTxvebTan _ ra rolsTamaSobs saxelmwifo, rogoria misi valdebulebebi, riT undaiyvnen dakavebulebi saxelmwifoebi da ra funqciebi undadarCes kerZo pirebis xelSi. am kiTxvebis garSemo brunavsrogorc saarCevno politika, aseve partiuli konkurencia. anar-qistebis gamoklebiT, romlebic saxelmwifos naklebad dadeb-iTi mxridan axasiaTeben, socialuri revoluciis mimdevrebicki, romlebic deklarirebdnen leninis lozungs `davangri-oT saxelmwifo~, xedavdnen masSi raRac saWiros _ proletar-iatis saxelmwifo miaCndaT aucilebel gardamaval rgoladkapitalizmidan komunizmSi gadasasvlelad. SekiTxvaze _ Tura rols unda srulebdes saxelmwifo da rogori unda iyosbalansi masa da sazogadoebas Soris _ sxvadasxvaobaa. CvengamovyofT saxelmwifos Semdeg saxeebs:

_ mcire (minimaluri saxelmwifo)_ ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo_ social-demokratiuli saxelmwifo_ koleqtivizeburi saxelmwifo_ totalitaruli saxelmwifo

mcire saxelmwifomcire saxelmwifomcire saxelmwifomcire saxelmwifomcire saxelmwifo

`rac SeiZleba naklebi saxelmwifo~ yovelTvis iyoklasikuri liberalizmis lozungi. es tradicia Tavisi fes-vebiT midis `sayovelTao molaparakebis~ Teoriamde, magramamisda miuxedavad, is mainc negatiur Sexedulebas gamoxatavssaxelmwifos mimarT. igi Tvlis, rom mxolod saxelmwifosSeuZlia adamianis qcevebi moaqcios gansazRvrul farglebSida amiT daicvas adamianebi, raTa maT ar Seaviwrovon erTmane-Tis uflebebi. saxelmwifo aq gamodis Tavisi proteqciona-proteqciona-proteqciona-proteqciona-proteqciona-luriluriluriluriluri funqciiT, romelic mdgomareobs msoflio wesrigisa dasocialuri keTildReobis dacvaSi, rodesac xalxi wyvets, Turogor urCevnia cxovreba. lokis TqmiT, saxelmwifom undaimoqmedos rogorc Ramis guSagma, romelsac sTxoven daxmare-bas uwesrigobis dros, magram aseTi Sexeduleba mainc utovebs`Ramis guSags~ an ̀ mcire saxelmwifos~ sam mniSvnelovan fun-

doebriv gagebas, isini amtkicebdnen, rom mamakaci ar flobsmonopolias mocemul Zaladobaze. unda iTqvas, rom feminizmmagaamdidra diskusia saxelmwifos Sesaxeb sruliad axali midg-omebiTa da saintereso koncefciebiT.

liberaluri feminizmis warmomadgenlebi, romlebicTvlidnen, rom miaRwevdnen sqesebis Tanasworobas sazogadoe-brivi urTierTobebis Tanmimdevruli gadawyobiT, sinamdvile-Si emxrobian saxelmwifos Sesaxeb pluralistur mosazrebas.isini iqidan gamodian, rom rodesac qals uars eubnebian iu-ridiul da politikur Tanasworobaze, gansakuTrebiT xmismicemasTan dakavSirebiT, saxelmwifo upiratesobas aniWebskacs, magram, amisda miuxedavad, saxelmwifos mainc uWiravsneitraluri pozicia, radgan adre Tu gvian amis gamosworebaSeiZleba. amitom liberaluri feministebi darwmunebulniarian imaSi, rom yvela sazogadoebriv jgufs (qalebis CaTv-liT) aqvs Tanabari potenciali saxelmwifos winaSe da sworedamitom SesaZlebeli xdeba sazogadoebrivi samarTlis miRwe-va. amasTan erTad saxelmwifo warmogvidgeba Ria ferebSi:iTvleba, rom misi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CareviT Sesa-Zlebelia sqesebis uTanabrobis problemis mogvareba da sa-zogadoebaSi qalis adgilisa da rolis gamtkiceba. rogorcmarqsizmSi, feminizmSic ganviTarda specifikuri instrumenta-luri da struqturuli versiebi.

instrumentaluri ganStoeba warmogvidgens saxelmwo-fos ̀ agentad~ an ̀ instrumentad~, risi saSualebiTac mamakaciaxorcielebs Tavis interesebs da amkvidrebs da aZlierebsierarqias. mokled rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifos marTaven mxolodmamakacebi, romlebic yvelafers TavisTvis akeTeben.

feminizmis instrumentaluri versiisgan gansxvavebiT,romlis analizis sfero saxelmwifo elitaa, xolo struqtu-ruli versia miiswrafis dagvanaxos, rom saxelmwifo insti-tutebi TiTqosda CaSenebulia ufro farTo patriarqiulisistemis xelisuflebaSi. gansakuTrebul interess am radikalurfeminizmSi iwvevs fenomeni ̀ saxelmwifo sayovelTao keTil-dReobisaTvis~. maTi azriT, es aris patriarqiis axali saxeo-ba. mTeli es sistema Tavis `patriarqobas~ imiT gamoxatavs,rom xdeba qalis gadasvla kerZo damoukideblobidan saxalxosferoSi, sadac igi xvdeba ̀ didi~ saxelmwifos meTvalyureo-bis qveS. ase rom, saxelmwifos Careva qalis sferoSi gamoi-wvevs qalis damoukideblobis axali sferos Camoyalibebas.

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wlidan ganviTarebis gegma miRebuli iqna saSinao vaWrobissaministros mier, romelic iaponiis bankTan urTierTobiTawarmoebda investiciur procesebs qveyanaSi da xels uwyobdamsoflio bazarze qveynis konkurentunarianobis gazrdas.ekonomikur cxovrebaSi Carevis aseTi formebi safrangeTSicSeimCneoda, sadac memarjveneebica da memarcxeneebic yovelTvisaRiarebdnen ekonomikuri dagegmvis aucileblobas, xolo umaR-lesi Cinovnikebi Tavis upirveles amocanad miiCnevdnen na-cionaluri interesebis saguSagoze dgomas, ekonomikuri ganvi-Tareba aseve midioda ̀ partnioruli saxelmwifos~ gziT, romel-ic akavSirebs saxelmwifos did biznesTan da profkavSirebT-an. sabolood, ekonomikuri globalizaciis kvaldakval war-moiqmneba saxelmwifoebi, romlebic adganan konkurenciis gzas.isini ekonomikur vefxvebad iTvlebian (tiger economies) aRmosav-leT aziaSi: aq saxelmwifos gamoyofili aqvs sistematiurisaerTaSoriso konkurenciis safuZvelze ganviTarebis Sors-gamoznuli strategiis gamomuSavebis funqcia.

socialur-demokratiuli saxelmwifosocialur-demokratiuli saxelmwifosocialur-demokratiuli saxelmwifosocialur-demokratiuli saxelmwifosocialur-demokratiuli saxelmwifo

im dros, rodesac ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo mimarTavsekonomikaSi Carevis gzas ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dasaCqare-blad, social-demokratebi akeTeben amasve ̀ socialuri Tanas-worobis~ lozungebiT (social justice) socialuri urTierTobe-bis Secvlis mizniT. avstraliasa da SvedeTSi saxelmwifoyovelTvis iyenebda rogorc ganviTarebis prioritetebs, asevesocial-demokratiul principebs. miuxedavad amisa, am midgo-mebs Soris arsebobs urTierTwinaaRmdegobebi. rogorc didibritaneTis magaliTze dagvanaxa devid markandma, meore msof-lio omis dasrulebis periodSi saxelmwifom safuZvlianievolucia ganicada social-demokratiuli mimarTulebiT, isar gaxda ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo. social-demokratiuligagebis gasaRebi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sxvadasxva qveynebSimoxda sazogadoebaSi Zvra `negatiuridan~ `pozitiurisken~,rac gaxda adamianis Tavisuflebis gafarToebis mizezi. amfonze social-demokratiuli saxelmwifo uceb gaxda idealirogorc axali Taobis liberalebisTvis, aseve social-demokratebisTvisac.

social-demokratiuli saxelmwifos mizani mdgomare-

qcias. pirveli da mTavari funqcia mdgomareobs imaSi, romsaxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos Sinagani wesrigi; meore _ manunda akontrolos SeTanxmebaTa uzrunvelyofa; mesame _ sax-elmwifom unda daicvas qveyana garegani safrTxisagan. aseTisaxelmwifos institucionaluri aparati mWidro kavSirSiapoliciasTan, sasamarTlo sistemasTan da jarTan, xoloekonomikuri, kulturuli da socialuri sxva saqmeebi ekisrebaindivids, romelic aris sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawili.

`mcire saxelmwifos~ problema Tanamedrove periodSiwamoyenebuli iqna ̀ axali memarjveneebis~ mier. ̀ axali lib-eralizmis~ Tavisufali bazris ekonomikuri Teoriebisgan gan-sxvavebiT. axali memarjveneebis filosofiis mixedviT sax-sax-sax-sax-sax-elmwifos ekonomikuri roli elmwifos ekonomikuri roli elmwifos ekonomikuri roli elmwifos ekonomikuri roli elmwifos ekonomikuri roli unda iyos Serwymuli orfunqciasTan: nacionaluri valutis stabilizaciasa (`janm-rTeli fulis~ lozungi, romelic aRniSnavs mcire an nulo-van inflacias) da saRi konkurenciis mxardaWerasTan, monopo-liebis kontrolsa da fiqsirebul fasebTan brZolasTan.dResdReobiT mcire saxelmwifos magaliTebs xedaven iseTaziur saxelmwifoebSi, rogorebicaa taivani, singapuri da malai-zia, magram ar aRniSnaven Tu raoden did rols TamaSobs aqsaxelmwifo ekonomikis marTvaSi investiciebis gadanawileba-Si, ganaTlebasa da profesionalur momzadebaSi.

ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo.ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo.ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo.ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo.ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo. ganviTarebadi saxelm-wifoebis yvelaze naTeli magaliTi iyo XIX s. didi britane-Ti da aSS, magram arsebobs erTi saerTo wesi: saxelmwifo racufro gvian iwyebs industrializaciis process, miT ufrodidi roli eniWeba saxelmwifos ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi.dResdReobiT ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos qveS igulisxmebasaxelmwifo, romelic axorcielebs Carevas qveynis ekonomikursistemaSi erTi mizniT, rom gaaZlieros qveynis ekonomikuripotenciali. amasTan erTad igulisxmeba, rom bazris adgilasfunqcionirebs dagegmvis da kontrolis ̀ socialisturi~ sistema_ saubari midis saxelmwifosa da saqmian xalxs Soris urT-ierTobis awyobaze, romelsac Tan sdevs konservatiuli dakonservatiuli dakonservatiuli dakonservatiuli dakonservatiuli danacinacinacinacinacionaluronaluronaluronaluronaluri i i i i lozungebi.lozungebi.lozungebi.lozungebi.lozungebi.

ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos klasikur saxes warmoad-gens iaponia. meiZis epoqaSi 1868-1912 wlebSi iaponurma saxelm-wifom daamyara mWidro urTierTobebi ZaibacusTan _ Zlevamo-sil, saqmian da ojaxur imperiasTan, romelic SemdgomSi mbrZa-neblobda iaponiis ekonomikaSi meore msoflio omamde. 1945

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koleqtivilizireburi saxelmwifokoleqtivilizireburi saxelmwifokoleqtivilizireburi saxelmwifokoleqtivilizireburi saxelmwifokoleqtivilizireburi saxelmwifo

Tu Cvens mier ganxiluli saxelmwifoebi axorciele-ben Carevas qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi ekonomikis mxardaW-eris mizniT, koleqtivizirebuli saxelmwifo ekonomikas aqcevssakuTari kontrolis qveS. aseTi saxelmwifoebis yvelazecnobili magaliTebia _ ssrk da TiTqmis mTeli aRmosavleTevropa socialisturi banakis daSlamde. Tavis mTavar miznadkoleqtivizirebuli saxelmwifo isaxavda saRi ekonomikis Seqmnas,marTvadi saministroebis qseliTa da dagegmvis organoebiT.ase warmoiqmna mbrZaneblur-administraciuli ekonomika fun-qcionirebadi direqtiuli dagegmvis principebze da marTvadikomunisturi partiis mier. saxelmwifoebrivi koleqtivizaci-is idea warmoiqmna ufro farTo socialuri doqtrinidan,saerTo qonebis upiratesobaze da ara kerZo sakuTrebaze. mTe-li problema mxolod imaSia, rom am miznis ganxorcielebi-sTvis saWiro iyo ufro metad konstruqciuli midgoma sax-elmwifosadmi, vidre warmodgenilia marqsisa da engelsisnaSromebSi.

marqsi da engelsi ar gamoricxavdnen nacionalizaci-is aucileblobas. engelsi Tvlida, rom proletariatis diqta-turis epoqaSi saxelmwifo kontroli unda iqnes damyarebulifabrikebze, bankebze, transportze da a.S. magram isini xedavd-nen proletariatSi mxolod droebiT movlenas. amis sawi-naaRmdegod ssrk ar wavida gadaSenebis gziT _ piriqiT, igiTandaTanobiT ikrefda Zalas. stalinis dros socializmigaxda etatizmis toli, xolo socializmis mSeneblobas Tansdevda saxelmwifos prerogativebis gafarToveba da aparatisgaZliereba. sabolood, roca xruSCovma 1962 w. gamoacxada, romproletariatis diqtaturis dro dasrulda, saxelmwifos daerqvaerTiani sabWoTa xalxis saxelmwifo.

globalizacia da saxelmwifoglobalizacia da saxelmwifoglobalizacia da saxelmwifoglobalizacia da saxelmwifoglobalizacia da saxelmwifo

saxelmwifosTvis da erisaTvis yvelaze didi saSiS-roeba moaqvs globalizaciis process. saerTod, globaliza-cia es aris procesi, roca planetis erT wertilSi momxdarmovlenas didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia planetis meorewertilSi myofi xalxis cxovrebaze. amis erT-erTi magali-

obs ara imdenad kargi, wesieri cxovrebis pirobebis SeqmnaSi,aramed igi TviTon miiswrafvis am cxovrebaSi monawileobisken,raTa sazogadoebas daexmaros sabazro ekonomikis negatiurigamovlinebis dasaTrgunavad, amitom igi naklebadaa orientire-buli materialur miznebze da ufro met yuradRebas uTmobsTanaswor da samarTlian ganawilebas. praqtikaSi saubari mi-dis siRaribis aRmofxvrasa da socialuri uTanasworobis Sem-cirebaze. social-demokratiuli saxelmwifos or did veSapswarmoadgenen keinzianeloba da socialuri daxmarebiskeinzianeloba da socialuri daxmarebiskeinzianeloba da socialuri daxmarebiskeinzianeloba da socialuri daxmarebiskeinzianeloba da socialuri daxmarebissistema. sistema. sistema. sistema. sistema. keinzianelebis ekonomikuri politikis mizania mar-Tos kapitalizmi iseTi saxiT, rom uzrunvelyos ekonomikisaRmavloba da sruli dasaqmeba. magram es yvelaferi ar gamor-icxavs centraluri dagegmvis elementebs, klasikuri keinzia-nuri strategia damyarebulia moTxovnilebis marTvis fiqsire-bul instrumentze. amis safuZvelze warmoiqmna keTildReobissaxelmwifoebi, romlebic orientirebulni arian TavianTi mo-qalaqeebis sacxovrebeli pirobebis ganviTarebisaTvis.

totalitaruli saxelmwifototalitaruli saxelmwifototalitaruli saxelmwifototalitaruli saxelmwifototalitaruli saxelmwifo

saxelmwifos Carevis yvelaze uxeSi da yovlismomcveliformebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ikveTeba totalitarulsaxelmwifoSi. totalitarizmis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, romSeiqmnas iseTi saxelmwifo, romelic kacobriobis yofis yvelamxaris momcveli iqneba. aseTi saxelmwifo Tavisi kontrolisqveS ayenebs ara mxolod ekonomikas, aramed kulturas, religias,ojaxur cxovrebasa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva sfer-oebs. totaluri reJimis damaxasiaTebeli saxelmwifoebi _hitleris germania da stalinuri sabWoTa kavSiria, magram dResadarsebobs am niSnebis matarebeli saxelmwifoebi. aseTi saxelm-wifoebi damokidebulebi arian policiaze, saxelmwifo kon-trolze da maT ideologiur ganStoebebze. ra Tqma unda, aqsamoqalaqo sfero sruliad ganadgurebulia da ̀ piradi~ cx-ovreba ufro garTulebulia. amisken miiswrafodnen italielifaSistebi, rom ̀ pirovneba~ sruliad CaexSoT sazogadoebaSi.fiqroben, rom musolinis idea totalitaruli saxelmwifosSesaxeb, uaxlovdeba hegelisebur ̀ eTikuri sazogadoebis~ gaazrebas,rogorc, romelic mijaWvulia altruizmTan.

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saxelmwifos Zalaufleba da aseve Seamciros kidevac. aseTiSemTxvevisTvis warmoiSva ̀ gaerTianebuli suverenitetis~ kon-cefcia. idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saxelmwifoebi, romlebicimoqmedeben erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad, iqnebodnen sustebida araefeqturebi, xolo gaZlierdebian, Tu ki iTanamSromlebensaerTaSoriso da religiuri institutebTan SeTanxmebiT. aqmagaliTad gamogvadgeba evrikavSiris ministrebis kreba _ igiaris evrokavSiris mTavari aRmasrulebeli organo, romelicSeqmnes wevrma saxelmwifoebma saerTo evropul forumze, sadacmiiReba saerTaSoriso gadawyvetilebebi.

1980-1990 wlebSi aSS-sa da did britaneTSi aRniSnuliiyo yvelaze agresiuli Tavdasxmebi saxelmwifoze ̀ axali me-marjveneebis~ mier. es axali moZraoba gamoixata dereguliza-ciaSi, privatizaciasa da samuSao principebis SeRweviT sazoga-doebis daxmarebaSi. amisda magvari mimdinareoba sxva qveyneb-Sic daiwyo. yvelaze intensiurad mimdinareobda postkomunis-tur aRmosavleTSi, sadac swrafad moxda saxelmwifo manqanisdemontaJi. yvela calkeul saxelmwifoSi ̀ saxelmwifo daqaneb-is~ tempi imaze iyo damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad moqmedebda iqantisaxelmwifo filosofia `kerZo kargia _ sazogadoe-kerZo kargia _ sazogadoe-kerZo kargia _ sazogadoe-kerZo kargia _ sazogadoe-kerZo kargia _ sazogadoe-brivi cudia~brivi cudia~brivi cudia~brivi cudia~brivi cudia~, magram moqmedebdnen ufro Zlieri faqtorebic.pirvel rigSi saubari midis im zewolaze, romelic aZlierebssaerTaSoriso konkurencias da aqedan gamomdinare ufro efeq-turi da moqnili politikis Seqmnis aucileblobaze _ `sax-`sax-`sax-`sax-`sax-elmwifodan~ `makro mmarTvelobisaken~.elmwifodan~ `makro mmarTvelobisaken~.elmwifodan~ `makro mmarTvelobisaken~.elmwifodan~ `makro mmarTvelobisaken~.elmwifodan~ `makro mmarTvelobisaken~.

mmarTvelobis Zveli meTodebi, romlebic warmogvid-genen xelisuflebis mkacr ierarqias, romlebic ukve ar mo-qmedeben sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi da saxelmwifosa dasazogadoebis mkacri gayofa, rogorc Cans, moZvelda.

subsaxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobisas sabolood sax-elmwifo ejaxeba kidev erT gamowvevas, romelic gamomdinare-obs mmarTvelobis decentralizebis yvelaze popularulimoTxovnidan, gadaitanon misi funqciebi sayovelTao naciona-luridan adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis doneze da SemdgomSikidev ufro gaaRrmavon patara sazogadoebriv dajgufebebSi. raTqma unda, es procesi ar atarebs sayovelTao xasiaTs, magrammsoflios bevr adgilebSi lokaluri politikis roli mkveTradgaizarda. mag. did britaneTSi 1999 wels Seiqmna Sotlandiisparlamenti da uelsis asamblea, ramac daaxlova saxelmwifoiseT qveynebTan, rogorebicaa espaneTi, safrangeTi da italia,

Tia globaluri ekonomikas, sadac calkeul saxelmwifos aRarSeuZlia gavlena iqonios saerTaSoriso kapitalis dinebaze.am yvelafris Sedegi bevri saxelmwifosTvis dramatulia. naTe-li gaxda, rom saxelmwifos rCeba sakmaod SezRuduli Sesa-Zleblobebi sakuTari ekonomikis marTvisaTvis, ufro metic,globalur konteqstSi `nacionaluri~ ekonomikuri strate-gia saerTod ar funqcionirebs. daiwyo saerTo ukandaxevasaxelmwifos socialuri politikisagan, radgan saerTaSorisokonkurenciis gaZlierebam gamoiwvia gadasaxadebisa da xel-fasebis Semcirebis saWiroeba. globalizaciis gamovlinebaaisic, rom dRes saxelmwifos uWirs mravalnacionaluri ko-mpaniebis kontroli _ korporaciebs uadvildebaT momsaxure-bisa da investiciebis gadaadgileba mTel msoflioSi. didigavlena aqvs politikur globalizaciasac, es Cans saerTa-Soriso da nacionalur organizaciebSi, rogorebicaa gaer-Tianebuli erebis organizacia, evropis kavSiri, nato da msof-lio savaWro organizacia. darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, romevropis kavSirSi saxelmwifo Zalauflebas emuqreba erozia,radgan yvelaze seriozuli gadawyvetilebebi miiReba say-ovelTao evropul da ara erovnul doneze.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom globalizacias mivyavarT sax-elmwifos Zirfesviani gardaqmnisaken am sityvis CveulebrivigagebiT. suverenitetis idea, rogorc saxelmwifoebriobis niSanida rogorc saxelmwifos mefobis idea, garkveul teritoriazeukve mTlianadaa amowuruli, yovel SemTxvevaSi. dRevandelisaxelmwifo funqcionirebs `post-suverenul~ pirobebSi _sazRvrebis gaxsnisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTdamokidebuleb-is pirobebSi. magram am yvelafers ar mivyevarT saxelmwifosgaqrobisken, vinaidan SeiZleba warmoiqmnas axali tipis sax-elmwifo. social-demokratiuli orientaciisa da koleqtivi-zeburis msgavsi saxelmwifos adgilas modian ̀ konkurenciis~unaris mqone saxelmwifoebi, romlebic ukeTesad moergnen glo-baluri ekonomikis moTxovnebs. dRes yvelaze metad fiqrobenimaze, Tu rogor gazardon ganaTlebis xarisxi da profesion-aluri momzadeba, raTa ipovon gza ekonomikuri warmatebiskenaxal maRalteqnologiur ekonomikaSi, gaaZlieron bazris rea-girebis SesaZleblobebi axal gamoZaxebaze, gadawyviton ama Tuim socialuri jgufebis problema da am yvelaferTan erTadSeinarCunon da gaaZlieron sazogadoebis moraluri mdgomare-oba. politikur globalizacias, SeuZlia rogorc gazardos

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antagonistebi. saxelmwifos protagonistebi xedaven masSi indi-vidis dacvis saSualebas an koleqtivizirebuli qcevis saSuale-bebs, antagonistebi, Tavis mxriv, Tvlian, rom saxelmwifo ireklavsgabatonebuli sazogadoebrivi jgufis interesebs an kidev sxvaraime interesebs, romelic gamoyofilia sazogadoebisgan.

istoriulad saxelmwifoebi asrulebdnen sxvadasxvafunqcias, mcire saxelmwifoebi biZgs iZlevian sazogadoe-brivi yofis mogvarebisaken. ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi mi-iswrafian ekonomikis ganviTarebisaken da kavSirebisken. so-cial-demokratiuli saxelmwifo miiswrafis Secdomebis ga-mosworebisaken. koleqtivizirebuli saxelmwifo ayenebs mTelekonomikur yofas Tavisi mmarTvelobis qveS. totalitarulisaxelmwifo mTlianad politikurs xdis mTel sazogadoebasda arTulebs mis cxovrebas.

Tanamedrove saxelmwifo ejaxeba sxvadasxva saSiSroe-bebs. maT Soris mTavaria: globalizacia da zenacionaluriorganoebis Camoyalibeba.

sadac politikuri procesi ukve didi xania midis mmarTvelo-bis qvemoT gadacemis xaziT. SotlandiisaTvis gaTvaliswineb-ulia adgilobrivi TviTTmmarTvelobis arCevis farTo sistema,es dRes uflebas gvaZlevs did britaneTze vilaparakoT, rogorcfederaciul respublikaze. evropaSi ganviTareba hpoves iseTmaZlierma tendenciebma, rom gamovida doqtrina ̀ evropis region-ebi~, doqtrinis Tanaxmad adgilobrivi institutebi da jgufe-bi iReben ufro da ufro met uSualo midgomis saSualebasevrogaerTianebis organoebTan nacionaluri xelisuflebisgavliT. amasTan dakavSirebiT Seiqmna mravaldoniani mmarTvelo-bis meTodebi, romlebic moicaven subsaxelmwifo, saxelmwifoda zesaxelmwifo organoebis mmarTvelobas. iqmneba suraTi,romelic savsebiT ar Seefereba tradiciul gagebas saxelmwi-fos Sesaxeb. msoflio gaxda yvelaze dramatuli Zalebis gam-ovlinebisa da saxelmwifos sruli dacemis mowme. naciona-lurma uTanxmoebam 1993 wels Cexoslovakia miiyvana gayofamdeCexeTad da slovakeTad, 1990 wlis dasawyisSi iugoslaviaSiCamoyalibda saSiSi dapirispireba nacionalizmsa da eTnikursSoris, rasac samoqalaqo omi da iugoslaviis daSla mohyva.

daskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebi

saxelmwifo _ es aris politikuri organizacia, romelicaxorcielebs suverenul mmarTvelobas mis daqvemdebarebulteritoriaze. saxelmwifo xelisuflebisgan gansxvavebiT, romel-ic gvevlineba, rogorc misi nawili, iqvemdebarebs yvela sax-alxo organosa da qmnis xelisuflebas amis safuZvelze.

arsebobs saxelmwifos mravali Teoria. pluralizmisTeoretikosebi saxelmwifoSi xedaven arbitrs sazogadoebaSidapirispirebul ZalTa Soris. marqsizmi darwmunebulia ima-Si, rom saxelmwifo klasobrivi sistemis sadarajoze dgas, igiaviwrovebs Rarib klasebs, riTac viTomda axSobs klasobrivantagonizms.

`axali memarjveneebi~ gvixataven saxelmwifos monstrad,romelic yovelTvis gafarTovebisken miiswrafvis. radikalurifeminizmis Teoretikosebi migvaniSneben saxelmwifoSi patri-arqaluri niSnebis arsebobaze, sadac kacis batonobaa sazoga-doebasa da politikaSi.

saxelmwifos ideas hyavs sakuTari protagonistebi da

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vavebs is, rom masze mikuTvnebuli xalxi TviTon acnobierebsTavs rogorc ers. ras niSnavs es? es imas niSnavs, rom erebzesaubari SeiZleba maSin, roca masze mikuTvnebuli xalxi acno-bierebs Tavs mTlian politikur gaerTianebad, BraSic gamoix-ateba gansxvaveba ersa da eTnikur jgufs Soris. eTnikuri jguf-ic aseve dakavSirebulia Sinagani erTianobis grZnobiT da saer-To kulturiT, magram erebisagan gansxvavebiT mas ar aqvs poli-tikuri miswrafebebi. erebi xom istoriulad yovelTvis mi-iswrafodnen imisken, rom mieRoT an SeenarCunebinaT TavianTisaxelmwifoebroba da damoukidebloba, ukidures SemTxvevaSi kiimisaken, rom uzrunveleyoT avtonomia an sruluflebiani wevrobafederaciis CarCoebSi, Tundac, saxelmwifoebis konfederaciaSi.

erebi (laT. – nasci – dabadeba). es rTuli fenomeniawarmoqmnili kulturuli, politikuri da fsiqologiuri faq-torebis erTobliobiT.

kulturuli gagebiT eri warmoadgens xalxis gaer-Tianebas, dakavSirebulT saerTo tradiciebiT, eniT, religii-Ta da istoriiT, Tumca TiToeuli erisTvis es faqtori indi-vidualurad moqmedebs.

politikuri gagebiT eri aris xalxis gaerTianeba, romel-ic Tavs acnobierebs, rogorc bunebrivad Seqmnil politikurerTobas, romelic upirvelesad gamoxatavs miswrafebas sax-elmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis an SenarCunebisaken. aseve amerSi saxelmwifoebriobis TviTSecnobisken.

fsiqologiuri gagebiT eri aris xalxis gaerTianeba,dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan Sinagani loialobiTa da patri-otizmiT, magram es ukanaskneli ar warmoadgens eris obieqturgansazRvrebas, radgan mas adamiani nebismier SemTxvevaSimiekuTvneba.

problemis sirTule mxolod amiT ar ganisazRvreba. na-cionalizmis fenomeni maSinve usxlteba mkacr analizs imitom,rom TviT sakuTari mravalsaxeobebi sxvadasxvagvarad igeben enebs.gamoyofen or koncefcias; pirveli – warmoadgens eris upirvele-sad kulturul erTobad, amasTanave xazs usvams materialursa dasuliers Soris Rrma eTnikuri kavSirebis mniSvnelobas.

meore aqcents akeTebs samoqalaqo – sazogadoebriv dapolitikur kavSirebze. gvTavazobs ra Tavis Sexedulebas eriswarmomavlobaze, orive koncefciam hpova adgili nacionaliz-mis sxvadasxva mimdinareobaSi.

idea imis Sesaxeb, rom eri upirveles yovlisa aRiqmeba,

Tavi VITavi VITavi VITavi VITavi VIerebi da nacionalizmierebi da nacionalizmierebi da nacionalizmierebi da nacionalizmierebi da nacionalizmi

eri, rogorc kulturuli da politikuri erTobaeri, rogorc kulturuli da politikuri erTobaeri, rogorc kulturuli da politikuri erTobaeri, rogorc kulturuli da politikuri erTobaeri, rogorc kulturuli da politikuri erToba

yvela kiTxva, romelic ibadeba nacionalizmis fenome-nis garSemo, umetes SemTxvevaSi mimdinareobs iqidan, rom ararsebobs erebis erTiani gageba. termini “erovneba~ (eri) mie-sadageba srulad gansxvavebul gamovlinebebs – saxelmwifos,qveyanas, eTnikur jgufs.

cxadia, sadavoa rogoria erovnebis saxasiaTo niSnebi.ra ganasxvavebs erebs sxva socialuri jgufebisagan da sxvagaerTianebebisagan.

zusti gansazRvrebis mocema ar aris advili, imitomrom erebi gvevlineba rogorc TviTmyofadi, obieqturi dasubieqturi, Seqmnili kulturuli da politikuri xasiaTiT.obieqturi TvalsazrisiT eri aris kulturuli gaerTianeba –igive, rac xalxis jgufi, romlebic saubroben erT enaze, aqvTerTi religiuri mrwamsi, akavSirebT saerTo istoriuli war-suli da a.S. zustad aseTi gageba devs nacionalizmis termin-Si. mag: kanadaSi q. kvebekis mcxovrebni gamoirCevian imiT, romisini saubroben frangulad, roca mTeli kanada saubrobsinglisurad. erovnuli problemebi indoeTSi ukavSirdebareligiur dapirispirebas. mag: ̀ siqhebis dava punjabSi “mSob-liuri saxlisaTvis~ – (xalistani) an qaSmireli musulmaneb-is brZola qaSmiris pakistanTan mierTebisaTvis. saqme imaSia,rom eris gansazRvra erTi romelime konkretul faqtoriTSeuZlebelia, radgan sinamdvileSi erebi Tavis TavSi aigive-ben ufro farTo kombinaciebs, specifikur kulturul, eTnikurda rasobriv Strixebs. Sveicarielebi darCnen Sveicariele-bad, imis miuxedavad, rom qveyanaSi adgilobrivi dialeqtebisgarda saubroben sam enaze (frangulad, germanulad da ital-iurad). gansxvaveba kaTolikebsa da protestantebs SorismkveTrad vlindeba samxreT irlandiaSi, didi britaneTisdanarCeni teritoriisTvis ki principuli mniSvneloba araaqvs, xolo germaniaSi es problemasaerTod ar arsebobs. esyvelaferi miuTiTebs, rom saboloo jamSi eri aris is, rasacsubieqturad igebs masze mikuTvnebuli xalxi – es Taviseburipolitikur-fsiqologiuri konstruqciaa.

sxva nebismieri jgufis an gaerTianebisagan ers ansx-

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degoba entoni smitis mxridan, romelmac naSromSi “erebiseTnikuri fesvebi~ (1986) aCvena Serwyma Tanamedrove erebsa dauZvelesi droidan arsebul eTnikur erTobebs Soris: aseTerTobebs man daarqva eTnosebi.

smitis mixedviT erebi arian istoriulad ganpirobe-buli fenomenebi, romlebic yalibdebian arsebul kulturulda enobriv memkvidreobaze. eTnosebi win uswreben nacional-izmis sxva formas. smiti adasturebs im azrs, rom Tanamedroveerebi gaCdnen maSin, roca ukve formirebulma eTnosebma aita-ces politikuri suverenitetis idea. evropaSi es moxda XVIII-XIX s.s. mijnaze, aziasa da afrikaSi – XX-s-Si.

miuxedavad imisa, rogor wydeba sakiTxi eris warmoSobisSesaxeb, savaraudoa, rom nacionalizmis zogierTi forma ariskulturuli da ara politikuri xasiaTis matarebeli.

kulturuli nacionalizmi Rebulobs nacionaluri TviT-damkvidrebis formas, gamoxatuls erTobis saxiT, sadac didmniSvnelobas aniWeben nacionalur siamayesa da Tavmoyvareobas.magaliTad SeiZleba moyvanili iqnas valiis nacionalizmi,romelic vlindeba ara mxolod damoukideblobis ideologiaSi,aramed eris miswrafebaSi SeinarCunos ena da kultura.

“Savi nacionalizmi~ aSS-i da dasavleT indoeTSi, agreTveevropis sxvadasxva nawilebSi kulturuli xasiaTisaa. mTavarideas aq warmoadgens is, rom Savkanian xalxs unda gaaCndesTavisi azrovneba da Tavmoyvareobis grZnoba.

germaneli istorikosi fridrix mineksi yofs erebs“kulturul~ da “politikurebad~. misi SexedulebiT “kultu-ruli~ erebi eTniurad erTgvarovanni arian, eTnosi da erierT SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis sinonimebia. kulturul erebad Tv-lida is berZnebs, germanelebs, rusebs, ingliselebs, irlandi-elebs. magram mis koncefciaSi kulturul erebs ganekuTvnebi-an iseTi eTnikuri jgufebi, rogoricaa – CeCnebi. es erebiiTvlebian organul erebad. isini warmoiqmnen bunebrivi is-toriuli da ara politikuri procesebis dros. “kulturuli~erebis Zala imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini arian istoriuladdeterminirebuli, myari da Sinaganad gaerTianebuli naciona-luri erToba. meore mxriv, isini acxadeben pretenzias, iyvneneTnosis wevrebi da daimkvidron TavianTi nacionaluroba~.aseTi erebi TavisTavs Tvlian didi naTesauri ojaxis wevre-bad. ar SeiZleba gaxde rusi, ingliseli, germaneli marto misienis SeswavliT da rwmenis miRebiT. aseTi gamonaklisebi

rogorc eTnikuri da kulturuli erToba, samarTlianad iTv-leba eris – “pirvel~ (sawyis) koncefciad. (lafonti, 1968)). esidea fesvebs iRebs XVIII saukunis germaniaSi herderisa dafixtes (1762-1814) SromebSi.

herderis Tanaxmad yvela eris Tviseba (xasiaTi) gan-isazRvreba iseTi faqtorebiT, rogoricaa bunebrivi garemo,klimati da fizikuri geografia, _ faqtorebiT, romliTacformirdeba cxovrebis stili, SromiTi Cvevebi, unarebi, upi-ratesobebi da adamianTa midrekilebebi (kerZod, Semoqmedebi-Ti).

upiratesobas herderi enis faqtors aniWebs. masSi isxedavs xalxisTvis damaxasiaTebel tradiciul da istoriulTvisebebs. herderis azriT, yvela nacias (ers) gaaCnia Tavisi`suli~, romelic poulobs gamovlinebas simRerebSi, miTebSi,legendebSi da aris yvelafris sawyisi xelovnebaSi. herderisnacionalizmi mizanSewonilia gavigoT, rogorc kulturizmi,sadac pirvel planze wamoweulia nacionaluri tradiciebida koleqtiuri mexsiereba da araviTar SemTxvevaSi saxelmwi-foebroba.

herderis kulturizmis mTavari idea mdgomareobs imaSi,rom eri aris erToba, romelic saTaves Rebulobs Soreuliwarsulidan da iarsebebs manam, sanam iarsebebs kacobrioba.aseTive poziciaze dganan Tanamedrove socialuri fsiqol-ogebi, romlebic miuTiTeben, rom xalxis moTxovnilebebisSedegad warmoiqmna dajgufebebi. maT SeiZines usafrTxoebisgrZnoba, erToba da Tanamonawileoba.

kacobriobis erebad dayofa, am TvalsazrisiT, ganpirobe-bulia adamianTa midrekilebiT gaerTiandnen imaTTan, visTanacaxlos arian warmoSobiT, kulturiTa da cxovrebis wesiT.

wignSi “erebi da nacionalizmi~ (1983) ernes gelnermaaCvena rom nacionalizmi dakavSirebulia modernizaciasTan,gansakuTrebiT, industrializaciis procesiT. misi koncefci-iT, kapitalistur epoqamde sazogadoeba Sekruli iyo sxva-dasxva kavSirebiTa da kvanZebiT, romelic feodalizmisaTvisiyo damaxasiaTebeli. warmoqmnilma industriulma SenaerTeb-ma TviTon daades fasi socialur mobilurobas, damoukide-blobasa da konkurencias; kulturuli erTobis SesanarCune-blad saWiro gaxda axali ideologia. aseTi ideologiisroli Tavis Tavze aiRo nacionalizmma. postulatma naciona-lizmisa da modernizaciis kavSiris Sesaxeb gamoiwvia winaaRm-

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flebis deklaracia da aSS konstitucia.analogiurad frangebis nacionaluri identuroba em-

yareba franguli revoluciis principebs (1789 w).aseTi erebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTi ram. isini

Camoyalibdnen nebayoflobiT. misdevdnen erT saerTo prin-cips da mizans. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia nacionalizmisgansakuTrebuli stili – tolerantoba da demokratiuloba.

nacionaluri identurobisaken swrafvis momentSi didwinaaRmdegobebs waawydnen ganviTarebadi qveynebic. es erebixasiaTdebian rogorc “politikuri~ ori gagebiT. pirveli –maT saxelmwifoebrioba moipoves kolonializmis damarcxebisSemdeg; meore – istoriulad es erebi Camoyalibdnen yofilimetropolebis mier gamoyofil teritoriul sazRvrebSi.

nacionalizmis saxeebinacionalizmis saxeebinacionalizmis saxeebinacionalizmis saxeebinacionalizmis saxeebi

nacionalizmis politikur arsze mimdinareobs cxarekamaTi. erTi mxridan, is aris savsebiT progresuli da ganmaT-avisuflebeli Zala. meore mxriv, mas SeuZlia gadaiqces rwme-nis iracionalur da reaqciul simbolod. is yovelTvis ukeTeb-da demonstrirebas yvela xasiaTis “politikur ganStoebas~.am mizezis gamo SeiZleba ukeT ganvixiloT nacionalizmi,rogorc erTiani politikuri fenomeni, aramed rogorc “na-cionalizmebis~ gaerTianeba, an sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,tradiciebis erToblioba, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli imiT,rom yvela erTad da TiToeuli Taviseburad, aRiareben erispolitikur mniSvnelobas.

roca yalibdeba nacionalizmi kolonizatoruli dadampyrobluri saxiT, savaraudoa, rom igi ganmaTavisuflebelZalad ar mogvevlineba. is rodesac xdeba socialuri rRvevisda demokratiuli cvlilebebis nayofi, rogorc wesi, brundebaizolacionizmis ideologiiT, qsenofobiis da rasizmis mi-uxedavad.

nacionalizmi politikur sferoSi warmoCindeba Sem-deg saxeobebSi.

• liberaluri nacionalizmi (liberal nationalizm).• konservatoruli nacionalizmi (Konservative..)• eqspansiuri nacionalizmi (Expansionist..)• antikoloniuri nacionalizmi (anticolonial..)

warmoqmnian nacionalizmis Caketil da konservatorul formebs.isini, vinc ers Tvlian politikur organizmad, aqcents

akeTeben sazogadoebriv kavSirebze misi politikuri specifikiT.eri am tradiciiT warmoadgens xalxTa erTobas, romelic erT-maneTTan dakavSirebulia kulturiT Tu eTnikuri mdebareobiT.

ideam “saerTo Tavisuflebis nebis~ Sesaxeb xorci Seisxafranguli revoluciis (1789 w.) nacionaluri doqtrinebSi.mmarTveloba unda iyos damyarebuli saerTo nebis principe-bze, is uaryofda rogorc monarqiis, aseve yvela aristokratu-li privilegiebis arsebobas. suvereniteti momdinareobs xalx-idan. frangulma revoluciam daamkvidra nacionalizmis esaxali saxe, misi idealebiT Tavisuflebaze, Tanasworobaze,Zmobaze, agreTve TeoriiT eris Sesaxeb, romelic Tavad war-moadgens xelisuflebas.

idea imis Sesaxeb, rom eri aris politikuri da ara eTni-kuri erToba, gaiziara bevrma Teoretikosma. erik habsbaumma ipovamravali mtkicebuleba, rom erebi ar warmoadgenen arafers garda“Seqmnili tradiciebisa~. is amtkicebda rom misi warmoqmnadafuZnebulia miTze da miTia nacionalizmis warmomqmneli. amTvalsazrisiT nacionalizmi warmoSobs erebs da ara piriqiT.kiTxviTi niSnis qveS am dros dgeba “mSobliuri enis~ idea, racgadaecema Taobidan Taobas da masSi aisaxeba nacionaluri kul-tura. sinamdvileSi enac ganicdis cvlilebebs, radgan yvelaTaobas Seaqvs masSi koreqtivebi. ismis kiTxva, SeiZleba eri war-moiqmnas Tavisuflebisken ltolvis an demokratis ganviTarebisSedegad? Tu es ubralod politikosebis eSmakobis gamovlinebaa.

mainekes azriT aseTi erebis mikuTvneba TavisufladSeiZleba iseT kategoriasTan, rogoricaa “politikuri~. ase-Ti erebisaTvis moqalaqeobis moments aqvs ufro seriozulipolitikuri mniSvneloba, vidre eTnikuri mdebareobas.

politikuri erebis klasikur magaliTs warmoadgenenqveynebi – didi britaneTi, aSS da safrangeTi. nacionalobabritanelebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania. maTTvis Zalianfaseulia iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa taxtis erTguleba, par-lamentis mimarT pativiscema da a.S.

aSS aris emigrantTa qveyana. nacionaluri identurobaaq ar SeiZleboda ganvTiarebuliyo, radgan ar arsebobs saer-To kulturul-istoriuli sawyisebi, amerikuli eris ideaCamoyalibda ganaTlebis, kultivirebisa da pativiscemis safuZ-velze. iseTi saerTo Rirebulebebis mimarT, rogoricaa Tavisu-

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bi individualizmis poziciebs eyrdnobian. isini darwmuneb-ulebi arian, rom yvela xalxi, miuxedavad rasisa, sarwmunoebisa,socialuri statusisa da erovnebisa, tolfasovania. aniWebenra liberalebi ufro met upiratesobas individebs, vidre erebs,maTTvis dasaSvebia isic, rom SeiZleba dairRves suvereniteti(nacionaluri). amasTanave liberalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebe-lia sifrTxile. suverenuli erovnuli saxelmwifo SeiZlebadaeSvas “sawyis, Cveulebriv mdgomareobamde~, radgan ganusazRver-li Tavisufleba aZlevs xalxs erTmaneTis daCagvris saSuale-bas, aseTi saxelmwifoebi erovnuli saxelmwifos lozungsamofarebuli SeiZleba atarebdes eqspansionistur da dampy-roblur politikas. Tavisufleba ar unda ejaxebodes kanonebs,es exeba rogorc individs, aseve ers. ai amitom, liberalebiyovelTvis pirvelebi idgnen organizaciebis rigebSi, saerTa-Soriso uflebebis sistemebis gasaZliereblad da SesanarCune-blad. (es wevri qveynebia gaero, evrosabWo, erovnuli liga).

liberaluri nacionalizmis kritika warmoebs orimimarTulebiT.

pirveli: maT momxreebs adanaSauleben, rom isini xedav-en mis mxolod naTel mxareebs, maTi nacionalizmi ZalianSelamazebulia, tolerantuli da racionaluri. isini TvalebsxuWaven mis Sav-bnel saqmeebze, roca xalxs yofen or jgufad“me~ da ~isini~ (traibolizmis gamovlineba).

meore: arasworad SeiZleba CaiTvalos erovnul saxelm-wifoTa erTobis saxiT samyaros mowyobis liberalur-nacio-naluri ideali, romelic Tavis droze personificirebuli iyov. vilsonis figuraSi, mas Tavis droze emxroboda evropissakmaod didi nawili. romlebic Tvlidnen, rom TiTqos erebiikavebdnen mkafiod garkveul da maTTvis xelsayrel sivrceebsda saxelmwifoebi unda jdebodnen mkacrad gamijnul terito-riul sazRvrebSi. sinamdvileSi erovnuli saxelmwifoebimoicaven uamrav religiur, enobriv da regionalur dajgufe-bebs, romelTaganac romeliRac mainc gamoTqvams pretenzias“eris~ statusze. mag.: yofili Yiugoslavia, romelic Tavisdroze versalelma mSvidobismyofelebma gansazRvres, CaTvales,rogorc “slavTa qveyana~. sinamdvileSi is yovelTvis dasaxle-buli iyo sxvadasxva religiur-eTnikuri erTobebiT, romelTacgaaCndaT ena da istoria. amas mohyva eTnikuri wmendis saSiS-roeba da es moxda kidec bosnieli serbebis mxridan.

liberaluri nacionalizmiliberaluri nacionalizmiliberaluri nacionalizmiliberaluri nacionalizmiliberaluri nacionalizmi

liberaluri nacionalizmi SeiZleba CaiTvalos evro-puli liberalizmis klasikur formad.

kontinentalur evropaSi nacionalad yofna niSnavdaliberalobas da piriqiT. yvelaze mkveTrad es gamovlindaitaliis ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobaSi (“risorJomento~-aRorZineba), romlis mTavari figurac iyo juzepe mazini. juzepemazini (1805-1872) – italiuri nacionaluri moZraobis lideri.liberaluri respublikanizmis uryevi mimdevari. gadaasaxlesjer safrangeTSi, Semdeg inglisSi. 1848 wels, roca evropasrevoluciis talRam gadauara, is cota xniT Camovida italiaSida miiRo monawileoba milanis ganTavisuflebaSi. 1848 wlisSemdeg mazini italiaSi aRar dabrunebula. misma Sromebmadidi gavlena moaxdines evropasa da amerikel emigrantebze.aseTive msoflmxedvelobas iziarebda simon boliva, romelicsaTaveSi edga laTinoamerikul ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobasXIX saukuneSi. man didi wvlili Seitana espanelTa gandevnaSi(“espanuri amerikidan~). liberaluri nacionalizmis gansakuTre-buloba aixsneba imiT, rom is akavSirebs suverenitetis ideiTSepyrobil erebs. rom evropeli nacionalistebi XIX s-Si ibrZod-nen iseTi mravalenovani imperiis winaaRmdeg, romlebic mZafradavlendnen avtokratiisa da despotizmis Tvisebebs.

mazini ibrZoda gaaerTianebina aramarto italiurisaxelmwifoebi, aramed gadaegdo avstriis avtokratiuli uRe-li. amitom am moZraobis mTavari lozungi iyo nacionaluriTviTgamorkvevis principi.

eris TviTgamorkvevis ufleba – es aris principi, rom-lis Tanaxmadac eri aris suverenuli erToba; TviTgamorkvevaamasTanave gulisxmobs demokratiul mmarTvelobas.

liberaluri nacionalizmi eyrdnoba garkveul princi-pebs. is ar aniWebs upiratesobebs erebs, piriqiT, mis lozungeb-Si mouwodebs, rom yvela ers aqvs Tavisuflebisa da TviTga-morkvevis ufleba. amis mixedviT, liberaluri nacionalizmisidealad iTvleba suveneruli erovnuli saxelmwifo. lib-eralebis TvalsazrisiT nacionalizmi xels uwyobs aramartopolitikur Tavisuflebas, aramed stabilurobis da mSvidobisSesanarCuneblad meqanizmebis SemuSavebas. liberalizmisTviserebis cneba ar aris saboloo, is imis iqiTac ixedeba. amisTvismas ori mizezi gaaCnia. pirveli, rogorc cnobilia, liberale-

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eqspansionisturi nacionalizmieqspansionisturi nacionalizmieqspansionisturi nacionalizmieqspansionisturi nacionalizmieqspansionisturi nacionalizmi

nacionalizmis mesame forma atarebs agresiul, eqspan-sionistur Tvisebas. eqspansionizmSi mravalmxriv upirispirdebaliberalur nacionalizms Tanasworobisa da TviTgamokvle-vis problemebTan dakavSirebiT. pirvelad Tavisi agresiulo-ba am tipma gamoavlina XIX saukunis bolos, roca evropulmasaxelmwifoebma nacionaluri didebis mosapoveblad gaaCaResomebi afrikisaTvis. kolonialuri politikisagan evropulinacionalizmi gamoirCeoda imiT, rom masSi pirvelad gamov-linda sazogadoebrivi nacionalizmi, (saxalso nacionalizmi),romelTa TvalSic imperiis Seqmna iyo sakiTxi nacionaluriprestiJisaTvis upirvelesi sakiTxi.

termini (eqspansionisturi) – ekuTvnis frang naciona-lists Sarl mores, “aqsion Ffranses~ organizaciis pirvelifrTis liders (“aqsion franse~ – monarqiul-religiuriorganizacia safrangeTSi, 1899 daarsda w. Sewyvita arseboba1944 w.). is qadagebda eris absolutur pirvelobas, romelicaxlos iyo formulasTan “eri-yvelaferia, adamiani-araferi~.eris arsebobis cneba misTvis imdenad amaRlebuli iyo, romadamiani masSi (am eris SemadgenlobaSi) maSin RebulobdamniSvnelobas, roca is mTlianad dauTmobda Tavis Tavs nacio-nalur moZraobas.

aseTi ideologiebi mTlianad wyvets kavSirs naciona-lizmsa da demokratias Soris. nacionalizmis agresiuli formaaxocirdeba SovinizmTan, (es sityva warmoiSva “nikola Sove-nis~ saxelisagan). aq saubaric ki ar SeiZleba erTa SorisTanasworobaze. igulisxmeba, rom erebi bevria da yvelas Tavi-si gza aqvs – erTni gaCndnen sabatonod, meoreni-dasamorCile-blad. Tavis ers Sovinisti Tvlis erTaderTad da ganumeore-blad _ “xalxis rCeulad~.

eqspansiuri nacionalizmis kidev erT leitmotivadwarmogvidgeba nacionaluri aRmavlobis (aRorZinebis) idea.

erovnuli saxelmwifos momavalierovnuli saxelmwifos momavalierovnuli saxelmwifos momavalierovnuli saxelmwifos momavalierovnuli saxelmwifos momavali

erovnuli saxelmwifo – es ara mxolod politikuriorganizaciis formaa, aramed politikuri idealicaa. pirvelSemTxvevaSi es aris damoukidebeli erToba, romelic Sekrulia

konservatoriuli nacionalizmikonservatoriuli nacionalizmikonservatoriuli nacionalizmikonservatoriuli nacionalizmikonservatoriuli nacionalizmi

konservatoruli nacionalizmi Camoyalibda ufro gvi-an, vidre liberaluri nacionalizmi. drois msvlelobiskvaldakval isini erTmaneTs uaxlovdebodnen. magaliTisTvisSeiZleba davasaxeloT bismarki, romelic mzad iyo daeyenebi-na germanuli nacionalizmi prusiis sadarajoze da dizrae-li misi idealiT “erTi eris~ - Sesaxeb.

dRevandel samyaroSi, nacionalizmi gaxda rwmenis sim-bolo bevrisTvis, kerZod, konservatorebisTvis. did britaneT-Si es aisaxa omis Semdeg (folklendis omi 1982 w. _ gamoucx-adebeli omi britaneTsa da argentinas Soris), roca britane-Ti acxadebda pretenzias folklendis kunZulebze.

nacionalizmis gamovlineba iyo agreTve aSS-s sagareopolitikis gaaqtiureba _ reiganis dros, roca is SeiWra grena-daSi da dabomba livia. buSis dros – SeiWrnen panamaSi daiomes sparseTis yureSi.

konservatoruli nacionalizmis mimdevrebis safiqra-lia ara nacionaluri TviTgamorkveva msoflio masStabiT,aramed gzebi, raTa moipovon socialuri erToba da sazoga-doebrivi wyoba. eri maTi gagebiT aris “organuli erTi saer-To~, romelic miiltvis imaTken, visac mis msoflmxedvelobasiziarebs, hgavs cxovrebis wesiT da garegnuladac misi Sesaf-eria – erTi sityviT uSiSroebas da Tanamonawileobas isinieZeben da pouloben mxolod nacionalur erTobebSi.

iTvleba, rom imigracias SeuZlia daSalos Camoyali-bebuli nacionaluri, kulturuli da eTnikurad identurierToba, is SeiZleba gaxdes mudmivi mtrobisa da konfliqteb-is mizezi. konservatoruli nacionalizmis lozungiT tar-deba antiimigraciuli kompaniebi britaneTis nacionalurpartiaSi. nacionaluri identurobis sxva safrTxe ganixile-ba zenacionaluri struqturebisa da globalizaciis kul-turis ganviTarebis dros.

Tu konservatoruli mmarTveloba mxars uWers sazoga-doebriv enTuziazms Sidapolitikuri aqciebiT, maSin es miu-TiTebs politikosebis oportunizmze. kulturuli siwmindisSesanarCuneblad da gamyarebuli tradiciebis xelSeuxeblo-bisaTvis konservatorebi emigrantebs da ucxoelebs ganix-ilaven, rogorc mudmiv saSiSroebas erisaTvis.

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daskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebi

eris buneba ganisazRvreba kulturuli da politikurifaqtorebis SerwymiT. kulturuli mxridan eri warmoadgensxalxTa erTobas, dakavSirebuls saerTo religiiT, eniT, is-toriiT da tradiciebiT. sabolood erebi gansazRvraven Ta-vianT Tavs rogorc erTobas, romelic Sekrulia moqalaqeo-brivi azrovnebiT da miiltvian Seqmnan an SeinarCunon sax-elmwifoebrioba.

nacionalizmi gvevlineba sxvadasxva politikuri dakulturuli formebiT. kulturuli nacionalizmi atarebseris ganaxlebis ideas. politikuri nacionalizmi ers xedavs,rogorc Caketil erTobas da amitomac wina planze swevssuverenitetisa da TviTgamorkvevis ideas.

zogierTi politikuri moazrovne nacionalizms Tvlisaxali drois fenomenad, romelic dakavSirebulia industrial-izaciasa da demokratiis ganviTarebasTan. zogi mis fesvebsukavSirebs, romlebic Camoyalibdnen jer kidev Sua saukuneeb-Si. nacionalizmi sxvadasxvagvaria. yoveli saxeobis Camoyali-bebis SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs istoriuligaremoeba da politikuri miznebi, romelsac isini misdevdnen.

arsebobs politikuri nacionalizmis ramdenime nair-saxeoba: liberaluri nacionalizmi emyareba eris TviTga-morkvevis saerTo uflebas; konservatoruli nacionalizmiupiratesobas aniWebs patriotisms; eqspansiuri nacionalizmiaris agresiis da damyrobluri xasiaTis matarebeli; antiko-lonialuri nacionalizmisTvis ki damaxasiaTebelia brZolanacionaluri da socialur-ekonomikuri ganTavisuflebisaTvis.

Tanamedrove polikulturalizmis filosofia ase Tuise yovelTvis uryevs safuZvels nacionalizms. yvelaze nak-leb problemas uqmnis liberalur nacionalizms, ramdenadacis xedavs erSi ufro metad politikur, vidre kulturul-eTnikur erTobas da moiTxovs, kulturaTa mravalsaxeoba arewinaaRmdegebodes tolerantobisa da pirovnuli Tavisuflebisprincipebs. konservatorebi ki kulturis mravalsaxeobaSixedaven erisaTvis pirdapir safrTxes, xalxTa undoblobis,mtrobisa da Zaladobis sawyiss.

dRemde popularulobiT sargeblobs politikuri or-ganizaciis ZiriTadi forma “erovnuli saxelmwifo~. is arispolitikis erT-erTi mTavari birTvi. mas bevri Rirseba gaaC-

erTiani moqalaqeobiT da nacionalizmiT. am mxriv igi ewi-naaRmdegeba mravalnacionalur imperiebs da saxelmwifoebs.

meore SemTxvevaSi es aris principi, mazinis mier Camoy-alibebuli “erTi eri – erTi saxelmwifo~.

XX saukunis dasasruls sul ufro xSirad daiwyessaubari, rom dasrulda nacionaluri ideologiebis epoqa, im-itom, rom maT savsebiT amowures Tavisi amocana _ SeeqmnaTerovnul saxelmwifoTa samyaro.

TviTon istoria muSaobs amgvari saxelmwifos Seqm-naze. amgvari saxelmwifos Rirseba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom iserTdroulad aerTianebs sazogadoebas politikuri da kul-turuli faqtorebiT eTnikur erTobaTa sazRvrebSi, sadacgaerTianebulni arian saerTo warsulisa da kulturis mqonexalxi, igi am SemTxvevaSi idealurad emTxveva – moqalaqeobissferos. amitom bevri ambobs, rom erovnul saxelmwifoTa war-moqmna Tavis droze ganpirobebuli iyo bunebrivi da kanon-zomieri procesebiT, sxva sazogadoebrivi jgufi ar SeiZlebo-da istoriulad Camoyalibebuliyo myar politikur erTobad_ garda erisa.

ramdenadac erovnuli saxelmwifoebi ase Tu ise arismravalgvari eTnosisa da kulturis mqone, amitomac eTnikurfonze politikis gatareba warmoadgens erovnuli saxelmwi-fos moduls. erovnuli saxelmwifos gare safrTxem SeiZlebamiiRos sxvadasxva forma. _ es aris:

_ SeiaraRebis sferoSi progresi (atomuri SeiaraReba)._ ekonomikis globalizacia – aqvs Tu ara momavali

erovnul saxelmwifos, sadac arcerTi nacionaluri mmarTvelo-ba pasuxs ar agebs ekonomikaze?

_ TviTon erovnul saxelmwifos instituti, romelicsafrTxes uqmnis garemos da irRveva globaluri ekologiuriTanasworoba.

da bolos, sxva politikur organizaciebisagan, erovnu-li saxelmwifoebi gansxvavdebodnen imiT, rom is aerTianebdaxalxs saerTo nacionaluri kulturiT da saerTo tradicie-biT. dRes ki transnacionaluri da globaluri kulturiswarmoSoba asustebs mis am dadebiT mxaresac.

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Tavi VIITavi VIITavi VIITavi VIITavi VIImsoflio politikamsoflio politikamsoflio politikamsoflio politikamsoflio politika

me-20 saukunis dasasrulma kacobriobas daanaxa, rommsoflio, gaxda erTi ̀ globaluri sofeli~. globalizaciamsrulebiT Secvala politikis adrindeli gageba da TviTpolitikuri urTierTobebis arsi. politikis tradiciuliaRqma `CaxlarTuli~ iyo saxelmwifosTan. swored saxelm-wifo iTvleboda politikaSi mTavar aqtorad, xolo poli-tikuri analizis centrSi saxelmwifos Semoqmedebis nacio-naluri done idga. aseTi gagebidan bunebrivad momdinareob-da is, rom SesaZlebelia gagvevlo mkveTri xazi sagareo dasaSinao politikas Soris, anu maT Soris rasac adgili hqon-da erovnuli saxelmwifos SigniT da rac xdeboda missazRvrebs gareT. am ukanasknels aanalizebda axali dadamoukidebeli disciplina _ `saerTaSoriso urTierTobe-bi~. globalizaciam gaafermkrTala sazRvrebi ̀ saSinao~ da`sagareos~ Soris, kacobrioba mimarTa erTiani ̀ globalurisazogadoebis~ gzisken. miuxedavad amisa erovnuli saxelm-wifo kvlav mTavar aqtorad iTvleba saerTaSoriso arenaze,dRes SeuZlebelia uarvyoT isic, rom mniSvnelovnad izrdebazeerovnuli organoebisa da transerovnuli struqturebismniSvneloba.

msoflio politikis arsi damsoflio politikis arsi damsoflio politikis arsi damsoflio politikis arsi damsoflio politikis arsi daZiriTadi Teoriuli skolebiZiriTadi Teoriuli skolebiZiriTadi Teoriuli skolebiZiriTadi Teoriuli skolebiZiriTadi Teoriuli skolebi

politika rom mimarTulia sazogadoebis ara marto Sig-niT, aramed gareTac, xalxs esmoda uZvelesi droidan, dawyebuliim omebiTa da konfliqtebiT qalaq-saxelmwifoTa Soris, rasacadgili hqonda Zvel saberZneTSi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobeb-is Tanamedrove sistema warmoiSva mxolod centralizebulisaxelmwifoebis warmoSobis Semdeg XVI-XVII ss. am procesmaTavisi gamoxatuleba hpova vestfaliis SeTanxmebaSi (1948 w.),romliTac dasrulda ocdaaTwliani omi da evropulma saxelm-wifoebma pirvelad, oficialurad aRiares saxelmwifo suveren-itetis principi. mogvianebiT saxelmwifoTa erovnul sistema-Si CaerTo aSS, roca 1908 wels espaneTTan gamarjvebis Semdegmsoflio Tanamegobrobis TvalSi igi udides saxelmwifod

nia. is aerTianebs sazogadoebas kulturulad, politikurad,eTnikurad, da aZlevs damoukideblobisa da TviTgamorkvevisuflebas.

axlandel droSi erovnuli saxelmwifoebi awydebianrig problemebs. vrceldeba sxvadasxva tendenciebi, romleb-sac ganapirobebs eTnikuri faqtorebi. saWiroa gamoinaxosgadawyvetilebebi raTa Tavi daaRwion saerTaSorisoekologiuri krizisidan.

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misi mizani unda warmoadgendes usamarTlobis gamosworebas;mesame, mesame, mesame, mesame, mesame, aseT omSi unda eyrdnobode sikeTes da gaeqce borote-bas, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda miece simkacresa da six-arbes. mogvianebiT emanuel kantma SemogvTavaza msofliommarTvelobis proeqtis msgavsi ram. misi azriT, morali dagoneba erTdroulad eubneba adamians, rom ar unda iyos omi damomavalSi kacobrioba miaRwevs ̀ saerTo samudamo mSvidobas~.

idealizmis formaTa umravlesoba Seesabameba interna-cionalizms, anu adamianis saqmianoba unda moewyos sakaco-brio moTxovnilebebTan SesabamisobaSi da ara marto nacio-nalur principebze dayrdnobiT. es Sexeduleba, Tavis mxriv,gamoxatulebas poulobs im winadadebaSi, rom xalxis cxovre-ba, rogorc erovnul, aseve saerTaSoriso doneze, unda moewyosharmoniisa da TanamSromlobis sawyisebze. idealizmis erT-erT gavlenian formad iqca liberalizmi.

yvelaze Zlier biZgs idealizmis aRorZinebisTvis war-moadgens imis gaazreba, rom samxedro danaxarjebis eskalaci-is Sedegad msoflio atomuri ganadgurebis winaSe dadga, ra-Sic dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi aTwleulebis manZilze eji-brebodnen erTmaneTs. warmoiSva moZraoba mSvidobisaTvis, yve-laze farTo internacionaluri filosofiidan pacifizmze _omisa da Zaladobis nebismieri formis uaryofa _ aqcentire-bis Sedegad neoidealizmis principebma gamoxatuleba hpova`msoflio sazogadoebis~ koncefciaSi, romlis warmoqmna dakav-Sirebulia avstralieli diplomatisa da mecnieris jon ber-tonis saxelTan. ̀ msoflio sazogadoebis~ koncefcia Tvlis,rom erovnul saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis idea daberda, _mis adgilze modis saxelmwifoTa rTuli da urTierTdamok-idebuli urTierTobebis modeli, romelsac bertonma ̀ abla-buda~ uwoda. bunebrivia, iqidan gamomdinareobda, rom tradi-ciulma saerTaSoriso politikam adgili unda dauTmos saer-TaSoriso konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi araZaladobriv saSuale-bebs da saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobas.

realizmirealizmirealizmirealizmirealizmi

realisturi tradicia, romelsac xandaxan politikurrealizmsac uwodeben, Tavisuflad SeiZleba CaiTvalos uZve-les Teoriad saerTaSoriso politikaSi. misi Canasaxi Sei-

iqca da iaponia, romelmac miiRo igive statusi 1904-1905 wlebSiruseTTan gamarjvebiT. XIX saukunis bolos imperializmma daevropulma `brZolam koloniebisaTvis~ afrikasa da aziaSisaerTaSoriso sistemas Semata namdvili msoflio.

me-20 saukune gaxda momswre msoflio politikis Camoy-alibebisa. konfliqturi urTierTobebi da TanamSromlobasaxelmwifoTa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Soris gavr-celda mTeli msoflios masStabiT. yvelaze dramatuli sax-iT es gamovlinda pirveli msoflio omis (1914-1918) meoremsoflio omisa (1939-1945) da `civi omis~ (Cold War) periodSi.

XX saukunis bolos naTeli gaxda, rom icvleboda poli-tikuri cxovrebis arsi. kiTxvis qveS aRmoCnda TviT saSinaoda sagareo politikis aspeqtebad dayofa, ase Cveulebrivi romiyo adre. dRes am rTuli da mravalmxrivi cvlilebebisSesaxeb saubroben globalizaciis saxeliT.

sxvadasxva tendenciebis analizisaTvis dasawyisSi auci-lebelia gamovarkvioT sxvadasxva midgomebi, romelTa pozici-idanac ganixileboda saerTaSoriso da msoflio politika. ammxriv arsebobda Semdegi ZiriTadi skolebi: idealizmi; real-izmi; pluralizmi da marqsizmi.

idealizmiidealizmiidealizmiidealizmiidealizmi

politikuri idealizmis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, romigi saerTaSoriso politikas aRiqvams samarTlis moralurifaseulobebisa da normebis poziciidan. mas naklebad ainter-esebs empiriuli analizi (anu is, Tu saxelmwifoebi realu-rad rogor iqcevian). ufro metad normatiuli momentebis (anuis, rogor unda iqceodnen isini). analizze akeTebs aqcentire-bas, amitom mas xandaxan ganixilaven rogorc utopiis saxesx-vaobas. istoriis msvlelobisas SemuSavebul iqna politikisidealisturi Teoriis mravali tipi. magaliTad, Sua sauku-neebSi Toma aqvineli (1224-1274) msjelobda imis Sesaxeb. Turac warmoadgenda ̀ samarTliani omi~, risTvisac ganixilavdammarTvelTa moqmedebebs erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi, zneobriviTvalsazrisiT. igi amtkicebda, rom omi SesaZlebelia gama-rTlebuli iqnes, Tu daculia sami piroba. pirveli, pirveli, pirveli, pirveli, pirveli, omi undagamoacxados sruluflebianma mmarTvelma; meore, meore, meore, meore, meore, saqme, risgamoc mimdinareobs omi, samarTliani unda iyos im azriT, rom

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Zalaufleba, simdidre da resursebi saxelmwifoTa SorisTanabrad araa ganawilebuli. am sistemis mTavar monawileebsminiWebuli aqvT didi saxelmwifoebis roli (great power) (`civiomis~ wlebSi maT zesaxelmwifoebs uwodebdnen). saerTodadgili aqvs saxelmwifoTa ierarqias, romelic saerTaSorisosistemaSi wesrigs qmnis, ramdenadac didi saxelmwifoebi aseTu ise akontroleben daqvemdebarebul saxelmwifoebs savaWroblokebidan. `civi omis~ wlebSi yovelive aman gamoiwvia bi-polaruli msoflio wesrigis damkvidreba, sadac amerikasa dassrk-s Zalovan blokebs Soris winaaRmdegobebma TiTqmis mTe-li msoflio moicva. realistebis mtkicebiT swored bipo-larobam SeZlo mSvidobis SenarCuneba.

80-ian wlebSi uoltisa da sxva Teoretikosebis zegav-leniT ganviTareba pova neorealizmma, romelic igive poziciebsuWers mxars, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, roca gadamwyvetmniSvnelobas Zalas aniWebs. am mimarTulebis momxreebi msof-lio procesebs xsnian ara imdenad saxelmwifoTa miznebiTada deklaraciebiT, ramdenadac saerTaSoriso sistemis struq-turuli faqtorebiT.

pluralizmipluralizmipluralizmipluralizmipluralizmi

pluralisturi midgoma saerTaSoriso politikisadmidamaxasiaTebelia aSS-sTvis, SeiniSneba 1960-1970-iani wlebidanda warmoadgens erTgvar zednadebs liberalur ideebsa dafaseulobebze. Tavisi arsiT pluralizmi warmoadgens socialur-politikur koncefcias, rogoricaa Zalisa da Zalauflebisgafantva konkurentul struqturebsa an jgufebSi. plural-izmi rogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa koncefcia, gamodissaxelmwifo _ ̀ imcentruli~ modelis alternativad, romelsaceyrdnoba realizmi. bolo modelis ilustraciad gamodgebajon bertonis mosazrebebi ̀ biliardis magidasTan~ dakavSire-biT. rogorc magida burTebiT, romlebic warmoadgenen xistobieqtebs, ejaxebian erTmaneTs da amavdroulad erTmaneTs aZlevenmoZraobis saSualebas, realizmic mis msgavsad warmoadgensmsoflio politikas. pluralizmis momxreTa azriT es srulebiTmcdari Sexedulebaa, radgan iq ar arseboben transerovnuliaqtorebi _ transerovnuli korporaciebi da arasamTavroboorganizaciebi, ar aris saxelmwifoTa urTierTdamokidebuleba,

Zleba davinaxoT fukididesTan peloponesis omis istoriaSi(431 w. Cv. w.aR.-mde) da sun-czis klasikur naSromSi strategi-is Sesaxeb ̀ omis xelovneba~, romelic daiwera CineTSi daax-loebiT imave periodSi. politikuri realizmis sxva cnibilifigurebi arian makiaveli da Tomas hobsi. magram gabatonebulparadigmad realizmi XX saukuneSi _ ori msoflio omismsvlelobis Semdeg gaxda. im dros, roca idealizmi eyrdnobasaerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eTikur mxares, realizmisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelia sxva speqtri _ saxelmwifoTa Zalovani poli-tika (Power politics), sadac saxelmwifoebi miyvebian sakuTarinteresebs. misi arsiT saxelmwifo mTavaria saerTaSorisoarenaze da momavalSi suverenuli, igi imoqmedebs damoukide-blad, ufro metic, nacionalizmis aRzevebiTa da eri-saxelm-wifoebis SeqmniT, saxelmwifo xdeba, Sinaganad mWidrod dakav-Sirebul politikur Tanasazogadoebad, sadac yvela emor-Cileba eris interesebs.

realizmis wamyvanma Teoretikosebma emanuil kantma dahans morgenTaum gaakritikes idealizmi _ internacionalizm-sa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi bunebrivi harmoniis ar-sebobasTan dakavSirebiT. mag: kari amtkicebda, rom or msof-lio oms Soris periodSi gulubryvilo imedebma saerTaSorisosamarTalze da koleqtiur usafrTxoebaze xeli SeuSala at-lantikis orive mxaris politikosebs gaeazrebinaT germanu-li eqspansiis safrTxe da SeeCerebinaT igi. radgan msoflio-Si ar aris imaze maRali Zalaufleba vidre suverenuli sax-elmwifo, xazs usvamen realistebi, saerTaSoriso politikaxorcieldeba ̀ bunebis kanonebiT~, anu anarqiiT da aramc daaramc harmoniiT. saerTaSoriso sistemis anarqiuloba ki ima-Si mdgomareobs, rom yoveli saxelmwifo fiqrobs sakuTarnacionalur interesebze, pirvel rigSi sakuTar gadarCenasada sakuTari teritoriuli sazRvrebis dacvaze.

amis safuZvelze realistebi aqcents akeTeben Zalisrolze saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, Zalas ki saomar kate-goriad miiCneven. saerTaSoriso anarqia maTTvis arc erTSemTxvevaSi ar aRniSnavs permanentul konfliqts da mudmivoms. isini amtkiceben, rom konfliqtic da TanamSromlobacsaxelmwifoTa Sida sistemaSi umravles SemTxvevaSi emor-Cileba ZalTa balansis logikas (balance of power).

amasTan realistebi ar Tvlian, rom saerTaSoriso wes-rigis SigniT namdvilad moqmedeben ̀ bunebis kanonebi~, radgan

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xalxis solidaroba ar cnobs nacionalur sazRvrebs.Tanamedrove marqsistebma, anu neomarqsistebma, uaryves

marqsisa da leninis klasikuri modeli. neomarqsistuli midg-omis Tavisebureba mdgomareobs SemdegSi: im dros, rocaklasikuri marqsizmi xazs usvams winaaRmdegobebs naciona-lur ̀ kapitalizmTa~ Soris, neomarqsistebi yuradRebas amax-vileben masze, rogor viTardeboda globaluri kapitalis-turi sistema me-20 saukuneSi.

am sistemis mTavar damaxasiaTebel niSans, neomarqsistebisTanaxmad, warmoadgens klasobriv interesTa organizacia saer-TaSoriso safuZvelze _ mravalnacionaluri korporaciebisqselis saxiT.

msoflio wesrigi XXI saukuneSimsoflio wesrigi XXI saukuneSimsoflio wesrigi XXI saukuneSimsoflio wesrigi XXI saukuneSimsoflio wesrigi XXI saukuneSi

1989 wlis 9 noembers demonstraciebi aRmosavleT ber-linSi gaimarTa berlinis kedlis dasangrevad _ es `civiomis~ mTavar simbolos warmoadgenda. 1990 wlis gazafxulzekuveitis krizisis periodSi, roca erayis agresiis winaaRmdegCamoyalibda yvelaze farTo saerTaSoriso koalicia, aSS-isprezidentma gamoacxada ̀ axali msoflio wesrigi~. 1990 wlisnoemberSi varSavis SeTanxmebisa da natos warmomadgenlebiSexvdnen erTmaneTs parizSi da oficialurad gamoacxadeskonfrontaciis eris dasasruli. ̀ civi omis~ wignSi gadaiSa-la bolo gverdi, magram darCa kiTxvebi: rogor daiwyo ̀ civiomi~? ram SeaCera igi da ratom ar gadaizarda namdvil omSi?da ras niSnavda misi damTavreba: vin moigo?

CvenTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom iseTi rTuli istori-uli procesi, rogoricaa ̀ civi omis~ dasawyisi da dasasruli,ar SeiZleba aixsnas romelime erTi mizezis saSualebiT.swored amitom vxvdebiT azrTa da fatebis mravalferovnebas,romelzec amjerad yuradRebas ar gavamaxvilebT. avRniSnavTmxolod imas, rom 1980-iani wlebis movlenebi momzadebuliiyo 1970-iani wlebis daZabulobis ganmuxtvis politikis Sed-egad. ganmuxtvam aiZula mxareebi gadaesinjaT Tavisi strate-giuli prioritetebi. 1980-iani wlebis moZraobam mSvidobi-saTvis kiTxvis qveS daayena zesaxelmwifoebis yvela SeT-anxmeba. yvelaze farTo masStabiT `civi omis~ dasasrulmagamoxatuleba ZalTa globalur balansSi hpova.

gansakuTrebiT, ekonomikur sferoSi.amitom pluralizmi gvTavazobs ̀ sxvadasxvagvar aqtor-

Ta models~, sadac erovnul mmarTvelTa rolTan erTad xaziaqvs gasmuli imas, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi dResyalibdeba ufro metad farTo faqtorebisa da interesTa jgufe-bis zegavleniT da ̀ sagareo suverenitetis~ principi, romelzeccocxlobs realizmi, unda Seicvalos metad Tavmdabali gage-biT, moqmed struqturaTagan damoukideblad. es politikaSiiseTi struqturebis CarTvis saSualebas iZleva, rogoricaa`grinpisi~, palestinis ganTavisuflebis organizacia, korpo-racia ̀ koka-kola~ da vatikani. da es CarTva xdeba gaTanabre-bulad, ase vTqvaT, safrangeTisa Tu argentinis saxelmwifos-Tan. sinamdvileSi ki pluralizmi kiTxvis qveS ayenebsdamoukidebel moqmed aqtorebs da Tvlis, rom msoflio poli-tikis yvela subieqti moqmedebs Sekavebisa da urTierTgawo-nasworebis wredSi. swored aseTi midgomis farglebSi, ̀ kubiskrizisis~ analizisas alisonma (1971) gvaCvena, rom saxelmwi-foebrivi gadawyvetilebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi gamomdinareobsara imdenad erovnuli interesebis `racionaluri~ Tanmim-devrobidan, ramdenadac CinovnikTa da politikosTa biurokratiu-li garemodan.

sabolood, pluralizmma misca saSualeba gaeazrebinaTsaerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi iseTi tendencia, rogoricaaZalovani politikidan CamoSoreba. mocemuli midgomis mo-mxreebi Tvlian, rom urTierTdamokidebul msoflioSi Tanam-Sromlobisken da integraciisken moZraoba bolos msofliopolitikis mTavar magistralur RerZad iqceva.

marqsizmimarqsizmimarqsizmimarqsizmimarqsizmi

marqsistuli Sexedulebebi saerTaSoriso urTierTo-bebze gansxvavdeba sxva paradigmebisagan, da es specifika imaSimdgomareobs, rom marqsizmi mTavar mniSvnelobas aZlevsekonomikur Zlierebas da saerTaSoriso kapitalis Semoqmede-bas. miuxedavad imisa, rom marqsi ZiriTadad nacionalurikapitalizmis struqturebiTa da ZiriTadad burJuaziasa daproletariats Soris antagonisturi urTierTobebiT iyo dakave-buli, misi naSromebi exeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebsac _sakmarisia gavixsenoT misi koncefcia imis Sesaxeb, rom mSromeli

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eobs imaSi, rom daSoreba da teritorialuri sazRvrebi erebsa dasaxelmwifoebs Soris adrindeli urTierTobis formebs cvlis.es, erTis mxriv, ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela ̀ lokaluri~, ̀ naciona-luri~ subieqti dReidan emorCileba `globalur~ faqtorebs.swori iqneba Tu avRniSnavT, rom politikuri procesi Rrmavdebada farTovdeba da adgilobrivi movlenebi nacionaluri da glo-baluri masStabebiT ufro metad urTierTqmedeben erTmaneTze.

zogierTi Teoretikosebi globalizaciaSi iTvaliswinebenTanamSromlobisa da harmoniis tendenciebs, magram arsebobs sxvamosazrebac, romlis Tanaxmad globalizaciis procesi agrZelebsaxal winaaRmdegobebsa da konfliqtebs. es tendencia naTladCndeba saerTo nacionaluri marTvis modelis efeqturobis Sem-cirebaSi da regionalizaciis procesis gaZlierebaSi. vinaidantradiciul nacionalur saxelmwifos urTuldeba usafrTxoeb-is uzrunvelyofa, sazogadoebis stabiluroba da ekonomikurikeTilmowyoba, es amocanebi gadadis mezobeli da geografiuladaxlomdebare saxelmwifoebTan TanamSromlobis sferoSi. amavedros urTierTdamokidebuleba globalizaciasa da regional-izacias Soris jer-jerobiT naTeli araa. SesaZlebelia, region-alizacia gavigoT rogorc pirveli nabijebi globalizaciisak-en: ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebulebis zrda. swored romregionaluri doniT unda daiwyos regionaluri struqturebismier xidis gadeba nacionalur saxelmwifoebsa da globaluradmoqmed ZalTa Soris. meore mxriv, regionalizacia SesaZlebeliasapirispiro mimarTulebiT moqmedebdes da warmoadgendes winaaRm-degobis formas globalizaciis winaSe. yvelaze naTel istori-ul precedentad SesaZlebelia gvemsaxuros Ria saerTaSorisoekonomikuri wesrigis dacema XIX saukunis bolos. saerTaSorisodaZabulobis, romelic gamowveuli iyo proteqcionizmis (impor-tis SezRudva tarifebisa da kvotebis saSualebiT nacionaluriwarmoebis dasacavad) Sedegad, saxelmwifoTa ekonomikurma paqrobamgamoiRo iseTi Sedegi, rogoricaa pirveli msoflio omi. ase Tuise, ramdenadac eri ukve aRar warmoadgens im formas, romelicuzrunvelyofs ekonomikuri wesrigis ganviTarebas sazogadoeba-Si, momavalSi am amocanam, SesaZlebelia, gadainacvlos region-ebTan.

regionalizaciis mamoZravebel Zalad gamodiodnenstrategiuli, ekonomikuri da, SesaZlebelia, kulturuli xasia-Tis gansazRvruli faqtorebi. regionaluri organizaciebiaRmocendnen 1945 wlis Semdeg. mniSvnelovan organizaciebad

XXI saukunis saerTaSoriso sistema gansxvavebuli iqnebawina periodebis saerTaSoriso sistemisagan: aq yvela saxelm-wifo _ didic, da zesaxelmwifoebic icxovreben urTierT-damokidebul situaciaSi da gaizrdeba saerTaSoriso orga-nizaciebis mniSvnelobac.

globalizacia warmoadgens rTul koncefcias. miuxe-davad imisa, rom diskusia mis garSemo 1980-iani wlebidanmodis, misi gamoyenebis sfero dResdReisobiTac ar aris dad-genili, man SeiZleba aRniSnos politikuri, globaluri mar-ketinguli strategia, kacobriobis dRevandeli da perspeqti-uli mdgomareoba, da bolos ideologiac ki.

globalizacia SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT ekonomikur,kulturul da politikur ganzomilebaSi. ekonomikuri glo-balizaciis gagebaSi Cadebulia idea imis Sesaxeb, rom dResarcerTi nacionaluri ekonomika ar warmoadgens kunZuls.isini didi Tu mcire saxiT CarTulni arian msoflio ekonomi-kaSi. komunizmis kraxma daaCqara globalizacia: globalurkapitalistur sistemas Seemata saxelmwifoTa msxvili bloki,romelic adre mis gareT rCeboda.

kulturuli globalizacia qmnis pirobebs imisaTvis,rom informacia, saqoneli da imiji, warmoebuli qveynis ama Tuim nawilSi, moeqcnen erT globalur dinebaSi, romlis gardau-val Sedegs warmoadgens erebs, regionebsa da xalxs Soriskulturuli gansxvavebebis metnaklebi gawonasworeba.

politikur globalizacias, pirvel rigSi, Cven vxedavTsaerTaSoriso organizaciebis mniSvnelobis zrdaSi. maT Sorisarsebobs klasifikacia. arsebobs transnacionaluri orga-nizaciebi, romlebic Tavis Zalauflebas axorcielebs araromelime saxelmwifos SigniT, aramed saxelmwifoTa Soris.aseTi organizaciebis umravlesoba meore msoflio omis Sem-deg Camoyalibda, esenia: gaero, evropis ekonomikuri Tanamego-broba, evropis sabWo, msoflio banki, saerTaSoriso savalutofondi, saerTaSoriso savaWro organizacia da a.S.

globalizaciis kritikosebi, Tavis mxriv, Tvlian, romkapitalizmi uTanasworobisa da eqspluataciis tolfasia daayalibebs siRaribisa da usamarTlobis axal formebs.

globalizacia _ es msoflios urTierTkavSiris rTulisistemaa, sadac erT regionSi momxdari movlena, erT regionSimiRebuli politikuri gadawyvetileba zemoqmedebas axdens dedami-wis sxva bolos mcxovreb xalxze. globalizaciis arsi mdgomar-

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Tavi VIIITavi VIIITavi VIIITavi VIIITavi VIIIqveynis Sida politikaqveynis Sida politikaqveynis Sida politikaqveynis Sida politikaqveynis Sida politika

roca vlaparakobT saerTaSoriso politikaze, eri dasaxelmwifo warmoadgens erTian, mTlian warmonaqmns. TumcasinamdvileSi TviToeul maTgans gaaCnia Sida struqtura,romelic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa xelisuflebis sxvadasxva safex-urebad.

upirveles yovlisa, Cven vxedavT, rom yvela qveyanaSiarsebobs teritoriuli danayofebi Tavisi SesabamisimmarTvelobiTi organoebiT _ centraluri (nacionaluri) daagreTve yovlisSemZle regionaluri da adgilobrivi xelisu-flebiT. es aris saxelmwifo konstituciis sakiTxi _ qveyanaaris federaciulifederaciulifederaciulifederaciulifederaciuli Tu unitaruli unitaruli unitaruli unitaruli unitaruli saxelmwifo. amasTanorive SemTxvevaSi yalibdeba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gan-sakuTrebuli danawileba, romlis farglebSic warmoiqmnebaurTierToba centrsa da regions Soris. ganviTarebis gansx-vavebuli donis miuxedavad, yvela Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSimoqmedebs urTierTsawinaaRmdego tendenciebi: erTi mxriv, saer-TaSoriso da sxvadasxva faqtorebis, ekonomikuri kavSirebisganviTareba, meore mxriv, XXI s-is dasawyisisaTvis yvelgangaZlierdnen Zalebi, romlebmac gamoiwvies eTnikuri, region-aluri da adgilobrivi politikis gamococxleba, centridan-uli ganwyoba.

centralizacia Tu decentralizacia?centralizacia Tu decentralizacia?centralizacia Tu decentralizacia?centralizacia Tu decentralizacia?centralizacia Tu decentralizacia?

yvela Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi arsebobs centraluri(nacionaluri) da regionaluri (provinciuli da adgilo-brivi) saxelmwifo organoebi. aseTi dayofa, pirvel rigSi,dakavSirebulia teritoriul faqtorebTan, magram principebi,romlidanac is warmoiqmneba, gansxvavebulia. gadamwyveti mniS-vneloba TviToeul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba hqondes konstitu-cias, romelic gansazRvravs damokidebulebas centrsa da re-gions Soris.

centraluri xelisuflebis gareSe saxelmwifo, romel-ic awarmoebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs: diplomatiasa daTavdacvas, ver iarsebebs saerTaSoriso arenaze. garda amisa,centraluri xelisuflebis monawileobis gareSe regionaluri

iTvlebodnen nato da varSavis SeTanxmebis qveynebis organiza-cia. komunizmis kraxamde, 1989-1991 wlebSi nato da varSavispaqti ar iyvnen aqtiurebi. `civi omis~ damTavrebis Semdgomnato darCa erT-erT msxvil samxedro organizaciad region-aluri masStabiT, magram radikalurad Seicvala misi miznebida roli. dRes nato farTovdeba, yofili varSavis xelSek-rulebis qveynebi erTi meoris miyolebiT Sedian nato-Si, raTauzrunvelyon samxedro da politikuri damoukidebloba.

yvelaze didi biZgi regionalizacias mainc ekonomikammisca. zogierTi regionaluri savaWro bloki, magaliTad evro-pis ekonomikuri kavSiri, Camoyalibda meore msoflio omisSemdeg, magram umravlesoba 1990 wlidan warmoiSva.

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saxelmwifoebriv saqmianobaSi, kerZod, saSinao poli-tikaSi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba nacionalur erTobas,romelic unda uzrunvelyos Zlierma centralurma xelisu-flebam. misi amocanaa Tanabaruflebianobisa da Tanasworo-bis miRweva, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ganxorcieleba da sxva.

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia centrisa da region-is damokidebuleba. aq ZiriTad rols TamaSobs saxelmwifoskonstituciuri sistema, romelic gvaZlevs centrsa da re-gions Soris damokidebulebis saerTo sqemas.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi teritorialuri mowyobis ram-denime ZiriTadi modelia cnobili, maT Soris unitaruli,unitaruli,unitaruli,unitaruli,unitaruli,federaciulifederaciulifederaciulifederaciulifederaciuli da konfederaciuli.konfederaciuli.konfederaciuli.konfederaciuli.konfederaciuli.

nacionalur saxelmwifoTa doneze konfederaciaTa ma-galiTebi iSviaTia. Tavis droze konfederaciuli iyo aSS-Si.yvelaze cnobili Tanamedrove konfederaciebs Soris arisdamoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (d.s.T.), saidanacgamovida saqarTvelo 2008 wels.

federaciuli sistemebifederaciuli sistemebifederaciuli sistemebifederaciuli sistemebifederaciuli sistemebi

mmarTvelobis federaciuli sistemebi tipuria Tan-amedrove msofliosaTvis. dedamiwis mosaxleobis 1/3 cxovrobsfederaciul saxelmwifoSi. maT Sorisaa aSS, brazilia, avs-tralia, pakistani, meqsika, Sveicaria, nigeria, malaizia, kanada,ruseTi da a.S. Tumca msoflioSi ar arsebobs ori absolu-turad erTnairi federacia. yvelas aqvs saerTo _ suverenite-ti, gayofili centralur da periferiul institutebs Soris.es niSnavs, rom ukidures SemTxvevaSi Teoriulad mainc arcerT mmarTvelobis sistemis dones ar SeuZlia gavlena moax-dinos meores mmarTvelobaze. am azriT, federacia gamodisSualeduri formiT politikur sazogadoebaSi, raRac saSua-lo konfederaciasa (romlis suvereniteti gamodis periferi-uli institutebisagan) da unitarul saxelmwifoebs Soris(romelSic mTeli Zalaufleba ekuTvnis periferiul region-alur institutebs).

federaciuli sistemebi warmoadgenen mTel rig kom-promisebs qveynis erTianobis principebsa da regionalurmravalferovnebebs Soris, aseve efeqtur centralur xelisu-flebasa da momxmarebels Soris.

organoebi ver SeZleben TanamSromlobas im sakiTxebSi, rom-lebSic maTi interesebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. yovelive es ni-Snavs, rom centraluri xelisuflebis amocanaa saxelmwifosekonomikur cxovrebas uxelmZRvanelos da gadawyvitos saer-TaSoriso sakiTxebi.

federalizmis meore Rirseba mdgomareobs imaSi, romxelisuflebis gadanawilebiT is qmnis zemoqmedebis da urT-ierTgawonasworebis sistemas, rac marTalia, yovelTvis muSaobsuflebisa da Tavisuflebis dacvis saqmeSi. rogorc Tavisdroze gamoxata jeims medisonma ̀ unda moviqceT ise, rom zo-gierTi adamianis ambiciebi awonasworebdnen sxvebis ambicie-bs~. federalizmis centralurma sistemebma, (mag: amerikuli,avstraliuri, kanaduri), gamoimuSaves politikosebis Semowmeb-is ufro sando saSualebebi, vidre unitarulma sistemebma,magram unda gavigoT, rom es sistemebi, Cafiqrebuli janmrTe-li konkurenciis Sesaqmnelad, saxelmwifo organoebSi Sesa-Zlebelia aseTive warmatebiT gardaiqmnas xelisuflebis uun-arobis mizezadac. federaluri sistemis sisuste is aris, romcentraluri xelisuflebis gakontrolebis nebismieri Sesa-Zlebloba, aZnelebs sxvadasxva Tamami ekonomikuri da so-cialuri programis ganxorcielebas. ase mag.: ruzveltis ̀ ax-ali kursi~ aSS-Si mniSvnelovnad dazaralda umaRlesi sasa-marTlos poziciis gamo, romelic dadga Statebis dasacavadfederaluri xelisuflebisagan. 1980-ian wlebSi ronald reigan-ma mizanmimarTulad gamoiyena federalizmi iaraRad `didi~xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg da socialuri daxmarebis gasawe-vad ekonomikurad CamorCenili mosaxleobisadmi. ̀ axali fed-eralizmis~ lozungis qveS reigani Seecada Seemcirebina so-cialuri danaxarjebis zrda. pasuxismgebloba federalurixelisuflebis nacvlad daakisra susti Statebis xelisufle-bas. maSasadame, federalizmi uzrunvelyofda instituciona-lur meqanizms, romelic SesaZlebels xdida sazogadoebaSierToba yvela da yvelanair Sida gansxvavebebs Soris. undaiTqvas, rom am damokidebulebiT is gamodgeba mxolod mcire-ricxovani da mravaleTnikuri regionebisTvis, am SemTxvevaSiis Seucvlelia. amerikuli federalizmis ZiriTadi mniSvnelo-baa ara is, rom Tavdapirvelad akavSirebda 13 Stats, aramed is,rom man misca qveyanas institucionaluri meqanizmis proble-mebis gafarToebis SesaZlebloba, rac gamowveuli iyo emi-graciis gazrdiT XIX s-is Sua xanebSi.

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didnen centralizaciis win. es regionaluri avtonomiistradicia droebiT iqna Sewyvetili nacistebis mier da damt-kicda federaciuli germaniis respublikis konstituciaSi1949 w. es dokumenti aniWebs uflebas 11 germanul miwas Seqm-nas sakuTari konstitucia (germaniis gaerTianebis Semdeg esricxvi gadidda 16-mde).

2. federaciis Camoyalibebaze imoqmeda iseTma faqtorebma,rogorebicaa garedan muqara da axali saxelmwifoebis swraf-va saerTaSoriso saqmeebSi mniSvnelovani rolis Sesasrule-blad. patara, strategiulad daucvel saxelmwifoebs msxvilpolitikur gaerTianebebSi Sesvlis seriozuli mizezi aqvT.Tavisuflebis mopovebis Semdeg amerikis Statebma imedgacrue-ba ganicades `konfederaciis statusis~ gamo, romelic araZlevda maT saSualebas Sesabamis diplomatiur doneze dae-doT xelSekrulebebi, Sesuliyvnen kavSirebSi da a.S. germanu-li saxelmwifoebis mzadyofna XIX s-Si SeeqmnaT federalurikavSiri da Seguebodnen qveynis gaprusebas didi qveynebiswinaaRmdegobebiT _ gansakuTrebiT avstriisa da safrangeT-idan mosalodneli agresiiT aixsneba. aseve federaciuli evro-pisken mimarTuli moZraoba, dawyebuli 1952 w. daarsebuliqvanaxSirisa da foladis evropuli ekonomiuri gaerTianebiT(EOYC) da 1957 w. Camoyalibebuli evropuli ekonomikuri gaer-Tianeba, aixsneba sabWoTa agresiiTa da evropis gavlenisgazrdiT orpolarul Zalad gayofil msoflioSi.

3. qveynebis geografiuli sidide.qveynebis geografiuli sidide.qveynebis geografiuli sidide.qveynebis geografiuli sidide.qveynebis geografiuli sidide. SemTxveviTi araa,rom federaluri mowyobisaken miiswrafodnen teritoriuladdidi saxelmwifoebi: aSS, kanada (federacia gaxda 1867 w),brazilia (1891), avstralia (1901), meqsika (1917) da indoeTi (1947w.). saqme imaSia, rom didi teritoriebis mqone qveynebs uni-tarul sistemebSi Zalian uWirT SeinarCunon centrisken mi-marTuli tendenciebi, gamomdinare sazogadoebis kulturulimravalferovnebidan da Rrmad fesvebgadgmuli adgilobrivitradiciebidan. maSasadame, federalizmis xelisSemwyobi sab-oloo faqtori, esaa kulturuli da eTnikuri sazogadoebisaraerTgvarovneba: federalizmi am SemTxvevaSi gadaiqcevaTavisebur institucionalur pasuxad. mag: kanadis aTobiTprovincias axasiaTebs ara marto regionaluri tradiciebi,agreTve enobrivi da kulturuli gansxvavebebi inglisureno-van da frangulenovan mosaxleobebs Soris. indoeTSi arsebu-li 25 Statis TviTmmarTveloba dakavSirebulia pirvel rig-

Tu gadavxedavT Tanamedrove federaciebs (an federaci-uli principis saxelmwifoebs), davinaxavT, rom maT bevrisaerTo aqvT, saidanac SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom isini TiTqosam formas esadagebian.

1. maTi msgavseba Cven SegviZlia moviZioT maTive isto-riebSi. ufro xSirad isini yalibdebian ukve arsebul erTianpolitikur sazogadoebad, romelTac amave dros surT Seinar-Cunon sakuTari TviTmyofadoba, xandaxan avtonomiac. amis ma-galiTia msoflioSi pirveli federaciuli saxelmwifo _ aSS,Tumca inglisis yofili 13 kolonia amerikaSi sakmaod maledarCa ukmayofilo konfederaciul sistemaSi urTierTdamok-idebulebiT. TviToeuli maTgani ukve iyo politikuri tradici-is matarebeli, isini iswrafodnen ufro axali centralizebu-li damokidebulebisken. mag: iseTi yofili privilegirebuliteritoriebi, rogoricaa rod-ailendi da konnektikuti, jerkidev koloniebis dros flobdnen sakmaod farTo politikurTavisuflebas, xolo damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg isiniagrZelebdnen kolonialuri muxlebis gamoyenebas konstituciissaxiT.

1787 w. filadelfiis konstituciis konvenciasa daaSS-s konstituciis ratifikaciisaTvis gamarTul debatebSigamoCnda Zlieri erovnuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisadmiyofili koloniebis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba. ̀ nacional-isturi pozicia~ ratifikaciis sasargeblod Camoyalibebuliiqna statiebSi, romlebic dabeWdili iyo krebulSi `feder-alisti~. misi avtorebi iyvnen aleqsandre hemiltoni, jeimsmedisoni da jon jei, romlebic beWdavdnen koleqtiuri fsev-donimiT ̀ publiusi~, isini moiTxovdnen Zlieri centralurixelisuflebis Camoyalibebas, romelic xels Seuwyobda aseveStatebisa da xalxis Tavisuflebas. konstitucia ratificir-ebuli iqna 1789 w., mas Semdeg, roca miRebuli iqna biliuflebaTa Sesaxeb da konstituciis meaTe Sesworeba, anu rocaCamoyalibda imis garantia, rom Zalaufleba oficialurad kiar gadaecema federalur xelisuflebas, aramed ̀ darCebaT Se-sabamisad Statebs da xalxs~. es gaxda amerikuli federaliz-mis konstituciuri safuZveli, aseTive suraTs Cven vxedavTgermaniis gaerTianebaSi 1871 w. ZiriTad rols aq TamaSobdaprusia, magram swored federaciuli idea daexmara mas ganemux-ta is saSiSroeba, romelsac danarCeni 38 saxelmwifo, rom-lebic uxsovari droidan mieCvien damoukideblobas, ganic-

112 113

da Sveicariuli sistemebi. parlamentaruli sistema warmoSobse.w. ̀ saSemsruleblo federalizms~, romelSic federalizmisgawonasworebas ZiriTadad xels uwyobs damokidebuleba saSem-sruleblo organoebs Soris mTel qveyanaSi. amis magaliTe-bia kanada da avstralia.

gansxvavebebis miuxedavad TiTqmis yvela federaciulsistemas axasiaTebs Semdegi saerTo Tvisebebi:

ori, SedarebiT damoukidebeli, mmarTvelobis done.ori, SedarebiT damoukidebeli, mmarTvelobis done.ori, SedarebiT damoukidebeli, mmarTvelobis done.ori, SedarebiT damoukidebeli, mmarTvelobis done.ori, SedarebiT damoukidebeli, mmarTvelobis done.federaciul sistemebSi xelisuflebis centraluri pre-

rogativa (federaciuli done) da regionaluri xelisufleba(Statis an nebismieri warmonaqmnis done) isea gansazRvruli,rom gamoricxulia erTi donis mier meore donis uflebebSiCareva. TiToeul maTgans, Tumca sxvadasxva moculobiT, Tavisisakanonmdeblo da saSemsruleblo saxelmwifo organoebi, gada-saxadebis gadaxdis SesaZlebloba da dafiqsirebuli damoukide-bloba gaaCniaT. ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi TiTeulimmarTvelobis done da maTi erTmaneTze zegavlenis SesaZle-bloba sxdasxvanairad yalibdeba. mag: germaniaSi da avstriaSimoqmedebs sistema ̀ administraciuli~ federalizmi, sadac cen-traluri xelisufleba politikis ZiriTad sakiTxebs wyvets,regionaluri xelisufleba ki pasuxismgebelia gadawyvetilebisSesrulebaze konkretul momentSi.

federaciul sistemebSi TiToeuli saxelmwifo donismmarTvelobis uflebebi da movaleobebi iuridiuladaa ganmt-kicebuli, anu, werilobiTi konstituciiT. amitom centrsa daregions Soris damokidebuleba reglamentirebulia. TiToeu-li donis damoukidebloba imiTaa garantirebuli, rom arc erTmaTgans ar SeuZlia calmxrivad konstituciis Secvla; aSS-SikonstituciaSi cvlilebebis Sesatanad saWiroa orive palatisorganoebis mxardaWera. avstraliasa da SveicariaSi konstitu-ciaSi SesworebisaTvis saWiroa referendumiT damtkiceba.

aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas warmoadgensaRmasrulebel xelisuflebas warmoadgensaRmasrulebel xelisuflebas warmoadgensaRmasrulebel xelisuflebas warmoadgensaRmasrulebel xelisuflebas warmoadgens saxelm-wifo mmarTvelobis Sto, romelic pasuxismgebelia erovnulikanonmdeblobis Sesrulebaze da nacionaluri politikis ga-tarebaze.

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba aris saxelmwifommarTvelobis Sto, romelsac aqvs kanonmdeblobis gansakuTre-buli uflebebi da pasuxismgebelia konstituciiT gansazRvrulwesrigsa da kanonze.

Si eniT, magram penjabisa da qaSmiris StatSi did rolsTamaSobs regionuli faqtori. aseTive principiTaa Camoyali-bebuli nigeriis konstitucia, romelic Sedgeba 19 Statisgan,igi iTvaliswinebs religiur da Temur gansxvavebebs, aseveCrdiloeTis da samxreTis Taviseburebebs.

federalizmis niSnebifederalizmis niSnebifederalizmis niSnebifederalizmis niSnebifederalizmis niSnebi

yoveli federaciuli sistema unikaluria: TiToeulmaTganSi yalibdeba Taviseburi damokidebuleba federalurxelisuflebasa da Statis xelisuflebas Soris, rac gan-isazRvreba ara marto qveynis konstituciiT, aramed poli-tikuri, iuridiuli, geografiuli, kulturuli da socialuripirobebiT, romelsac adgili aqvs TviToeul SemTxvevaSi. zogjerqveyanaSi Seqmnili partiuli sistema ara nakleb gamosaxavscentrisa da regionis damokidebulebas, vidre Zalauflebiskonstituciuri ganawileba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis doneebsSoris. mag: ssr kavSiris federaciuli sistema, romlis kon-stitucia, aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, fiqtiurad iTvaliswinebdaTiToeuli respublikis uflebas gamoyofaze, iyo mkacrad cen-tralizebuli komunisturi partiis xazis Sedegi. msgavsisituaciaa meqsikaSi, sadac institucionalur-revoluciuripartiis gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ewinaaRmdegeboda federaci-ul sistemas, Seqmnils amerikuli modeliT. meore mxriv, CvenvxedavT, rom aSS-Si, kanadaSi, avstraliasa da indoeTSi decen-tralizebuli partiuli sistemebi piriqiT, aZliereben State-bis da regionaluri mTavrobis politikur TviTmyofadobas.

federaciis konkretuli xasiaTi damokidebulia imaze,arsebobs Tu ara `xelisuflebis gayofis~ sistemaSi aRmas-rulebeli (executive) da sakanonmdeblo (legistative) Stoebi (esyvelaze tipiurad gamoxatulia aSS saprezidento sistemaSi)an masze dafuZnebuli saparlamento sistema, sadac saSemsrule-blo da sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba `mTlianad SeduRebu-lia~. saqme imaSia, rom pirveli modeli gvTavazobs, rom xe-lisufleba saxelmwifoSi iyofodes ara mxolod funqciona-luri, aramed teritorialuri xaziTac, ris Sedegad mTavrobisor dones Soris yalibdeba mravali Sexebis wertili. war-moiSoba rTuli damokidebuleba centraluri da adgilobrivixelisuflebis doneebs Soris, risi magaliTicaa amerikuli

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dia Sinagani bunebidan gamomdinare. is gadaxrilia an cen-tralizaciisken, rasac mivyavarT unitarizmamde, an decentral-izaciisken, rac SemdgomSi unda gamoixatos qveynis danawevre-biT.

amis magaliTia kanadis federalizmi. aq federaciulisistemis mizani iyo politikuri kavSiris Seqmna, romelicSesaZlebels xdida inglisurenovani da frangulenovani mo-saxleobis mSvid Tanacxovrebas, magram es cda uiRblo gamodga.amis sapasuxod frangulenovani kvebeki 1980 wlidan aRdga immagiuri formulis saZebnelad, romelic sabolood gadawyvet-da kvebekis sakiTxs kanadis federaciis monawileobaSi. 1987 w.miRweuli xelSekrulebiT kvebekma miiRo gansakuTrebuli sta-tusi federaciaSi, magram sami wlis Semdeg moxda gamosvlebi`asimetriuli federalizmis~ principis winaaRmdeg. kvebekmamoiTxova avtonomiis maRali done, raSic inglisurenovanmafrangebma dainaxes qveynis erTianobis saSiSroeba. 1995 wlisreferendumze kvebekis mosaxleobam mcire upiratesobiT uariTqva kanadidan mTlianad gamoyofis variantze, rasac moiTxov-da da moiTxovs kvebekis separatistuli partia.

unitarizmiunitarizmiunitarizmiunitarizmiunitarizmi

Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis umravlesobas aqvs uni-taruli mmarTvelobis sistema, romelSic suverenitetis ma-tareblad warmogvidgeba saerTo erovnuli masStabis da mniS-vnelobis mqone erTi instututi. Teoriulad mainc qveynisumaRles sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas SeuZlia miiRos daSecvalos nebismieri kanoni. misi uflebebi ar Semoifargle-ba romelime kodificirebuli an dawerili konstituciiT;mis mier miRebuli kanonebi prioritetulia yvelanair kanon-ebTan damokidebulebaSi inglissa da SotlandiaSi.

radganac konstituciur Zalauflebas unitarul siste-maSi flobs centri, mmarTvelobis nebismieri sxva sistemaperiferiuli an adgilobrivi SeTanxmebulia centrTan.

magram praqtikaSi damokidebuleba centrsa da regionsSoris unitarul sistemebSi naklebad rTulia, vidre federaciul-Si. aq centri gadascems Tavis uflebamosilebas, rac centrsa daregions Soris damokidebulebas aZlevs specifikur xasiaTs.

federalizmis Zlieri da susti mxareebifederalizmis Zlieri da susti mxareebifederalizmis Zlieri da susti mxareebifederalizmis Zlieri da susti mxareebifederalizmis Zlieri da susti mxareebi

unitaruli sistemebisagan gansxvavebiT federalizmis-aTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom konstitucia uzrunvelyofsadgilobrivi da regionaluri xmebis interesebis dacvas.Statebs da provinciebs gaaCniaT mravali damoukidebeli uflebada, ase Tu ise, yovelTvis warmodgenilni arian centralurixelisuflebiT, Tumca federalur sistemebSi Statebsa daprovinciebs aqvT gansazRvruli uflebebi.

amerikuli sistema Tavidan moqmedebda ̀ ormagi feder-alizmis~ principiT, romlis drosac federaluri xelisu-flebis politikis sfero StatebSi mkacrad iyo gansazRvru-li.

XIX s-is bolosTvis am sistemam adgili dauTmo e.w.`kooperaciul federalizms~ _ sistemas, romlis drosac cen-tri mxars uWers Statebs da ufro patara administraciulerTeulebs da sxvadasxvagvari ̀ dotaciebiTa~ da daxmarebe-biT isini ufro damoukidebeli xdebian xelisuflebisagan,gansakuTrebiT 1930 wlidan, roca `axali kursis~ CarCoebSigamoCndnen sxvadasxvanairi ekonomikuri da socialuri pro-gramebi.

federalizmis dadebiTi mxarea is, rom xelisuflebisgadanawilebiT is qmnis urTierTgawonasworebis sistemas.rogorc jeims medisoni acxadebda: `unda moviqceT ise, romzogierTi adamianis ambiciebi awonasworebdnen sxvebis am-biciebs~.

amasTan federalur sistemas axasiaTebs sisusteebic,romlebic vlindebian centraluri xelisuflebis mxridankontrolis gatarebisas, rac aZnelebs sxvadasxva Tamamiekonomikuri da socialuri programebis ganxorcielebas. mag.gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi ronald reiganma mizanmima-rTulad gamoiyena federalizmi iaraRad ̀ didi~ xelisufleb-is winaaRmdeg. ̀ axali federalizmis~ lozungis qveS reiganiSeecada Seemcirebina socialuri danaxarjebis zrda. pasux-ismgebloba daekisra susti Statebis xelisuflebas feder-aluri xelisuflebis nacvlad.

federalizmTan dakavSirebulia sxva saSiSroebebic:xelisuflebis gayofis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba warmoiSvas cen-tridanuli Zalebi, rac iwvevs saxelmwifos danawevrebas. Teo-retikosebi amtkiceben, rom federaciuli sistemebi aramdgra-

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Si, romelic 1570 wlidan unitaruli saxelmwifo iyo. amasTanerTad espaneTi 50 provinciad iyo dayofili, romlebic ama Tuim donis xarisxis TviTmmarTvelobas flobdnen.

general frankos Semdeg espaneTSi daiwyo yvelaze farTodemokratiuli procesi, romlis farglebSi Semdgomi ganvi-Tareba hpova devoluciam: 1979 w. avtonomiis ufleba moipova17-ma teritoriam. regionaluri mmarTvelobis axali kursissafuZvlad iqca sakanonmdeblo kreba, romelsac mieniWa didiuflebamosileba adgilobriv politikaSi. reforma ganxor-cielda katalonielebis moTxovnis sapasuxod da baskebisqveynisaTvis avtonomiis misaniWeblad, Tumca miuxedavad amisa,amas mohyva separatistuli moZraobis (eta) gafarToeba.

amave dros devolucia mimdinareobda safrangeTSi, sa-dac mTavroba Seecada gadaewyvita nacionaluri da region-aluri umciresobebis problemebi (britania da akvitania),romlebsac zogan ukve miRebuli hqonda eTnikuri nacional-izmis forma. 1982 wels 22 regionaluri organo gardaiqmnasrulfasovan regionalur xelisuflebad, romlis saTaveSimoeqca pirdapiri xmis micemis uflebiT arCeuli kavSiri.

amavdroulad gansakuTrebuli statusi _ ̀ koleqtiuriteritoriis~ farTo TviTmmarTvelobiT mieniWa korsikas, sa-dac agorda adgilobrivi separatizmis da terorizmis talRa.mTlianad evropis kontinentze decentralizaciis tenden-ciebma imZlavra da 1980 w. warmoiSva idea ̀ regionebis evropa~.amavdroulad regionuli da provinciuli mmarTveloba far-Tod iyenebs SesaZleblobas miiRos pirdapiri finansuri dax-mareba, regionaluri ganviTarebis evropuli fondidadn.

devoluciis procesi SedarebiT nela viTardeboda didbritaneTSi _ erT-erT yvelaze centralizebul unitarulsaxelmwifoSi. devolucia aq dRis wesrigSi maSin dadga, rocaswrafad daiwyo zrda Sotlandiurma nacionalizmma. realu-rad adgilebze uflebamosilebis gadacema daiwyo mxolod1999 wels, rodesac udides da yvelaze Zlier axal organiza-ciad iqca Sotlandiuri parlamenti, romelic uflebamosiligaxda Seecvala gadasaxadebi da mieRo pirveladi kanonebiSida politikis sakiTxebze.

administraciuli devoluciis magaliTia uelsis sa-kanonmdeblo kreba, romelmac ver miiRo kontroli gadasaxa-debze da romelsac gaaCnda mxolod sagadasaxado sistema.

devoluciis momxreebis mtkicebiT Sotlandiisa da

adgilobrivi xelisuflebaadgilobrivi xelisuflebaadgilobrivi xelisuflebaadgilobrivi xelisuflebaadgilobrivi xelisufleba

adgilobrivi xelisufleba mTlianad eqvemdebarebacentralur xelisuflebas, federalur sistemaSi ki Statsada olqs. aSS-Si arsebobs 86 aTasi adgilobrivi xelisufleb-is organo, romlebSic dakavebulia 11 milioni adamiani. 8milioni adamiani ki muSaobs federaluri centrisa da State-bis organoebSi. adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis statusi konsti-tuciurad maRalia da adgilebze arCeuli politikosebi flobengansakuTrebul legitimurobas.

politikuri kulturis Camoyalibebuli partiuli xas-iaTi sul ufro ̀ politizirebuls~ xdis sazogadoebriv cx-ovrebas adgilebze, miT umetes Tu adgilebze aqtiurad mo-qmedebs erovnuli partia.

amasTan qveyanaSi decentralizaciis sxvadasxva doneaRiniSneba. mag. did britaneTs tradiciulad aqvs adgilo-brivi mmarTvelobis SedarebiT decentralizebuli sistema, sadacxelisufleba adgilebze flobs sakmaod farTo Tavisuflebas.

1982-1986 wlebSi safrangeTSi amoqmedda decentrali-zaciis politikuri programa, aqamde safrangeTSi upirateso-bas flobda mkacri administraciuli kontrolis sistema,romelsac axorcielebdnen ZiriTadad prefeqtebi 96 franguldepartamentSi, ris gamo es sistema Zalian waagavda brZanebaszemodan _ qvemoT.

regionaluri mmarTvelobis reformam gaafarTova adgi-lobrivi administraciis uflebamosilebanic. prefeqtebi Se-icvalnen adgilze arCeuli prezidentis komisrebiT, romlebicZiriTadad ekonomikuri dagegmarebis problemebs wyveten.

aRniSnuli reformebis saerTo mizani iyo safrangeTSiSeeqmnaT yvelaze decentralizebuli saxelmwifo struqtura,romelic saTaves 1789 wlis revoluciis Semdgomi periodidaniRebda.

devolucia (uflebamosilebis gadacema)devolucia (uflebamosilebis gadacema)devolucia (uflebamosilebis gadacema)devolucia (uflebamosilebis gadacema)devolucia (uflebamosilebis gadacema)

devolucia aris zemdgomTan daqvemdebarebuli insti-tutebisadmi uflebamosilebis gadacema unitarul saxelmwi-foSi, ise rom ar gardaiqmnas federaciad.

istoriulad yvelaze adre devolucia daiwyo espaneT-

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xolo zogierT qveyanaSi Tan mohyva ufro Rrma politikurigardaqmnebi da gamoiwvia konstituciis radikaluri gadasin-jva. italiaSi es procesi moxda 90-ian wlebSi, roca Camoyal-ibda CrdiloeTis liga lombardiaSi. eTnikuri aqtiurobisgamovlinebas adgili hqonda kanadis da amerikis adgilobrivmosaxleobaSi, avstraliaSi da axal zelandiaSi.

eTnopolitikis winamorbed prototipad Tvlian e.w.`Sav~ nacionalizms, romelmac Tavisi ganviTarebis zenitsmiaRwia 60-ian wlebSi, roca mkveTrad gaaqtiurda rogorcreformistuli, ise revoluciuri frTa.

zogadad `Sav~ nacionalizmSi naTlad Cans eTnikuripolitikis erTi mTavari motivi _ adamianebis uaryofiTidamokidebuleba Seeguon Tavis ekonomikur da politikur mar-ginalurobas, roca adgili aqvs rasobriv Cagvras. am gagebiTeTnopolitika warmogvidgeba politikuri ganTavisuflebisideis gamtareblad, TanasworuflebianobisaTvis brZolis dasistematiuri arasrulfasovani cxovrebis pirobebis Sesabam-isi sazogadoebis kategoriebisaTvis.

eTnikuri TviTgacnobierebis aRmasvlam saSualeba mis-ca Crdilo amerikis da dasavleT evropis Savkanian mosaxle-obas, epova xerxebi, raTa dapirispireboda gabatonebuli Te-Trebis struqturas, romelic tradiciulad xazs usvamda maTufro dabal ganviTarebas da moiTxovda, raTa win aRdgomod-nen.

komunizmis kraxma aRmosavleT evropaSi gamoiwvia eT-nikuri dapirispirebebi da regionaluri konfliqtebi yo-fil ssr kavSirSi, Cexoslovakiasa da iugoslaviaSi, gamoi-wvia ngreva Zvelis da axali nacionaluri saxelmwifoebisSeqmna, risTvisac arsebobda mravali mizezi. maT Soris iyoisic, rom komunisturma reJimma miCqmala da iatakqveSeTSigadaitana eTnikuri da nacionaluri TviTSegneba; eTnikurida regionaluri nacionalizmi antikomunizmis da antisab-Wourobis gamovlinebis formad iqca; politikuri arastabi-luroba da ekonomikuri gaWirveba warmoSobili komunizmiskraxis Sedegad, aRmoCnda noyieri niadagi eTnopolitiki-saTvis.

uelsisaTvis TviTmmarTvelobis uflebis gadacemis SemTx-vevaSi qveynis separatistuli da centriskenuli Zalebi Sem-cirdeba da mravalerovani britaneTi am procesidan ufrokonsolidirebuli gamova, vidre odesme iyo. xolo kritikose-bi miiCneven (SotlandiaSi ki imedovneben), rom devoluciasabolood daSlis did britaneTs.

amrigad ase Tu ise, devolucia gaerTianebul samefoSimimdinareobs, da iZens erTgvar kvazifederaciul xasiaTs, Tum-ca xelisuflebis axali organoebi SotlandiaSi, uelsSi daCrdiloeT irlandiaSi, qveynis konstituciaSi araa gaTval-iswinebuli, magram isini floben Tavis legitimurobas dapolitikur simtkices. es maT Tavis droze referendumiT aqvTmiRebuli, magram mainc yvelaze mTavari is aris, rom isinicdiloben ufro gazardon sakuTari xarisxi, rac gamoiwvevsmaT garSemo Seqmnili mosaxleobis konsolidirebas, saerTo-erovnuli identuri grZnobebis gaZlierebas, aseT SemTxvevaSiyvelaze damajerebeli scenari iqneboda transformacia, gaer-Tianebuli samefos gardaqmna federaciis mimarTulebiT, uare-si ki _ misi daSla.

eTnikuri da adgilobrivi politika.eTnikuri da adgilobrivi politika.eTnikuri da adgilobrivi politika.eTnikuri da adgilobrivi politika.eTnikuri da adgilobrivi politika.nacionalizmis gamococxlebanacionalizmis gamococxlebanacionalizmis gamococxlebanacionalizmis gamococxlebanacionalizmis gamococxleba

politikuri procesebis decentralizaciaze, zogierTSemTxvevaSi ki qveynis daSlaze mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs ise-Ti axali faqtori, rogoricaa eTnopolitikis gaZliereba daadgilobrivi separatizmi.

eTnikuri TviTSegneba gansakuTrebiT meore msoflioomis Semdeg gamZafrda. es zustad XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSimoxda. unda iTqvas, rom eTnikuri faqtoris gamovlineba poli-tikaSi umravlesi analitikosebisaTvis saerTod moulodne-li iyo.

60-iani wlebis bolos da 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSidasavleT evropis mraval nawilSi da CrdiloeT amerikaSiwarmoiSva wminda eTnikuri xasiaTis moZraoba eTnikuri xasi-aTis lozungebiT. yvelaze mkafio magaliTi gaxda kvebekikanadaSi, Sotlandia da uelsi did britaneTSi, katalonia dabaskebis qveyana espaneTSi, korsika safrangeTSi da flandriabelgiaSi. es gaxda uZlieresi decentralizaciis faqtori,

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Tavi IXTavi IXTavi IXTavi IXTavi IXsazogadoeba da ekonomikuri sistemebisazogadoeba da ekonomikuri sistemebisazogadoeba da ekonomikuri sistemebisazogadoeba da ekonomikuri sistemebisazogadoeba da ekonomikuri sistemebi

ekonomikuri sistema _ es aris warmoebis organizaciisforma, romlis drosac xdeba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ga-nawileba da gacvla. marqsizmi yovelive amas uwodebs `war-moebis saxeobebs~. erTmaneTSi ar unda avurioT ekonomikurisistemebi, romlebic obieqturad arseboben, ideebTan dadoqtrinebTan erTad, da ekonomikuri sistema, romlebSic maTipropaganda xdeba. kapitalizmze zogjer saubroben ara mx-olod rogorc ekonomikur sistemaze, aramed rogorc garkveulideologiaze, romelic icavs kerZo sakuTrebas, miuTiTebskonkurenciis mniSvnelobaze da amtkicebs, rom erTian keTil-dReobas mivaRwevT mxolod maSin, rodesac yvela daicavs ker-Zo interesebs. ufro rTulia socializmi, romelSic igulisxme-ba rogorc faseulobaTa gansazRvruli sistema, Teoria daSexedulebani, aseve ekonomikuri cxovrebis is wesi, romelzedayrdnobiTac es Rirebulebebi xorcieldeba yoveldRiurobaSi.

orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri diskursebi ima-rTeba ori sruliad urTierTsapirispiro sistemis irgvliv.esenia _ kapitalizmi da socializmi. politikuri Sexedule-bebi bolos davidnen erT metad martiv azramde: _ `vincmxars ar uWers socializms, is kapitalizmis momxrea.~ dapiriqiT. memarcxeneebi moiTxovdnen socializms, memarjveneebski araferi hqondaT kapitalizmis sawinaaRmdego.

kapitalizmis saxeobebikapitalizmis saxeobebikapitalizmis saxeobebikapitalizmis saxeobebikapitalizmis saxeobebi

meurneobis pirveli kapitalisturi formebi warmoiSvaevropaSi XVI-XVII s. upiratesad feodaluri sazogadoebiswiaRSi. maT axasiaTebdaT maTi iseTi niSnebiT, rogoricaanaturaluri xasiaTis agraruli warmoeba, mkacri socialuriierarqia da aseve ufleba-movaleobebis mkacri sistema. kapi-talizmi Tavdapirvelad soflis meurneobis produqtebisvaWrobaSi gamovlinda.

swrafva warmoebis gafarToebisaken gadaizarda egreTwodebul ̀ agrarul revoluciaSi~, romelic iTvaliswinebdasaerTo moxmarebis mineralgamoleuli uamravi miwebis nayofi-erebis zrdas mecnierebis uaxlesi meTodebiT. XVIII s-is Sua

daskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebi

sabolood winamdebare Tavis debulebebi daskvnis sax-iT SeiZleba ase Camoyalibdes:

1. yvela tendencias _ rogorc centralizacias, isedecentralizacias _ aqvs Tavisi upiratesoba. centralizaci-is upiratesoba isaa, rom igi xels uwyobs saxelmwifos mo-qmedebas saerTaSoriso arenaze. upiratesobas aniWebsekonomikuri cxovrebis efeqtur xerxebs, aZlierebs naciona-lur erTobas da regionebis araTanabari ganviTarebis daZle-vis tendencias.

Tavis mxriv decentralizacia iZleva saSualebas ga-farTovdes sazogadoebis politikuri monawileobis sfero,`daaaxlovos~ xelisufleba xalxTan da gaaZlieros urT-ierTzegavlenis da urTierTgawonasworebis sistema saxelm-wifo mmarTvelobaSi.

2. or SedarebiT gavrcelebul formebad gvevlinebafederaluri da unitaruli sistemebi. federalizmi dayofilisuverenitetis ideazea dafuZnebuli. xelisufleba gayofiliacentrisa da regionis mmarTvelobas Soris. unitarul siste-mebSi piriqiT suvereniteti ekuTvnis erTs da erTaderT saer-To erovnuli masStabis instituts _ centrs, romelic wyvetsteritoriuli organizaciebis Zalauflebis sakiTxebs sax-elmwifoSi.

3. politikuri decentralizacia eTnikuri da religiurifaqtorebiT stimulirdeba. eTnopolitikis Camoyalibeba dakav-Sirebulia imasTan, rom eTnosi ayalibebs gansakuTrebul ̀ or-ganul~ grZnobas _ adamianisa da sazogadoebas Soris, romel-ic axasiaTebs SedarebiT didi masStabis erebs. garda amisa,eTnikuri nacionalizmis aRzeveba msoflio globalizaciisreaqciad iTvleba.

4. kacobrioba sul ufro metad wuxs imaze, rom Tanamed-rove saxelmwifoSi xalxs uqreba ̀ erTobis~ grZnoba. adamianiubrundeba pasuxismgeblobis ideas sxva adamianebisa da sa-zogadoebis mimarT, es iwvevs avtoritetis pativiscemas datradiciuli Rirebulebebis da kulturis gaZlierebas.

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principebi gavrcelda aSS-s sazRvrebs gareT. yvelaferma amanxeli Seuwyo marketizaciis sxvadasxvagvar gamovlinebas. ga-Zlierebulma saerTaSoriso konkurenciam iZulebuli gaxadamTavrobebi uari eTqvaT regularul ekonomikaze da daewiaTsagadasaxado tarifebi damatebiTi, maT Soris Sida inves-ticiebis mozidvis mizniT. gaCnda e.w. “axali politikuriekonomika”, “SiSveli” ekonomikuri mmarTvelobis forma, risSedegadac saxelmwifos pirdapiri Careva ekonomikaSi izRude-ba, xolo ekonomikuri cxovrebis dawyebis msazRvreli xdebabazari.

axal ekonomikur politikas aqvs ori mniSvnelovaniTavisebureba: 1) yuradReba maxvildeba teqnologiur inova-ciebze da ganviTarebaze; gansakuTrebiT informaciuli dakomunikaciuri teqnologiebis gamoyenebaze, yovelive aman aSS-Si XXI saukunis 90-ian wlebSi warmoSva turbokapitalizadcnobili movlena.

meore Taviseburebad iTvleba is, rom mTavrobebma sulufro meti saSualebebis dabandeba daiwyes adamianur resurs-Si, radgan iTvleba, rom ganaTlebisa da profesionalizmismomzadebis donis amaRleba gaaZlierebs erovnul meurneoba-Si sazogadoebis aqtivobasa da adapturobas.

amasTan erTad sawarmoo kapitalizms gaaCnia seriozulinaklovanebebic, romelTagan yvelaze arsebiTi aris sazoga-doebaSi materialuri uTanabrobis gaRrmavebis tendencia,romlis TvalsaCino magaliTia aSS-Si siRaribis iseTi done,romlis msgavssac ver SevxvdebiT evropaSi; da naklebad ga-naTlebuli da “daxmarebis momlodine” adamianebis ricxviszrda. Semdegi problema mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sawarmoo kap-italizmis “turbos” Tviseba sinamdvileSi, SesaZloa, dakav-Sirebulia ara imdenad bazris dinamizmTan da teqnologiurinovaciebTan, ramdenadac momxmarebelTa mzadyofnasTan _ gax-arjon fuli kreditebSi, xolo warmoebebma moaxdinon kapi-talizmis investireba. amitomac mocemul ekonomikur sistemi-saTvis, rogorc wesi, damaxasiaTebelia gansakuTrebuli mgrZno-biaroba finansuri bazrebis kaprizebTan da mewarmeTa damomxmarebelTa ganwyobilebaTa cvlilebebTan. amis kargi ma-galiTia 2008-2009 wlebis msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi damisi mZime Sedegebi am qveynebSi.

wlebSi jer did britaneTSi, Semdeg aSS-Si da bolos mTelevropaSi daiwyo industriuli revolucia, romelic dakavSire-buli iyo manqanuri qarxnuli warmoebis gavrcelebasTan. igiuzrunvelyofda mosaxleobis gadadgilebas miwidan qalaqebSi.saboloo jamSi kapitalizmi da industrializmi ise gadaix-larTa erTmaneTSi, rom klasikur kapitalizmad swored indus-trial kapitalizms miiCneven. kapitalizmis Tanamedrove forme-bidan SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi:

• sawarmoo kapitalizmi;• socialuri kapitalizmi;• koleqtiuri kapitalizmi.

sawarmoo kapitalizmisawarmoo kapitalizmisawarmoo kapitalizmisawarmoo kapitalizmisawarmoo kapitalizmi

kapitalizmis es forma iTvleba wminda kapitalizmad,gansakuTrebiT anglo-amerikul samyaroSi, anu Tavisebur ide-alad, romliskenac miiswrafvian an unda miiswrafvodnen misisxva formebi. magram isic faqtia, rom am modelze uari Tqvesmsoflios umetes qveynebSi aSs-sa da didi britaneTis gamok-lebiT.

sawarmoo kapitalizmi dafuZnebulia ekonomikuri mec-nierebis udidesi mcodneebis ideebze. esenia: adam smiti (1723-1790) da david rikardo (1772-1823), maTi ideebi Semdeg iqnaganviTarebuli Tanamedrove Teoretikosebis milton frid-menisa da fridrix fon haiekis mier. misi mTavari arsi arissabazro konkurenciis efeqturobis Seuqcevadobis rwmena. adamsmitis ganTqmuli gamonaTqvamis mixedviT ̀ Cveni vaxSmisaTvisxorcis mWrels an meludes an kidev mebulkes ki ar undavumadlodeT, aramed imas, rom isini icaven TavianT kerZointeresebs~. aSS-Si amgvarma filosofiam Tavisufali bazrisSesaxeb TiTqmis nulamde miiyvana sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebada socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema. yvela winaswari saqmi-anoba aSS-Si umkacresadaa orientirebuli mogebaze, xolomTavari sayrdeni keTdeba Sromis nayofierebaze.

aSS-is ekonomikuri miRwevebi adastureben sawarmoo kap-italizmis sicocxlisunarianobas. SesamCnevi ekonomikurivardnis miuxedavad produqciis warmoebis maCvenebeli am qvey-anaSi jer kidev ufro maRalia, vidre germaniasa da iaponiaSi.

globaluri ekonomikis Seqmnis kvaldakval ekonomikis

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programebis socialuri xarjebis SedarebiT maRal donesTan,romelsac mivyavarT sagadasaxado tvirTis gaZlierebamde, rogorcsamuSaos mimcemisaTvis, aseve momuSavesaTvis. amitomac im dros,rodesac socialuri bazris enTuziastebi Tvlian, rom bazariuwyveti saxiT unda iyos dakavSirebuli socialur ganviTare-basTan, misi kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom “socialuri kapital-izmi” sxva araferia, Tu ara “terminologiuri winaaRmdegoba”.maTi TvalsazrisiT mudmivad zrdadi socialuri programebisdafinanseba iwvevs saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis Sem-cirebas da, maSasadame, iwvevs sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisekonomikuri safuZvlis Sesustebas.

koleqtiuri kapitalizmikoleqtiuri kapitalizmikoleqtiuri kapitalizmikoleqtiuri kapitalizmikoleqtiuri kapitalizmi

kapitalizmis es mesame modeli Camoyalibda iaponiaSi IImsoflio omis Semdeg. SemdgomSi masSi Sevidnen aRmosavleTaziis “vefxvebi” (samxreT korea, taivani, singapuri da sxv.)mogvianebiT ki _ CineTi. koleqtiuri kapitalizmis Tavisebu-reba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom aq mTavari arCevani keTdeba xangr-Zliv urTierTobaze gaTvlil TanamSromlobaze, ris gamocekonomika imarTeba ara faswarmoqmnis upirovno meqanizmebiT,aramed organulad erTmaneTTan Serwymuli saziaro bazre-biT. sistema umaRlesi xarisxis stabilurobiT xasiaTdeba,rac uzrunvelyofs iaponur firmebs Tavisufali kapitaliTda saSualebas aZlevs maT orientirebulni iyvnen sul ufroda ufro grZelvadian perqspeqtivebze da ara moklevadian ansaSualo vadian mogebaze. iaponiis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisqvakuTxedi aris firmebi. muSebi (gansakuTrebiT mamakacebidid sawarmoebSi) arian firmis “wevrebi”, rac warmoudgeneliaaSS-Si da TviT socialur – sabazro evropaSic ki. saerTosaqmis mimdevrobis, daZabuli Sromisa da ukugebis sapasuxodfirmis muSakebs tradiiciisamebr eZlevaT mTeli sicocxlismanZilze pensiebi, socialuri dacvis garantiebi da Tavisufa-li droisa da dasvenebis farTo SesaZleblobebi. gansakuTre-buli yuradReba eTmoba brigadul muSaobasa da amxanaguriurTierTobebis Camoyalibebas, rac sruliad miRwevadia mene-jerebisa da muSebis arc Tu ise didi saxelfaso sxvaobebispirobebSi. am viTarebam iaponur sistemas ̀ xalxurobis~ sax-elic ki SesZina.

socialuri kapitalizmisocialuri kapitalizmisocialuri kapitalizmisocialuri kapitalizmisocialuri kapitalizmi

termini “socialuri kapitalizmi” ganekuTvneba kapital-izmis saxesxvaobas, romelmac ganviTareba hpova centralurida dasavleT evropis mraval qveyanaSi. Tavdapirvelad isCamoyalibda germaniaSi, magram ama Tu im formiT misma princ-ipebma gamoyeneba hpoves rogorc avstriaSi, beniluqsis qvey-nebSi, SveciaSi, safrangeTsa da skandinaviis umetes nawilSi.ideologiurad es saxesxvaoba eyrdnoba ufro metad fridrihlistis (1789-1846) mier SemoTavazebul moqnil da pragmatulmidgomas, vidre smitisa da rikardos mkacr sabazro princi-pebs. lists kargad esmoda politikis roli ekonomikaSi daicavda im Sexedulebas, rom mrewvelobis axlad warmoSobilidargebis dasacavad mcdari saerTaSoriso konkurenciisaganaucilebelia moxdes ekonomikaSi saxelmwifoebrivi Careva.

germaniaSi socialuri kapitalizmi efuZneba kavSirssamrewvelo da finansur kapitals _ samrewvelo korporacie-bsa da regionalur bankebs Soris, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSikorporaciebis mTavar aqcionerebs warmoadgenen. es kavSirebiSeadgenen im RerZs, romlis garSemoc ganviTarda germaniisekonomika meore msoflio omis Semdeg. mTavari aq iyo orien-tacia grZelvadian kapitaldabandebebze da ara dauyovneblivsargebelze. kapitalizmis es saxesxvaoba (romelsac zogjeruwodeben rein-alpur kapitalizms) gansxvavdeba anglo-amerikulisagan imiTac, rom aq biznessa da profkavSirebsSoris socialur partniorobaze keTdeba aqcenti.

socialuri kapitalizmis Rirsebebi damajereblad iqnademonstrirebuli im “ekonomikuri saswauliT”, romelmac 1960wlisaTvis omiT gaCanagebuli Ggermania gadaaqcia liderekonomikur saxelmwifod evropaSi. kapitaldabandebaTa maRal-ma da myarma doneebma kadrebis ganaTlebasa da momzadebasTandakavSirebiT profesionalur momzadebasa da gadamzadebaSi,saSualeba misces germanias mieRwia evropaSi Sromis nayofi-erebis yvelaze maRali donisaTvis. magram miuxedavad amisayvela rodi aRiarebs socialur-sabazro modelis Rirsebebs.misi erT-erTi naklovaneba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom msxvilibiznesi, romelic damokidebulia konsultaciebze, molaparake-bebsa da konsensusze, drodadro kargavs moqnilobasa da ba-zris cvalebad pirobebTan swrafad Seguebis unars. am mode-lis kidev erTi naklovaneba dakavSirebulia keTildReobis

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ayvaveba mxolod ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi marTvis meSve-obiT xdeba am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia, TukiSevadarebT or xvadasxva ekonomikur strategiebs – keinsian-izmsa da monetarizms. Tavisi naSromiT “dasaqmebis, interesi-sa da fulis saerTo Teoria” (1936) keinsma gamowveva gaugzavnaklasikur politikur ekonomias da es gamowveva mdgomareobdaim ideis srul uaryofaSi, rom Tavisufali bazari badebssaWiro ekonomikur wesrigs. laisser-faire politikas, romelmacTavis droze aRmarTa barieri mTavrobasa da ekonomikas Soris,amtkicebda keinsi, hqonda mxolod erTi istoriuli Sedegi –arastabiluroba da umuSevroba, romlebmac miaRwies apogeas1930 wlebis didi depresiis dros.

keinsis mixedviT 1930 wlebSi kapitalisturi ekonomikaaRmoCnda depresiaSi imis gamo, rom umuSevrobis zrdisas saba-zro meqanizmebma ganapirobes xelfasebis dacema, ramac Tavismxriv kidev ufro Seamcira moTxovnileba saqonelsa da mom-saxurebaze. kiTxvis niSnis qveS aRmoCndnen Tavisufali ba-zris doqtrinis fundamentaluri dogmebi: keinsi amtkicebda,rom ekonomikuri aqtiurobis done pirdapir damokidebuleba-Sia “erTian moTxovnasTan”, anu ekonomikaSi moTxovnebis saer-To donesTan, romlis marTvasac xelisufleba dabegvrisa daxarjvis politikis meSveobiT axorcielebs. rodesac umuSevrobaizrdeba, mTavrobam unda moaxdonos ekonomikis stimulirebaan sazogadoebrivi xarjebis gazrdiT an gadasaxadebis Sem-cirebiT. Tuki amis Sedegad warmoiqmneba sabiujeto deficiti,amkicebda keinsi, es sruliad gamosworebadia, ramdenadacekonomikis zrda, garkveuli drois Semdeg saSualebas miscemsmTavrobas Seagrovos gadasaxadebi da mas ar mouwevs valebiTdidxans cxovreba. amasTan ekonomikis aseT stimulirebas Tanaxlavs multiplikatoris efeqti. koleqtiuri moTxovnileb-is marTva keinsis mixedviT, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, moax-dina revolucia ekonomikur politikaSi. maSin varaudobdnen,rom bolosdabolos miiRes ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donisstabiluri zrdisa da mdgradi zrdis uzrunvelsayofad utyuarisaSualeba. keinsianistoba 1950-60 wlebSi ekonomikuri aRmav-lobis “xangrZlivi bumis” sinonimi gaxda. pirveli eWvebikeinsianistebis postulatebTan mimarTebaSi gaCnda 1970-ianwlebSi “stagflaciis” (umuSevrobisa da inflaciis erTdrou-li zrda) dadgomasTan erTad. politikuri TvalsazrisiT,keinsionistoba daaziana misma principma – “Seagrove gadasax-

am TvalsazrisiT nimuSad gvevlineba sagareo vaWrobisada mrewvelobis saministro, romelic agrZelebs iaponuriekonomikis marTvas meTvalyureobs “indikaturi” dagegmarebissistemis meSveobiT. iyo dro, rodesac iaponiis ekonomika ax-denda sruliad sxva Tvisebebis demonstrirebas – kapitaliz-mis Tvisebas, romelic maqsimalur mogebaze iyo orientirebu-li. meore msoflio omis win qveyanaSi daiwyo ekonomikurigardaqmnebi, romlebic omis Semdgom periodSi sabolood war-mogvidga namdvil ekonomikur saswaulad. warmoiqmnaekonomikuri zesaxelmwifo, romelic investiciebis amJaminde-li donis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi sul male ekonomikuradyvelaze ganviTarebul saxelmwifod iqceva msoflioSi. ma-gram TviT iaponuri fenomenic SeiZleba male gamkrTaldesCineTis fonze, sadac zrdis tempebi ufro maRalia, vidreaRmosavleT aziur “vefxvebTan”. Tumca yvelafrisaTvis saWiroasafasuris gadaxda: Zviri daujda iaponias warmateba, erTiano-bisa da TanamSromlobis mimzidveli iaponuri modelis fas-adis miRma imaleba kolosaluri datvirTva, romelsac ganic-dian iaponeli muSebi da maTi ojaxis wevrebi, grZeli samuSaodRe da mZime samuSao pirobebi. sakmaod mcire dro rCebaimisaTvis, rasac hqvia “pirovneba”. iaponur meurneobaSi “fir-ma-ojaxebis” siWarbes dahkravs neofeodalizmis ieri, TavisimovaleobebiTa da morCilebebiT, sadac morCileba, ra Tqmaun-da dgas uflebebze maRla. am modelis kritikosebi amtkiceben,rom mas yovelTvis Tan axlavs tendencia avtoritarizmisaken,amis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia CineTi, Tavisi axalgazr-da kapitalizmiT da Zveli erTpartiuli komunisturi siste-miT. da bolos, aRmosavleT aziaSi ekonomikis Camongrevam1997-1999 wlebSi TvalnaTliv dagvanaxa, Tu raoden aramyari damyifea ekonomikuri warmateba, rodesac is ar emyareba finan-sur stabilurobas.

marTvadi Tu TviTregulirebadi kapitalizmimarTvadi Tu TviTregulirebadi kapitalizmimarTvadi Tu TviTregulirebadi kapitalizmimarTvadi Tu TviTregulirebadi kapitalizmimarTvadi Tu TviTregulirebadi kapitalizmi

msoflio kapitalizmis saxesxvaobaTa mimoxilva gviCvenebs,rom ekonomikuri politikis mTavar problemas warmoadgenssaWiro wonasworobis miRweva politikasa da ekonomikas Soris.muSaobs Tu ara kapitalisturi ekonomika ukeT, Tuki mTavrobasaerTod ar ereva masSi, Tu mdgradi zrda da sayovelTao

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saxelmwifo socializmisaxelmwifo socializmisaxelmwifo socializmisaxelmwifo socializmisaxelmwifo socializmi

1917 wels bolSevikuri revoluciis Semdeg sabWoTakavSiri iyo pirveli, vinc gamoiyena socialisturi ekonomikismodeli. leninis “axali ekonomikuri politikis” miuxedavad,am sistemam ver miiRo saboloo ganviTareba stalinis “meorerevoluciamde”. amitom socializmis am formam miiRo saxel-wodeba ekonomikuri stalinizmi. sistema eyrdnoboda mTelisakuTrebis nacionalizacias. faqtiurad, mTeli ekonomikuriresursebi unda gadasuliyo partiul-saxelwifoebrivi aparatiskontrolis qveS, romelic akontrolebda vaWrobas da daawesebdafasebs, xelfasebs, gadasaxadebs da subsidiebs. gegmebis Ses-rulebis pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda ekonomikis saministro-ebs, romlebic gaakontrolebdnen ekonomikis seqtorebs dagauZRvebodnen sabWoTa kavSiris bankebis, qarxnebisa da maRa-ziebis muSaobas. rodesac 1989-1991 wlebSi moxda saxelmwo-foebriv-socialisturi modelis dangreva sabWoTa kavSirSi,daiwyes laparaki imaze, rom ekonomikuri dagegmvis ideam dis-kreditacia gaukeTa Tavis Tavs. magram mainc, sabWouri dageg-mvis sistemas hqonda istoriuli Rirebulebebi, ris Sedegadac1941 wlisaTvis sabWoTa kavSirSi Seiqmna mZime industria,ramac uzrunvelyo qveynis gamarjveba faSizmTan brZolaSi.dagegmvis sistema daexmara sabWoTa kavSirs aRmoefxvra usax-lkaroba, umuSevroba da sruli gaWirveba. da mainc, arafers arSeuZlia dafaros centralizebuli dagegmvis principulinaklovanebebi. memarcxene orientaciis kritikosebis azriT,sabWouri dagegmvis sistema igive saxelwifo kapitalizmi iyo.

sabazro socializmisabazro socializmisabazro socializmisabazro socializmisabazro socializmi

zecentralizebuli sabWoTa ekonomikis modelis al-ternativad xSirad moiazrebdnen socializmis principebsdinamikuri sabazro konkurenciiT. aseTi Zieba mimdinareobda1949 wlidan iugoslaviaSi prezident titosa da staliniskonfliqtis Semdeg, aseve ungreTSi 1956 wels antisabWourigamosvlebis Semdeg da 1985-1990 ww. mixeil gorbaCovis sabWo-Ta gardaqmnis wlebSi.

sabazro socializmis idea bevrs imiT izidavs, rom masSeuZlia Seasworos centralizebuli dagegmvis seriozuli

adebi da gaxarje”-s politikam, romelmac Tavisufali bazrisekonomistebis azriT, bolos da bolos amowura saqmiani ini-ciativa da mewarmeoba; ekonomikuri zrda ki SeuZlebeli gax-da mudmivad maRali inflaciis (fasebis saerTo zrda) gamo. amsituaciaSi aRorZinda monetaristuli ideebi.

monetarizmis aRmavlobam, romelic moxda iseTi ekono-mistebis ZalisxmeviT, rogoricaa fridrix fon haieki da mil-ton fridmeni, gamoiwvia ekonomikuri prioritetebis radikaluriZvrebi – umuSevrobasTan brZolis amocanebidan inflacia-sTan brZola. moZraoba, romelsac 1988 wlebSi saTaveSi CaudgnentetCeris mTavroba did britaneTSi da reiganis administra-cia aSS-Si, Tavis mTavar ekonomikur amocanas xedavda imaSi,rom uzrunveleyo “janmrTeli fulebi”. axali filosofiiT,mTavrobis mTavari amocana mdgomareobs imaSi, rom inflaciaganidevnos ekonomikidan.…

socializmis saxeobanisocializmis saxeobanisocializmis saxeobanisocializmis saxeobanisocializmis saxeobani

Tanamedrove socialistebi dReisaTvis kapitalizms mi-iCneven erTaderT saimedo variantad sazogadoebrivi simdid-ris Sesaqmnelad. amitom maTi mxridan saubari midis kapital-izmis ara mospobaze, aramed mis reformirebze. SenarCundaSexeduleba imis Taobaze, rom socializmi kapitalizmze “maR-laa” rogorc eTikuri, aseve ekonomikur mimarTebaSi. social-istebis naSromSi parametrebiT ekonomikuri modelebis didiraodenoba iyo, maT Soris mTavari iyo marqsizmi.

marqss ar auRweria momavali socialisturi sazogadoe-bis ekonomikuri wyobileba, is Semoifargla mxolod zogier-Ti saerTo principis miTiTebiT. ra Tqma unda, is varaudobda,rom kerZo sakuTreba Seicvleboda koleqtiuriT an sazoga-doebriviT. marqsi Sors iyo nacionalizaciisa da centraluridagegmvis ideisagan, yvelaferi imisagan, rac unda gamxdariyoXX saukunis sabWoTa ekonomikis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.

arsebobs ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli socializ-mis modeli:

• saxelmwifo socializmi• sabazro socializmi.

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resursebis wyarosi, romelic mxolod adamianuri moTxovneb-is dakmayofilebas emsaxureba da Seiqmnas saerTod gansxvave-buli Rirebulebebis sistema, romelic ekologias ekonomika-ze maRla daayenebs da morals – materialur sakiTxebzemaRla. aseT ideebze aris dafuZnebuli “budisturi ekonomik-sis” koncefcia, romelic warmoadgina e.f. Sumaxerma (1973 w).

daskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebi

ekonomika gavlenas axdens politikaze. ZalauflebisaTvisbrZolaSi partiebi ejibrebian erTmaneTs dapirebebSi, romdaaCqareben ekonomikur zrdas, Seamcireben inflacias da a.S.amomrCeveli xmas aZlevs kandidats imisda mixedviT, Tu romelsocialur fenas miekuTvneba is. arCevnebis Sedegi pirdapirdamokidebulia ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. aswleulis manZilzeimarTeboda ideologiuri diskusiebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu sakuTrebisromel saSualebas aqvs meti upiratesoba.

kapitalizmi da socializmi tradiciulad ganixileba,rogorc urTierTsawinaaRmdego ekonomikuri formebi. kapi-talizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sasaqonlo warmoeba, kerZosakuTreba warmoebis saSualebebze da sabazro organizacia.socializmi arsebobda saxelmwifo an koleqtiuri sakuTre-biT, centraluri dagegmarebiTa da Teoriulad – adamianismoTxovnebis uSualo dakmayofilebiT.

arc kapitalizmi da arc socializmi ar arsebobdnensufTa formebSi. kapitalizmis erT saxeobaSi aqcenti keTdebamewarmis srul Tavisuflebaze da sufTa “sabazro” individu-alizmze. socialuri samarTlis mniSvnelobas aRiareben.zogisaTvis mTavari sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis princi-pebia, romlebic orientirebulni arian grZelvadian miznebze.socializmis mravalsaxeobebSi an yvelafers wyvetda saxelm-wifo an cdilobdnen morgebas kompromisis saxiT.

yvela sabazro sistemebi ase Tu ise regulirebadia.regulirebis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom brendis mmarTvelobisgareSe SeuZlebelia SeaCero bazris TviTneburi tendenciebiarastabilurobisaken, romelic iwvevs krizissa da umuSevrobas,oponentebi ki amtkiceben, rom yvelafer amas mivyavarT saba-zro wonasworobis darRvevisaken, rac aucileblad Semobrun-deba araefeqturobisa da arakontrolirebadi inflaciisaken.

nakli. ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom socialisturma bazarma saer-Tod ar icis dagegmva da daregulireba, radgan sinamdvileSiSemoTavazebuli variantebidan “reliasturi” an “sicocxlisu-nariani” socializmi arasodes ar gamodioda saerTo dagegm-vis koncefciidan, mxolod cdilobda masSi CaerTo ufrofarTo kavSirebi mwarmoeblebTan.

amasTanave saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom iugoslaviuri da un-gruli gamocdilebebi aRmoCndnen naklebad warmatebuli, vi-dre sabWouri. sabazro socializmis mTavari sisuste imaSimdgomarebs, rom TviTmmarTveloba sinamdvileSi upirispirde-ba sabazro disciplinas.

arsebobs Tu ara ekonomikaSi `mesame gza~?arsebobs Tu ara ekonomikaSi `mesame gza~?arsebobs Tu ara ekonomikaSi `mesame gza~?arsebobs Tu ara ekonomikaSi `mesame gza~?arsebobs Tu ara ekonomikaSi `mesame gza~?

ekonomikaSi “mesame gzis” ideas, romelsac ar eqnebodakapitalizmis da socializmis naklovanebebi, mimarTavdnensxvadasxva politikuri tradiciebis warmomadgenlebi, ar gam-oiricxeba faSizmic. am ideis realizacia pirvelad scadamusolinma, mogvianebiT mas daubrundnen mozli did brita-neTSi da peroni argentinaSi. Tavisi liberaluri varianti-sagan gansxvavebiT, faSisturi korporativizmi emyareba bizne-sisa da Sromis organul da sulier erTobas. 1945 wlisSemdeg “mesame gziT”, socializmisa da kapitalizmis element-ebis SeTavsebis gziT wavida Svecia. social-demokratiuli“mesame gza” SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc socialisturikapitalizmis memarcxene versia. 1990 wlidan “mesame gzis”ideologiaSi aSkarad daiwyo Semosvla postsocialurma mod-elma.

ekonomikuri sazogadoebis organizaciis gansxvavebulimidgoma SemogvTavazes ekologiuri moZraobis Teoretikoseb-ma. maTi TvalsazrisiT kapitalizmic da socializmic arisindustrializmis “superideologiis” erTi da igive gamov-lineba. “mwvane alternativa” mdgomareobs imaSi, romekonomikuri prioriteti unda gaxdes ekologia, e.i. sistemisSesaZlebloba SeinarCunos Tavisi ekologiuri janmrTelobada arsebobis perspeqtiva. ekosocialistebis TvalsazrisiTmTavari damnaSave garSemo sivrcis ganadgurebaSi aris kapi-talizmi Tavisi Semosavlis zrdis mudmivi miswrafebebiT.

unda Sewydes bunebis ganxilva, rogorc amouwuravi

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Tavi XTavi XTavi XTavi XTavi Xpolitikuri kultura,politikuri kultura,politikuri kultura,politikuri kultura,politikuri kultura,

TviTgamoTviTgamoTviTgamoTviTgamoTviTgamorkveva da rkveva da rkveva da rkveva da rkveva da legitimurobalegitimurobalegitimurobalegitimurobalegitimuroba

politikis mniSvnelovani nawili, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,xorcieldeba xalxis cnobierebaSi, radgan politika yalib-deba Cveni ideebiT, RirebulebebiTa da warmodgenebiT imisSesaxeb, Tu rogori unda iyos organizebuli sazogadoeba. esxdeba Cveni molodiniTac, imediTa da saxelmwifos mimarTsifrTxiliT da bolos erTad aRebuli, SeiZleba iyos gac-ilebiT ufro mTavari, vidre politikuri realiebi _ ese igisinamdvileSi sazogadoebaSi ganawilebulia Zalaufleba,resursebi da SesaZleblobebi. Cvens mier realobis aRqma, araTu SeiZleba gaxdes mTavari, zog SemTxvevaSi is TviTon arisrealoba. yovelive es miuTiTebs imis mniSvnelobaze, rasacpolitikuri kultura ewodeba.

xalxis warmodgenebi da Rirebulebebi politikaze,aseve im saxelmwifoebriv wyobilebaze, romelSic isini cx-ovroben, mocemulia maTsave urTierTobebSi. aqedan gamom-dinare, yovelTvis wamoiWreba kiTxvebi _ samarTliania Tuara es wyoba? aqvs Tu ara mas arsebobis ufleba? politol-ogebi yovelTvis saubroben reJimis legitimurobis prob-lemaze, legitimuroba xom _ es aris politikuri stabil-urobis da sicocxlisunarianobis gasaRebi, reJimis arsebo-bis garantia.

warsulis moazrovneebi politikis ganxilvisas aRi-arebdnen, rom sazogadoebisaTvis did rols TamaSoben Rire-bulebebi da xalxis rwmena, Tumca amas politikur kulturasar uwodebdnen. berki bevrs werda tradiciebze da adaT-wesebze, marqsi _ ideologiaze, herderi _ ̀ nacionalur sulze~.magram yvelani erTad Tanxmdebodnen imaze, rom Rirebule-Rirebule-Rirebule-Rirebule-Rirebule-bebs da xalxis tradiciebs aqvs udidesi mniSvnelobabebs da xalxis tradiciebs aqvs udidesi mniSvnelobabebs da xalxis tradiciebs aqvs udidesi mniSvnelobabebs da xalxis tradiciebs aqvs udidesi mniSvnelobabebs da xalxis tradiciebs aqvs udidesi mniSvnelobasazogadoebrivi wyobis stabilurobisaTvis da sic-sazogadoebrivi wyobis stabilurobisaTvis da sic-sazogadoebrivi wyobis stabilurobisaTvis da sic-sazogadoebrivi wyobis stabilurobisaTvis da sic-sazogadoebrivi wyobis stabilurobisaTvis da sic-ocxlisunarianobisaTvis.ocxlisunarianobisaTvis.ocxlisunarianobisaTvis.ocxlisunarianobisaTvis.ocxlisunarianobisaTvis. politologTa interesi ki poli-tikuri kulturis ideis mimarT warmoiSva mxolod 1950-1960-ian wlebSi, rodesac adamianuri qcevis axali meTodiT Seswav-lam Secvala sagnis mimarT tradiciuli midgoma. am sferoSiklasikur naSromad iqca almondis da verbas `samoqalaqokultura~ (1963), romelic xuTi qveynis _ aSS-is, didi britane-Tis, dasavleT germaniis, italiis da meqsikis politikuri

sazogadoebrivi struqtura, kerZod, misi Sida dayofasocialur fenebad da jgufebad sxvadasxvagvar zemoqmedebasaxdens politikaze. yvela sazogadoebaSia sazogadoebrivi azrisgamomxatveli politikuri ganwyoba da politikuri kultura.socialuri struqtura gansazRvravs politikuri qcevis Sesa-bamis formebs da marTvaSi monawilebis formebs. Tanamedrovesazogadoeba Sinaganad dayofilia iseT safuZvlebze, rogori-caa rasa, klasi da sqesi. klasebis mniSvneloba dRes SesaZle-belia nulamde Semcirebuliyo, rom ar aRmocenebuliyo samo-qalaqo uflebebisa da qalTa uflebebis moZraobebi, rom-lebmac rasa da sqesi iseTive mniSvnelovan sazogadoebriv dapolitikur faqtorad aqcia, rogoric odesRac iyo klasi.

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maTi koncefciiT `aqtiuri kulturisaTvisaqtiuri kulturisaTvisaqtiuri kulturisaTvisaqtiuri kulturisaTvisaqtiuri kulturisaTvis~ damaxa-siaTebelia moqalaqeebis cocxali interesi politikisadmi,masSi monawileobas isini Tvlian saWirod da umTavresad.`pasiur kulturaSi~ _ `pasiur kulturaSi~ _ `pasiur kulturaSi~ _ `pasiur kulturaSi~ _ `pasiur kulturaSi~ _ isini gamodian ufro obieqtad, vi-dre subieqtad, romelsac aqvs gavlenis SezRuduli SesaZle-bloba mTavrobaze. aq mTavaria moqalaqeebis mzadyofna daemor-Cilon xelisuflebas. `lokaluri kultura~ _ `lokaluri kultura~ _ `lokaluri kultura~ _ `lokaluri kultura~ _ `lokaluri kultura~ _ gansxvavde-ba moqalaqeobrivi grZnobis uqonlobiT. xalxi aq sakuTarTavs ukavSirebs ara erovnebas, aramed sakuTar garemocvas daara aqvs politikaSi monawileobis arc survili, arc SesaZle-bloba. almondi da verba sabolood mividnen im daskvnamde,rom samoqalaqo kultura sinamdvileSi yovelTvis aerTianebssamive politikuri kulturis komponentebs. demokratiis sim-yares maTi azriT uzrunvelyofs iseTi politikuri kultura,romelSic napovnia oqros Sualedi moqalaqeebis aqtiurobasada pasiurobas Soris da saxelmwifo sakuTar Tavze iRebsmxolod im aucileblobas, romlis Sesrulebac SeuZlebelia.

samoqalaqo kulturis damkvidreba arc ise advilia. esdagvanaxa dasavleT germaniam da italiam. faSizmis damarcx-ebis Semdeg vercerT qveyanaSi ver hpova ganviTareba aqtiurmapolitikurma kulturam. Tu germaniaSi dominirebda pasiurimorCilebis kultura, italiaSi ar aRmofxvrila lokaluripolitikuri kulturis niSnebi.

marqsizmSi ganviTarda kulturis ori Teoria. pirve-lis mixedviT kultura atarebs klasobriv xasiaTs, radganerTiklasis warmomadgenlebs, rogorc wesi, aqvT erTi da igiveinteresebi da imyofebian erTnair ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi.maT eqnebaT msgavsi ideebi, rwmena da miznebi. marqsis sityve-biT ̀ cnobiereba ki ar gansazRvravs xalxis yofierebas, aramedmaTi socialuri yofiereba gansazRvravs (yofiereba) cnobiere-bas: amitom proletariatis kultura yovelTvis gansxvavdebaburJuaziis kulturisagan. kulturis meore Teoriis mixedviT,mmarTveli klasis ideebi (romelsac marqsi uwodebda ̀ ideo-logias~) advilad vrceldeba sazogadoebaSi da amitom iqcevaepoqis ̀ gabatonebil azrad~. amgvarad misTvis Tavisi droispolitikuri da Tundac samoqalaqo kultura iqneboda bur-Juaziuli ideologia. ideologiis funqcia marqsis mixedviTgulisxmobs imas, rom daCagruli klasi iZulebulia SeeguosTavis mdgomareobas, amas emsaxureboda yvelanairi saxis miTe-bis gavrceleba. mogvianebiT es yvelaferi marqsizmma gan-

specifikis analizisTvis iyo gamoyenebuli. naSromi cdilob-da aexsna, Tu ratom ganicades krizisi msoflio omebs SorisperiodSi italiis, germaniis da sxva qveynebis TiTqos dasruliad demokratiulma mTavrobebma da ratom miikvlevsdemokratia aseTi wvalebiT gzas?

1970-1980-ian wlebSi ki interesi politikuri kultur-isadmi odnav daeca, magram 1990-ian wlebSi, rodesac daiwyo komu-nizmis ngreva aRmosavleT evropaSi da demokratiuli qveynebisSeneba, amas mohyva myar demokratiul qveyanaSi _ amerikaSi laparaki`socialuri kapitalis krizisze~ da samoqalaqo aqtiurobisdacemaze. gamwvavda diskusiebi imaze, rom xom ar xdeboda poli-tikuri kulturis formireba elitaruli jgufebis ideebiT dainteresebiT da Tu rogor rols TamaSobs sazogadoebaSi maso-brivi informaciis saSualebebi da ra doneze SeuZlia saxelm-wifos manipulireba politikuri komunikaciiT dRes.

politikuri kultura _ politikuri kultura _ politikuri kultura _ politikuri kultura _ politikuri kultura _ kultura _ farTo gagebiTaris xalxis cxovrebis wesis gamosaxva. sociologebi daanTropologebi avleben zRvars `kulturasa~ da `bunebas~Soris. kulturas uwodeben imas, rac STamomavlobas gadaecemasocialuri meqanizmebiT da ara biologiuri memkvidreobiT.politologebi am termins ufro viwro gagebiT iyeneben. aq isexeba xalxis fsiqologiur orientacias da gansazRvravs xalxisurTierTobas iseTi fenomenisadmi, rogoricaa partia, xelisu-fleba, konstitucia. es yvelaferi gamoixateba mrwamsSi, Rire-bulebebSi da simboloebSi. politikuri kulturis sazoga-doebriv azrTan areva ar aris misaRebi, radganac is gan-isazRvreba Rrmad dafuZnebuli RirebulebebiT da ara xalx-is reaqciiT, konkretuli politikuri problemis SemTxvevaSi.

samoqalaqo kultura Tu ideologiuri hegemonia?samoqalaqo kultura Tu ideologiuri hegemonia?samoqalaqo kultura Tu ideologiuri hegemonia?samoqalaqo kultura Tu ideologiuri hegemonia?samoqalaqo kultura Tu ideologiuri hegemonia?

bevri avtori politikur kulturaze saubrisas eyrd-noba samoqalaqo kulturas, cnebas SemoRebuls mecnierebaSialmondisa da verbas mier (1963; 1980). isini miiswrafodnendaedginaT, Tu rogori politikuri kultura uwyobs xelsdemokratias. zemoT xsenebulma avtorebma is sam tipad dahyves_ ̀ aqtiuri kultura~ (politikuri monawileobis kultura),`pasiuri kultura~ (qveSevrdomobis kultura) da ̀ lokalurikultura~.

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Sexedulebebi icvleboda, magram is kvali rCeboda mTelisicocxlis manZilze. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba ki Tavisisocialuri da geografiuli mobilurobiT, individualizmisdafuZnebiTa da samomxmareblo RirebulebebiT, amkvidrebssruliad gansxvavebul situacias. dRes, arCevnebze xalxi Tvi-Ton wyvets, Tu vis misces xma, iqidan gamomdinare, Tu raslaparakobs da pirdeba kandidati. aqedan modis masobriviinformaciebis politikuri mniSvnelobis zrda, radgan dResswored maT miaqvT publikamde informacia politikuri prob-lemebisa da programebis Sesaxeb, aseve kandidatis an partiisarCevis variantic.

dRes gasagebia, rom masobrivi informaciis saSualebebipirdapir ayalibeben sazogadoebriv azrs, gemovnebas. xalxsrCeba mxolod airCios romelime politikuri gadawyvetilebada am gadawyvetilebiT gaemarTon saarCevno urnebisaken. mi-uxedavad amisa, arsebobs sxvadasxva Sexedulebebi masobriviinformaciebis saSualebebis politikur rolze.. TeoriebsSoris umTavresia Semdegi modelebi: pluralisturi mode-pluralisturi mode-pluralisturi mode-pluralisturi mode-pluralisturi mode-li, gabatonebuli ideologiis modeli, sabazro mode-li, gabatonebuli ideologiis modeli, sabazro mode-li, gabatonebuli ideologiis modeli, sabazro mode-li, gabatonebuli ideologiis modeli, sabazro mode-li, gabatonebuli ideologiis modeli, sabazro mode-li da elitis faseulobaTa modeli.li da elitis faseulobaTa modeli.li da elitis faseulobaTa modeli.li da elitis faseulobaTa modeli.li da elitis faseulobaTa modeli.

politikuri socializacia _ aris procesi, rom-politikuri socializacia _ aris procesi, rom-politikuri socializacia _ aris procesi, rom-politikuri socializacia _ aris procesi, rom-politikuri socializacia _ aris procesi, rom-lis mimdinareobisas xalxi iZens da gamoimuSavebslis mimdinareobisas xalxi iZens da gamoimuSavebslis mimdinareobisas xalxi iZens da gamoimuSavebslis mimdinareobisas xalxi iZens da gamoimuSavebslis mimdinareobisas xalxi iZens da gamoimuSavebsmosazrebebs da Rirebulebebs, romlebic Semdeg Taobebsmosazrebebs da Rirebulebebs, romlebic Semdeg Taobebsmosazrebebs da Rirebulebebs, romlebic Semdeg Taobebsmosazrebebs da Rirebulebebs, romlebic Semdeg Taobebsmosazrebebs da Rirebulebebs, romlebic Semdeg Taobebsgadaecema.gadaecema.gadaecema.gadaecema.gadaecema.

propaganda _ aris mizanmimarTuli informaciispropaganda _ aris mizanmimarTuli informaciispropaganda _ aris mizanmimarTuli informaciispropaganda _ aris mizanmimarTuli informaciispropaganda _ aris mizanmimarTuli informaciisgavrceleba im mizniT, rom Camoyalibdes saWiro azrigavrceleba im mizniT, rom Camoyalibdes saWiro azrigavrceleba im mizniT, rom Camoyalibdes saWiro azrigavrceleba im mizniT, rom Camoyalibdes saWiro azrigavrceleba im mizniT, rom Camoyalibdes saWiro azrida moaxdinos provocireba gansazRvrul politikurda moaxdinos provocireba gansazRvrul politikurda moaxdinos provocireba gansazRvrul politikurda moaxdinos provocireba gansazRvrul politikurda moaxdinos provocireba gansazRvrul politikurmoqmedebaze,moqmedebaze,moqmedebaze,moqmedebaze,moqmedebaze, mani mani mani mani mani pulirpulirpulirpulirpulirebis mizniT.ebis mizniT.ebis mizniT.ebis mizniT.ebis mizniT.

`axali ambebis miwodebis xelovneba~ _ aris in-`axali ambebis miwodebis xelovneba~ _ aris in-`axali ambebis miwodebis xelovneba~ _ aris in-`axali ambebis miwodebis xelovneba~ _ aris in-`axali ambebis miwodebis xelovneba~ _ aris in-formaciis mowodeba iseTi xerxiT, rom gamoiwvios sa-formaciis mowodeba iseTi xerxiT, rom gamoiwvios sa-formaciis mowodeba iseTi xerxiT, rom gamoiwvios sa-formaciis mowodeba iseTi xerxiT, rom gamoiwvios sa-formaciis mowodeba iseTi xerxiT, rom gamoiwvios sa-surveli efeqti da gansakuTrebuli reaqcia `ekonomikursurveli efeqti da gansakuTrebuli reaqcia `ekonomikursurveli efeqti da gansakuTrebuli reaqcia `ekonomikursurveli efeqti da gansakuTrebuli reaqcia `ekonomikursurveli efeqti da gansakuTrebuli reaqcia `ekonomikurWeSmaritebaze~.WeSmaritebaze~.WeSmaritebaze~.WeSmaritebaze~.WeSmaritebaze~.

socialuri kapitalis degradacia?socialuri kapitalis degradacia?socialuri kapitalis degradacia?socialuri kapitalis degradacia?socialuri kapitalis degradacia?

yofil komunistur saxelmwifoebSi, politikurma daekonomikurma cvlilebebma misca damatebiTi interesi poli-tikuri kulturis problematikas. saqme isaa, rom ramdenimeTaobis cxovrebaSi saxelmwifom amoZirkva, an minimumamde daiy-

sazRvra, rogorc burJuaziuli ̀ hegemonia~.Tanamedrove marqsistebi Soris arin problemis aseT

gagebasTan da sulac ar Tvlian, rom burJuaziis gabatonebu-li klasi gansazRvravs kapitalisturi sazogadoebis inteleq-tualur da kulturul cxovrebas. isini amboben, rom sazoga-doebaSi konkurencias uweven erTmaneTs.

(burJuaziuli ideologia marqsistuli terminia(burJuaziuli ideologia marqsistuli terminia(burJuaziuli ideologia marqsistuli terminia(burJuaziuli ideologia marqsistuli terminia(burJuaziuli ideologia marqsistuli terminiada niSnavs ideebs da Teoriebs, romlebic kapitalis-da niSnavs ideebs da Teoriebs, romlebic kapitalis-da niSnavs ideebs da Teoriebs, romlebic kapitalis-da niSnavs ideebs da Teoriebs, romlebic kapitalis-da niSnavs ideebs da Teoriebs, romlebic kapitalis-turi wyobis winaaRmdegobis dafarviT emsaxurebianturi wyobis winaaRmdegobis dafarviT emsaxurebianturi wyobis winaaRmdegobis dafarviT emsaxurebianturi wyobis winaaRmdegobis dafarviT emsaxurebianturi wyobis winaaRmdegobis dafarviT emsaxurebianburJuaziis interesebs).burJuaziis interesebs).burJuaziis interesebs).burJuaziis interesebs).burJuaziis interesebs).

am poziciis cnobili warmomadgeneli iyo italielimoazrovne da politikosi antonio gramSi antonio gramSi antonio gramSi antonio gramSi antonio gramSi XX saukuneSi.Tavis Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi gramSma dainaxa, rom burJua-ziis gabatoneba Tavis Tavs uzrunvelyofs ara mxolod misiekonomikuri da politikuri ZalauflebiT, aramed kulturiT,sulier yofaSi, amgvari hegemoniiT: misi Rirebulebebi vr-celdeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis meSveobiT _ masobriviinformaciis saSualebiT, eklesiuri institutebiT, axalgazr-duli moZraobebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, socializmis gamarjve-bisaTvis saWiroa ̀ ideebs Soris brZola~, sadac proletarul-ma Rirebulebebma, Teoriebma da principebma unda gandevnon, anukidures SemTxvevaSi, Seaviwrovon burJuaziuli.

masobrivi informaciis saSualebebimasobrivi informaciis saSualebebimasobrivi informaciis saSualebebimasobrivi informaciis saSualebebimasobrivi informaciis saSualebebida politikuri komunikaciada politikuri komunikaciada politikuri komunikaciada politikuri komunikaciada politikuri komunikacia

imis Sesaxeb, rom masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiiZenen politikur mniSvnelobas, daiwyes laparaki XIX sauku-nis bolos, rodesac sazogadoebaSi Semovida masobrivi wigniere-ba da yvelasaTvis gaxda xelmisawvdomi presa. magram dromTan moitana axali teqnikuri da socialuri cvlilebebi, dagairkva, rom masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi gaxdnen poli-tikuri procesis srulyofili, sakmaod damoukidebeli dauaRresad Zlieri faqtori.

am yvelaferSi gamovlinda sami tendencia. droTa gan-mavlobaSi Semcirda egreT wodebuli politikuri social-izaciis ̀ pirveladi~ faqtorebis gavlena, iseTebze, rogoricaaojaxi da sazogadoebrivi klasi. adamiani bavSvobidan iRebdaraRac politikur (kvals) ̀ acras~. ukve zrdasrul asakSi misi

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umTavresi motivi neokonservatorebisTvis, romliTac aSS-Sigamovidnen iseTi socialuri moazrovneebi, rogorebic ariandeniel beli deniel beli deniel beli deniel beli deniel beli da ireing kristoli, ireing kristoli, ireing kristoli, ireing kristoli, ireing kristoli, romlebmac win wa-moswies sulieri Rirebulebebis dangreva bazris stiqiis gamo.

kidev erTi azri socialuri krizisis problemaze, amt-kicebs, rom saubari unda mimdinareobdes ara samoqalaqo kul-turis Semcirebaze da socialuri kavSirebis Sesustebaze, aramedmaTi formebis Secvlaze.

inglhartis azriT, yvelaferi es xdeba amJamindeli ma-terialuri keTildReobis da ̀ postmaterialisturi~ Rirebule-bebis (gansakuTrebulad axalgazrdebSi), gavrcelebis gamo. 1960-iani wlebidan xalxi umetesad ganviTarebul industriul qvey-nebSi egueboda ekonomikur usafrTxoebas da materialur keTil-dReobas, yvela da yvelanairi tradiciuli warmodgenebi _seqsze, qorwinebaze, cqevis normebze Seicvala, liberaluri,uweso RirebulebebiT, rom ar vTqvaT ̀ yovlad umsgavsoTi~.

tradiciuli politikuri urTierTobebi da kavSirebiki piriqiT dasustdnen, maT Caenacvlen iseTi sakiTxebi, rogor-icaa feminizmi, atomuri ganiaraReba, cxovelebis uflebebi dagaremo. SesaZlebelia imitom mimdinareobs aseTi movlenebi,rogorc partiebSi wevrebis Semcireba da saarCevno aqtiuro-bis dacema. meores mxriv ki, iseTi saprotesto aqciebis war-moSoba, romlebic dakavSirebulebi arian raRac erTi saerToproblemiT. postfordizmis Teoretikosebi amtkiceben, romaseTi tipis cvlilebebi, iyo absoluturad Seuqcevadi dawarmoadgendnen sazogadoebis saerTo ekonomikuri da poli-tikuri individualizmisaken moZraobis Sedegebs.

legitimuroba da politikuri stabilurobalegitimuroba da politikuri stabilurobalegitimuroba da politikuri stabilurobalegitimuroba da politikuri stabilurobalegitimuroba da politikuri stabiluroba

politikuri sistemis an reJimis legitimurobis prob-lema, an SekiTxva imaze, iRebs Tu ara es sazogadoeba ama Tu imreJims, rogorc ̀ kanoniers~, ̀ samarTlians~, da a.S. dakavSirebu-lia Zvel da mTavar TemasTan _ esaa politikuri valdebule-ba. problema midis ubralo kiTxvamde: ratom arian moqalaqee-bi valdebulni aRiaron saxelmwifos Zalaufleba? aris Tuara aseTi midgoma saxelmwifosadmi da misi kanonebisadmidamorCileba _ xalxis movaleoba? Tanamedrove politikurdiskusiebSi legitimuroba esmiT ar imdenad, rogorc mor-

vana is socialuri da politikuri kavSirebi, romelsac eyrd-noba demokratiuli politika. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis dasazogadoebrivi asociaciebis jgufebis sfero, damoukidebelisaxelmwifosagan, romelic Seicavs kerZo warmoebas, interesTajgufebs da a.S. aq SegviZlia gavixsenoT aleqsis de tokvilisazri, romelmac XIX saukuneSi axsna amerikis demokratiulobaimiT, rom amerikelebi midrekilni arian aseTi sazogadoe-brivi asociaciebis daarsebisadmi. magram rogorc ki gaCndainteresi post-komunisturi qveynebis politikuri kultur-isadmi, is gavrcelda momwifebul demokratiebis politikurproblemebzec.

robert patnemma mosaxleobis samoqalaqo aqtiurobistradiciebi gansxvavebiT axsna, rac vlindeba iseT movlenaze,rogoricaa gansxvavebuli saarCevno aqtiurobis done. patnemmayuradReba miaqcia aSS-is socialuri ̀ kapitalis dacemas~, rom-lis arseboba aisaxa imaSi, rom 1965 wlidan klubebis, nebayof-lobiTi sazogadoebebis da yvelanairi tipis asociaciebisricxvi Semcirda 25-50%-iT, mkveTrad Semcirda sazogadoebriv,qalaqur, saskolo krebebze daswreba, Semcirda politikur par-tiebSi gawevrianeba, maTi nebayoflobiTi moRvaweoba.

TavianTi azri aqvT konservatiuli orientaciis Teo-retikosebsac: socialuri kapitalis marTva asocirdebatradiciebTan ̀ tradiciul RirebulebebTan~. is Rirebulebe-bi da warmodgenebi, romlebic gadaecema Taobidan Taobas,aarseben Tavisi tipis cxovrebis kulturul safuZvels.

konservatiulad ganwyobili politikosebi yovelTvismouwodeben Rirebulebebis gaZlierebisaken, radgan maTSi xe-daven Sinagani gamTlianebisa da sazogadoebrivi politikuristabilurobis gasaRebs. 1980-ian wlebSi margaret tetCerimargaret tetCerimargaret tetCerimargaret tetCerimargaret tetCerigamovida mowodebiT, imuSaon egreT wodebuli ̀ viqtorianuliRirebulebebis~ aRorZinebaze did britaneTSi. amis Semdeganalogiuri, magram naklebad warmatebuli iniciativiT ̀ pirv-elsawyisisken dabrunebisaken~ 1990-ian wlebSi gamovida jonmeijori. zustad ase apelirebda aSS-Si ronald reigani ̀ sa-zogadoebrivi ideologiis~ memkvidreobisadmi, rac amerikelebSiaisaxa TavianTi dasavluri TavdaWerilobiT. xSirad tradi-ciuli Rirebulebebi ukavSirdeba iseT institutebs, rogori-caa ojaxi, eklesia da erovneba, anu is yvelaferi, rac istori-aSi ganasaxierebs fxianobas, TviTnebobas da mdgomareobas.

tradiciuli Rirebulebebis dacva gaxda erT-erTi

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legitimurobis meore tipi es aris qarqarqarqarqarizmuli izmuli izmuli izmuli izmuli ba-ba-ba-ba-ba-tonoba, tonoba, tonoba, tonoba, tonoba, es saubari midis avtoritetze, im batonobaze, romel-ic TiTqos da TavisiT warmoiSveba Zlieri pirovnebisagan,misi `qarizmidan~. qarizmatuli Zalaufleba, romelic sru-lad ar aris dakavSirebuli statusTan, sazogadoebriv mdgo-mareobasTan, an saxelmwifos ierarqiul adgilTan, fuZndebalideris Tvisebebze, raTa Tavisken miizidos xalxi: istori-ulad aseT Zalauflebas flobdnen isini, visSic xedavdnengmirebs an wmindanebs. aq isic unda iTqvas, rom axali istori-is politikuri liderebi, de goli, kenedi, tetCeri flobdnenaseTi avtoritetis garkveul elementebs. ar SeiZleba maTvuwodoT qarizmatuli liderebi, isini yvelani iyvnen sax-elmwifo moRvaweebi problemis Tanamedrove gagebiT. aseTmagaliTad politologebi Tvlian napoleons, musolinis, hit-lers, aiaTola homeinis, fidel kastros da polkovnik kadafs.

veberis politikuri legitimurobis mesame tipi _racionalur-samarTlebrivi, asocirdeba mkveTrad gansazRvrulwesebiT, romelic warmodgenilia samarTalSi, kanonSi. es Za-laufleba damaxasiaTebelia bevri Tanamedrove saxelmwifos-aTvis. prezidentis, premier-ministris, an nebismieri sxva maRa-li rangis oficialuri saxis uflebamosilebas saboloodyovelTvis aqvs Tavisi mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli, formulire-buli konstituciuri normebi, romlebSic dawerilia risiufleba aqvT da risi ara. am Tanamdebobebis pirebisaTvis, amZalauflebis formis upiratesoba isaa, rom is dakavSirebu-lia ̀ adgilTan~ da ara ̀ adamianebTan~.

biThemi biThemi biThemi biThemi biThemi Tvlis, rom Zalaufleba SeiZleba CaiTvaloslegitimurad sami pirobis Sesrulebisas. upirvelesad is undawarmoebdes dadgenili wesebis mixedviT, warmodgenili ofi-cialurad miRebul kanonebSi, an daweril normebSi. meore _es wesebi unda iyvnen aRiarebuli yvelas mier, rogorc auci-lebeli _ vinc marTavs da vinc imarTebian, mesame _ sazoga-doebis mxridan ar unda iyos imis niSnebi, rom is ar eTanxmebaarsebul reJims. did britaneTSi ukanaskneli piroba iyo da-culi 1990-ian wlebSi, rodesac sazogadoebam dainaxa, romliderebis da maTi politika ukiduresad arapopularulia,magram es mTavroba, romelic movida xelisuflebaSi arCevneb-is gziT, unda wavides amave gziT.

aq warmoiSveba Zalauflebis legitimurobis ori mniS-vnelovani momenti. pirveli _ mravalpartiuli sistema da

aluri valdebulebebis problema, ramdenadac kiTxva, Tu ra-tom unda gaakeTon maT es.

legitimuroba legitimuroba legitimuroba legitimuroba legitimuroba (laTinurad legitimas _ kanonieradgamocxadeba) farTo gagebiT niSnavs ̀ kanonierebas~, ̀ sworobas~,`samarTlianobas~. es aris is Zalaufleba, rac organoebsaZlevs avtoritets sazogadoebis TvalSi. kanoniereba sulacar aZlevs saxelmwifos an mTavrobas, sazogadoebis an calkemoqalaqeebis pativiscemis garantias.

Zalauflebis Zalauflebis Zalauflebis Zalauflebis Zalauflebis legitimacialegitimacialegitimacialegitimacialegitimacia

legitimurobis problemis, rogorc sociologiurimovlenis klasikuri gamokvleva, daiwyo maqs veberma. vebericdilobda `batonobis sistemis~ klasificirebas da surdaaexsna is safuZvlebi, romlebic gansazRvraven am sistemislegitimurobas. man politikuri Zalauflebis mravalfero-vani buneba miiyvana ̀ idealur tipebamde~ da konceftualurmodelebamde. es idealuri tipebia:

_ Zalaufleba, romelic eyrdnoba tradiciebs _ trad-iciuli Zalaufleba

_ Zalaufleba, romelic eyrdnoba qarizmas _ qarizmat-uli Zalaufleba

_ Zalaufleba, romelic eyrdnoba kanons racionaluriTvisebebis safuZvelze _ racionalur-samarTlebrivi Zalau-fleba.

TiToeuli am samidan, flobs politikuri legit-imurobis sakuTar bunebas da wyaros, romlebSic xalxi TvlisSesaZlebels da aucilebels daemorCilos saxelmwifos.

politikuri legitimurobis pirveli tipi _ veberismixedviT, dafuZnebulia istoriul adaT-wesebze da tradi-ciaze, tradiciuli batonoba miiCneva rogorc legitimuri,imitom, rom is arsebobda istoriulad, mas aRiarebdnen winaTaobebi, rogorc wesi aseTi Zalaufleba eyrdnoboda konkre-tul normebs _ gamZle da ueWvo adaT-wesebs, romlebsac arsWirdebaT dasabuTeba, radgan isini arsebobdnen uxsovaridroidan. tradiciuli Zalauflebis damaxasiaTebel CvevebsCven vpoulobT TemebSi, an patara jgufebSi, sadac is arsebobspatriarqatis formiT an gerontokratiiT (ufrosebis avtoritet-uli brZanebloba).

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iT mTavrobidan individebze. isini ambobdnen, rom ekonomikurikeTildReobis sakiTxi damokidebulia adamianis pirad pasux-ismgeblobaze, yovelma moqalaqem TviTon unda izrunos TavisTavze _ SromiT, samedicino dazRveviT, danazogiT, pensiiT daa.S. mTavrobam moixsna pasuxismgebloba umuSevrobis gamo. wam-oiWra idea imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobs umuSevrobis bunebriviprocenti, romelic izrdeba mxolod imitom, rom xarbi muSebifasebis aweviT TviTonve rCebian umuSevrebi.

ratom xdeba revoluciebiratom xdeba revoluciebiratom xdeba revoluciebiratom xdeba revoluciebiratom xdeba revoluciebi

reJimis legitimuroba uzrunvelyofs politikur sta-bilurobas da sicocxlisunarianobas Tu is dakargavs mas,maSin unda airCios oridan erTi: an represiebis gza, an ganax-orcielos Zireuli politikuri cvlilebebi.

umravlesoba, vinc moRvaweobs politikaSi, xels moawerd-nen marqsis im gamoTqmas, romelic foierbaxis TezisebSi dawera:filosofosebi mxolod sxvadasxva saSualebebiT xsnidnen sam-yaros, magram saqme isaa, rom SeecvalaT igi, am sakiTxisadmisxvadasxva politikuri moazrovneebs sxvadasxva damokidebulebahqondaT, maSin roca konservatizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia ̀ltol-va SenarCunebisadmi~ tradiciebis da monacvleobis saxeliT,liberalebi da socialistebi, rogorc wesi, yovelTvis idgnencvlilebis mxareze, radgan masSi xedavdnen progress. progresTanki asocirdeba adamianuri gonebis niWi aamoZraos istoria win,codnis SeZeniT da ufro srulyofili sazogadoebis SeqmniT.

gavigoT Tu ara sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebi, rogorcprogresi an regresi, zrda Tu dacema. isini yovelTvis arianarsi, produqti erT-erTisa ori procesidan _ evoluciisa evoluciisa evoluciisa evoluciisa evoluciisa anrevoluciisa. revoluciisa. revoluciisa. revoluciisa. revoluciisa. evoluciur cvlilebebad miRebulia reforme-bi _ TandaTanobiT da nel-nela ganxorcielebadi, gaumjobese-ba warmoSobili, socialuri an politikuri sistemis fargleb-Si. es cvlilebebia memkvidreobiTobis SenarCuneba. praqtikaSies niSnavs romelime institutis reorganizacias, vidre misgauqmebas. revolucia, es radikaluri gadatrialebaa, is mTli-anad cvlis politikur wyobas da gamoixateba warsulTan kav-Siris mkveTri, xan ki uxeSi, Zaladobrivi gawyvetiT. bunebriviasakiTxi revoluciebis bunebaze (yovelTvis iyo) im istoriul,socialur da politikur garemoebaze, romlebic maT warmoSoben,

arCevnebis aucilebloba, radgan mxolod am pirobiT sazoga-doebas SeuZlia gamoxatos Tavisi principuli Tanxmoba, anarsebuli Zalauflebis sistemis uTanxmoeba. meore _ ama Tuim konstituciis Sedgenisas, aucilebelia asaxuli iyos sa-zogadoebis pozicia. ase vTqvaT, rogor pirobaze arian isiniTanaxma, rom SeiZlebodes maTi marTva.

legitimurobis krizisilegitimurobis krizisilegitimurobis krizisilegitimurobis krizisilegitimurobis krizisi

veberis azrisagan sakiTxis gansxvavebuli gagebiT, gamov-idnen neomarqsizmis Teoretikosebi. Tu orTodoqsuli marq-sizmi ubralod icilebda legitimurobis problemas, radganmas xedavda rogorc burJuaziuli cnobierebis miTs, axali mar-qsistebi, gramSis kvaldakval, mzad arian aRiaron, rom kapital-izmi inarCunebs Tavis resurss imitom, rom SeuZlia uzrunvely-os sazogadoebis politikuri mxardaWera. iseTma neomarqistebma,rogorebic iyvnen habermasi da klaus ofe, gadaitanes yuradRebaklasebis problematikidan legitimurobis warmoebis meqanizmze(demokratiuli procesi, mravalpartiuli sistema, socialurimxardaWera, reformebi da a.S.). amasobaSi isini ar uaryofdnen imgaremoebasac, rom politikur sistemaSi, Tu is dafuZnebuliaklasebis principul uTanxmoebaze, ase Tu ise yovelTvis iqnebasiZneleebi legitimaciasTan.

msgavsi problema ganixileboda 1970-iani wlebis dis-kusiebSi, egreT wodebul ̀ samTavrobo datvirTvaze~. iseTmamkvlevarebma, rogorebic iyvnen entoni kingi da riCard rouzi,yuradReba miaqcies imas, rom mTavrobebi xdebian ufro rTu-lad funqcionirebadi, imis gamo, rom sazogadoeba uyenebsufro met moTxovnilebebs.

1980-1990-iani wlebis politikur tendenciebs SeiZlebaSevxedoT, rogorc legitimurobis kriziss da `samTavrobogadatvirTvis~ problemis reaqcias. prioritetebis gadaxed-vaze yvelaze didi SeZaxilebi ismoda ̀ axali memarjveneebis~mxridan. iseTma politologebma, rogorebic iyvnen samuelbritani, daiwyes laparaki saxelmwifos sayovelTao keTil-dReobis fiskalur krizisze da `demokratiis ekonomikuriwinaaRmdegobis~ Sesaxeb. 1990-iani wlebis reiganis mTavrobamaSS-Si da tetCeris did britaneTSi daiwyes muSaoba sazoga-doebis molodinis ̀ Semcirebaze~, pasuxismgeblobis gadatan-

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rusul revolucias uwodebs ̀ proletaruls~.1917 wlis rusulma bolSevikurma revoluciam leni-

nis xelmZRvanelobiT Seitana marqsistul TeoriaSi ori ax-ali momenti. pirveli, Tu manamde sakiTxi esmodaT ise, romTiTqos klasobrivi winaaRmdegobebi TviTon angreven sazoga-doebas, rodesac amisaTvis momwifdeba pirobebi, leninisTvises problema ar arsebobda. is Tvlida, rom revolucias ki arunda ucado, aramed unda ganaxorcielo. bolSevikebma Zalau-fleba xelSi Caigdes 1917 wlis oqtomberSi da es maSin, rocaburJuaziuli revolucia qveyanaSi moxda ramodenime TviTadre da proletariati ar iyo mravalricxovani da gamocdili.partiaSi muSaTa klasis avangardis roli ikisres bolSevike-bma (mogvianebiT partias gadaarqves saxeli da ewoda komunis-turi partia) mkveTrad Tu vityviT, ufro metad es iyo gada-trialeba, vidre saxalxo revolucia. Tebervlis revoluciis-agan gansxvavebiT, romelmac daamxo monarqia, 1917 w. oqtomber-Si Zalaufleba xelSi Caigdes ara masebma, aramed patara, magramkargad SeduRabebulma revolucionerebma.

Semdegi sruliad axali momenti klasikur marqsizmTanSedarebiT gaxldaT proletariatis nacvlad `revoluciurklasad~ glexobis gamocxadeba. raRac Canasaxi am ideisa ukvehqonda leninsac, rodesac is 1917 w. ambobda kavSirze qalaqisproletariatsa da glexobas Soris, es idea gaifurCqna Cine-Tis revoluciaSi 1949 w. mao Zedunis xelmZRvanelobiT. Cine-Tis revolucia gaiSala soflebSi da ara msxvil qalaqebSi.am ideas mogvianebiT sesxulobdnen aziis, laTinuri amerikisda afrikis marqsistebi.

revoluciis aramarqsistuli Teoriebirevoluciis aramarqsistuli Teoriebirevoluciis aramarqsistuli Teoriebirevoluciis aramarqsistuli Teoriebirevoluciis aramarqsistuli Teoriebi

marqsizmis garda arsebobs mTeli rigi sxva revoluci-uri Teoriebi. marqsizmTan isini Tanxmdebian imis aRiarebaSi,rom am problemas aqvs sazogadoebrivi winaaRmdegobebi, magramver Tanxmdebian or seriozul punqtSi. pirveli, umravleso-bis azriT politikuri xasiaTis movlenebi aucilebeli araris iyos gamoxatuli ufro Rrma ekonomikuri da socialuriprocesebiT, revolucia maTSi aisaxeba, ara rogorc social-uri sistema, aramed rogorc politikuri gardaqmna. meore, aqaraa laparaki revoluciis gardauvalobaze (e.i. imaze, rom

yovelTvis iyo yvelaze mZafri diskusiebis sagani.pirvelad cneba ̀ revolucia~ miekuTvneboda cikluri

xasiaTis cvlilebebs (inglisurad sityva revolve _ brunva,mobruneba, dabruneba sawyis mdgomareobaSi) _azri, romelsacmagaliTad atarebda ̀ saxelovani revolucia~ (1688) inglisSi.magram safrangeTis revoluciiT (1789) dadginda terminisTanamedrove gageba. am droidan termini aRniSnavs radikaluricvlilebebis process da Zveli politikuri wyobis ngrevas.revoluciebi _ es aris sazogadoebrivi gadatrialeba, uecarixasiaTis masiuri qmedebebi, xSirad, magram ara yovelTvis iRebenZaladobriv xasiaTs. revolucia gansxvavdeba saxelmwifo ga-datrialebisagan. revoluciis gansxvaveba buntisa da ajanye-bebisagan mdgomareobs imaSi, rom is iwvevs kardinalur cv-lilebebs (cvlilebebi am politikur sistemaSi) politikaSi,an ubralod cvlas erTi mmarTveli elitisa meoreTi.

marqsistuli revoluciuri Teoriebimarqsistuli revoluciuri Teoriebimarqsistuli revoluciuri Teoriebimarqsistuli revoluciuri Teoriebimarqsistuli revoluciuri Teoriebi

cnebaSi `revolucia~ revolucia~ revolucia~ revolucia~ revolucia~ marqsizmi debs gansakuTrebulazrs. mTlianad viziarebT im ideas, rom revoluciebs aqvTpolitikuri xasiaTi.

marqsistebis umravlesoba ganixilavda inglisur,amerikul da frangul revoluciebs rogorc gansakuTrebul`burJuaziul~ revoluciebs, rac sinamdvileSi iyo TandaTano-biTi gadasvla warmoebis kapitalistur saSualebebze gadas-vla. amgvarad, marqsistuli poziciidan revoluciis azri araubralod mkveTri da dramatuli gadatrialebaa, aramed xangr-Zlivi da Rrma sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebis periodi. am mxrivSeiZleba iTqvas, rom ruseTSi revolucia daiwyo 1917 w. dagrZeldeboda ssrk _ daSlamde _ 1991 w. Tumca ver SeasrulaTavisi amocana ̀ komunizmis aSenebisa~.

marqsizmis Tanaxmad, revoluciis mizezs warmoadgenssocialur-ekonomikuri winaaRmdegoba, antagonisturi konfliqtieqspluatatorebsa da eqspluatirebulebs Soris. amitom yve-la klasobrivi sazogadoeba istoriulad ganwirulia. marqsiTvlida, rom revolucia aRniSnavs im moments, roca klaso-brivi winaaRmdegobebi gadaizrdeba Ria brZolaSi, romlisdrosac erTi klasi daamxobs da gadaayenebs meores. Tu fran-gul revolucias, marqsizmi gansazRvravs rogorc burJuaziuls,

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hqonda adgili aRmosavleT germaniaSi 1949 w. da Cexoslovaki-aSi 1968 w.

_ politikuri kultura aris xalxis fsiqologiuriganwyobis erToblioba iseT politikur obieqtebze, rogori-caa partia, xelisufleba, konstitucia _ ganwyoba, gamoxatulipolitikur poziciebSi, mrwamsSi, simboloebSi da Rirebule-bebSi. sazogadoebrivi azrisagan politikuri kultura gansx-vavdeba imiT, rom is formirdeba istoriulad Camoyalibebulifaseulobebis safuZvelze da ara warmodgeniT da reaqciisTkonkretul politikaze, konkretul problemaze da pirovneba-ze.

_ politikuri ganwyobileba da individebis an jgufe-bis faseulobebis formireba xdeba politikuri socializaciisprocesSi, romelic SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc ideologiurizemoqmedebis procesi gaweuli adamianze mTeli misi cxovre-bis manZilze, an rogorc faseulobebis gadacema ufrosi Tao-bidan umcrosisaTvis. socializaciis mTavar garemos war-moadgens ojaxi, ganaTlebis sistema, religia, masobrivi infor-maciis saSualebebi da saxelmwifo mTlianad.

_ samoqalaqo kulturis cneba iwvevs mravalmxriv ka-maTs. ase Tu ise am terminis qveS igulisxmeba garkveulifsiqologiuri ganwyobis erToblioba (politikuri monawi-leoba, kanonebisa da saxelmwifos pativiscema) romelzec damok-idebulia demokratiuli sazogadoebis stabiluroba. amasTanerTad samoqalaqo kultura samarTlebrivad ganixileba, rogorcSedegi da rogorc demokratiis winapiroba. zogjer samo-qalaqo kulturis diskusiebSi gazviadebulia xalxis pozi-ciuri orientaciis mniSvneloba politikur sferoSi da sa-Tanadod ar fasdeba sazogadoebrivi kulturis faqtorebisaraerTgvarovneba. amasTan erTad radikalebi da marqsistebiixrebian im ideisken, rom gabatonebuli kultura Tavs axvevssazogadoebas, zevidan privilegirebuli jgufebis interesebs.

_ Cvens droSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda masobrivi in-formaciis saSualebebis (mis) mniSvneloba, rogorc sazoga-doebrivi, ase teqnologiuri faqtorebis. zogjer maT moR-vaweobas warmogvidgenen, rogorc ideebis bazars, romelicxels uwyobs sazogadoebriv diskusiebs da eleqtorats aZlevsufro farTo arCevans. sxvagvari poziciidan ganixileba, rogorcmmarTveli klasis propagandistuli iaraRi, rogorc saSuale-ba elitis faseulobebis gasavrceleblad, an rogorc ubral-

isini warmoiSvebian istoriis logikidan) amitom maTSi xe-daven konkretuli politikuri da socialuri garemoebebisSedegs.

magaliTad, wignSi `revoluciuri cvlilebebi~ (1966)Calmers jonsoni amtkicebs, rom revoluciebi warmoiSveba`mravaljeradi disfunqciebis~ pirobebSi, rodesac politikurisistema ingreva sxvadasxva zemoqmedebiT, xandaxan urTierT-sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli moTxovnebiT sazogadoebis mxri-dan.

wignSi `Zveli wyoba da franguli revolucia~ (1856)tokvilma SeamCnia, rom revoluciebi iSviaTad warmoadgenenmosaxleobis masiuri siRatakis Sedegs. siRatakes da gaWirve-bas hyavT Tavisi Tanamgzavrebi: sasowarkveTileba, morCilebada sruli politikuri pasiuroba. revolucia misi Sexedule-bebiT xdeba maSin, roca saxelmwifo arbilebs Tavis politi-kas, xangrZlivi, mkacri mmarTvelobis Sedegad, rogorc is amazewerda ̀ xelisuflebisTvis yvelaze saSiSi momenti dgeba ma-Sin, roca is iwyebs reformebs~. magaliTad zustad ase saqmeganviTarda safrangeTSi, rodesac ludovik XVI 1788 w. Sekri-ba generaluri Statebi. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom zustad asemoxda evropaSi gorbaCovis reformis Sedegad. 1986 wels imismagivrad, rom daekmayofilebina sazogadoeba mis moTxovnebSi,Seecvala politikuri sistema, reformam mxolod SeaTbo sa-zogadoebrivi molodini da gaaCaRa revoluciuri vnebebi.

teda skocpoli franguli, rusuli da Cinuri revolu-ciebis SedarebiT analizSi gvaZlevs revoluciebis social-ur-struqturul axsnas. is migviTiTebs imaze, rom xSiradreJimebi ingreva Tavisi Sinagani araefeqturobiTa da saerTa-Soriso mdgomareobis sisustiT. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba rev-oluciuri situaciebis warmoSobisas xSirad hqondaT omebsda intervenciebs. es moxda CineTSi 1911-1949-Si da ruseTSi 1905da 1917 wlebSi. Sinaganad saxelmwifo revoluciebis safrTx-eSi Tavs igdebs maSin, roca mas ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos armias,an ver riskavs wavides farTomasStabian represiebze. mTliansituacias Tu davapirispirebT Cineli studentebis 1989 w.tiananminis moedanze gamosvlis mkacr CaxSobas da TiTqmisusisxlod komunisturi reJimis rRvevas aRmosavleT evropaSi,amave wlis Semodgomaze da zamTarSi, ukanasknel SemTxvevaSigadamwyveti faqtori gaxda is, rom ssrk gorbaCovis dros arwavida represiebze, an am SemTxvevaSi Carevaze, rogorc amas

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Tavi XITavi XITavi XITavi XITavi XIwarmomadgenloba, arCevnebi,warmomadgenloba, arCevnebi,warmomadgenloba, arCevnebi,warmomadgenloba, arCevnebi,warmomadgenloba, arCevnebi,

xmis micema da referendumixmis micema da referendumixmis micema da referendumixmis micema da referendumixmis micema da referendumi

arCevnebi politikuri procesis erT-erTi mTavari aq-tia. albaT bevri adamiani svams politikisaTvis saWiro aseTkiTxvas: sainteresoa, rogori eSmakuri xerxiT moxda im xalx-is xelisuflebaSi moxvedra? aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom esuSualod Cveni arCevnebis Sedegia. mokled, rogorc ar undavifiqroT, arCevnebi es aris demokratia moZraobaSi, romelicxalxs saSualebas aZlevs ase Tu ise akontrolos mTavroba.ukidures SemTxvevaSi ki Tavi SegviZlia imiT davimSvidoT,rom arsebobs SesaZlebloba es ̀ aramzadebi~ gareT gamovyar-oT.

arCevnebi warmomadgenlobis principze funqcionirebs.misi mniSvneloba mdgomareobs SemdegSi: politikosebs, rom-lebic `xalxis msaxurad~ iwodebian, aqvT ufleba maTi sax-eliT imoqmedon. demokratia Tavis klasikur variantSi iTval-iswinebs moqalaqeTa pirdapir da uwyvet monawileobas xe-lmZRvanelobaSi. dRes ukve politikuri warmomadgenlobaiZleva garantias maqsimalurad muaxlovdes ideals ̀ xalxismTavroba~. Semdeg ki ibadeba kiTxvebi:

_ rogor ganvaxorcieloT aseTi warmomadgenloba praq-tikaSi?

_ rogoria politikosebis arCevis saukeTeso saSualeba?_ ras niSnavs sinamdvileSi xmis micemis Sedegebi

arCevnebSi?

warmomadgenlobis Teoriebiwarmomadgenlobis Teoriebiwarmomadgenlobis Teoriebiwarmomadgenlobis Teoriebiwarmomadgenlobis Teoriebi

me-19, me-20 saukuneebSi, rodesac adgili hqonda demokratiisgavrcelebas, ismoda kiTxva, Tu vin unda flobdes warmomad-genlobas? isini unda iyvnen uaRresad ganaTlebuli, poli-tikur sferoSi garkveuli Zlieri sqesis warmomadgenlebi, Tuubralod qveynis saarCevno asaks miRweuli Taoba. dResdReo-biT es sakiTxi gadawyvetilia. formalurad is xorcieldebasaerTo saarCevno uflebiTa da principiT `erTi adamiani _erTi xma~.

Cven aseve unda SevZloT imis gageba, rom warmomadgen-

od asaxva sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenis Sexedulebebisa angemovnebis.

_ zogjer amboben, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoeba daa-vadebulia socialuri kapitalis eroziiT, sazogadoebis mo-qalaqeobrivi aqtiurobis donis dacemiT. socialuri da kul-turuli cvlilebebisas amaSi xedaven Sedegs.

_ politikuri stabiluroba damokidebulia reJimislegitimurobaze _ xelisuflebis avtoritetze sazogadoebisTvalSi. istoriulad xelisuflebis legitimacia xorcield-eboda iseT safuZvelze, rogoricaa tradicia, xarizma an samar-Tali. Tanamedrove saxelmwifo eyrdnoba legitimurobis me-3 tips, romelic varaudobs kanonis udavo Zalauflebas daxelisuflebis moRvaweobis detalur reglamentacias.

_ Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi dganan legitimurobiskrizisis winaSe, rac aris sazogadoebaSi dagrovili mravalistruqturuli winaaRmdegobebis Sedegi. legitimurobis krizisiZiriTadad dakavSirebulia winaaRmdegobebiT saxelmwifosgazrdil rolze ekonomikur da socialur sferoebs Soris.erTis mxriv Tavisufali bazris moTxovnaTa, meores mxriv,saxelmwifoebs Soris moTxovnilebiT erTsa da imave droSidaakmayofilon zrdadi sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebi daSeinarCunon Tavisufali bazris dinamika.

_ revoluciebis fenomeni axsnilia sxvadasxvagvarad:rogorc sazogadoebis Rrma winaaRmdegobebis gamovlena, wonas-worobis dakargva politikur sistemaSi. sazogadoebrivi molo-dinis zrdis Sedegi, saxelmwifos mier gaumarTlebeli poli-tikis da bolos, rogorc saxelmwifos efeqturobis swrafivardnisa.

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warmomadgenelia, aramed imavdroulad parlamentis wevric.warmomadgenelma yvelaferi unda gaakeTos TqvenTvis daTavisTvis daitovos mxolod Tavisufali azris ufleba, ma-gram swored amiT gemsaxurebaT is Tqven da moRalated CaiTv-leba maSin, roca samsxverplod gaimetebs Tavis swor azrs,Tqveni cvalebadi azrebis sasargeblod.~

biorkis mixedviT, warmomadgeneli maSin emsaxureba Tavisxalxs, roca am saqmisaTvis avlens Tavis jansaR azrovnebas.warmomadgenloba, Tavis mxriv, iTxovs dakisrebuli moralurimovaleobis Sesrulebas im xalxisagan, romelTac wilad xv-daT bedniereba mieRoT ganaTleba; es yvelaferi niSnavs imas,rom momavalSi arCeulma warmomadgenlebma gadawyvetilebadamoukideblad unda miiRon.

j.s. milis azriT marTalia yvela adamians aqvs warmo-madgenlobaze ufleba, magram yvelas azrs ara aqvs erTnairiwona politikaSi, amitom man wamoayena idea xmaTa wonadobasTandakavSirebiT, romliTac oTx an xuT xmas arCevnebSi monawile-obisaTvis miiRebdnen diplomisa da samecniero xarisxis mqonekandidatebi, 2-3 xmas kvalificiuri muSakebi da mmarTvelni, erTxmas ki _ arakvalificiuri momuSaveebi. is Tvlida, rom amideis daxmarebiT Wkviani amomrCeveli xmas miscemda ara imwarmomadgenels, romelic gamoxatavs sayovelTaod misaReb Sexed-ulebebsa da azrs, aramed imaT, visac SeuZlia brZnulad azrovnebada windaxeduli moqmedeba, imaT, vinc gamoirCeva altruizmiTda socialuri pasuxismgeblobiT.

Tavisi simarTle hqondaT warmomadgenlobiTiradikaluri demokratiis warmomadgenlebsac. mag. Tomas pein-is azriT, Tu politikosebs mivcemT srul Tavisuflebas gada-wyvetilebis miRebis dros, isini ubralod isargebleben Tavi-anTi interesebis sasikeTod da xalxis nacvlad darCebaTmxolod _ warmomadgenloba

delegirebis modelidelegirebis modelidelegirebis modelidelegirebis modelidelegirebis modeli

delegatad iwodeba adamiani, romelic warmoadgens sxvaxalxs mkacrad Camoyalibebuli davalebebisa da instruqciissafuZvelze. aq aqcenti keTdeba, rom delegati ubralod war-moadgens viRacis Sexedulebebs da interess da mas ara aqvsufleba (gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis garda) miiRos esa Tu is

loba ar daiyvaneba arCevnebamde da xmis micemamde, rom arCevnebSigamarjvebuli kandidatebi ar iTvlebian ̀ warmomadgenlebad~marto imitom, rom maT gaimarjves arCevnebSi. ufro mniS-vnelovania imis garkveva, ra SemTxvevaSi iTvleba adamianiviRacis warmomadgenlad da ras warmoadgens igi _ TavisamomrCevelTa Sexedulebebs, maT sisxlxorceul interesebs,sxvadasxva jgufebs Tu sxva rames?

warmomadgenlobis saerTo Teoria ar arsebobs. arsebu-li ramdenime Teoria ki yalibdeba garkveul ideologiur anpolitikur safuZvelze, ras warmoadgens warmomadgenlobisprincipi? am da sxva amgvari kiTxvebiT dainteresebulni ari-an ara mxolod politologebi, aramed politikosebi, ramdena-dac sxvadasxva warmomadgenlobis modelebi warmogvidgenenpolitikuri moqmedebis sxvadasxva models.

arCeuli politikosebi valdebulni arian mkacrad xe-lmZRvanelobdnen im programiTa da poziciiT, romelTac isi-ni gamoTqvamen arCevnebis dros. miT ufro Tu maT amocanaswarmoadgens sazogadoebis azrisa da interesebis gaTval-iswineba.

sayuradReboa is faqti, rom politikuri sistemis Sig-niT SesaZloa funqcionirebdes sxvadasxva warmomadgenlobisprincipi, radganac iTvleba, rom arcerTi calke aRebulimodeli ar wyvets yvela problemas.

warmomadgenloba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Semdegi oTxiwesiT:

_ mindobiloba (trusteeship)_ delegireba (delegation)_ mandati (The mandate)_ gaigivebis modeli (resemblance).

mindobilobis modelimindobilobis modelimindobilobis modelimindobilobis modelimindobilobis modeli

ndobiT aRWurvil pirad iTvleba adamiani, romelicTavis Tavze iRebs formalur pasuxismgeblobas sxva adamianissakuTrebis dacvis an saqmis warmarTvisaTvis. politikaSiwarmomadgenlobis am modelis klasikur gamovlinebad Sei-Zleba CaiTvalos edmund biorkis gamosvla amomrCevlebTanbristolSi 1774 wels. `diax, Tqven irCevT Tqvens warmomad-genels, magram arCevis momentidan is ara mxolod bristolis

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nebismier SemTxvevaSi ityvis yvela partiis lideri, partiis-gan saWiroa erToba da disciplina. am modelSi politikosiamomrCevels emsaxureba ara imiT, rom damoukideblad iRebsgadawyvetilebas, aramed imiT, rom Tavisi partiisa da misipolitikuri mimdinareobis erTgulia.

am doqtrinis Zlier mxared gvevlineba is, rom sworediTvaliswinebs partiis praqtikul mniSvnelobas da partiispolitikas. ufro metic, masTan erTad ufro advilia gaigoras niSnavs arCevnebis Sedegebi. am modelsac hyavs Tavisikritikosebi. isini Tvlian, rom is pirvel rigSi emyarebasaeWvo Sexedulebebs arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT. is gvTavazobs,rom amomrCeveli partias airCevs maTi politikuri programe-bis an problemebis mixedviT, magram sinamdvileSi amomrCeve-li arc ise racionalurad moazrovne da kargad informirebu-li piria, rogorc iTvaliswinebs aRniSnuli modeli.

praqtikaSi, rogorc cnobilia, saqmeSi ereva sruliadiracionaluri faqtorebi: lideris pirovneba, partiis imiji,didi xnis win formirebuli upiratesoba da socialuri xas-iaTis faqtori. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu programebi savsebiTdamajerebelia, pirvel rigSi amomrCevlebs izidavT mxolodmanifestis punqtebi: mesame doqtrina mandatisa Tavis mxriv`maxea~, romlis gaTvaliswinebiT warmomadgenlobas xelebiaqvs Sekruli.

gaigivebis modeligaigivebis modeligaigivebis modeligaigivebis modeligaigivebis modeli

warmomadgenlobis am Teorias ar ainteresebs, ra gziTiqnen arCeulni warmomadgenlebi. maTTvis mTavaria, rom maTSeiZleba sruli masStabiT warmoadginon TavianTi amomrCevel-Ta jgufi, moaxdinon maTi personificireba, gaigivdnen maTTan.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi msgavsi ram SeiZleba vnax-oT e.w. ̀ reprezentiuli Wrilis~ meTodSi, romelic gamoiyene-ba bazris kontrolsa da sazogadoebis azris kvlevisas. amlogikiT warmomadgenlobiTma mTavrobam miniaturulad undaasaxos mTeli sazogadoeba, yvela warmomadgenlobiTi jgufisada fenis CaTvliT. warmomadgenelTa aseT ideas uwodeben`warmomadgenloba mikrokosmosSi~, romelsac tradiciuladicavdnen socialisturi da radikaluri Teoretikosebi, rom-lebic amtkicebdnen, rom saxelmwifos SeiZleba marTavdes

gadawyvetileba. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT savaWro war-momadgenloba, elCebi, romelTac mkacrad rom vTqvaT, ar gaaC-niaT araviTari ufleba miiRon gadawyvetilebebi damoukide-blad. sxva magaliTi _ profkavSiris wevri, romelic gagza-vnes konferenciaze, winaswar aris informirebuli, rogor miscesxma da ra Tqvas, mas gaaCnia instruqcia. biorkis azriT, es araris warmomadgeneli, aramed aris delegati. am modelis de-talebi Tavis droze iTvaliswinebdnen meqanizms, romelicarCeul politikosebs avaldebulebda bolomde miyolodnenminiSnebul Tematikas, romelsac isini warmoadgendnen.

`delegirebuli warmomadgenlobis~ Rirseba mdgomare-obs imaSi, rom is afarToebs sazogadoebis monawileobas poli-tikaSi da aZlevs mas saSualebas aRkveTos profesional poli-tikosTa egoisturi miswrafebani.

vinaidan profesional politikosebs ara aqvT damoukide-beli gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba, maTgan ar unda velo-doT liderobas, rom araferi vTqvaT saxelmwifoebrivazrovnebaze. imis magivrad, rom gauZRven xalxs win, organize-ba gauwion da sulierad gaaZlieron isini, maT uwevT yvelazekarg SemTxvevaSi ̀ gaaxmovanon~ TavianTi amomrCevelTa Sexed-ulebebi, cud SemTxvevaSi ki _ ubralod ar gaiTvaliswinonisini.

samandato modelisamandato modelisamandato modelisamandato modelisamandato modeli

mandati aris instruqcia an brZaneba.ori winamorbedi modeli istoriulad Seiqmna maSin,

roca jer kidev ar arsebobda Tanamedrove politikuri par-tiebi. amitom maT Soris saubari midioda warmomadgenlobazeindividualur safuZvelze, Tumca dRes xalxs iSviaTad irCevenmisi piradi monacemebidan da SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare.maTSi ufro xedaven maTi partiis ̀ rigiT mebrZolebs~. cxadia,warmoiSva axali warmomadgenlobis Teoriebi, romelTa Sorisyvelaze metad zegavlena moaxdina koncefciam imaze, rom Tupartia imarjvebs arCevnebze, is iRebs sazogadoebisgan man-dats da es mandati niSnavs maTi saarCevno programis mo-wonebas da uflebamosilebis miRebas mis cxovrebaSi gasa-tareblad. ase miiRo 2004 da 2008 wlebSi gamarjvebulma saqarTve-los nacionalurma moZraobam qveynis marTvis mandati. rogorc

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ufleba? rogorc aRiniSna, xmis micemis uflebis gansazRvra,sqesiT, rasiT da ase Semdeg warsuls Cabarda, magram ramdenimeproblema mainc rCeba, kerZod aSS-s bevr StatSi ibadeba kiTx-va, unda gaiaro registracia Tu ara? bevri moqalaqe arcregistracias gadis da arc xmas aZlevs. avstraliaSi, belgia-Si da italiaSi ki arCevnebSi monawileoba savaldebuloa.albaT jobs saqarTveloSic ase iyos am etapze.

III _ rogor xdeba xmis micema? sabWoTa kavSirSi 1989wlamde normad iTvleboda Ria xmis micema. dRemde msofliosbevr organizaciaSi arCeva xdeba xelis aweviT, magram saer-Tod Tanamedrove politikuri arCevnebi tardeba faruli ken-WisyriT. xandaxan es iwodeba, rogorc ̀ avstraliuri biulete-ni~, radgan es principi pirvelad gamoiyenes 1856 wels avstra-liaSi. iTvleba, rom faruli kenWisyra garantias iZleva ̀ gu-laxdili~ arCevisa maTTvis, vinc gamoricxavs korufcias daamomrCevelTa daSinebas, magram aq mainc is aris mniSvnelovani,Tu ramdenad iyo amomrCeveli sworad informirebuli, rogortardeboda winasaarCevno kampania da bolos ramdenad keTils-indisierad xdeba xmis daTvla (es didi problemaa dRemdesaqarTveloSi).

IV _ aris Tu ara arCevnebi konkurentuli? es umniS-vnelovanesi kiTxvaa, ramdenadac mxolod naxevarSi im qveyneb-isa, sadac tardeba arCevnebi, amomrCevlebs eZlevaT saSualebaamoirCion kandidatebi an partiebi. komunistur qveynebSiyovelTvis iyo erTi kandidatis arCevis ufleba. kandidatTandakavSirebuli sakiTxebi irkveoda partiebSi, arCevnebamde didixniT adre. da bolos, rogor tardeba arCevnebi? Cven vnaxavT,rom arsebobs bevri saarCevno sistema da TiToeul maTgansgaaCnia politikuri da konstituciuri aspeqtebi.

ramdenadac arsebobs arCevnebis da saarCevno sistemeb-is sxvadasxva saxeoba, mis funqciasTan dakavSirebiT raimesTqma cota Znelia. dasawyisisTvis mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT,rom 1980-90 ww. komunisturi reJimis rRveva ganapiroba imanac,rom am qveynebSi ar arsebobda liberalur-demokratiulisaarCevno sistema _ arCevnebis sayovelTaoba, winasaarCevnobrZola, faruli xmis micema.

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . politikuri korpusis Sevsebapolitikuri korpusis Sevsebapolitikuri korpusis Sevsebapolitikuri korpusis Sevsebapolitikuri korpusis Sevseba _ demokrati-ul saxelmwifoebSi arCevnebi iTvleba politikurirekrutirebis mTavar wyarod. procesi ase gamoiyure-ba: partia wamoayenebs Tavis kandidaturebs, wina-

arasakmarisi warmomadgenloba, sadac araadekvaturadaa war-modgenili muSaTa klasi, qalebi da eTnikuri umciresoba. eski am kategoriis warmomadgenelTa interesebis ignorirebismaCvenebelia.

mocemuli koncefcia ambobs, rom ama Tu im jgufisinteresebis warmodgena SeuZlia sinamdvileSi mxolod amjgufidan gamosul xalxs, romelTac gaaCniaT erTnairigamocdileba.

am modelis warmomadgenlobis idea Tavidanve Casmuliaviwro CarCoebSi. savaraudoa, rom qalma SeiZleba warmoadgi-nos qali, Savkanianma sxva Savkaniani da ase Semdeg, magram Tuyvela warmomadgenlebi warmoadgenen mxolod maTi jgufisinteresebs, sazogadoebisaTvis ̀ garantirebulia~ socialuriproblemebi da konfliqtebi. vin ifiqrebs aseT situaciaSisaerTo sikeTeze, sazogadoebis erTian interesebze? da bolosmocemuli Teoriis idealebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mx-olod gansazRvruli eleqtoratuli arCevnebiT da piradiTavisuflebis principiT.

arCevnebis arsi da funqciebiarCevnebis arsi da funqciebiarCevnebis arsi da funqciebiarCevnebis arsi da funqciebiarCevnebis arsi da funqciebi

marTalia politikuri vnebaTaRelva warmomadgenlo-bis principis irgvliv kvlav Zveleburad boboqrobs, magrammaTi azri raRac sakiTxSi mainc emTxveva erTmaneTs. warmo-madgenlobiTi demokratia SeuZlebelia arCevnebisa da xmismicemis gareSe. arCevnebi Taviseburad arasakmarisi pirobaapolitikuri warmomadgenlobisa, magram is mainc aucileblo-bas warmoadgens. Teoretikosebi ufro Sors midian da amtki-ceben, rom arCevnebi demokratiis sulia. aseT pozicias icavdaioseb Sumpeteri Tavis wignSi `kapitalizmi, socializmi dademokratia~, sadac demokratia iSifreboda rogorc ̀ institu-cionaluri meqanizmi~.

Teoretikosebi raRac momentSi eTanxmebian Sempeters.mag. im sakiTxSi, rom sistemis demokratiuloba damokidebulianormebze da meqanizmebze, romlebic aregulirebs arCevnebs.saWiroa garkveva Tu arCevnebis rogori formebi arsebobs.

I _ pirvel rigSi saubari unda midiodes Tu romeliTanamdebobebi da postebi unda iyvnen arCeviTi saxelmwifoSi.

II _ moqalaqeTa ra kategoriebze vrceldeba saarCevno

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formiT, rogoricaa xmis micema, ase Tu ise gamoxat-avs maT Tanxmobas mocemul politikur sistemas-Tan.

5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . elitis gaZliereba elitis gaZliereba elitis gaZliereba elitis gaZliereba elitis gaZliereba _ aseve arCevnebi SeiZle-ba iyos saSualebac, romliTac elitas SeuZliamasebiT manipulireba da maTi kontroli. aq upri-ani iqneba gavixsenoT prudoni, romelic ambobda,rom ̀ sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba _ es aris kon-trrevolucia~. aq saubaria imaze, rom arCevnebTanerTad politikuri winaaRmdegobani, romelicyovelTvis arseboben sazogadoebaSi, rbildebian dasaerTod konstituciur formebs iReben, SedegadmTavrobebi icvleba, reJimi ki _ rCeba. arCevnebiamasTan mimarTebaSi warmoadgenen ufro metad saimedoinstruments elitis xelSi, radgan igi qmnismTavrobaze sazogadoebis kontrolis STabeWdile-bas.

6 .6 .6 .6 .6 . amomrCevelTa gaTviTcnobiereba.amomrCevelTa gaTviTcnobiereba.amomrCevelTa gaTviTcnobiereba.amomrCevelTa gaTviTcnobiereba.amomrCevelTa gaTviTcnobiereba.

saarCevno sistemebi: Zlieri da susti mxareebisaarCevno sistemebi: Zlieri da susti mxareebisaarCevno sistemebi: Zlieri da susti mxareebisaarCevno sistemebi: Zlieri da susti mxareebisaarCevno sistemebi: Zlieri da susti mxareebi

saarCevno sistema warmoadgens wesebis krebuls, romel-ic aregulirebs arCevnebis Catarebas. es wesebi farTod gan-sxvavdeba sxvadasxva qveynebSi. mTlianobaSi saarCevno siste-mebi gansxvavdebian Semdegi niSnebiT:

1. amomrCevlebs amosarCevad eZlevaT an kandidatebi,an partiebi.

2. amomrCevels SeuZlia xma misces erT an ramden-ime kandidats, magram am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi manisini unda daalagos prioritetis mixedviT.

3. eleqtorati _ SeiZleba iyos dayofili an ariyos saarCevno ubnebad.

4. erT saarCevno ubanSi SeiZleba irCeodes an erTian ramdenime kandidati.

5. aucilebeli arCevisaTvis xmebis procentebiSeiZleba TamaSobdes egreT wodebul ̀ ubralo um-ravlesobasa~ da ̀ absolutur umravlesobas~ Soris,romelic miRebulia mocemul sistemaSi (mag. 5%-iani barieri saqarTveloSi).

saarCevno kampaniaSi politikosebi axdenen saku-Tari SesaZleblobebis demonstrirebas, avlenenxarizmatul Tvisebebs, oratorul xelovnebas, saku-Tar fizikur monacemebsac. es yvelaferi gamodis imCarCoebidan, rac saWiroa momavali movaleobebisSesasrulebad.

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . mTavrobis formireba mTavrobis formireba mTavrobis formireba mTavrobis formireba mTavrobis formireba _ arCevnebis SedegebismixedviT mTavroba formirdeba mxolod im saxelm-wifoSi, sadac miRebulia saxelmwifo meTaurTa arCe-vis principi, mag. rogoricaa aSS-Si da safrangeT-Si. arCevnebis Sedegebze damokidebulia warmomad-genlobis formireba saparlamento mmarTvelobaSi.erT partias SeuZlia miiRos parlamentis umravle-soba. proporciul warmomadgenlobiT sistemaSimTavrobis formireba xdeba arCevnebis Semdeg Sesa-bamisi molaparakebiT. aq mTavrobis formireba xde-ba arCevnebis Semdeg Sesabamisi molaparakebiT. aqmTavrobis formireba da gadadgoma SeiZleba axaliarCevnebis gareSec (mag. CvenTan).

3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . sazogadoebis politikuri ganaTleba sazogadoebis politikuri ganaTleba sazogadoebis politikuri ganaTleba sazogadoebis politikuri ganaTleba sazogadoebis politikuri ganaTleba _winasaarCevno kampaniis msvlelobisas amomrCevelzezemoqmedeben informaciis talRebi; es xdeba par-tiebze, kandidatebze, momdevno politikis SesaZlomimarTulebebze da a.S. unda iTqvas, rom sazogadoe-bis politikur ganaTlebaze is moqmedebs mxolodmaSin, rodesac misi mxridan iqneba interesi imaze,Tu ra iTqmis da rogor iTqmis. uyuradRebod arunda davtovoT isic, rom radganac kandidatebi dapartiebi ufro metad miiswrafian daarwunon amom-rCeveli, maTgan savsebiT mosalodnelia arasrulian damaxinjebuli informaciebi.

4 .4 .4 .4 .4 . sistemis sistemis sistemis sistemis sistemis legitimacia legitimacia legitimacia legitimacia legitimacia _ erT-erTi mizeziimisa, rom avtoritaruli reJimebic ki atarebenarCevnebs, swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom arCevnebisprocesi yovelTvis aniWebs reJims legitimurobas.sazogadoebis TvalSi es xdeba imitom, rom saarCevnokampanias aqvs Tavisi ceremonia da rituali. es kiyovelTvis saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis saqmea, magrammTavari SeiZleba iyos is, rom moqalaqeebis monawi-leoba politikur procesSi Tundac aseTi ubralo

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bolo moklevadiani faqtori aris masobrivi informaci-is saSualebebis (mis) roli, romelsac savsebiT SeuZlia qondesgrZelvadiani mniSvneloba. Tu magaliTad konkretuli presisorganoebis mflobelebi sistematurad gaaSuqeben movlenis amaTu im tendencias. saWiroa imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom mTeli esSexeduleba fass kargavs, Tu ki mas aviRebT fsiqologiuri,sociologiuri, ekonomikuri da ideologiuri faqtorebis kon-teqstis gareT. amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba ganvixiloTxmis micemis gansxvavebuli modelebi, maTgan mTavaria:

I _ partiasTan identifikaciis modeli (party identifica-tion model)

II _ sociologiuri modeli (sociological model)III _ racionaluri arCevis modeli (rational - choice model)IV _ gabatonebuli ideologiis modeli (dominant – ide-

ology model).

xmis micemis Teoriebixmis micemis Teoriebixmis micemis Teoriebixmis micemis Teoriebixmis micemis Teoriebi

partiasTan identifikaciis modeli partiasTan identifikaciis modeli partiasTan identifikaciis modeli partiasTan identifikaciis modeli partiasTan identifikaciis modeli _ aq TavSidgas wminda fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, amomrCevlebi aq arianis xalxi, romlebic tradiciulad mxars uWers Tavis partiasda xmis micema aris am damokidebulebis gamoxatuleba, magramar aris Sedegi raime Sexedulebisa, dakavSirebuli ama Tu impolitikur problemasTan, kandidatis pirovnebasTan, wina-saarCevno kampaniis pirobebTan an masmediis gavlenasTan.

dRes aSS-Si, did britaneTSi da sxva qveynebSi adami-anebs aqvT adrindeli Cveuleba miuZRvnas Tavi ama Tu impartias, iseve, rogorc misces mas xma arCevnebis dros.

sociologiuri modeli sociologiuri modeli sociologiuri modeli sociologiuri modeli sociologiuri modeli _ sociologiuri modeliakavSirebs adamianis eleqtoralur qcevas mis kuTvnilebasTangarkveul sazogadoebriv jgufTan da varaudobs, rom xmismicemis dros is Cveulebriv gayveba sqemas, romelic Seesabam-eba mocemuli jgufis ekonomikur da socialur mdgomareobas.es modeli mniSvnelobas aniWebs adamianis ufro gviandelkavSirebs, romelic aisaxeba arsebobaze gansxvavebul jgufeb-Si da kategoriebSi. am damokidebulebaSi metnaklebad mniS-vnelovania faqtorebi: sazogadoebis dayofa klasobriv, sqeso-briv, eTnikur, religiur jgufebad da teritoriuli kuTv-nilebis safuZvelze.

saerTo analizisTvis saarCevno sistemebi SeiZlebadaiyos or did kategoriad, gamomdinare iqidan, miRebuli xmebiiqneba Tu ara gadaTvlili romelime samTavrobo organosmier. aq erTmxriv Cven vxedavT maJoritarul sistemasmaJoritarul sistemasmaJoritarul sistemasmaJoritarul sistemasmaJoritarul sistemas, romel-Sic gamarjvebuli partiebi iReben proporciulad met adg-ils, vidre maT miiRes xmebi arCevnebSi. es uzrdis Sansscalke mdgom partiebs Camoayalibon saparlamento umravleso-ba da marTon damoukideblad. aseTi situacia damaxasiaTebe-lia did britaneTSi, sadac safuZvlianad gamyarda idea erT-partiuli mmarTvelobisa, radgan dawyebuli 1935 wlidan, arcerTi partia arasodes iRebda umravles xmebs arCevnebSi. me-ores mxriv, arsebobs proporciuli sistema, proporciuli sistema, proporciuli sistema, proporciuli sistema, proporciuli sistema, romelic garan-tias iZleva Tanaswor, an miaxloebiT Tanaswor urTierTmima-rTebaSi xmebs Soris, romlebic miiRo partiam arCevnebSi.aseT sistemaSi mcirea SesaZlebloba erTpartiuli mTavrobisCamoyalibebisa.

eleqtoraluri qceva eleqtoraluri qceva eleqtoraluri qceva eleqtoraluri qceva eleqtoraluri qceva _ eleqtoraluri qcevis prob-lemebisadmi interesis zrda daemTxva biheviorizmis gavr-celebas politologiaSi. radganac xmis micema aris metnak-lebad gavrcelebuli da sakmarisad mozomili forma poli-tikuri qcevisa, amitom is gaxda obieqti saarCevno gamokvlevisda statistikuri analizis axali meTodebisa.

bihevioristuli revoluciis apogeaSi bevrs sjeroda, romxmis micemis Seswavla gaxdida gasagebs politikuri saidumloe-bebis amoxsnas da saSualebas miscemda masiuri politikur-fsiqologiuri kanonebis Camoyalibebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom amocnebas axdena ar ewera, is mainc mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebdapolitikur analizSi. eleqtoralur qcevaze gavlenas axdensmoklevadiani da grZelvadiani faqtorebi. moklevadian faqtorebSi.mTavari faqtori aris ekonomikis mdgomareoba arCevnebis dros,radgan qcevas pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs mTavrobis popularobasada iseT ekonomikur maCveneblebs Soris, rogoricaa umuSevroba,inflacia da mosaxleobis Semosavlebi.

sxva moklevadiani faqtori partiuli lideris pirovnu-li da sazogadoebrivi reputaciaa. kidev erTi faqtori arisis, Tu rogor stilSi da ramdenad efeqturad atarebs partiaTavis winasaarCevno kampanias. kampania SeiZleba gagrZeldessami kviridan or wlamde. am dros did rols TamaSobs sa-zogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebi, romlis Sedegebs SeuZliaTpartiis poziciis rogorc gazrda, ise Sesusteba.

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mis legitimurobas, aZlevs sazogadoebas saSualebas Tavian-Ti Sexedulebebis gamoxatvisa konkretul problemaze. ref-erendumi warmoadgens saSualebas, romliTac SesaZlebeliarTuli konstituciuri kiTxvebis gadawyveta, aseve iseT prob-lemebze sazogadoebrivi azris gamoxatva, romelic ar gamo-dis arCevnebze.

referendumis uaryofiTi mxareebia:referendumis uaryofiTi mxareebia:referendumis uaryofiTi mxareebia:referendumis uaryofiTi mxareebia:referendumis uaryofiTi mxareebia:

seriozuli politikuri masStabis gadawyvetilebisuflebas aZleven maT, vinc ufro ganaTlebulia da arianmasobrivi informaciis moqmedebis qveS.

• afiqsireben sazogadoebriv azrs mxolod drois mok-le monakveTSi.

• aZleven politikosebs politikuri informaciis manip-ulaciisa da rTuli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis saSualebas.

• kiTxvebze romelsac ( sWirdeba calsaxa gadawyveta)`ki~ an `ara~ aqvT (orazrovani) azri.

• popur soveregenty. magram TvalSi sacemia maTi yaryofiTic.

1. amomrCevelTa SeniSvnebiT mWidrod boWaven ra war-momadgenlebs, es SeiZleba gaxdes konfliqtis wyaro. berkliamaze ambobda: ̀ swored es iyo mosalodneli, roca parlamen-tis wevrebi moqmedeben ara rogorc xalxis warmomadgenlebi,aramed rogorc amomrCevelTa elCebi.~

2. vinaidan profesional politikosebs ara aqvTdamoukidebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba, maTgan arunda velodoT liderobas, rom araferi vTqvaT saxelmwifoe-briv azrovnebaze. imis magivrad, rom gauZRve xalxs win, orga-nizeba gauwio da sulierad gaaZliero isini, maT uwevT yve-laze karg SemTxvevaSi ̀ gaaxmovanon~ TavianTi amomrCevelTaSexedulebebi, cud SemTxvevaSi - ki ubralod ar gaiTvaliswi-non isini.

racionaluri arCevis modeli racionaluri arCevis modeli racionaluri arCevis modeli racionaluri arCevis modeli racionaluri arCevis modeli _ modeli, romelicxsnis eleqtoralur qcevas amomrCevlis racionaluri arCeviT.aq aqcenti gadadis socializaciis procesidan da socialurijgufebis fsiqologiis Taviseburebidan individze, xolo xmismicema aixsneba rogorc amomrCevlis racionaluri aqti, romelicupiratesobas aniWebs ama Tu im partiebs piradi interesissafuZvelze. sxva sityvebiT, xmis micema aris ubralod garkveulimiznis miRwevis saSualeba da ara ama Tu im politikuripoziciis, Tu Cvevis gamoxatuleba.

gabatonebuli ideologiis modeli gabatonebuli ideologiis modeli gabatonebuli ideologiis modeli gabatonebuli ideologiis modeli gabatonebuli ideologiis modeli _ am modelsmiekuTvneba eleqtoraluri qcevis radikaluri Teoriebi, rom-lebSic mTavari roli eniWeba ideologiuri manipulirebismomentebs da amomrCevlis kontrols. es Teoriebi axloa so-ciologiur modelTan. am TeoriiT jgufebi da individebiTavianT mdgomareobas aRiqvamen imgvarad, rogorc maT uner-gavs ganaTlebis sistema, saxelmwifo da gansakuTrebiT _ ma-sobrivi informaciis saSualebebi. mag. did britaneTSi kla-sobrivi ideologiis zegavlenis SemcirebasTan erTad gaizardamasmediis roli eleqtoralur qcevaze.

Sedegebi aq aseTia: Tu amomrCevlis pozicia yalibdebagabatonebuli odeologiiT, maSin partiebic atareben im poli-tikas, romelic Seesabameba am ideologias.

referendumireferendumireferendumireferendumireferendumi

es aris xmis micema, romelSic eleqtorati, rogorcwesi gamoixateba, rogorc sazogadoebrivi politikis gan-calkevebuli sakiTxi. referendumi aris SesaZlebloba pirda-piri demokratiis arsenalidan da misi mizania sazogadoe-briv institutze Sexedulebebis ara uaryofa, aramed misidamatebiTi mxardaWeris garantireba. referendumi SeiZlebaiyos aucileblobiT nakarnaxevi. mas SeuZlia iqonios kanon-Semoqmedi iniciativa da aseve sxva sakiTxebis gadawyvetisorganizeba. referendumis Zlieri mxare isaa, rom igi gan-sazRvravs arCeuli xelmZRvanelobis (mTavrobis) uflebebs.referendumi aris idea, romelic iuwyeba, rom xelisuflebispolitika araa gancalkavebuli sazogadoebrivi azrisagan.igi uzrunvelyofs eleqtoratis politikur monawileobasufro farTo moculobis informaciebSi da aZlierebs siste-

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Tavi XIITavi XIITavi XIITavi XIITavi XIIkonstituciebi, konstituciebi, konstituciebi, konstituciebi, konstituciebi, kanonmdeblobakanonmdeblobakanonmdeblobakanonmdeblobakanonmdebloba

da sasamarTlo sistemebida sasamarTlo sistemebida sasamarTlo sistemebida sasamarTlo sistemebida sasamarTlo sistemebi

1970-ian wlebSi, konstitucionaluri problematika kv-lav moeqca politologebis yuradRebis centrSi _ umetesadganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi, miRebuli iqna axalikonstituciebi, xolo politikuri konfliqtebi, iq, sadac maThqondaT adgili, xSirad mimdinareobda, qveyanaSi konstitu-cionaluri reformebis gatarebis moTxovniT. yovelive aman,TavisTavad gamoiwvia uflebrivi da sasamarTlo sistemebisgadaxaliseba, marTalia Teoriulad mosamarTleebi da sasa-marTlo sistemebi, mkveTrad arian gamijnulni politikisagan,praqtikaSi, mraval qveyanaSi isini gardaiqmnen sakvanZo poli-tikur institutebad, romlebic sul ufro met gavlenas axdenensajaro politikaze.

konstituciebikonstituciebikonstituciebikonstituciebikonstituciebi

tradiciulad, konstitucias ganixilavdnen ori mniS-vnelobiT:

pirvel rigSi pirvel rigSi pirvel rigSi pirvel rigSi pirvel rigSi miiCneoda, rom isini zustad asaxavdnenarsebul marTvis sistemas da iZleodnen zogad warmodgenassazogadoebis sakvanZo institutebisa da maTi funqciebis Sesaxeb,xolo meores mxriv, meores mxriv, meores mxriv, meores mxriv, meores mxriv, tradiciulad, igi ganixileboda rogorcliberaluri demokratiis qvakuTxedi da misi ganmsazRvreliniSani. magram orive warmodgena mcdaria. mTlianobaSi kon-kon-kon-kon-kon-stituciis mizania stituciis mizania stituciis mizania stituciis mizania stituciis mizania _ erTgvari `CarCoebis~ dadgena, romlissazRvrebSic xorcieldeba mmarTvelobiTi da politikurimoRvaweoba, rac arsebiTad ar sruldeba. SegviZlia aviRoTnebismieri qveynis konstitucia da davinaxavT, rom aris raRacmaTSi arasworad gamoTqmuli, mxedvelobidan gamorCenili. Tumcakonstitucionalizmis idea mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli liber-alur faseulobebTan. istoriis magaliTze Cven vxedavT, romkonstituciebi Tavisuflad SeiZleba iyos arademokratiulida agreTve avtoritarulic, rogorc komunistur da ganviTare-bad qveynebSi. maSin ratom iwyeba nebismieri mmarTvelobiTisistemis analizi misi ZiriTadi kanonis ganxilviT? pasuxiaris mxolod erTi _ radganac, konstitucia Tavis mxriv war-

daskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebi

warmomadgenloba aris sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis for-ma, rodesac pirovneba an garkveuli jgufi sazogadoebis gac-ilebiT farTo speqtris saxeliT laparakobs an moqmedebs.warmomadgenlobis ufleba eniWema arCevnebis gziT xalxismier arCeul delegats an sazogadoebis romelime rCeul pirs,an kidev rCeulTa jgufs.

marTalia Tanamedrove realobaSi warmomadgenlobaarCevnebs ukavSirdeba, magram politikuri warmomadgenlobi-saTvis mxolod arCevnebi sakmarisi piroba ar aris. arCevnebiswinapiroba unda iyos konkurentunarianoba, demokratiuli garemo,Tavisufleba, sayovelTao xmis ufleba da am xmebis dacva. Tues ar aris warmomadgenloba mxolod formaluri xasiaTismatarebeli iqneba.

arCevnebi demokratiuli politikuri cxovrebis auci-lebeli pirobaa. arCevnebi uzrunvelyofs politikuri Tanam-debobebis dakavebas, warmomadgenlobiTi organos Sekrebas,mTavrobis dakompleqtebas. igi seriozul zegavlenas axdenspolitikur kursze. arCevnebi imavdroulad amyarebs legit-imurobis xasiaTs da xels uwyobs politikuri elitis ga-Zlierebas.

saarCevno sistemebSi gabatonebbuli mdgomareoba uWiravsmaJoritarul an proporciul arCevnebs. maJoritarul siste-mebSi didia erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis SesaZlebloba imit-om, rom msxvili partiebi, Cveulebriv, miRebul xmebTan Sedar-ebiT proporciulad met adgils ikaveben sakanonmdeblo or-ganoebSi. proporciul sistemebSi SedarebiT Tanabari Se-fardebaa mopovebuli adgilebsa da miRebul xmebs Soris, ri-Tac koaliciuri mTavrobis albaToba sagrZnoblad matulobs.

arCevnebs udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs Tavad individis`Seswavlis~ TvalsazrisiTac. igi pirdapir ukavSirdeba amom-rCevlis gadawyvetilebebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs. arCevne-bi amomrCevlis qcevis Semswavleli meqanizmia. igi naTelsxdis imasac, Tu ramdenad moqmedebs ideologiuri wnexi amom-rCevlis pirovnul arCevanze.

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_ Tu ra xarisxiT sruldeba arsebuli kanoni (igiSeiZleba sruldebodes srulad, an atarebdes nominalur xas-iaTs).

_ konstituciis Sinaarsi da misgan dadgenili insti-tutebis politikuri xasiaTi. (es SeiZleba iyos monarqiis anrespublikis, federaluri an unitaruli saxelmwifos, saprezi-dento an saparlamento mmarTvelobis formis konstituciebi).

umTavresad iTvleba sxvaoba daweril da dauwerelkonstituciebs Soris. Teoriis Tanaxmad dawerili konsti-tuciebi ganxorcielebulia kanonSi, xolo dauwereli _ Cveule-bebsa da tradiciebSi. pirveli warmoadgens erTgvar faqtebs,radganac isini realurad arseboben, xolo meore, rogorcorganuli sistemebi, TandaTanobiT viTardeba istoriis msv-lelobis procesSi _ Tumca problemis amgvari gageba dRes-dReisobiT moZvelebulad iTvleba.

kanonebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen umravles saxelm-wifoebze, ZiriTadad warmoadgenen daweril konstituciebs,xolo dauwereli konstituciebi SemorCenilia 3 liberalurdemokratiul saxelmwifoSi _ israelSi, axal zelandiasa dadid britaneTSi, aseve iseT arademokratiul saxelmwifoebSi,rogorebicaa _ butani, saudis arabeTi da omani. amgvari ̀ day-ofa~ sakmaod pirobiTi da arazustia. arc erTi konstituciaar SeiZleba CaiTvalos srulad `dawerilad~, radgan arcerTi maTgani ar moicavs mocemuli politikuri sistemisyvela mxares. minimumamdea iseTi konstituciebi, sadac moixs-enieboda mainc politikuri partiebi da politikur interes-Ta jgufebi sazogadoebaSi da aseve ar arsebobs absoliturad`dauwereli~ konstituciebic, romlebic, saerTod ar eyrdno-bian kanons da mxolod dauwereli wesebiT, CveulebebiTa datradiciebiT cocxloben.

sinamdvileSi yvela konstitucia Tavis mxriv, warmoad-gens dawerili da dauwereli normebis speficikur kombina-cias. iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa safrangeTi da germania, kon-stituciuri dokumentebi moqmedeben, rogorc kodeqsebi, rom-lebSic detaluradaa aRwerili politikuri institutebiskompetencia da movaleobebi _ aqcenti keTdeba daweril norme-bze: mag. aSS-s konstitucia, romelic Sedgeba 7000 sityvisagan,Zalian zogadad gansazRvravs saerTo principebs da gvaZlevsqveynis konstituciuri mowyobis `zogad~ sqemas. zogierTirealurad konstituciuri mniSvnelobis amerikuli institu-

moadgens, ukiduresad sayovelTao wesebis krebuls, romliTacfunqcionirebs mocemuli politikuri sistema _ anu esaa iswesebi, romlebic ̀ marTaven saxelmwifos~. msgavsad imisa, Turogor ayalibebs saxelmwifo mowesrigebul mmarTvelobas sa-zogadoebaSi, ise konstitucias Seaqvs stabiluroba da wesrigisaxelmwifo institutebis qmedebebSi.

mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom mTavroba unda emorCile-bodes raime wesebis krebuls, momdinareobs Soreuli warsul-idan. amgvari istoriuli kodeqsebi cocxloben ideiT, romyovelive miwieri unda emorCilebodes saRmrTo Zalebs: egvipte-li faraonebi aRiarebdnen `samarTlianobis~ ZalauflebassakuTar Tavze, Cineli imperatorebi _ zeciurs, israelis me-feebi _ ̀ moses kanonebs~, xolo arabi xalifebi _ ̀ SariaTiskanonebs~. arcTu iSviaTad, umaRlesi principebi xorcielde-boda Cveulebriv kanonebSi, magram isini ar warmoadgendnenkonstituciebs, am sityvis dRevandeli gagebiT.

1787 w. pirveli ̀ dawerili~ konstituciis miRebis Sem-deg _ romelic iyo amerikuli konstitucia da frangulideklaracia: adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebis~ Sesaxeb, ariqneba Secdoma Tu vityviT, rom konstitucia XVIII saukunisproduqtia. es dokumentebi warmoadgendnen nimuSebs sxva qvey-nebisaTvis da dResdReobiT maT magaliTze SegviZlia Sevis-wavloT is, Tu rogor iqmneboda droTa ganmavlobaSi sxva-dasxva konstituciebi.

konstituciis miReba TavisTavad warmoadgens serio-zul gardatexas politikur procesebSi, romelic arcTu iS-viaTad dakavSirebulia omTan, revoluciasTan, damoukideblo-bis mopovebasTan da a.S. axali konstitucia pirvel rigSi esaris axali politikuri wesrigis damyarebis saSualeba, masSemdeg rac Zveli, ama Tu im mizezis gamo ganicdis marcxs.

konstituciebis klasifikaciakonstituciebis klasifikaciakonstituciebis klasifikaciakonstituciebis klasifikaciakonstituciebis klasifikacia

konstituciebis klasifikacias mravali safuZveli gaaCnia:_ konstituciis forma (aq gamoiyofa: dawerili da

dauwereli, kodificirebuli da arakodificirebuli konsti-tuciebi).

_ arsebuli kanonis adaptaciis unari, cvalebadi poli-tikuri mdgomareobis mimarT.

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minimaluria msoflioSi arakodicifirebuli konsti-tuciebis raodenoba da amasTanave, isini sakmaod gansxvavdebi-an erTmaneTisagan. didi britaneTis konstitucia, romelicumjobesia ganvmartoT rogorc arakodificirebuli, magramnawilobriv dawerili konstitucia, eyrdnoba ̀ wyaroTa~ mTelrigs, romelTaganac umniSvnelovanesad iTvleba: parlamentismier miRebuli kanonebi, CveulebiTi samarTali da yvela Sesa-Zlo iuridiuli kvlevebi, romlebic ganmartaven dauwerelikonstituciis elementebs. Tu politikur sistemas ar gaaCniakodificirebuli konstitucia, es pirvel rigSi niSnavs, rommasSi parlamenti usityvo ZalauflebiTa da suverenitetiTaagamoxatuli _ mas aqvs miniWebuli nebismieri kanonebis miRe-bis da masSi Sesworebis Setanis ufleba da saxelmwifoSi ararsebobs sxva instituti, romelic uflebamosilia raime mxrivmoaxdinos miRebuli kanonis cvlileba, an ugulvebelyofa.amgvari kanonmdebluri uflebebi gaaCnia qnesets israelSi dadidi britaneTis parlaments, sadac es mdgomareoba didi xaniasazogadoebis ganxilvis sagnad gadaiqca.

konstituciebis klasifikacia, agreTve xdeba imis mixed-viTac, Tu ramdenad ̀ xisti~ an ̀ moqnilia~ igi: ra procedure-bis safuZvelze SeiZleba cvlilebebis da damatebebis Set-ana mocemul konstituciaSi? SeuZlia Tu ara mas Seesabame-bodes cvalebad istoriul realobas? da a.S. erTi SexedviTSeiZleba miviCnioT, rom kodificirebuli konstitucia araamoqnili, radganac igi mkacrad aris dafiqsirebuli qveynisZiriTad kanonSi, xolo arakodificirebuli ki, moqnili daadaptirebadi, radganac misi Semadgeneli kanonebi miiRebaCveulebrivi kanonmdeblobiTi wesrigiT da bevri ram damok-idebulia dauwerel wesebsa da mimdinare politikurigamocdilebaze.

konstituciis moqnilobis done SeiZleba iyos sxva-dasxvagvari, rac ar dgas pirdapir kavSirSi imasTan, Tu ramde-nad zustad aris gansazRvruli misi principebi da normebi.1787 wlidan aSS-s konstituciam, miuxedavad masSi Setanilisxvadasxva cvlilebebisa, moaRwia dRevandelobamde, maSin, rocasafrangeTs amave istoriul periodSi gaaCnda aranakleb 17konstituciisa. SesworebaTa Setanis procedurebi SeiZlebaiyos sxvadasxvagvari, sirTulis donis mixedviT. mag: avstra-liaSi, daniaSi, irlandiaSi da espaneTSi, konstituciaSi cv-lilebaTa Setanis an maTi ratifikaciisaTvis moiTxoveba

ti, rogoricaa kongresis komitetebi, pirveladi arCevnebi dasaxelmwifo samsaxuris organizacia, TavisTavad Camoyalibdaistoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi. sxva konstituciebi, romelT-ac sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba ver vuwodoT ̀ dau-wereli~, ufro metad eyrdnobian Cveulebrivi samarTlis el-ementebs (konvenciebs), mag. didi britaneTis ministrTa mierganxorcielebuli ̀ samefo prerogativa~, maTi individualurida koleqtiuri movaleobebi parlamentis winaSe da a.S. _mTlianad eyrdnoba dauwerel wesebs.

mTel msoflioSi, ra Tqma unda, upiratesad miaCniaTdawerili konstituciebis arseboba, aqedan gamomdinare, aramarto Semcirda dauwereli konstituciebi, aramed iq, sadacisini kidev arsebobdnen, moxda maTi samarTlebrivi nawilisgafarToeba. mag: isarelSi 1948 w. saxelmwifos warmoqmna mox-da yovelgvari ZiriTadi kanonis gareSe, qnesetma sakmaod swrafadmiiRo gadawyvetileba, droTa ganmavlobaSi konstituciis miRe-bis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. did britaneTSi ki, miRebuli iqnae.w. ̀ proceduruli SekiTxvebi ministrebze~, romelmac moaxdi-na, manamde metad areuli konvenciebis formulireba. axalzelandiaSi 1986 w. miiRes konstituciuri aqti, romelmacgaaerTiana yvela arsebuli da erTmaneTTan mcired dakavSire-buli kanonebi da principebi, xolo 1990 wlidan aqti ̀ ufle-bebis Sesaxeb~.

ase rom, amgvari dayofa sakmaod pirobiTia da ufronaTlad warmosadgenia gansxvaveba arakodificirebul da kod-ificirebul konstituciebs Soris. kodificirebul konsti-tuciebSi yvelaferi umniSvnelovanesi formulirebulia mx-olod erT dokumentSi, romelsac vuwodebT ̀ daweril konsti-tuciebs~. isini ukve warmoadgenen kanonebs da maTi Sesrule-ba aucilebelia yvela politikuri institutisaTvis, rom-lebic Tavad iTvlebian kanonmdeblebad. aqedan gamomdinare,kodificirebuli konstitucia ayalibebs kanonTa ierarqias.

unitarul saxelmwifoebSi arsebobs orsafexurianikanonTa sistema, sadac konstitucia uzenaesia Cveulebrivkanonze, romelic miiReba sakanonmdeblo krebis mier. feder-alur saxelmwifoebSi amas emateba mesame safexuri ufro ̀ da-bali~ saxelmwifoebrivi an adgilobrivi kanonebis saxiT.meores mxriv kodificirebuli dokumentis statusi, SedarebiTmaRalia, radganac uiSviaTesad xdeba masSi Sesworebebisa dadamatebebis Setana.

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aucilebelia ganvasxvavoT saprezidento da saparla-mento konstituciebi. aq mniSvnelovania urTierTdamokide-buleba aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo Stoebs Soris. sapa-rlamento sistemebSi aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba gamomdinar-eobs sakanonmdeblo Stodan da angariSvaldebulia masTan,xolo saprezidento sistemebSi orive Sto, Zalauflebis gada-nawilebis principis Sesabamisad, erTimeorisgan damoukide-blad funqcionirebs.

bolos ki, pluralisturi da monopolisturi konsti-tuciebi. pirveli damaxasiaTebelia tipiuri liberaluridemokratiisTvis, sadac Zalaufleba koncentrirebulia sa-zogadoebaSi, meore ki, komunisturi da avtoritaruli mTavrobe-bisaTvis, sadac Zalaufleba ganuyoflad, Tumca ki formalurinormebis dacviT, miekuTvneba mmarTvel partias an belads, rackidev erTxel adasturebs, rom konstituciis arseboba ar ni-Snavs, rom qveyanaSi sruldeba konstitucionalizmis princi-pi.

konstituciis miznebikonstituciis miznebikonstituciis miznebikonstituciis miznebikonstituciis miznebi

konstitucia umniSvnelovanesia organizaciebismmarTvelobisaTvis, magram ismis kiTxva: ratom aris mTavrobe-bisa da institutebis funqcionireba TiTqmis SeuZlebelikonstituciis gareSe? SekiTxvis sirTulec isaa, rom sinamd-vileSi konstitucias ar gaaCnia raime formulirebuli miza-ni, mas SeiZleba hqondes ramodenime funqcia da isini SeiZle-ba emsaxurebodnen gansxvavebul miznebs:

_ saxelmwifo iurisdiqciis gansazRvra._ sayovelTao faseulobebisa da miznebis dadgena._ mmarTvelobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa._ TavisuflebaTa dacva._ reJimebis legitimacia.

saxelmwifo iurisdiqciis gansazRvrasaxelmwifo iurisdiqciis gansazRvrasaxelmwifo iurisdiqciis gansazRvrasaxelmwifo iurisdiqciis gansazRvrasaxelmwifo iurisdiqciis gansazRvra

konstitucia, es aris damoukidebeli saxelmwifos erT-gvari ̀ savizito baraTi~ _ raRac iseTi, raSic igi gamoxatavssakuTar moTxovnebs damoukideblobasa da suverenitetze. ax-

referendumis Catareba. sxva SemTxvevebSi amgvari cvlilebeb-is Setana SeuZlia saparlamento umravlesobas da rogorc,magaliTad Cawerilia germaniis ZiriTad kanonSi, konstituci-uri Sesworebebis Setanisas aucilebelia mas xma misces erT-droulad bundestagisa da bundesratis orma mesamedma, xoloamerikaSi amisaTvis moiTxoveba kongresis orive palatis 2/3da Statebis 3/4 (aSS-is konstituciaSi dRemde mxolod 26Sesworeba Sevida).

namdvilad moqmed konstituciad mxolod is konstitu-cia SeiZleba CaiTvalos, romelic akmayofilebs Semdeg erT-maneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul or kriteriums: 1) xelisu-flebis praqtikuli moRvaweoba unda miesadagebodes konsti-tuciis mdgomareobas; 2) konstitucia realurad unda zRu-davdes (gansazRvrul CarCoebSi aqcevdes) xelisuflebis mo-qmedebebs.

imisTvis, rom konstituciam imuSaos, unda visaubroTara mxolod mis calkeul normebze, aramed im konstituciurreJimzec, romelsac sazogadoebaSi emorCileba yvela, xelisu-flebis CaTvliT. aseve unda gvaxsovdes, rom metnaklebad yve-la konstitucia irRveva. zogierT maTgans SeiZleba vuwodoTnominaluri konstitucia: maTi Sinaarsi zustad asaxavs mocemulqveyanaSi mmarTvelobis sistemas, magram ar warmoadgens raimerealur `winaRobas~ mTavrobisaTvis. mag: iseT komunisturqveynebs, rogoricaa sabWoTa kavSiri, qondaT konstitucia, romel-Sic sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, cxaddeboda partiis monopoliaZalauflebaze. amgvari konstituciebi ar moqmedebdnen, radga-nac igive partia mkacrad akontrolebda umaRles sasamarTloinstanciebs, romelnic formalurad konstituciis Sesrule-bas aqcevdnen yuradRebas. sxva mTavrobebSi konstituciebsxSirad gaaCniaT mxolod `fasaduri~ xasiaTi da asrulebenpropagandistul rols, aq konstitucia da politikuri praq-tika sruliad gamijnulia erTmaneTisagan. amgvari situaciadamaxasiaTebelia diqtatorul da avtoritarul mTavrobebSi.

konstituciebis klasifikaciis kidev erTi safuZveliamaTi Semadgenloba _ Sinaarsi da kidev is, Tu zustad romelinstitucionalur struqturas ayalibeben isini sazogadoeba-Si. upiratesad es aris monarqiis da respublikis konsti-tuciebi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, Zalaufleba realurad aris memkvi-dre mmarTvelis xelSi, xolo respublikaSi Zalaufleba gaaC-nia sazogadoebas.

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uflebebis dacvauflebebis dacvauflebebis dacvauflebebis dacvauflebebis dacva

liberaluri demokratiis saxelmwifoebSi TavisTavadigulisxmeba, rom konstituciis umTavresi mizani aris, ase Tuise SezRudos saxelmwifos moRvaweobis sfero, pirovnebisTavisuflebis dacviT, _ anu konstitucia es aris mmarTvelo-bis erTgvari SezRudva.

konstituciebi realurad Seicaven saxelmwifosa daindivids Soris amgvar urTierTdamokidebulebas, riTacmmarTvelobiTi Zalauflebis sfero mkacrad gamijnulia in-dividualuri Tavisuflebis sferosagan, es ki miiRweva mo-qalaqeTa uflebebis da Tavisuflebis gansazRvriT.

rrrrreJimebis eJimebis eJimebis eJimebis eJimebis legitimacialegitimacialegitimacialegitimacialegitimacia

konstituciis kidev erTi funqciaa mocemuli poli-tikuri sistemis legitimaciis saSualebebi da miznebi, risgamoc mas iReben iseTi reJimis qveynebSic, sadac mas mxolodformaluri, an sulac fasaduri roli akisria.

legitimaciur process aqvs ori ganzomileba. konsti-tuciis arseboba, TiTqmis aucilebeli winapirobaa saerTa-Soriso gaerTianebaSi yofnis da am saxelmwifos sxva saxelm-wifoTa mxridan aRiarebisaTvis.

raSi mdgomareobs konstituciis mniSvneloba?raSi mdgomareobs konstituciis mniSvneloba?raSi mdgomareobs konstituciis mniSvneloba?raSi mdgomareobs konstituciis mniSvneloba?raSi mdgomareobs konstituciis mniSvneloba?

is, rom konstitucia mniSvnelovania, TavisTavad cxadia,ivaraudeba, rom nebismieri konstitucia, marto imiTacaa kargi, romSemoaqvs politikuri stabiluroba sazogadoebaSi, zRudavs xe-lisuflebas, saimedod icavs uflebebsa da Tavisuflebas. amgvarirwmena, arsad ise ar aris ganviTarebuli, rogorc aSS-Si, romeliclui hartlis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT ̀ konstituciur kultamde~midis. drodadro es rwmena seriozuli gamocdis winaSe dgeba,rogorc magaliTad uotergeitis skandalis SemTxvevaSi, rocagairkva, rom 1972 w. saarCevno kampaniisas, prezidenti niqsoniTeTri saxlis maRalCinosani TanamSromlebis ukanono qmedebebsmalavda. niqsonis gadadgomam 1974 w., mis Semcvlel, jerald fordsmisca ufleba gamoecxadebina, rom maTi konstitucia muSaobs, ri-

ali saxelmwifos warmoqmna, damoukideblobis mopoveba, didisaxelmwifos daSla, an ramodenime patara saxelmwifoTa gaer-Tianeba, yovelTvis mimdinareobs axali konstituciis SemuSave-biTa da miRebiT. SeiZleba aseve iTqvas, rom saxelmwifoebimxolod maSin iqmnebian, rodesac isini iReben konstitucias,radganac mis gareSe isini arc erT teritoriaze ar flobeniurisdiqcias da arc saxelmwifo meqanizms, romelsac unariaqvs ganaxorcielos es iurisdiqcia.

saerTo faseulobebis da miznebis dadgenasaerTo faseulobebis da miznebis dadgenasaerTo faseulobebis da miznebis dadgenasaerTo faseulobebis da miznebis dadgenasaerTo faseulobebis da miznebis dadgena

konstitucia, ara marto saxavs saxelmwifos saerToprincipebs, aramed moicavs politikuri faseulobebis, ide-alebis da miznebis farTo speqtrs, amitomac konstitucia arSeiZleba iyos politikurad neitraluri, igi yovelTvis gam-sWvalulia aSkara an faruli ideologiuri SinaarsiT. kon-stituciis avtorebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen CaedoT, maT mierSeqmnil reJimebSi, raime saerTo faseulobebis krebuli, mis-wrafebebi da arsebuli politikis Taviseburi leqsikoni.xSir SemTxvevaSi es miznebi formulirebulia konstituciispreambulaSi _ nacionaluri ideebis Tavisebur deklaracia-Si. es idealebi SeiZleba iyos nebismieri demokratiis, Tavisu-flebis, saxelmwifos sayovelTao keTildReobis miznebisadmierTgulebiT dawyebuli, socializmis, federalizmis da isla-mis gamarjvebisaTvis brZoliT damTavrebuli.

mmarTvelobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofammarTvelobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofammarTvelobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofammarTvelobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofammarTvelobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa

konstituciebi _ uflebamosilebis, valdebulebebis dafunqciebis Tavisebur monaxazs warmoadgenen. mmarTvelobisstabilurobis uzrunvelyofa, gansazRvravs ra uflebamosilebis,valdebulebis da funqciebis gadanawilebas sxvadasxva insti-tutebs Soris, konstitucias organizaciul reJimSi ayenebs,riTac es konstituciebi axdenen sxvadasxva politikuri or-ganizaciebis urTierTdamokidebulebis formulirebas dareglamentirebas, amasTanave uzrunvelyofen SesaZlebeli uTanx-moebebis da konfliqtebis gadawyvetas.

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interesebis demokratiazacia. XX s. kanonTa gadaxedvis siste-mis meSveobiT, gafarTovda prezidentis xelisufleba, moxdaZalauflebis gadanawileba federaluri centris sasargeblodda ufro meti prioriteti mieniWa individis uflebriv mdgo-mareobas. yvela es cvlileba ganxorcielda erTi konstituci-is sazRvrebSi da misi ZiriTadi principebi, ganaxlebul mdgo-mareobaSi, xelSeuxeblad SenarCunda.

samarTali, morali da politikasamarTali, morali da politikasamarTali, morali da politikasamarTali, morali da politikasamarTali, morali da politika

urTierTdamokidebuleba samarTalsa da morals Sorispolitikuri azrovnebis erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli problemaa.erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom samarTali da mora-li radikalurad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. samarTali _socialuri kontrolis yvelaze moxerxebuli formaa, igi gvkar-naxobs, ra SeiZleba da risi keTeba ikrZaleba. morali, sa-marTlisgan gansxvavebiT, exeba eTikuri wesrigis sakiTxeba, raaris `kargi~ da ra `cudi~, rogor unda moviqceT da rogorara. kanoni obieqturia _ es sazogado realobaa. moralisubieqturia _ igi adamianis sindisis sakiTxia. platonisa daaristotelesgan momdinare, bunebrivi samarTlis TeoriebiyovelTvis arsebobdnen im principiT, rom samarTali eyrdno-ba, an unda eyrdnobodes ama Tu im moralur safuZvels.

im uzarmazari rolis mixedviT, romelsac kanoni sazoga-doebaSi TamaSobs, gasagebia, rom samarTals agreTve eniWeba udidesipolitikuri mniSvneloba, mwvave debatebis sagani yovelTvis iyois, Tu rogor Seesabameba, an unda Seesabamebodes igi politikas.samarTlis roli mdgomareobs imaSi, rom daculi iyos sazoga-doebis TiToeuli wevri da ar moxdes zewola maT Tavisufle-bebze da uflebebze, radganac amgvari mfarveloba vrceldebayvela adamianze da aseve mTel sazogadoebaze. liberalizmisTanaxmad, samarTali iZens principulad neitralur xasiaTs daam gagebiT igi politikaze ̀ zemdgomia~.

klasikuri liberalizmis mixedviT, kidev erTi prob-lema mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tu kanonis umTavresi mizaniaris adamianis uflebebis da Tavisuflebis dacva, imavdrou-lad unda xdebodes Tavad kanonis moqmedebis sferos SezRud-va. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, kanoni ̀ kargia~ mxolod maSin, rocaigi afarToebs da ar zRudavs adamianis Tavisuflebas.

Tac gaimeora konstitucionalizmis mTavari postulati, rom maTaqvT kanonebis da ara xalxis mTavroba.

konstituciebi ̀ muSaobs~ gansazRvrul viTarebaSi. isinirealurad urunvelyofen sakuTar miznebs mxolod maSin, rocaes miznebi moqceulia mTel rig socialur, ekonomikur dakulturul faqtorebTan erTian konteqstSi. ZiriTadad aqmniSvnelovania sazogadoebis politikuri kulturis faqtori.

pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa da politikuri Sejibrisprincipis uzrunvelmyofeli konstituciuri normebi, SeiZle-ba sruliad usafuZvlo aRmoCndes iseTi sazogadoebisaTvis,romelic mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze ar gascdenia koleq-tiuri tradiciebis sazRvrebs, ufro metad ki maSin, rodesacaseT saxelmwifoebs jer kidev ar gadauwyvetiaT ekonomikurida socialuri ganviTarebis pirveladi amocanebi.

meore sakvanZo faqtoria sruldeba Tu ara konstitu-cia sazogadoebis mmarTveli wreebis mier da Seesabameba Tuara igi sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli jgufebis interesebsada faseulobebs. aq Cven vxelmZRvanelobT vaimaris respub-likis konstituciiT germaniaSi: miuxedavad imisa, rom masSiformulirebuli iyo sakmaod STambeWdavi uflebebisa da Tavisu-flebebis krebuli, igi uaryofili iqna 1930-ian wlebSi, rocahitlerma daiwyo nacisturi diqtaturis damyareba. mizezierTia: vaimaris reJimis demokratiuli buneba aramarto ewi-naaRmdegeboda nacistebis miswrafebas, aramed man ver miiRogamoxmaureba, ekonomikuri krizisisa da warmomadgenlobiTimmarTvelobis ideis mimarT gulgrilad ganwyobili sazoga-doebisagan. indoeTSi, 1975-77 ww. da pakistanSi general zia-ul-xakis periodSi 1977-81 ww-ebSi, konstituciebi ar moqmedebdnen,saomari mdgomareobis gamo, armiis interesebi aq aRmoCndaufro mniSvnelovani, vidre konstituciuri detalebi.

da bolo faqtoria konstituciuri adaptacia, unari Sein-arCunos Tavisi mniSvneloba, yvela da yvelanairi politikurimdgomareobis pirobebSi. konstitucia unda iyos sakmaod moqni-li, raTa SeinarCunos Tavisi mniSvneloba xangrZlivad, magramara usasrulod. moqnili, radganac winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saer-Tod aRar iqneba igi konstitucia. magaliTad aSS-s konstitu-cia, Tavidanve flobda Tavisuflebis sakmao dones, raTa gadae-laxa sakuTari naklovanebebi. amitomac, mmarTvelobiTma sistemamgamoimuSava drois moTxovnebze Seguebis unari, SesworebebismiRebis meqanizmma ki, SesaZlebeli gaxada qveynis politikuri

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saxelmwifoTa Soris dava da dapirispireba ganixileba. rad-ganac saerTaSoriso samarTali dafuZnebulia saxelmwifoTasuverenitetis principze, es sasamarTlo procesi imarTebamxolod konfliqtis yvela mxareTa Tanxmobis safuZvelze.

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom aaRorZina niurnbergistribunalis idea (1945-46), romlis mixedviTac sisxlis samarT-lebrivi devna xorcieldeba saomari danaSaulis an kacobri-obis winaSe Cadenili danaSaulis gamo. saerTaSoriso sasa-marTlom warmoadgina braldebebi da miaRwia mTeli rigipirovnebebis dapatimrebas. maT Soris iyo iugoslaviis yo-fili prezidenti, slobodan miloSeviCi.

amas garda, arsebobs mTeli rigi saerTaSoriso sasa-marTloebi, romelTac gaaCniaT regionaluri iurisdiqcia,rogoricaa evrosasamarTlo luqsemburgSi da evrosasamarT-lo adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ganxriT strasburgSi.

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovane-si Tviseba da liberalur-demokratiul sistemebSi misi mTa-vari ganmsazRvreli niSani aris is, rom mosamarTleebi war-moadgenen sruliad damoukidebel da arapolitikur figurebs.maTi unari, iyvnen politikaze ̀ maRla~, ganixileba, rogorcpirveladi garantia imisa, rom samarTali realurad gancalkeve-bulia politikisagan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es sasamarTloxelisuflebis araswori gagebaa. umjobesia, igi ganixilebodes,rogorc politikuri da ara ubralod samarTlebrivi insti-tuti, romelic arCevs konfliqtebs da gamodis saxelmwifossaxeliT. maT gadawyvetilebebs yovelTvis gaaCniaT esa Tu ispolitikuri mniSvneloba. Tumca, am sakiTxebTan aris oriarcTu sabolood ̀ pasuxgacemuli~ SekiTxva, romlebic xSiradxdeba diskusiis sagani. pirveli _ warmoadgenen Tu ara mosa-marTleebi politikur figurebs? da meore _ qmnian Tu aramosamarTleebi politikas, anu iWrebian Tu ara isini saku-Tari gadawyvetilebebiT politikosebis kompetenciaSi?

warmoadgenen Tu ara mosamarTleebiwarmoadgenen Tu ara mosamarTleebiwarmoadgenen Tu ara mosamarTleebiwarmoadgenen Tu ara mosamarTleebiwarmoadgenen Tu ara mosamarTleebipolitikur figurebs?politikur figurebs?politikur figurebs?politikur figurebs?politikur figurebs?

iyo da aris saxelmwifoebi, sadac arasdros ar uTqvamT,rom maTi sasamarTlo aris neitraluri da miukerZoebeli.orTodoqsuli komunisturi reJimebis dros ̀ socialisturi

samarTalze gansxvavebul Sexedulebas gvTavazobenkonservatiuli moZRvrebis Teoretikosebi. aq ganixileba azriimis Sesaxeb, rom wesrigi da kanoni im donezea erTmaneTTandakavSirebuli, rom moxda maTi erTgvari Serwymac. tradiciaeyrdnoba or wyaros. pirveli Rrmad pesimisturia. esaa hobs-iseuli tradicia, romelic amtkicebda, rom adamians sicocx-lis bolomde gaaCnia samudamo da dauokebeli Zalauflebiswyurvili.

meore motivi efuZneba azrs, rom sazogadoebrivi stabi-luroba damokidebulia imaze, gaaCniaT Tu ara adamianebs erT-nairi faseulobebi da saerTo kultura. am poziciis klasikurgamoxatulebad iqca patrik devlinis wigni ̀ iZuleba moral-isken~, sadac mtkicdeba, rom sazogadoebas gaaCnia sruli ufleba,xeli Seuwyos ̀ sazogadoebriv morals~ kanonebis meSveobiT.masSi sazogadoeba uflebamosilia daculi iyos imisgan, rasacewodeba `aratradiciuli moqcevis saSualebebi~ _ msgavsadhomoseqsualizmis da narkomaniisa.

1980-90-ian wlebSi `axalma memarjveneebma~ daikavesamasTan Zalian axlo pozicia, `tradiciuli moralisa~ da`saojaxo faseulobebis~ win wamowevT da moTxovniT, romyvelaferi miekuTvneba samarTlebriv dacvas.

sasamarTlo xelisuflebasasamarTlo xelisuflebasasamarTlo xelisuflebasasamarTlo xelisuflebasasamarTlo xelisufleba

sasamarTlo xelisufleba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisnawilia, romelic saWiroa problemaTa samarTliani gadawyve-tisaTvis. mosamarTleTa umTavres daniSnulebad samarTlisdacva iTvleba, maT mier xdeba kanonis ̀ konstruireba~. sasa-marTlo xelisuflebis daniSnuleba sxvadasxvagvarad vlin-deba saxelmwifo da politikur sistemebSi. ZiriTadad, igimniSvnelovania kodificirebuli konstituciis mqone saxelm-wifoebSi, sadac sasamarTlo xelisufleba ganmartavs konsti-tucias da amasTanave ganixilavs konfliqtebs sxvadasxva sax-elmwifo institutebsa da aseve saxelmwifosa da individsSoris.

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mniSvneloba dReisaTvisizrdeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis mzardi mniSvnelobis gamoc.aq Semdegi institutebi moqmedeben: gaeros sasamarTlo orga-no aris saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo haagaSi _ forumi, sadac

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amave safuZvliT, senati uflebamosilia daamtkicos an ardaamtkicos isini. 1954-69 ww. aSS-Si umaRlesi sasamarTlosliberaluri da 1969 wlidan, ufro konservatiuli tendencie-bi, ganpirobebuli iyo zemoqmedebis gare faqtorebiT. didbritaneTSi mosamarTleebi, agreTve iniSnebodnen mocemulmomentSi arsebuli mTavrobis mier, xolo ufrosi mosamarTleebilord-kancleris rekomendaciiT, premier-ministris mier. dau-wereli wesebis mixedviT, amgvari daniSvna unda xdebodessruliad miukerZoeblad. Tumca saqmeSi xSirad iWreba wmindapolitikuri motivebi, rogorc es moxda konservatiuli parti-is yofili mrCevlis da profkavSirebis uflebrivi SezRud-vis momxre, lord donaldsonis SemTxvevaSi.

yvelaze metad garegan politikur zegavlenas eqvemde-bareba konstituciuri sasamarTlo safrangeTSi. frangulipolitikuri sistemis specifikidan gamomdinare, mas ukaviamyari poziciebi, rogorc sakanonmdeblo krebis, asevemTavrobasTan mimarTebaSi. orive SemTxvevaSi, mas SeuZlia mi-iRos gadawyvetileba, ama Tu im aqtis arakonstituciurobisSesaxeb. am sasamarTlos wevrebi, ufro xSirad arian gamocdilipolitikosebi, vidre profesionali iuristebi. safrangeTisprezidenti, nacionaluri krebis da senatis Tavmjdomareebi,TiToeuli Tavisi mxridan, warmoadgenen dasaniSnad sasamarT-lo Semadgenlobis mesamed nawils _ umetesad partiuli mo-sazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. iaponiaSi, umaRles sasamarTlosniSnavs ministrTa kabineti, xolo umaRlesi mosamarTleebi,romelTac waradgens kabineti, gadian daniSvnis procedurasimperatorTan.

sasamarTlo damoukidebloba, erTi problemaa, meorec,sasamarTlo xelisuflebas yovelTvis aqvs sakuTari Sidatendenciebi, romlebic gamoxatavs mosamarTleTa kulturasda faseulobaTa orientacias. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelova-nia ara mxolod is, Tu rogor xdeba mosamarTleTa rekrutire-ba, aramed is, Tu vis Semosaven mosamarTlis mantiiT. social-istebis mxridan, ukve didi xania ismis kritika sasamarTlosistemis misamarTiT, rom igi asaxavs mocemul sazogadoebaSigabatonebul faseulobebs da amitom atarebs Sinagan tenden-ciebs, arsebuli politikuri da socialuri wesrigis gaZliere-bisadmi. amave tendenciaze muSaobs sasamarTlos socialuriSemadgenloba da saerTod is statusi, rac am profesias gaaC-nia sazogadoebaSi. grifitma aCvena, rom aseTi konservatoru-

kanonierebis~ principi niSnavda, rom sasamarTlo ganmartavskanons ̀ marqsizm-leninizmis~ stilSi. am sistemaSi mosamarTlee-bi iyvnen ubralo paikebi, romelnic emsaxurebodnen reJimispolitikur da ideologiur miznebs, rac metnaklebad gamov-linda 1930-ian wlebSi ssrk-s `sajaro procesebis~ dros.amgvari ideologiuri zewolis da politikuri devnis insti-tuts warmoadgenda germanuli sasamarTlo nacizmis wlebSi.

sxva saxelmwifoebSi, mosamarTleebisgan yovelTvismoelodnen umkacres politikur neitralitets. iq, sadac udi-desia liberaluri konstitucionalizmis zegavlena, kanonisavtoriteti zustadac rom dakavSirebulia mis arapolitikurxasiaTTan da igi xorcieldeba damoukidebeli da miukerZoe-beli mosamarTleebis mier. unda gvesmodes, rom politikaSeiZleba SeiWras sasamarTlo xelisuflebis sferoSic. prob-lemas gaaCnia ̀ Sida~ da ̀ gare~ aspeqti. ̀ gare~ _ mdgomareobsimaSi, rom mosamarTleebze SeiZleba moaxdinon zewola poli-tikurma institutebma _ partiebma, sakanonmdeblo krebebma daa.S., xolo ̀ Sida~ _ imaSi, rom mosamarTleebs SeiZleba hqon-deT wminda politikuri xasiaTis simpatiebi an antipatiebi.gare aspeqtTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs ̀ sasamarTlo damoukide-blobis~ principi (judicial independence) da miCneulia, rom mosa-marTleebi mkacrad emorCilebian mas. liberaluri demokratiisumravles saxelmwifoebSi, sasamarTlo sistemis damoukide-bloba uzrunvelyofilia imiTac, rom mosamarTleTa Tanamde-boba saimedodaa daculi (ar SeiZleba misi ubralo gaTavisu-fleba) da sazogadoebaSi, ase Tu ise SezRudulia mosamarTlee-bisa da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa Ria kritika. sasamarT-loTa damoukidebloba SeiZleba iyos komprometirebuli imSemTxvevaSi, rodesac politikuri institutebi, sakmaod mWidrodarian dakavSirebulni mosamarTleTa rekrutirebasTan dakarieristuli winsvlis procesebTan (mag. dRevandelsaqarTveloSi).

aSS-Si, mosamarTles Tanamdeboba ukavia samudamod Tuki igi ar arRvevs ̀ Rirseuli qcevis~ normebs. umaRlesi sasa-marTlos mosamarTleebi iniSnebian prezidentis da mtkicde-bian senatis mier. 1930-ian wlebSi, ruzveltsa da sasamarTlosSoris uTanxmoebis dros, praqtikaSi TandaTanobiT SemovidaumaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa daniSnvis wminda poli-tikuri principi: prezidenti irCevs kandidaturebs, maTi par-tiuli kuTvnilebis da ideologiuri erTgulebis mixedviT.

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kanonebis da konstituciuri normebis formulireba, miT metiTavisuflebaa maTi ganmartebisaTvis. meore faqtori, es ariskodificirebuli an dawerili konstituciis arseboba an ararse-boba. am dokumentis arseboba yovelTvis zrdis mosamarTleTakorporaciis statuss, Semoaqvs ra iseTi umniSvnelovanesielementi, rogoricaa kanonis gadaxedva, konstituciasTan Sesa-bamisobis an Seusabamobis safuZvelze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom am meqanizmis Canasaxebi aRiniSne-ba XVII s-is dasawyisSi inglisSi, igi mainc ufro amerikuli`aRmoCena~ da msoflioSi pirveli dawerili konstituciisSedegia. Tumca, aSS-s konstituciaSi ar aris miniSneba kanon-Ta gadaxedvis Sesaxeb, igi mainc iZleva garkveul safuZvelsamasTan dakavSirebiT. logikurad, Tu saxelmwifo institutebsmiewerebaT qcevis samarTlebrivi standartebi, maSin arsebobsam yvelaferze dakvirvebis pirdapiri aucilebloba da ararsebobs amisTvis ukeTesi instituti, vidre sasamarTlo (ufrozustad, umaRlesi sasamarTlo). es sistema amuSavda 1803 wels,roca umaRlesma sasamarTlom erT-erT saqmeze gamoitana gada-wyvetileba, rom ̀ romeliRac kanoni~ 1789 wlidan, Seusabamoba-Sia aSS-s konstituciasTan. aman, umaRlesi sasamarTlo, rob-ert dalis TqmiT, gadaaqcia politikur institutad, romeliciRebs gadawyvetilebebs nacionaluri politikis sadavo sak-iTxebTan dakavSirebiT.

amerikis istoriaSi, sakmaod naTlad Cans umaRlesi sasa-marTlos politikuri roli. mag. XIX s-is dasasrulsa da XXs-is dasawyisSi, umaRlesma sasamarTlom, romelic saxelmwi-fos ekonomikaSi Caurevlobis ideologiis gavleniT moqmedebda,miiRo mTeli rigi gadawyvetilebebi, romliTac Semcirda sa-kanonmdeblo roli ekonomikurad Sesustebuli sazogadoe-brivi fenebis socialur mxardaWeraze, saxeldobr, 1930-ianiwlebis dasawyisSi, man dabloka ruzveltis `axali kursi~.aucilebeli gaxda `sasaxlis gadatrialeba~ 1937 wels. Sem-deg moxda ̀ axali kursis~ momxre mosamarTleTa daniSvna, raTaumaRlesi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT momx-dariyo saxelmwifos garkveuli monawileoba ekonomikur dasazogadoebriv saqmeianobaSi. 1950-60-ian wlebSi, umaRlesmasasamarTlom miiRo mTeli rigi seriozuli gadawyvetilebebi,skolebSi rasobrivi segregaciis gauqmebasTan da qveynis sa-kanonmdeblo organoebis, raodenobrivi Semadgenlobis ga-TanabrebasTan dakavSirebiT. bevr SemTxvevaSi, umaRlesi sasa-

li tendencia, yovelTvis iyo didi britaneTis maRal eS-elonebSi da igi momdinareobs umaRlesi sasamarTlos so-cialuri erTferovnebidan. mosamarTleTa zogadi portretia_ TeTrkaniani mamakaci, umaRlesi saSualo klasidan, romel-mac daamTavra privilegirebuli saSualo skola. Semdeg kioqsfordi. bevrs saubroben imis Sesaxeb, rom mosamarTleebsaqvT amoCemebuli damokidebuleba _ qalebis, eTnikuri umcir-esobebis da saerTod nebismieri sazogadoebrivi jgufisadmi,romelic araadekvaturadaa warmodgenili mosamarTleTa kor-pusSi. sxva magaliTia aSS-s umaRlesi sasamarTlo. miuxedavadimisa, rom 1950-iani wlebidan masSi yovelTvis iyo afroamerikelimosamarTle, xolo dResdReobiT ori mosamarTle _ qalia,misi SemadgenlobisaTvis exlac damaxasiaTebelia anglosaq-suri warmoSobis TeTrkaniani mamakaci, protestanti umaRlesian saSualo fenis warmodgenili. zogierT saxelmwifoSi, mag.avstraliaSi iyo mcdeloba, sasamarTlo eqciaT socialuradufro reprezentaciulad. 1980 wlidan mosamarTleebi aq rek-rutireben, ara marto profesionali iuristebidan, aramed aka-demiuri wreebidanac, magram aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTloskritikosebic ki aRiareben, rom aseTi tipis eqsperimentebiSesaZlebelia mxolod garkveul zRvramde da sasamarTlos,sazogadoebis mikrokosmosad qceva Seiwiravs im profesion-alizms da gamocdilebas, romelic damaxasiaTebelia sasa-marTlo korporaciisaTvis.

qmnian Tu ara mosamarTleebi politikas?qmnian Tu ara mosamarTleebi politikas?qmnian Tu ara mosamarTleebi politikas?qmnian Tu ara mosamarTleebi politikas?qmnian Tu ara mosamarTleebi politikas?

mosamarTlis, rogorc kanonis ubralo msaxuris ̀ xati~,yovelTvis miTi iyo. arc erT kanons, iuridiul termins anprincips, ar aqvs erTi romelime yvelasaTvis naTeli mniS-vneloba. mosamarTleebi ganmartaven kanonebs da imavdrou-lad, awydebian maT mravalricxovan gagebas da SesaZlo axsnas.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveli kanoni iseTia, rogorsac masxedavs an axorcielebs mosamarTle, magram praqtikaSi, ra Tqmaunda, mosamarTleebs ar aqvT kanonTa ̀ TviTneburi~ ganmarte-bis sruli Tavisufleba da TviTon kanonic arasdros arisiseTi bundovani, rom igi ise ganmarto, rogorc mogesurveba.yvelaferi damokidebulia or faqtorze. pirveli, es aris kanonissizuste da detaluroba zogadi wesebiT. rac ufro farToa

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ar aris. mizezi erTia, dauwereli konstituciebis arsebobi-sas, sasamarTlo moklebulia samarTlebrivi standartis imsafuZvels, razec SeiZleba Semowmdes konstituciuria Tu araesa Tu is politikuri aqti an samTavrobo gadawyvetilebamainc.

aucilebelia gvesmodes, rom sasamarTlo xelisufleb-is ufleba kanonTa gadaxedvis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba gamoyenebuliiqnas SezRudul masStabebSic, mag. ama Tu im ministris qmede-bis arakonstituciurad gamocxadebisaTvis.

daskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebi

konstitucia warmoadgens saxelmwifos uzenase kanons,romlis mizania saxelisuflebo institutebis daniSnulebi-sa da ufleba-movaleobebis dadgena da urTierTobaTa gan-sazRvra saxelmwifosa da pirovnebas Soris.

konstituciis daniSnulebaa saxelmwifo Zalauflebislegitimacia, kerZo moqalaqeTa dacva saxelmwifos mxriv Zal-adobisagan, saxelisuflebi miznebisa da Rirebukebebis gamokveTa.

konstituciasa da realur politikas Soris sxvaobaudavoa. konstitucia qmediTia mxolod maSin, roca mas poli-tikuri kultura umagrebs zurgs, roca mas icaven da pativsscemen mmarTvelebi, roca igi exmianeba gabatonebuli jgufe-bis interesebs da SesaZlebeli xdeba misi SeTavseba cvale-bad politikur garemoebebTan.

kanonmdeblobis politikisagan gamocalkeveba marTlm-sajulebis damoukideblobisa da arapartiulobis dacviT xe-rxdeba. Tumca, es damoukidebloba arcTu ise ioli misaRwevia_ marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi sxvadasxva Tanamdebobebze daniS-vnis procesSi politikuri institutebis xSiri Carevis Sed-egad.

politikur procesebSi mosamarTleTa Carevas xels uw-yobs isic, rom am kanonTa Semdgenelni xSirad Tavad isiniarian. mosamarTleebis gavlena imis mixedviT ganizomeba, ram-denad mkafiod da detaluradaa Camoyalibebuli kanoni, ramde-nad iZleva interpretaciis saSualebas, dawerili Tu dauwer-eli konstitucia moqmedebs qveyanaSi; da aqvT Tu ara mosa-marTleebs samarTlebrivi Sesworebis Setanis ufleba miniWe-buli.

marTlo win miuZRoda kongressa da TeTr saxls da zogjerukvalavda gzas sxva kanonmdeblobebs, rogorc es iyo 1960-ianiwlebis samoqalaqo uflebebis problemasTan dakavSirebiT.SemdgomSi umaRlesma sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, abor-tis kanonebis konstituciurobis Sesaxeb da es moxda maSin,roca yvela arCeuli xelisufleba uars acxadebda am metadsaCoTiro problemis ganxilvaze. Tumca im drois sasamarT-lo aqtivizmma iklo, mas Semdeg, rac ganxorcielda konserva-toruli daniSvnebi, respublikeli prezidentebis _ niqsonis,reiganis da ufrosi buSis mier, magram sruliad mainc arSemcirda umaRlesi sasamarTlos gavlena, rac gamoixatebodasikvdiliT dasjisadmi gamudmebul winaaRmdegobaSi da abor-tis SezRudvebis TandaTanobiTi SemotaniT. magram yvelazemaRali politikuri gadawyvetileba iyo floridis umaRlesisasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba 2000 wlis dekemberSi,roca saprezidento arCevnebis sakamaTo Sedegebi jorj buSumcrosis sasargeblod gadawyda. am SemTxvevasTan dakavSire-biT, analitikosebi aRniSnavdnen, rom umaRlesma sasamarTlomsazogadoebis arCevanis dezavuireba moaxdina.

sasamarTlo sistemis sirTulis uaRresad sainteresomagaliTia dava indira gandisa da indur sasamarTloebs Soris70-ian wlebSi. gamomdinare iqidan, rom indoeTs gaaCnia saku-Tari dawerili konstitucia, aq mainc ar iyo miRweuli saWirobalansi, sasamarTlo instanciasa da vestministrul saparla-mento sistemebs Soris. upasuxa ra, mzard sazogadoebriv kri-tikas, romelic mimarTuli iyo indira gandis mmarTvelobisavtokratiuli stilisadmi, indoeTis umaRlesma sasamarTlom1975 w. mas brali dasdo arCevnebis dros Zalauflebis boro-tad gamoyenebaSi da auwya xuTi wliT Tanamdebobidan gaday-enebis Sesaxeb. Tumca sasamarTlom SeaCera sakuTari gadaw-yvetileba, indira gandim mokle droSi gamoacxada saomarimdgomareoba, riTac gauCnda SesaZlebloba, daepatimrebina aso-biT politikuri oponenti da SemoeRo umkacresi cenzura.sasamarTlo mTlianad daubrunda sakuTar saqmes mxolod ma-Sin, roca 1977 wlis martSi, gauqmda saomari mdgomareoba, risSemdegac igi gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT moqmedebda daarasdros Sedioda Ria konfrontaciaSi arsebul xelisufle-basTan.

sasamarTlo moRvaweobis politikuri mxare, ufro nak-lebadaa gamoxatuli iq, sadac kodificirebuli konstitucia

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saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebisaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebisaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebisaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebisaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebi

me-14 s. inglisSi Seiqmna ori palata: TemTa palata dalordTa palata: pirvelSi warmodgenilia raindebi da bur-Juebi, meoreSi lordebi da samRvdeloeba. parlamentis uze-naesobis principi _ parlamentis xelisuflebis upiratesobasamefo gvirgvinTan _ damtkicda 1688 wlis revoluciiT, xoloangariSvaldebuleba mTavrobisa parlamentis winaSe _ saarCevnouflebis ganviTarebis mixedviT. analogiuri saparlamentosistemebi aRmocendnen iseT saxelmwifoebSi, rogorebic ariangermania, Svecia, indoeTi, iaponia, axali zelandia da avstra-lia. am sistemebis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani aris sa-kanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Serwyma: aqmTavrobas ̀ saparlamento~ xasiaTi aqvs, ramdenadac is formird-eba parlamentis wevrebisagan da angariSvaldebulia mis winaSe.am sistemis Rirseba is aris, rom is uzrunvelyofs sakmaodTavisuflad funqcionirebad da amasTan erTad pasuxismgebelmTavrobas (responsible goverment). mTavroba Tavisulad funq-cionirebs imdenad, ramdenadac is eyrdnoba parlamentis ndobasda swored amitom is xSir SemTxvevaSi sakmaod advilad iRebssaWiro kanonebs. mokled, am sistemiT mas SeuZlia mSvidad`Seudges saqmes~. is agreTve warmoadgens pasuxismgebel mTavrobas,ramdenadac marTavs, sanam igi parlamentis ndobiT sargeblobs.

Teoriulad bolo sityva yovelTvis ekuTvnis parla-ments, ramdenadac mas ufleba aqvs gadaayenos mTavroba.

samwuxarod, saparlamento sistemebi xSirad molodins aramarTleben, aris ra Tqma unda, gamonaklisebi. mag: Svecia, sadacganviTarebuli sistemis SemTxvevaSi sakanonmdeblo asambleis(pukcgas) konsultaciebs aqvT udidesi politikuri poziciebi,raTa daarRvios mTavrobis muSaobis mSvidi ritmi. saparlamen-to xelisuflebas umravles SemTxvevaSi mudmivad Tan sdevsproblema _ ̀ saaRmasruleblo elementis batonoba~. did brit-aneTSi, mkacri politikuri disciplinis da disproporciulisaarCevno sistemis Serwymisas, mTavrobas, romelsac hyavs dis-ciplinirebuli umravlesoba TemTa palataSi, yovelTvis Seu-Zlia akontrolos parlamenti. amasTan dakavSirebiT ordmaheilSemma (1976 w.) didi britaneTis mTavrobas uwoda ̀ arCeviTidiqtatura~ _ diqtatura arCeviTi sistemiT.

Tavi XIIITavi XIIITavi XIIITavi XIIITavi XIIIsakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasakanonmdeblo xelisufleba

politikur leqsikonSi arsebobs uamravi saxis termi-ni, romlebic aRniSnaven sakanonmdeblo politikur insti-tutebs (kongresi aSS-Si, erovnuli kreba safrangeTSi, war-momadgenlobiTi palata iaponiaSi, parlamenti singapurSi,deputatTa kongresi espaneTSi da sxv.). politikuri termi-nis rangSi sityva `asamblea~ (anu Sekvra) Cveulebriv aso-cirdeba warmomadgenlobasTan da warmomadgenlobiTmmarTvelobasTan. frangul enaSi is yvelaze axlos arissityvasTan ̀ xalxi~, amitom zogjer am termins iyeneben mx-olod qveda, xalxis mier arCeul orpalatian parlamentSi(mag. pakistanSi, safrangeTSi).

ZiriTadad funqcionirebs sami saxelisuflo Sto: sa-kanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisufleba.

saparlamento da saprezidento sistemebisaparlamento da saprezidento sistemebisaparlamento da saprezidento sistemebisaparlamento da saprezidento sistemebisaparlamento da saprezidento sistemebi

nebismieri politikuri sistemis erT-erTi gasaRebi arisis, Tu rogor aris gansazRvruli urTierToba asambleebsa damTavrobas Soris, anu sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xe-lisuflebas Soris. xdeba isec, rom yalibdeba forma ̀ asamblea-mTavroba~.

gaerTianebuli aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xe-lisuflebiT. mag: aseTi sistema, garkveuli xniT aRmocendarobespierisa da iakobinelebis epoqaSi safrangeTis revoluci-is dros. sxva SemTxvevaSi, mag: orTodoqsalur-komunisturireJimebis dros, sakanonmdeblo kreba da mTavroba eqvemdebare-ba ̀ mmarTvel partias~. sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel or-ganoebs Soris urTierTobisas politikuri sistemebi Cveu-lebriv oridan erT-erT kategorias miekuTvnebian _ es sax-elmwifo an saprezidento sistemaa. liberaluri saxelmwi-foebis umravlesobam istoriulad miiRo saparlamento siste-mis forma.

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prezidenti upiratesad dakavebulia sagareo politikiT, xoloministrTa kabineti _ saSinao politikiT.

saprezidento sistemis principuli Rirebuleba mdgomar-eobs imaSi, rom sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisa-gan gancalkevebiT is qmnis Tavisebur saSinao daZabulobas _arenas, romelic sasikeToa adamianis uflebaTa da Tavisufleba-Ta dasacavad. rogorc Tavis droze Tqva hobsma, ̀ Tavisufleba _es aris xelisufleba, romelic danawevrebulia wvril-wvrilulufebad~. aSS-Si aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gaZlierebissafrTxe blokirdeba kongresis saxelisuflo ufleba-mosileb-is farTe wreebisagan: kongress aqvs ufleba gamoacxados omi dagaaZviros gadasaxadebi, senati ratificirebas axdens molapar-akebebze da amtkicebs prezidentis mier daniSvnebs. or palatasSeuZlia gaerTianeba prezidentis impiCmentisaTvis, magram aseTfragmentul xelisuflebas aqvs Tavisi uaryofiTi mxareebic.

saprezidento sistemebi SeiZleba iyos veeberTela daaraefeqturi. amerikuli sistemis kritikosebi miuTiTeben imaze,rom `prezidenti _ gTavazobT, kongresi _ ganagebs~, amasyovelTvis moyveba e.w. institucionaluri uZraoba. aseTi ramSeiZleba moxdes maSin, rodesac TeTri saxli (prezidenti) dakapitoliumi (kongresi) kontroldeba urTierTmoqiSpe par-tiebiT, magram aseTi situacia SeiZleba moxdes maSinac, rode-sac orive frTa kontroldeba erTi da igive partiiT, rogorces iyo karteris (1977-1981) wlebSi. aseT problemas safrangeT-Si hqvia `arasaxarbielo Tanacxovreba~ _ situacia, sadacprezidenti iZulebulia imuSaos politikurad aramegobrulda misdami mtrulad ganwyobil premier-ministrTan da erovnulsaTaTbirosTan, rogorsac orjer hqonda adgili miteranisdros 1986-1988 da 1993-1995 wlebSi.

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebisaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebisaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebisaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebisaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmebi

evropis parlamenti ar warmoadgens sakanonmdeblo saTaT-biros. evropis samarTali xorcieldeba cxovrebaSi ministr-Ta sabWos mier (EC). did britaneTSic, sadac parlamentisuverenulia, ministrebi kanonSemoqmedebas axorcieleben daes yovelTvis ar eqceva parlamentis kontrolis sferoSi. mag:britaneTis parlamentis wevrebs aqvT SesaZlebloba saku-Tari kanonproeqtebis wamoyenebisaTvis. aSS-Si, sadac kongre-

sakanonmdeblo krebasakanonmdeblo krebasakanonmdeblo krebasakanonmdeblo krebasakanonmdeblo kreba

saparlamento sistemebi ar aris dazRveuli arc sustimTavrobisagan da arc politikuri arastabilurobisagan.Cveulebriv ase xdeba, rodesac partiuli sistema damsxvreulia,xolo saarCevno sistema ufro proporciulia. mag: safrangeT-is respublikaSi 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi Seicvala 25 mTavroba.verc erTma maTganma ver SeZlo dayrdnoboda erovnuli kreb-is stabilur umravlesobas, sadac komunistebi marcxniv da`golistebi~ marjvniv ganwyobilni iyvnen SeurigeblobisaTvisrespublikis reJimis winaaRmdeg. amasTan problemebi hqondaitaliasac, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, sadac umaRles donezepolarizebuli mravalpartiuli sistema ise datrialda, rom1945 wlidan 2004 wlamde qveyanaSi mTavroba 62-jer Seicvala.

saparlamento sistemis mTavari alternativaa saxelm-wifo marTvis saprezidento sistema. saprezidento sistemebidafuZnebulia xelisuflebis dayofis mkacr meTvalyureoba-ze. es imas niSnavs, rom sakanonmdeblo saTaTbiro da mTavrobaformalurad damoukidebelni arian erTmaneTisagan da irCevi-an cal-calke. klasikuri magaliTia aSS, sadac egreT wodebu-li ̀ mama-damfuZneblebi~ iyvnen Sewuxebulebi imiT, rom aRekveTaTZlieri aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis aRmoceneba, imis SiSiT,rom britanuli monarqiis msgavsi ar aRmocenebuliyo.

aSS-is kongresi, prezidenti da umaRlesi sasamarTloarian erTmanisagan damoukidebuli institutebi, magram erT-maneTze zemoqmedeben da zRudaven erTmaneTis Zalauflebas.kongresi Rebulobs kanonebs, magram prezidents SeuZlia masveto daados, xolo kongress, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia veto gada-laxos, Tuki aseT gadawyvetilebas xmas miscems orive palatiswevrTa 2/3. Semdeg, prezidenti niSnavs mTavrobis uxucess dasasamarTlos wevrebs, magram igi unda daamtkicos senatisumaRlesma palatam.

am tipis saprezidento sistema, aSS-s garda, mTel laT-inur amerikaSia. safrangeTSi mexuTe respublikam miiRo ̀ hibrid-uli~ anu naxevradsaprezidento forma, sadac aRmasrulebelixelisufleba ̀ orWofobs~ im gagebiT, rom damoukideblad ar-Ceuli prezidenti moqmedebs premier-ministrTan da kabinet-Tan ̀ kavSirSi~, romelnic formirebulni arian erovnuli saTaT-birosa da masze daqvemdebarebuli wevrebisgan. msgavsi nax-evrad saprezidento sistema funqcionirebs fineTSic, sadac

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Tvalyuris devneba da kontroliTvalyuris devneba da kontroliTvalyuris devneba da kontroliTvalyuris devneba da kontroliTvalyuris devneba da kontroli

im dros, rodesac asambleebis sakanonmdeblo da warmo-madgenlobiTi roli SesamCnevad daeca, saubroben maT SesaZ-lo TavaSvebulobasa da kontrolze aRmasrulebel xelisu-flebasTan damokidebulebaSi. asambleebi amyareben TavianTfunqciebs _ uzrunvelyon sazogadoebisadmi politikuri mar-Tvis pasuxismgebloba da angariSvaldebuleba. am gagebiT spe-cialurma institucionalurma meqanizmma hpova ganviTarebaasambleebis umetesobaSi.

saparlamento sistemebi agzavnian kiTxvebs ministrebismisamarTiT, sadac zogierT Temebze saWiroa pasuxi zepiri anwerilobiTi formiT. klasikuri magaliTi _ `SekiTxvebisdro~ didi britaneTis TemTa palataSi, iZleva SesaZleblo-bas kviraSi erTxel dausvan kiTxva premier-ministrs da TveSierTxel _ sxva ministrebs. germaniSi da fineTSi miRebulia`interpolaciis~ praqtika, sadac zepir kiTxvebs sWirdeba xmismicema asambleaSi, raTa dadgenil iqnas ndobis xarisxi miRe-bul kiTxvebze. SekiTxvebi, romlebsac mohyveba debatebi, gamo-dian specifiuri problemebis CarCoebidan da iZenen ufrosaerTo mniSvnelobas, amitom mosamzadebeli samuSaos mniS-vnelovani nawili koncentrirdeba secialur komitetebSi.

asambleebs yovelTvis ar SeuZliaT aseTi kontrolisganxorcieleba aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi.CineTis saxalxo-erovnul sabWoSi, partiis monopoliam asambleagadaaqcia propagandis ubralo iaraRad _ Sekrebad, sadacsamTavrobo politika ucvlelad Rebulobs erTsulovan Tanx-mobas. sxva qveynebSi did rols TamaSobs partiuli disci-plina.

sruli da zusti informaciebis gareSe SeuZlebeliakontroli mTavrobaze. mTel rig qveynebSi (aSS, safrangeTi,holandia, kanada da avstralia) miRebulia kanonebi, rom sapa-rlamento warmomadgenlebi unda flobdnen sxvadasxva Sesa-Zleblobas soliduri sagamomZieblo da saeqsperto mxardaW-erisaTvis. aq Cven vxedavT saocar kontrastebs _ uxv finan-sirebas, aSS-s kongresis wevrebis uzrunvelyofasa da didibritaneTis parlamentis arc Tu ise maRalanazraurebad cud-ad dakompleqtebul da gadatvirTul samsaxurs.

si warmoadgens yvelaze Zlier damoukidebel sakanonmdebloorganos msoflioSi, saprezidento iniciativebze modis gan-saxilveli kanonproeqtebis 80%. aris SemTxvevebi, roca sapa-rlamento konsultaciebis Catarebisas, kanonproeqtebis naxe-vari gadaiwereba xolme. didi britaneTSi mTavroba iSviaTadiTmens warumateblobas warmomadgenelTa palataSi. es yve-laferi gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom am parlamentSi kanoni ki`ar miiReba~, aramed ̀ atareben~ misi gavliT.

warmomadgenlobawarmomadgenlobawarmomadgenlobawarmomadgenlobawarmomadgenloba

asambleebi TamaSoben mTavar warmomadgenlobiT rols:isini uzrunvelyofen kavSirs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobasa dasazogadoebas Soris. me-18 saukuneSi es sainteresod gamoixatalozungSi, romlis qveSac 13 amerikuli kolonia aRsdga bri-tanuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg _ ̀ araviTari gadasaxadebiwarmomadgenlobis gareSe~. xmis uflebis gafarToebam saerTosaxalxo saarCevno uflebamde asambleebi gadaaqcia Tavisebursaxalxo forumebad _ organoebad, sadac TiTqos xalxi iyoCarTuli, amitom adgili, Zalaufleba da parlamentis avtori-teti ama Tu im politikur sistemaSi ganixileba, rogorc misidemokratiulobis gansakuTrebuli maCvenebeli.

warmomadgenloba _ es rTuli principia Tavisi sxva-dasxva Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT. aSS-Si warmomadgenelTapalatisa da senatis wevrebi yvelaze ufro Sewuxebulni ari-an imiT, Tu rogor `dabrundnen nadavliT Sin~. am mizniTkongresi arc Tu ise kargi adgilia ̀ politikis sakeTeblad~.is ufro blokirebas axdens prezidentis programaze, vidrewamoayenebs Tavis romelime jansaR alternativas.

ssrk-Si da sxva socialistur qveynebSi mravalpartiulisistemisa da realuri arCevnebis ararseboba warmomadgenlo-bas sxva tvirTs atarebinebda _ `aesaxa~ sazogadoeba mTli-anad. aSS-Si danaxarjis meoTxedi kongresis arCevnebze ifare-ba e.w. politikuri qmedebebis komitetebisagan. profesiulilobirebis gafurCqvna xdeba 1980 wlidan britaneTSi, romel-mac gamoiwvia aq seriozuli SiSi, rom parlamentis wevrebisxvadasxva saqmiani interesebidan gamomdinare TavianTi amom-rCevlebis interesebs naklebad daicavdnen.

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Tqma unda maSin, roca maT ara aqvT realuri mniSvneloba daSesaZlebloba gavlena iqonio politikaze. amas garda, asam-bleebi asruleben ganmanaTleblobiT davalebebs, zogjer ZalianmniSvnelovans, ramdenadac saparlamento debatebi aZlevs xalxsinformacias mTavrobaze da mTavar problemaze im politikuridrois wesrigis Sesaxeb, romelic dgas qveynis winaSe.

dRes sakanonmdeblo krebis propagandis da ganaTlebisfunqcia ufro ipyrobs masiur sainformacio saSualebebs.

eleqtronuli mediis gavrceleba, saSualebas aZlevsmTavrobas pirdapir mimarTos milionobiT amomrCevels da arunda iyos damokidebuli, rogorc uwin, saparlamento angariSe-bze. rogorc Sedegi, dRes sakanonmdeblo krebis avtoritetiufro metad damokidebulia araTu maT sakonstitucio statusze,aramed im yuradRebaze, romelsac maT presa uTmobs. am mizeziTasambleebi zogjer ise Sewuxebulebi arian imiT, rom sxdomateleviziiT Suqdeba. aSS-Si kongresis mosmenas ar eqnebodaiseTi zemoqmedeba sazogadoebaze, rom ar yofiliyo misi televiziiTgaSuqebis tradicia. did britaneTSi televizia ar daiSvebodaTemTa palataSi 1989 wlamde. swored am wels pirvelad iqnatelevizia daSvebuli sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles sabWoSi.

sakanonmdeblo krebis struqturasakanonmdeblo krebis struqturasakanonmdeblo krebis struqturasakanonmdeblo krebis struqturasakanonmdeblo krebis struqtura

sakanonmdeblo Sekrebebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgandamokidebulebiT. misi wevrebi ase vTqvaT, SeiZleba iyvnenarCeulebi, daniSnulebi an memkvidreobiT miiRon TavianTiadgilebi, SeiZleba am principebis kombinaciac; Semdeg, Tumisi wevrebi eqvemdebarebian arCevnebs, maTi arCeva SeuZliamosaxleobas an regionebs, an kidev Statebs. saarCevno uflebaSeiZleba iyos sayovelTao an SezRudvebiT, amasTan erTadSeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva saarCevno sistemebi. farTod gansx-vavdeba sakanonmdeblo krebis masStabebi. patara respublikanayrus, romelic mdebareobs wynari okeanis dasavleT cen-tralur nawilSi, asambleaSi hyavs 18 wevri. sawinaaRmdegopolusze Cven vxedavT 2000 kacian saxalxo krebas CineTSi,sadac TiToeuli deputati warmoadgens 350 aTas kacze mets.amasTan mTavari struqturuli gansxvaveba sakanonmdeblokrebebs Soris ar aris is, rom Sedgebian Tu ara isini erTi anori palatisagan da ra rols TamaSoben maTSi komitetebi.

politikuri gadaadgileba da momzadebapolitikuri gadaadgileba da momzadebapolitikuri gadaadgileba da momzadebapolitikuri gadaadgileba da momzadebapolitikuri gadaadgileba da momzadeba

sakanonmdeblo krebebi xSirad moqmedeben, rogorc poli-tikuri rekrutirebis arxebi. aq vlindeba aSesaZlebloba datalanti im xalxisa, romelic Semdeg politikuri liderixdeba. naklebad, magram es exeba avtoritarul saxelmwifoeb-sac, sadac sakanonmdeblo krebebi Stamps adebs gadawyvetile-bebs garedan, amitom iSviaTad izidaven seriozul politiko-sebs saprezidento sistemidan, sadac xelisuflebis danaw-ilebisas aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas ar SeuZlia TavisTvisasambleis wevrebis rigebidan rekrutireba. iseTi prezident-ebi, rogorebic iyvnen kenedi da niqsoni, dasawyisSi iyenebdnenkongresis wevrebis xmas, Tumca qveynis saerTo tendencia mdgo-mareobs imaSi, rom prezidentebad xdebian yofili guberna-torebi, magram saparlamento sistemebSi yofna aucilebelipirobaa ministrebisa da premier-ministrebis karierisaTvis.bevr ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi sakanonmdeblokrebebi zrdis liderebis momaval Taobas, romlebsac eZle-vaT Sansi da SesaZleblobebi daagrovon aucilebeli poli-tikuri gamocdileba, magram asambleebi am davalebebs verumklavdebian. ra Tqma unda, politikosi parlamentSi yovelTvisiswavlis ritorikas, an `sityvis wamosrolis xelovnebas~,magram mas aqvs ufro naklebi Sansi daeuflos aq im biurokra-tiul da sammarTvelo gamocdilebas, romelsac iTxovenmTavrobaSi. miT umetes, asambleebi nawilobriv `afuWeben~politikosebs, aswavlian ra yvelanair wesebsa da Rirebule-bebs, romlebic mxolod ganacalkeveben maT amomrCevlebisaganda rigiTi partiuli muSakebisagan. yoveli SemTxvevisTvisdadgenilia, rom parlamentar-socialistebisaTvis parlamen-tarizmis idea ufro axlosaa, vidre socializmi.

rrrrreJimis eJimis eJimis eJimis eJimis legitimurobalegitimurobalegitimurobalegitimurobalegitimuroba

parlamentis bolo funqciaa _ iTanamSromlos reJimislegitimaciasTan. parlamenti aq, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,asrulebs Tavis rols imaSi, rom sazogadoebam miiRos arsebu-li marTvis sistema, rogorc ̀ kanonieri~, ̀ swori~, ̀ gardauva-li~ da a.S. swored am mizeziT avtoritaruli da totali-taruli respublikebic ki moTminebiT itanen asambleebs, ra

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erTi Tu ori palata?erTi Tu ori palata?erTi Tu ori palata?erTi Tu ori palata?erTi Tu ori palata?

odesRac iugoslavia eqsperiments atarebda xuTpalatianiparlamentiT, 1984 wlidan 1999 wlamde samxreT afrikas hqondasampalatiani asamblea. asambleebis umetesobas gaaCnia erTian ori palata. erTpalatiani asambleebi iyo aqamde gavr-celebuli afrikaSi, dRes aseTs warmoadgens CineTis sakanon-mdeblo kreba. amasve vxedavT mTel rig postsocialur sax-elmwifoebSi, romlebsac memkvidreobiT ergoT TavianTi asam-bleebi wina droebidan. sainteresoa rom meore msoflio omisdros erTpalatiani asambleebis tendencia mTel msoflioSiiyo TvalsaCino: israelma 1948 wels daamkvidra erTpalatianiparlamenti (qneseTi), meore palatebi gaauqmes 1950 wels axalzelandiaSi, 1954 wels – daniaSi, 1970 wels – SveicariaSi.arsebobs zogierTi mowmoba imis sasargeblod, rom erTpala-tiani asambleebi ufro efeqturia da misaRebi vidre orpala-tianebi. gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme exeba arc Tu isebevri da SedarebiT socialuri sazogadoebis moTxovnebs.abat siesis cnobili gamonaTqvamis mixedviT (1789 w.) „Tukizeda palata eTanxmeba qvedas, is ar aris saWiro, Tu ar eT-anxmeba sazianoa”. saxelmwifoTa umetes nawils or palatianiasambleebi aqvT.

saqme imaSia rom orpalatiani parlamentebi gamodianliberaluri konstitucionalizmis principiT. es imitom, romsaxeldobr es principi yvelaze metad gamoxatavs winaaRmde-gobebs, rogorc parlamentis SigniT, aseve parlamentisa daaRmasrulebel xelisuflebas Soris.

yvela 16 federaciul saxelmwifos aqvs orpalatianiparlamenti, 14 amaTgan zeda palatas warmoadgens provinciebian Statebi. ukanasknels SuZlia hqondes an Tanabari warmo-madgenloba, rogorc avstraliaSi Sveicariasa da aSS-Sia, aniyvnen warmodgenilebi TavianTi mosaxleobis raodenobismixedviT, rogorc avstriasa da germaniaSia. arafederaciulsaxelmwifoebSi zeda palata asrulebs davalebas, gadawyvi-tos regionaluri winaaRmdegobebi. politikuri sistemebisumravlesobaSi konstituciurad da politikurad meore pala-ta eqvemdebareba pirvels, romelic moiazreba rogorc sax-alxo universitetis adgilmdebareoba. ufro metad es damaxa-siaTebelia saparlameto sistemebisaTvis, sadac mTavroba an-gariSvaldebulia qveda palatis winaSe da TiTqmis formird-

mivaqcioT yuradReba. rogoria orpalatiani sistemaZlieri da susti mxareebiT.

orpalatiani sistemis ZiriTadi Rirseba aseTia:• zeda palatebi zRudaven qveda palatebis xelisufle-

bas da aferxeben ̀ umciresobis diqtaturas~.• orpalatiani Sekreba ufro efeqturia, vidre erTpala-

tiani, igi aRmasrulebeli organos Zalauflebas zRu-davs, imdenad ramdenadac, ara erTi, aramed ori palataavlens mTavrobis moqmedebis ama Tu im nakls.

• orpalatiani kreba afarToebs warmomadgenlobas danebas rTavs TiToeul palatas gamoxatos amomrCevelTasxvadasxva interesi.

• meore palatis arseboba iZleva ufro xarisxiani dagulmodgine sakanonmdeblo muSaobis garantias. amasTanerTad, meore palata am samuSaos nawils Tavis Tavze iRebs,pirveli palatis SesaZlo Sescdomebis gamosworebiT.

• meore palatas SeuZlia gamovides konstituciis meTva-lyureobis garantad, SeaCeros sadavo kanonproeqtebis miRevada ufro meti dros dauTmos ganxilvebs da debatebs.

orpalatiani sistemis nakli SeiZleba iyos Semdegi:• erTpalatiani kreba ufro efeqturia imitom, rom meore

palatis arsebobam SeiZleba gaarTulos sakanonmdebloprocesi.

• ori palata xSirad ewinaaRmdegeba demokartiuli gam-ovlinebebis principebs, gansakuTrebiT roca maTi wevrebian iniSnebian an irCevian arapirdapiri wesiT.

• orpalatiani sistemebi ixrebian institucionalurikonfliqtisaken

• orpalatiani krebebi zRudaven politikuri gadaw-yvetilebebis miRebis procesTan xelmisawvdomobas. sa-kanonmdeblo kiTxvebSi bolo sityva ekuTvnis gaerTianeb-ul komitetebs.

• meore palatebi xSirad arian konservatiulebi, rom-lebic gamodian politikuri elitis interesebis ma-tareblad.

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orpalatiani asambleebis kidev erTi pretenzia mdgomar-eobs imaSi, rom isini miesalmebian konservatiul tendenciebs.Tu romelime palata asrulebs Tavis funqcias konstituci-uri struqturis dasacavad, rodesac rTuldeba radikalurian sadavo xasiaTis kanonebis gasvla, aseTi tendencia SeiZle-ba gamarTlebuli iqnas. xdeba isec, rom meore palata blokavsan ar aRiarebs kanonebs, romlebic miRebulia demokratiuladarCeuli qveda palatis mier. paradoqsulia, magram SiZlebasawinaaRmdegoc, bolo dros amerikis senati ufro liber-aluri iyo vidre warmomadgenelTa palata, xolo did brita-neTSi 1980-ian wlebSi lordTa palata gamovida ufro ZliermowinaaRmdeged tetCeris mTavrobis mimarT, vidre TemTa pal-ata.

komitetis upiratesoba da naklikomitetis upiratesoba da naklikomitetis upiratesoba da naklikomitetis upiratesoba da naklikomitetis upiratesoba da nakli

komiteti – es aris arc Tu ise didi samuSao jgufi,romelic Sedgeba romelime didi organos wevrebisagan da aqvsgansakuTrebiTi uflebamosileba. specialuri komitetebi ma-galiTad iqmnebian romelime konkretuli davalebis gadasaw-yvetad da isini daiTxovebian am davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg.mudmivi komitetebi floben grZelvadian uflebamosilebas.komitetebma daiwyes ufro mniSvnelovani rolis TamaSi xe-lisuflebis sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel organoebSi.

komitetis upiratesobisagan SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi:komitetebSi SeiZleba waradgino sxvadasxva Sexedulebe-

bi, azrebi da interesebikomitetebi uflebas aZleven Caataron ufro grZelvadi-

ani, yovlismomcveli da detaluri diskusiebi.maT xelewifebaT ufro efeqturi da Cqari gadawyvetile-

bebis miReba. sawinaaRmdego azris SezRudva.komitetebSi SeiZleba Sromis danawileba, romelic xels

Seuwyobs dagrovil codnas da gamocdilebas. amasTan ko-mitetebi mainc imsaxureben kritikas.

is vinc afuZnebs komitets SeuZlia dabrkolebis gareSemisiT imanipuliros.

komitetebis muSaobaSi Cadebulia tendencia central-izaciisaken, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu Tavjdomaris roli ga-nusazRvrelia.

eba misis wevrebisagan. norvegiaSi da holdandiaSi yvelakanonproeqti, xolo indoeTSi, kanadasa da did britaneTSiyvela finansuri kanonproeqti SeaqvT qveda palataSi gansax-ilvelad. amasTan erTad meore palatas SeiZleba hqondesvetos dadebis ufleba. iaponiaSi pirvel palatas SeuZliaumravlesobis 2/3 – iT gadalaxos meore palatis nebismierigadawyvetileba. did britaneTSi lordTa palatas SeuZliaerTi wliT gadados daufinansebeli kanonmdeblobis ganxil-va da SeuZlia agreTve veto daados saparlamento arCevnebisgadatanis vadebs. umetes SemTxvevaSi meore palatis sisustemomdinareobs iqidan, rom mas ufro viwro warmomadgenlobahyavs. germaniaSi ,avstriasa da indoeTSi mis wevrebs irCevenarapirdapiri gziT, belgiaSi malaiziasa da irlandiaSi erT-maneTs erwymis arCevnebi da daniSvnebic. britaneTSi lord-Ta palata „nominirebs” orpalatiani ansableis ufro Zlierversias. italiaSi deputatTa palata da senati irCeva pirda-piri arCevnebis gziT da sargeblobs Tanabari sakanonmdebloxelisuflebiT. saarCevno kolegia, romelic orive palatasirCevs, aq aseve irCevs prezidents, xolo premier ministrs daministrTa sabWos koleqtiuri pauxismgebloba aqvs yvela sa-kanonmdeblo Sekrebis winaSe. aSS-s kongresi SeiZleba war-moadgendes asambleis erTaderT magaliTs, romelSic dominirebszeda palata. sagadasaxado dabegvris yvela kanoni SeaqvTwarmomadgenlobiT palataSi, mxolod senats aqvs ufleba mo-laparakebis ratificireba moaxdinos da daniSvnebi daamtki-cos.

sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis yvelaze didi problemaor palatas Soris mosalodneli konfliqtia, rodesac maTaqvT erTnairi Zalaufleba, aucilebelia raRacnairi meqanizmi,romelic daexmareba mas SesaZlebeli uTanxmoebis gadawyveta-Si. xSirad, aseTi meqanizmis rols Cven vxedavT aSS-s kongre-sis komitetis saxiT, romelSic gaerTianebulia orive pala-tis wamyvani figurebi da romlebsac neba darTuli aqvTSesabamis SemTxvevebSi gamoimuSaon kompromisuli gadawyvetile-ba, Tumca qveda palata (bundestagi) sakanonmdeblo funqciiTaris mTavari, zeda palatas (bundesrats) aqvs vetos uflebakonstiticiuri mniSvnelobis sakiTxebze, aseve miwebTan dakav-SirebiT. uTanxmoebis wamoWris SemTxvevaSi isini gadaecemagaerTianebul SemTanxmeblur komitets, romelic Sedgeba orivepalatis Tanabari raodenobis wevrebisagan.

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denime sameTvalyureo komiteti aramudmivi funqciebiT.3. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, uwinares yovlisa maT,

romlebsac yvelaze metad aRelvebT sazogadoeba da iTxovenTavisebur gamoZiebas iqmneba specialuri komitetebi, arc Tuise didi xnis win aSS-s istoriaSi magaliTad gamoZiebebi-saTvis ufro cnobili komiteti iyo irvinis komiteti uoter-geitsis saqmeze da warmomadgenelTa palatis antiamerikulisaqmianobis komiteti, romelmac gaiTqva saxeli Tavisi makar-tizmiT.

msoflios sakanonmdeblo krebebi SeiZleba daiyos samkategoriad:

1. asambleebi, romlebic politikas akeTeben, floben sak-mao damoukideblobas da aqtiurad zemoqmedeben politikurprocesebze.

2. asambleebs, romlebic gavlenas axdenen politikaze,SeuZliaT ase Tu ise Secvalon politikuri procesi, rommxolod da mxolod reagireba moaxdinos aRmasrulebeli xe-lisuflebis iniciativaze.

3. asambleebi, rmlebic eqvemdebarebian aRmasrulebelxelisuflebas, floben mxolod umniSvnelo gavlenas poli-tikaze da umetes SemTxvevaSi mxolod „Stamps” adeben gadaw-yvetilebas, romlebic maT kedlebs miRma miiRes.

asambleebi, romlebic qmnian politikas msoflioSi Zaliancotaa. realuri poziciuri gavlena rom aRmouCinos poli-tikur process, asamblea unda pasuxobdes sam kategorias:

1. flobdes sakmaod konstituciur statuss da avtoritets.2. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan unda flobdes re-

alur politikur damoukideblobas.3. udna hqondes sakmarisi monoliTuroba.Tanamedrove periodSi yvelaze naTeli, SeiZleba erTad-

erTic, politikis mkeTebeli asamblea aris aSS-s kongresi. esSeiZleba iyos unikaluri movlena.. Zalauflebis dayofa aZlevskongress konstitucionalur damoukideblobas da misgan ga-momdinare sxvadasxva saxis uflebas. is garemoeba, rom Sida-partiuli kavSirebi aq SedarebiT sustia, prezidents uflebasarTmevs Cveulebrivi xerxebiT zemoqmedeba moaxdinos sakanon-mdeblo procesebze. suraTs srulyofils xdis komitetebissakmaod mozrdili sistema, da bolos, kongreisis reformebisdroidan 1946-e personalis mizidvis mxriv da informaciismosapoveblad is flobs iseT resursebs, rom am kuTxiT saer-

komitetebi zRudaven Sexedulebebis da interesTa speqtrsromelic yuradRebiT miiReba gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.

komitetebi cdiloben TavianT wevrebs ZiriTadi sam-uSaosagan yuradReba gadaataninon da amiT xels uwodeben“cruwarmomadgenlobis” fenomens.

komitetebikomitetebikomitetebikomitetebikomitetebi

sxvadasxva saxis komiteti aris TiTqmis yvela saxisasambleaSi, ufro metic, varaudoben, rom am sistemis gavrcele-ba sakanonmdeblo Sekrebebze Tu sxvadasxva institutSi av-lens Tanamedrove politikis specialur niSans. komitetebi,rogorc amboben, gamoxataven xelisuflebis arss sakanonmdeb-lo Sekrebebze; vudro vilsonis sityvebiT kongresis Zalau-fleba, es komitetebis xelisuflebaa, kongresi Tavis sesiaze –es publikisTvisaa. kongresi komitetSi komitetis sxdomis-aTvis – es muSaobaa. SemTxveviT araa, rom asambleis muSaobazemaTi komitetebis mixedviT amboben: “Zlier asambleebSi Zlierikomitetia, sustSi – susti”.

sakanonmdeblo krebebze komitetebs aqvT sami funqci-idan erTi mainc:

1. detalurad ganixilaven sakanonmdeblo iniciativebsda dRis wesrigSi arsebul problemebs, romlebic dakavSire-bulni arian finansebTan. am funqciiT isini ara marto amsub-uqeben sakanonmdeblo organos muSaobis simZimes, aramed maTSeuZliaT kanonpreqtis ufro gulmodgine da zusti analizi,vidre es SesaZlebelia “parlamentis tribunidan”. Cveulebriv,yvelaferi es xdeba muSa komitetebSi, romelTa kompetenciaSeiZleba iyos ufro farTo da moqnili, rogorc es didbritaneTsa da safrangeTSia, an viwrospecializirebuli, rogorcgermaniasa da aSS-Sia.

2. komitetebi iqmnebian mTavrobis saqmianobis gasakon-troleblad. am SemTxvevaSi, isini iqmnebian mudmivi da spe-cializirebulni, radgan maT rom Seasrulon TavianTi davale-bebi, gardauvalia iseTive done eqspertizisa, codnisa da in-formaciulobis, rogorsac floben aRmasrulebeli xelisu-flebis organoebi. aSS-s kongresSi magaliTad am funqciebsakisreben mudmivad muSaTa komitetebs, im dros, rogorc ki didbritaneTis da safrangeTis erovnul krebaze yalibdeba ram-

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sac Semdeg moyveboda TeTri saxlis samxedro gziT aReba daprezidentis mmarTvelobis SemoReba. axali konstituciiT,romelic miRebuli iqna 1993 w. umaRlesi sabWo Seicvalafederaluri saTaTbiroTi, romelic Sedgeboda saxelmwifodumisagan (qveda palata) da federaciis sabWo (zeda palata),Tumca federalurma saTaTbirom gamoimuSava seriozuli sa-kanonmdeblo potenciali, misi sxva funqciebi, romlebic asam-bleebs axasiaTebs, jer kidev Zlierni ar arian.

saparlamento sistemisaTvis ufro damaxasiaTebelni arianara `asambleebi~, romlebic qmnian politikas, `aramed asam-bleebi, romlebic zemoqmedeben politikaze~.

Tu ra doziT SeuZlia asambleas zemoqmedeba politika-ze, ganisazRvreba ori faqtoriT: 1. ramdenad gamZlea mmarTve-li partiis pozicia da 2. ramdenad SeuZlia am partias Sein-arCunos Sinagani erTianoba.

saparlamento sistemebi, romlebic SeeCvivnen erTi parti-is xangrZliv mmarTvelobas, Cveulebriv aqvT Zalian sustiasambleebi, radganac isini imyofebian aRmasrulebeli xelisu-flebis mkacri gavlenis an kontrolis qveS. safrangeTis mex-uTe respublikaSi Tavis droze iqna miRebuli mizanmimarTulimcdeloba parlamentis Sesasusteblad, radgan Tavi aeridebi-naT im konfliqturi da obstruqciuli politikisagan, romel-mac ziani miayena meoTxe respublikas. aRmocenda axali, ufroracionaluri sistema, sadac prezidenti dominirebs upirate-sad Tavisi partiis gasakontroleblad, da aseve Tavisi ufleb-is safuZvelze nacionaluri krebis dasaTxovad imis gaTval-iswinebiT, rom SemdegSi moagrovos ufro soliduri umravle-soba. ase moiqca degoli 1962-1968 w.w. xolo miterani 1981-1988wlebSi. degolma Seamcira nacionaluri krebis SesaZleblobe-bi, SezRuda misi kanonSemoqmedebis uflebamosileba imiT, romdaawesa sakonstitucio sabWo uflebiT uzrunvelyo konstitu-cionaluri kanonebis Sesabamisoba. 1981 wels, rodesac gol-istebis batonoba damTavrda, nacionalur krebebs isev gauCndaSesaZlebloba gavlena moexdina politikaze, xolo miteraniiZulebuli iyo eTanamSromla golistebis mTavrobasTan JakSiraqis meTaurobiT. igive ganmeorda konfrontaciaSi Jorpenissocialistur mTavrobasTan. ufro naTel suraTs iZlevianadre arsebuli asambleebi, romlebic miekuTvnebodnen komunis-tur reJims, da ganviTarebadi qveynebis asambleebi. umkacresipartiuli kontroli da arCevnebze Sejibris ararseboba, niS-

Tod saWiroebs TeTri saxlis mxardaWeras. am upiratesobebismiuxedavad, kongresma meoce saukunis dasawyisSi Tavisi zegav-lena dakarga: „axali kursis” dawyebidan kongresi da masTanerTad amerikeli sazogadoeba politikuri lideris ZiebaSiarian. kongresis mTavari tvirTi prezidentis sakanonmdebloprogramebis ganxilva iyo. kongresis, rogorc politikis ini-ciatoris roli SesamCnevad sustdeboda viTarebaSi, rodesackongresi eqceoda „imperiuli” prezidentebis zegavlenis qveS.„uotergeitsis skandalis” Semdeg kongresi gamococxlda daufro mtkiced dadga TeTr saxlTan mimarTebaSi da amasTanaveman mTeli rigi reformebic gaatara sakomiteto sistemebSi.zegavlena Seumcirda mis Tavjdomareebs, xolo partiuli dis-ciplina ki ufro ganmtkicda: partiebi daniSvnebze axdenenzegavlenas. kongresis ufro naTeli cda, aeRo Tavis xelSisajaro politikis kontroli, ekuTvnis arCevnebis Semdgomperiods (1994), rodesac respublikuri umravlesoba warmomad-genelTa palatis spikerma niuton gingriCenma wamoayenaradikaluri programa gadasaxadebisa da saxelmwifo xarjebisSemcirebis Sesaxeb lozungiT: `awarmoo molaparakebaamerikasTan~. politikis mkeTebeli asambleebis sxva magali-Tis danaxva SeiZleboda ssrk-Si, sadac gorbaCovis politikuriprogramis mTavar komponentad 1980-ian wlebSi iyo ̀ mudmivadmomsmeni~ ssrk-s umaRlesi sabWos Secvla saerTo saxalxodarCeuli deputatTa sabWos mier. konstituciis muxliT xe-lisuflebaze partiuli monopolis Secvlis Sesaxebkvaldakval Seiqmna analogiuri parlamentebi yvela TxuTmetsabWoTa respublikaSi _ pirveli da istoriulad axali situ-acia qveynisaTvis, rasac politikuri pluralizmi hqvia. rode-sac 1991 w. konservatorulma Zalebma moaxdines putCi gorba-Covis gadayenebis mizniT, parlamentis SenobaSi mogvevlinaelcini, romelic Caudga saTaveSi brZolas putCistebTan.

putCis kraxi da sabWoTa kavSiris daSla 1991 w. de-kemberSi elcins Semoubrunda imiT, rom mas ganudga parlamen-ti, romelic mtrulad uyurebda mis liberalur politikas.elcini iZulebuli gaxda gaenTavisuflebina Tavisi mTavro-bis ZiriTadi ministrebi da Seenelebina qveynis ekonomikurireformebi. swored am periodSi ruseTis parlamenti moqmedeb-da rogorc ̀ politikis mkeTebeli asamblea~. yvelaferi damTavr-da 1993 w. oqtomberSi, rodesac konservatorebma kvlav moawyvesamboxeba elcinis mcdelobis gamo daeTxova parlamenti, romel-

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oratorebs (unda gvaxsovdes, rom masobrivi informaciis saSu-alebebs SeuZliaT rogorc asambleebis aRzeveba, aseve talaxSiamosvra). ufro TvalnaTelia tendencia parlamentebis profe-sionaluri muSaobisaTvis. aSS-is kongresis magaliTze bevriasamblea amagrebs Tavis komitetebs, afarToebs TavianT person-alebs da TiToeuls aniWeben met SesaZleblobas.

ufro metic, did britaneTSi da sxva saxelmwifoebSiasambleebi xdebian ufro damoukidebelni. am dros partiebiSinaganad metad disciplinirebulebi xdebian. dRes yvelazemetad informirebulni amomrCevlebi arian da isini parla-mentSi TavianTi warmomadgenlobisagan ufro mets moiTxoven,meore mxirv, imdenad ganaTlebuli da kargad momzadebuliparlamentarebi ufro naklebad arian mzad imoqmedon vinmesmiTiTebiT. saerTo gageba imisa, rom politikuri sistemislegitimacia da stabiluroba ukavSirdeba misi parlamentisxarisxs, iZleva garantias: Tu sadme asamblea xdeba ufrosusti, amis Sesaxeb aucileblad iqneba protesti gamoxatuli.sakiTxi dgas ase: saWiro balansis moZebna aRmasrulebel dasakanonmdeblo frTebs Soris ver gaeqceva sufTa normatiulmoTxovnebs imasTan mimarTebaSi, rom sazogadoeba erTi mxriv,saWiroebs politikur warmomadgenlobas, meore mxriv _ ZliermTavrobas.

daskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebi

• termini ̀ sakanonmdeblo kreba~ (saTaTbiro), ̀ asamblea~,`legislatura~ da ̀ parlamenti~ ixmareba, rogorc sinonimebi.termini ̀ asamblea~ (kreba), SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom es insti-tuti sxva gagebiT warmoadgens TiTon xalxs, romelmac ndobagamoucxada araprofesional politikosebs da ara saxelm-wifo Cinovnikebs. termini ̀ legislatura~ arc Tu ise zustia,ramdenadac asambleebi iSviaTad floben monopolias sakanon-mdeblo xelisuflebaze. termini ̀ parlamenti~ aqcents akeTebsim momentze, rom asambleebi forumebs emsaxurebian sadisku-siod da politikuri problemebis Zirfesviani ganxilvisaTvis.

• saparlamento sistema _ sistemaa, romelSic saxelm-wifo mmarTveloba realizdeba parlamentis meSveobiT. par-lamentis wevrebisagan yalibdeba xelisufleba da es xelisu-fleba parlaments eqvemdebareba. saprezidento sistema dam-

navda, rom asambleebi imuSavebdnen mTavrobis gadawyvetileba-Ta erTsulovani mxardaWeris atmosferoSi. kontroli odnavdasustdeboda Tu ara, reJimebi umal ganicdidnen ryevas. mag:`solidarobis~ damajerebelma gamarjvebam 1989 w. poloneTissaparlamento arCevnebze Ziri mouTxara komunistur mmarTvelobas,romelic aq 1945 wlidan arsebobda. aziis da afrikis ganvi-Tarebad qveynebSi asambleebi axdendnen sazogadoebis integr-irebas, vidre realurad moqmedebdnen politikaze. mTavari maTifunqciaa uzrunvelyon politikuri sistemis legitimacia.

asambleis mniSvnelobis Taviseburi maCvenebeli amnairsaxelmwifoebSi aris Semdegi: diqtaturis xelisuflebaSi,mosvlisTanave Tu ar daxures, aCereben parlamentis muSaobas.

asambleis rolis dacemaze didi xania saubroben, xoloaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb SeSfoTe-ba utoldeba bourokratias da 19 saukunis bolosTvis aRwevspiks. SeSfoTeba aixsneba imiT, rom monteskies da lokis droidanasambleebi iyvnen warmomadgenlobiTi, mTavrobis ideis mTa-vari matareblebi. sakiTxavia, sWirdeba Tu ara kargi mmarTvelo-ba Zlier asambleas. parlamentis Zalaufleba SeiZleba iyosmTavari, ganusazRvreli, metismeti, gansakuTrebiT maSinac, rocaamis gamo politikuri procesi iwyebs ̀ erT adgilze gaCere-bas~. amasTan dakavSirebiT, magaliTad aSS-s kongresSi arianaramarto aRtacebuli enTuziastebi, aramed kritikosebic. dResyvela Tanaxmaa, rom me-20 saukuneSi asambleebis Zalauflebada statusi Seicvala uaresisken, SeiZleba Tu ara aq laparakiasambleebis rolis dacemaze an maTi miznebis da funqciebisSecvlaze? _ es ukve sxva sakiTxia.

am cvlilebebbis gamowvevis mTavari faqtorebia:•disciplinaruli politikuri partiis aRmoceneba;•`didi mTavrobis~ gamovlena;•asambleebis organizaciuli sisuste;•interesTa jgufebis gavrceleba da masobrivi informa-

ciebis saSualebebze Zalauflebis gaZliereba.

sakanonmdeblo krebebis renesansisakanonmdeblo krebebis renesansisakanonmdeblo krebebis renesansisakanonmdeblo krebebis renesansisakanonmdeblo krebebis renesansi

bolo xanebSi parlamentebi iqcnen axali `politikurikomunikaciebis meqanizmebad~, da Cven vxedavT im mzadyofnas, Turogori asambleebi uReben TavianT karebs Jurnalistebs da

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Tavi XIVTavi XIVTavi XIVTavi XIVTavi XIVaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaaRmasrulebeli xelisufleba

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba saxelmwifos absoluturadaucilebeli atributia. politikurma sistemebma SeiZleba if-unqcioniron konstituciis, sakanonmdeblo krebis, sasamarT-losa da partiis gareSe, magram maT ar SeuZliaT arsebobaaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gareSe, vinaidan rom ara esukanaskneli saxelmwifo ver SeimuSavebda sakuTar politikasda Sesabamisad verc cxovrebaSi gaatarebda mas.

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisstruqtura da funqciebistruqtura da funqciebistruqtura da funqciebistruqtura da funqciebistruqtura da funqciebi

vin vin aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sistemaSivin vin aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sistemaSivin vin aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sistemaSivin vin aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sistemaSivin vin aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sistemaSi

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba aris saxelmwifoebrivimarTvis sistemis ganStoeba, romelic pasuxismgebelia “Ses-rulebaze”, anu politikis ganxorcielebaze. praqtikaSi misipasuxismgeblobis sfero bevrad ufro farTo da rTulia, vi-dre aRniSnuli gansazRvra gulisxmobs. agreTve rTulia aR-masrulebeli xelisuflebis struqturac. pirvel rigSi aR-masrulebeli xelisuflebis sitema moicavs ̀ politikur~ da`biurokratiul~ elementebs anu politikosebsa da saxelm-wifo moxeleebs, ufro farTod ki, politikisa da adminis-traciis sferoebs. aseve, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Sig-niT arsebobs danayofebi statusisa da pasuxismgeblobis sf-eroebis mixedviT. im dros, rodesac asambleebi muSaoben par-lamentTan Tanasworobis formalur principze dayrdnobiT,aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, rogorc wesi, marTavs “pirami-dis princips” anu ierarqiul organizebas. martivad rom vTq-vaT, am SemTxvevaSi viRacas ufro meti, viRacas ki ufro nakle-bi mniSvneloba eniWeba.

ufro mkafio gansxvaveba politikur da biurokrati-ul elementebs Soris, yovel SemTxvevaSi Teoriulad mainc,vlindeba saparlamento sistemebSi maTTvis damaxasiaTebe-li politikuri rekrutirebis gansakuTrebuli meqanizme-biT. aq aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRles politikurrgols (premier-ministri da kabinetis ministrebi) Sead-genen parlamentSi arCeuli politikosebi, romlebic pasux-

yarebulia Zalauflebis ganawilebaze asambleis da aRmas-rulebel institutebs Soris. amiT iqmneba sistema, romelSicori damoukidebeli Sto erTmaneTze zemoqmedebs da Zliergavlenas axdens.

• asambleebi ganasaxiereben TavianT TavSi kavSirs sax-elmwifo mmarTvelobis sistemis da sazogadoebas Soris _ esTaviseburi komunikaciuri arxia, romlis meSveobiT sazoga-doeba saxelmwifos uzrunvelyofs mxardaWeriT, saxelmwifoki sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebze reagirebs. asambleis mTa-vari funqciebia _ kanonebis miReba, warmomadgenlobiTi orga-nos saxiT moqmedeba, saxelmwifos mimarT iyos Tavisebur ma-kontrolebel instanciad, ganaxorcielos politikosebis re-krutireba da mocemuli politikuri sistemis legitimurobasmxari dauWiros.

• asamblea erTi an ori palatisagan Sedgeba. orpala-tianobis upiratesoba imaSia, rom is aiZulebs politikur siste-maSi Sekavebas da masi moaqvs ufro farTo warmomadgenlobisidea, rac ufro mniSvnelovania federaciuli sistemebisaTvis.misi nakli imaSi gamoixateba, rom politikuri procesi masSixSirad neldeba da zogjer CixSi Sedis. sakanonmdeblo proce-sis maRal dones parlamentis komiteti gansazvravs: Zlierasambleas hyavs _ Zlieri komiteti; susts _ susti.

• asamblea iSiaTad akeTebs politikas, Cveulebrivad ismarto gavlenas axdens politikaze, an da mTlianad kontro-lirdeba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebiT. Zalauflebis mocu-loba, romelsac flobs asamblea, rigi faqtorebiT ganisazRvreba;asambleis konstituciuri ZlevamosilebebiT, aRmasrulebelixelisuflebisagan politikuri damoukideblobis xarisxiT,partiuli sistemis xasiaTiT da asambleis Sida monolitur-obis xarisxiT.

• asambleis dacema Sewuxebas gamoxatavs, imitom rom isiniyovelTvis asocirdebodnen warmomadgenlobiTi da pasuxismge-beli mTavrobis idealTan. asambleebi kargaven TavianT uwin-del mniSvnelobas imis gamo, rom gamoCndnen partiebi ZlierisaSinao politikuri discipliniT. gaizarda mTavrobis roli,aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ufro safuZvlianad ayalibebsda amyarebs politikas, vidre parlamenti da bolos, gamoCndamravalgvari interesTa jgufebi da masobrivi informaciissaSualebebi da maTi mniSvneloba sistematurad matulobs.

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lia warmovidginoT rogorc saxelmwifos ZiriTadi birTvi.aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis politikuri rgolis wevrebsyovelTvis uxdebaT ramdenime funqciis Sesruleba, zogjererTdrouladac ki. metad mniSvnelovan dargebs warmoad-genen:

• ceremonialuri xasiaTis movaleobebi;• politikis ganxorcielebaze kontroli;• politikuri lideroba, rogorsac mas sazogadoeba xedavs;• saxelmwifo samsaxuris marTva;• krizisul situaciebSi gadawyvetilebebis miReba.saxelmwifoTa da mTavrobaTa meTaurebi, ufro nakle-

bad ki ministrebi erTgvarad ganasaxiereben saxelmwifos.saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis personificirebiT isinisimbolurad warmoadgenen sakuTriv mTeli qveynis erTianobas.am rols umTavresad formaluri da ceremonialuri xasiaTiaqvs, romelic vrceldeba iseT SemTxvevebze, rogoricaa sax-elmwifo RonisZiebebi, sazRvargareTuli vizitebi, saerTa-Soriso konferenciebi, xelSekrulebebis ratifikacia da sax-elmwifo kanonebze xelis mowera. arsebobs politikuri siste-mebi, sadac aseTi ceremonialuri movaleobebis Sesrulebaekisreba ̀ arammarTvel~ prezidents an monarqs maSin, rode-sac aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sxva pirebi dakavebulniarian saxelmwifos yoveldRiuri saqmeebiT. magram unda iTq-vas, rom mocemuli roli cdeba ubralo ceremonialurobisCarCoebs da realurad mas gacilebiT didi mniSvnelobaaqvs.

kontroli politikis ganxorcielebazekontroli politikis ganxorcielebazekontroli politikis ganxorcielebazekontroli politikis ganxorcielebazekontroli politikis ganxorcielebaze

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis politikuri rgolismTavari amocanaa politikuri procesisaTvis mimarTulebismicema da misi kontroli; sazogadoeba misgan moelis ̀ marTva-gamgeobas~. unda iTqvas, rom am rolis mniSvneloba mkveTradgaizarda XX saukuneSi, rodesac saxelmwifo intensiuradafarTovebda Tavis valdebulebebs. upirveles yovlisa aRmas-rulebeli xelisuflebis umaRles matarebelTagan moelianefeqturi ekonomikuri da socialuri programebis ganxor-cielebas, romlebic mTlianad upasuxeben sul ufro garTule-bul sazogadoebaTa moTxovnebs, aseve saxelmwifos mravalf-

ismgebelni arian parlamentis winaSe. maTi amocanaa _ Sei-muSaon da gaataron TavianTi partiisa da ideologiuriprioritetebis Sesabamisi politika. Tumca, ufro farTod“aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis oficialuri pirebi” saku-Tar TavSi aerTianeben saxelmwifo moxeleebsac _ profe-sionalebs, romlebic iniSnebian mTavrobaSi da sakuTarministrebTan mimarTebaSi politikuri neitralitetisa daloialurobis principze dayrdnobiT aRasruleben admin-istraciul politikas.

ufro martivia saubari aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisSigniT ierarqiuli safexurebis Sesaxeb. upirveles yovlisamisi bunebrivi tendenciaa erTi pirovnebis garSemo koncen-trireba. rogorc monteskie werda: “xelisuflebis es Sto,romlis mudmivi sazrunavia Sesrulebis siswrafe, ukeTesadimarTeba ufro erTi, vidre mravali piris meSveobiT”. miuxeda-vad amisa, am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba visaubroT ori Tanamdebo-bis arsebobaze, romelsac erTi da imave pirovneba iTavsebs:erTi mxriv, aris saxelmwifos meTauri _ xSirad simbolurifigura, romelsac gaaCnia mxolod formaluri Zalaufleba,meore mxriv ki _ mTavrobis meTauri, romelic warmoadgenssaxelmwifos mTavar aRmasrulebel pirs farTo politikuripasuxismgeblobiT. maSin, rodesac aSS-is, ruseTisa da safrange-Tis prezidentebi (politikuri JargoniT rom iTqvas) “atarebenor quds”, anu sakuTar TavSi aerTianeben orive kategorias,saparlamento sistemebSi ki zemoT warmodgenili es ori pos-ti gayofilia: aq aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mTavari piripremier-ministria, xolo saxelmwifo meTauris posti rogorcwesi ukavia pirovnebas, romelic partiul da sxva interesebsxelmZRvanelobs.

aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi meTauris Semdeg dgananministrebi (sxva tradiciiT _ mdivnebi), romlebic pasuxismge-belni arian politikis calkeul mimarTulebebze. maTi mima-rTulebebis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare (rogorc wesi ufromniSvnelovan figurebad iTvlebian ekonomikisa da sagareosaqmeTa ministrebi) da imis mixedviT, Sedian Tu ara isinikabinetSi (arian Tu ara kabinetis wvrebi) ministrebs Soriswesdeba garkveuli ierarqia.

martivad rom iTqvas, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebispolitikuri rgolis amocanaa, ̀ win gauZRves sazogadoebas~,ganaxorcielos masSi politikuri lideroba. igi SesaZlebe-

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gadawyvetilebis miReba krizisul situaciebSigadawyvetilebis miReba krizisul situaciebSigadawyvetilebis miReba krizisul situaciebSigadawyvetilebis miReba krizisul situaciebSigadawyvetilebis miReba krizisul situaciebSi

sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasTan SedarebiT aRmasrule-beli xelisuflebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani upiratesoba arismisi unari imoqmedos swrafad da gabedulad. rodesac qveynisSigniT an mis farglebs gareT iqmneba krizisuli situacia,amaze swored aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba reagirebs: amis-aTvis mas gaaCnia yvela saorganizacio saSualeba da ̀ lider-obis~ aucilebeli resursi. amitom aris, rom msoflios sa-kanonmdeblo krebebi, rogorc wesi aRmasrulebel xelisu-flebas gadascemen TiTqmis diqtatorul uflebamosilebasomis SemTxvevaSi, xolo aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis me-Taurs _ sagangebo uflebamosilebas bunebrivi katastrofeb-is, teroristuli safrTxis, masStaburi sawarmoo gaficvebisada samoqalaqo areulobis SemTxvevaSi. cnobilia, rom `sa-gangebo mdgomareobis~ gamocxadebis uflebiT araerTxelborotad usargeblia aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, xSiradimisTvis, raTa savsebiT konstituciuri qmedebis safarvelisqveS daesustebina an saerTod gaenadgurebina opozicia, mag.2007 wlis noemberSi ase moiqca saqarTvelos aRmasrulebelixelisufleba, roca daarbia mitingi da gausworda opozicias.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, aRmasrulebeli xelisulebispolitikuri rgolis Zalaufleba Zlierdeboda politikisdemokratizaciis, sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi saxelmwifos Care-vis, dabolos, msoflios politikuri da ekonomikuri glo-balizaciis mzardi tendenciebis kvaldakval. XX saukuneSixelisuflebis am Stom arsebiTad gaafarTova sakuTari aR-masrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebaTa sfero,daamyara yvelaze mtkice kontroli gazrdil biurokratioulmanqanaze da saerTod sazogadoebisa da masobrivi sainforma-cio saSualebebis Sexedulebis Tanaxmad gaxda ̀ mTavari Zala~saxelmwifoSi. yovelive aman ki, Tavis mxriv, gavlena iqoniaaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Sida organizaciasa da misSigniT funqciaTa ganawilebaze. mkvlevarTa saerTo azrisTanaxmad amgvari procesebiTYyvelaze meti sargebeli aRmas-rulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurma naxa. dRes saxelmwifoTameTaurebs iseTi politikuri da sazogadoebrivi statusiaqvT, rom es maT sakuTar kabinetTan da saerTod mTel poli-tikur garemocvasTan SedarebiT miuwvdomel simaRleze ay-enebs. magram sakvirvelia, Tu rogor eTavseba xelisuflebis

erovani sagareo kavSirebis damyarebas danarCen msofliosTan,sadac Zlierdeba urTierTdamokidebuleba. yovelive amis erT-erTi Sedegia sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebebisa da aRmas-rulebeli xelisuflebis saSualebebis gafarToveba, sadacukanaskneli aSkarad aviwrovebs asambleis tradiciul pasux-ismgeblobaTa sferos.

saxelmwifo samsaxuris marTvasaxelmwifo samsaxuris marTvasaxelmwifo samsaxuris marTvasaxelmwifo samsaxuris marTvasaxelmwifo samsaxuris marTva

Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri akon-trolebs saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcielebis process,mas agreTve uxdeba masTan daqvemdebarebuli saxelmwifosamsaxuris sistemis kontrolic. am mxriv SeiZleba iTqvas,rom aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mwvervali, ministrebida mdivnebi warmoadgenen saxelmwifo marTvis `umaRleseSelons~, romelic warmarTavs saxelmwifo manqanas. am saqmi-anobas gaaCnia Tavisi seqtorebi: aq yvela ministri pasux-ismgebelia Tavis politikur mimarTulebaze; Sesabamisadgayofilia saxelmwifo samsaxuris sistemac. sistemis koor-dinireba xdeba zemodan, risTvisac arsebobs sxvadasxva formiskabineti.

cxadia, arsebobs garkveuli eWvebi mocemuli saxelm-wifo manqanis efeqturobasTan dakavSirebiT. pirvel rigSi,ramdenadac aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis politikur rgol-Si Sedian araprofesionali politikosebi, sakuTari saminis-troebis marTvisaTvis, romlebic dRes uzarmazari masStabe-biT gamoirCevian, maT xSirad ar yofniT kompetencia, xelmZR-vanelobis gamocdileba da administraciuli codna. Semdeg,samTavrobo manqanis calkeuli qvedanayofebi ganuxrelad mis-deven sakuTar interesebs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac amiskenmaT garedan ubiZgeben interesTa msxvili jgufebi. dabolos,biurokratias principSi gaaCnia sakuTar interesebze fiqristendencia, romlebic aucilebeli ar aris, rom emTxveodnenaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis interesebs, ris gamoc igi xan-daxan sastikad ewinaaRmdegeba kontrols Tavisi politikurixelmZRvanelobis mxridan.

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am sistemebSi prezidentis Zalaufleba SeiZleba atareb-des, rogorc SezRudul, aseve SeuzRudav xasiaTs. pirvel SemTx-vevaSi misi uflebamosilebebi SezRudulia mag. iseTi faq-toriT, rogoricaa konstitucia; mocemul sazogadoebaSi miRe-buli esa Tu is demokratiuli norma; partiuli konkurencia;xelisuflebis ganawileba, magram igi gawonasworebulia sa-jarod arCeuli parlamentis mier. am saxis prezidentobistipiuri magaliTia aSS. arseboben agreTve naxevrad saprezi-dento sistemebi (semi-prezidental system) magaliTad, rogori-caa safrangeTSi, saqarTvelosa da fineTSi. im sistemebSi,sadac prezidentis uflebamosilebebi SeuzRudavia, is gamo-dis TiTqmis absoluturi Zalauflebis matareblad, rac amreJims aaxloebs diqtaturasTan. amgvar suraTs Cven vawydebiTsaxelmwifoebSi sadac erTpartiuli sistemebia. aseT qveyana-Ta ricxvSia libia, indonezia, erayi.

amerikuli modelis saprezidento sistemam mTels msof-lioSi warmoSva mibaZvis mravali magaliTi, gansakuTrebiTlaTinur amerikaSi, mogvianebiT ki iseT post-komunistur sax-elmwifoebSi, rogoricaa poloneTi, ungreTi, CexeTi da ruseTi,Tumca ruseTis gamoklebiT, saprezidento sistemebis umravle-soba funqcionirebs saparlamento sistemebis CarCoebSi. amerikiskonstituciis Semqmnelebi gadascemdnen ra aRmasrulebelxelisuflebas prezidents, acnobierebdnen, rom amiT isiniqmnidnen Tavisi arsiT `samefos demokratiuli arCevnebiT~.magram miiswrafvodnen ra Zalauflebis winaaRmdeg borotadgamoyenebisken, romelic maTi rwmeniT damaxasiaTebeli iyobritaneTis samefo karisTvis, maT SeimuSaves parlamentis, prez-identisa da sasamarTlo sistemebis Soris xelisuflebisganawilebis sakmaod rTuli da gonebamaxviluri meqanizmi.riCard noiStadma (Richard Neustadt, 1964) am process _ `xe-lisuflebis ganawileba misi erToblivad ganxorcielebi-sas~ ewoda. Tumca prezidents gadaeca saxelmwifos oficial-uri meTauris, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurisa (kon-gresis mier miRebul kanonebze vetos dadebis uflebiT), Sei-araRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlisa da sagareo politikisxelmZRvanelis uflebamosilebebi. yovelive es Tavdapirve-lad gawonasworebuli iyo kongresisaTvis miniWebuli ufle-bamosilebebiT. kongresi, ZiriTadad, acxadebs oms da SeuZliagadalaxos prezidentis veto, senats ki ekuTvnis xelSekrule-bebis damtkicebisa da ratificirebis ufleba. sinamdvileSi,

centralizaciis da personifikaciis aRniSnuli suraTi imprecendentebs, rodesac saxelmwifoTa meTaurebi ver umklavde-bian liderobis tvirTs da Tavs ver arTmeven saqmes, romlisgansaxorcielebladac maT irCeven TavianT postebze. didadaadamokidebuli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis rTuli dinamika,romelic ufro gasagebi gaxdeba Tuki cal-calke ganvix-ilavT prezidentebis, premier-ministrebisa da kabinetebisrols.

TiToeuli am kategoriisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebeliaZalauflebis Semdegi sami aspeqti:

• formaluri an oficialuri ganzomileba _ Tu rogoraris maTi uflebamosilebebi gansazRvruli kon-stituciaSi da Cawerili im institucionalur gare-moSi, sadac isini axorcileban TavianT saqmianobas;

• araoficialuri ganzomileba _ pirovnuli Tvisebebi,politikuri xelovneba da politikosis gamocdileba,misi gavlena partiasa da masobriv sainformaciosaSualebebze;

• garegani ganzomileba _ politikuri, ekonomikuri,diplomatiuri faqtorebi, romlebic moqmedeben sax-elmwifoSi da mis farglebs gareT.

rezidentebirezidentebirezidentebirezidentebirezidentebi

prezidenti warmoadgens saxelmwifos oficialur me-Taurs, igi flobs tituls, romelic sxva politikur sistemeb-Si ekuTvnis monarqs, an vTqvaT, imperators. saWiroa mivuTi-ToT gansxvaveba e.w. ̀ konstituciur~ da ̀ aRmasrulebel~ prez-identebs Soris. ̀ konstituciuri~ prezidenti (magaliTad in-doeTi, israeli da germania) aris figura, romlic ZiriTadadgvxvdeba saparlamento sistemebSi; misi uflebamosilebebiumeteswilad Semoifargleba ceremonialuri xasiaTis mova-leobebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi Zalaufleba ekuTvnis premier-ministrsa da ministrTa kabinets. am TavSi Cven visaubrebT`aRmasrulebel~ prezidentebze _ figurebze, romlebic Tavi-anT TavSi aerTianeben saxelmwifos oficialuri meTaurisfunqciebsa da realur aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas. aseTisaxis prezidentoba damaxasiaTebelia e.w. saprezidento sax-elmwifo sistemebisaTvis.

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ierTobis Taviseburi skaliT~. amasTan iTvaliswineben, Turamdeni sakuTari sakanonmdeblo programis gatareba SeZloprezidentma kongresis winaaRmdegobis gavliT. vietnamis omisada uotergeitis skandalis Semdeg amerikel prezidentebsupirispirdeboda kidev ufro ̀ jiuti~ kongresi, romelic mi-iswrafvoda Zveli poziciebis dabrunebisaken. amis erT-erTgamovlinebad iqca 1974 wlis kanoni, romelic adgenda, romamerikuli samxedro kontingentis sazRvargareT gagzavnisaTvissaWiro iyo kongresis Tanxmoba. kidev ufro mniSvnelovangaremoebas warmoadgens is, rom aSS-Si susti partiuli siste-mis pirobebSi prezidenti arsebiTad moklebulia SesaZle-blobas akontrolos sakanonmdeblo procesi, rogorc es sapa-rlamento sistemebSia. amis praqtikuli mniSvneloba aRmoaCi-na prezidentma karterma 1970-ian wlebSi: kongresi SeiZlebamtrulad iyos ganwyobili prezidentis mimarT maSinac ki,rodesac umravlesoba orive palataSi am ukanasknelis par-tias ekuTvnis.

magram kidev ufro sustdeba prezidentis poziciebi,rodesac kongresze kontrols axorcielebs ara misi, aramedopoziciuri partia. es problema Seeqmna prezident klintonsmas Semdeg, rac 1994 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg kongresi ̀ respub-likelebis~ xelSi gadavida. jorj buS umcrosis poziciebiaseve Sesustda 2001 wels, rodesac demokratebma, mas Semdeg, racmaT miemxro mxolod erTi respublikeli, miiRes upiratesobakongresSi. dabolos, amerikeli prezidentebis mudmiv Tav-satexad rCeba is, rom kongresmenebi, miuxedavad maTi poli-tikuri kuTvnilebisa, umetesad ̀ sakuTari Statis mosaxleo-bis~ (folks back home) saqmeebsa da interesebze fiqroben. esiseT gavlenas axdens saSinao politikaze, rom qveyanaSi ukvesaubroben ̀ prezidentobis gaorebaze~. arsebobs e.w. ̀ saSinaoprezidenti~, romelic mudmivad ganicdis warumateblobebs daSeswevs unari gauZlos oponentebTan morig dapirispirebas, dasaerTaSoriso liderobis aSkara Tvisebebis mqone e.w. ̀ sagar-eo prezidenti~. prezidenti klintonic ki, romelic TaviswinasaarCevno programaSi ekonomikaze koncentrirebis pirobasdebda, Zalian male, rogorc es erTma mimomxilvelma SeniSna`saerTaSoriso politikisaken gadaixara~. dRevandel aSS-Siki es tendencia kidev ufro gaZlierda 2001 wlis 11 seqtem-bris movlenis Semdeg.

Teoriulad federaluri moxeleebis aparati imisTvis

sainteresoa, rom XX saukunis dasawyisamde prezidentoba iyomeore instituti, pirveli ki erovnul politikaSi kongressekuTvnoda.

prezidentoba aSS-Si gardaqmna orma tendenciam. pirv-el rigSi, erovnuli ekonomika imgvarad viTardeboda, rom garkveu-li periodidan mTavrobas mouxda uari eTqva sazogadoebrivcxovrebaSi Caurevlobis tradiciul doqtrinaze da daiwyoekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ufro farTod regla-mentireba. Semdeg, msoflioSi sakuTari poziciebis gafarToe-biT, aSS-ma uari Tqva misTvis tradiciuli izolacionisturpolitikaze, xolo meore msoflio omis Semdeg saerTod gada-iqca bipolaruli msoflios (dRes ki, SeiZleba iTqvas erTpo-laruli msoflios) zesaxelmwifod. prezident franklinruzveltis ̀ axali kursis~ Semdeg aSS-is prezidentebi iqcnenaqtiur sakanonmdeblo Zalad, xolo 1945 wlidan ase vTqvaT,gaexvivnen ̀ Tavisufali msoflios liderebis~ mantiaSi. ufrometic, Tavis droze prezidentma jonsonma da niqsonma isemartivad SeZles vietnamSi omis eskalacia (Tundac kongresismxridan omis formalurad gamocxadebis gareSe), rom bevriTeoretikosi artur Slizingeris (Arthur Schlisinger, 1974)kvaldakval alaparakda amerikul ̀ imperiul prezidentobaze~,romelmac gaarRvia konstituciuri CarCoebi da romelic Tavisnebasurvils karnaxobs xelisuflebis danarCen or Stos.

Tumca saprezidento xelisufleba xSirad warmogvidgebasxvadasxva mxareebis kuTxiTac. ioStadTis klasikuri kvlevis`saprezidento xelisuflebis~ (Presidential Powwer, 1964) daskvne-bi, Tavis mniSvnelobas dResac inarCuneben: umeteswilad prez-identis xelisufleba aris ̀ darwmunebis, vaWrobis, sxvadasxvamoqmedebebisaken waqezebisa da loialobis, zogjer SemovlisZalaufleba, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi diqtati~. TavianTipolitikuri programisaTvis gzis gasakvlevad amerikis prez-identebs uxdebaT oTx poluss Soris lavireba. esenia:

• kongresi;• federaluri Cinovnikebi;• uzenaesi sasamarTlo;• masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi.yvelaze mniSvnelovani aq ra Tqma unda aris urTier-

Tobebi prezidentsa da kongress Soris. aSS-Si sakiTxi imisSesaxeb, Tu ramdenad warmatebuli an warumatebeli iyo esa Tuis konkretuli prezidenti, ganisazRvreba kongresTan ̀ urT-

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is Sesaxeb xSirad saubroben, rogorc meoTxe xelisuflebaze,rac maTi `mudmivad simarTlismaZieblis~ reputaciisa dadamoukideblobis aRiarebaze miuTiTebs. uotergeitis skanda-lis gamoZiebam saqme iqamde miiyvana, rom 1974 wels prezident-ma niqsonma gadawyvita Tanamdebobidan gadamdgariyo, xolomasobriv sainformacio saSualebebSi ̀ uaitvoteris saqmis~1

(whitewater affair) gaSuqebam seriozulad Searyia klintonisadministraciis poziciebi 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi.

is, rom saprezidento sistemebs potenciurad axasi-aTebs konfliqtebi politikur institutebs Soris, aCvenapost-komunistur ruseTSi ganviTarebulma movlenebmac, rode-sac ruseTis federaciis uzenaesi saTaTbiro elciniseuli`Sokuri Terapiis~ mowinaaRmdegeTa kontrolis qveS moeqca.maSin elcinma SeZlo xelisuflebis SenarCuneba armiis mx-ardaWeris meSveobiT, romelmac 1993 wlis oqtomberSi CaaxSoparlamentis gamosvla. amis Semdeg moxda ̀ saprezidento kon-stituciis~ miReba. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, prezidentobisrusulma modelma mainc ar miiRo SeuzRudavi xasiaTi, radga-nac elcini miiswrafvoda epovna wonasworoba ruseTis poli-tikur sistemaSi ukiduresad dinamiur da cvalebad, magramamasTanave winaaRmdegobiT aRsavse procesebs Soris. mxolodputinma SeZlo 2000 wels ruseTisaTvis daebrunebina misitradiciuli istoriuli centraluri xelisufleba. dRes esaris Zlieri prezidentoba, romelic efuZneba ruseTSi e.w.`kanonis diqtaturas~.

sxvagvari mdgomareobaa naxevrad saprezidento siste-mebSi, rogoricaa safrangeTi, avstria, fineTi da portugalia.es aris Taviseburi saxis hibriduli sistemebi. saprezidentosistemebis msgavsad aq calke arCeuli prezidenti aRWurvil-ia uflebamosilebaTa farTo wriT, xolo saparlamento siste-mebis msgavsad, mTavroba warmodgenilia kabinetiTa da pre-mier-ministriT saTaveSi, romelic formulirebulia parla-mentis deputatebisagan da angariSvaldebulia parlamentiswinaSe. fineTsa da avstriaSi es sistema funqcionirebs aRmas-rulebeli xelisuflebis ganawilebis safuZvelze, rac prez-idents saSualebas aZlevs koncentrireba moaxdinos sagareopolitikasa da konstituciuri mniSvnelobis problemebze, xolopremier-ministrsa da kabinets _ saSinao politikaze.

es sistema, romelic Tavis droze safrangeTis mexuTerespublikaSi Seiqmna da Seivso 1961 w. prezidentis damoukide-

arsebobs, rom moemsaxuron prezidents, praqtikaSi ki is xSir-ad qmnis dabrkolebebs. Tumca prezidentebi umaRles da saSi-nao donis Tanamdebobebze saSualod 3000-mde daniSvnas axor-cieleben, _ es zRvaSi wveTia aSS-Si saxelmwifo moxeleTaraodenobasTan SedarebiT, romelic 2mln.-ze mets Seadgens.garda amisa, rogorc cnobilia, es Cinovnikebi yvela SesaZlosituaciaze reagireben Taviseburad da xSirad ara ise, rogorcprezidenti da misi administracia. rogorc odesRac vudrovilsonis dros samxedro-sazRvao ZalTa mTavarsardali TavisuwyebaSi arsebuli situaciis Sesaxeb werda: `es bumbulismatrass hgavs: Sen mas gametebiT urtyam, mas ki araferi mos-dis~.

msgavsi sirTuleebi arsebobs uzenaes sasamarTlosTanurTierTobebSic. 1950-iani wlebidan sasamarTlo asrulebsmniSvnelovan rols aSS-is politikur cxovrebaSi da mudmi-vad aiZulebs prezidentebs Seeguon mis wamyvan poziciebs.miuxedavad imisa, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos wevrebi iniSnebi-an prezidentis mier, senats aqvs ufleba ar daamtkicos esa Tuis wevri (rogorc amas adgili hqonda orjer niqsonis prez-identobis dros da erTxel reiganis periodSi), aseve mniS-vnelovania is, rom mosamarTlis daniSvnis Semdeg, igi aRareqvemdebareba prezidentis kontrols, vinaidan mosamarTlesakuTar Tanamdebobaze rCeba sicocxlis bolomde. 1930-ianwlebSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom dabloka programa ̀ axali kur-sis~ sakmaod didi nawili sanam, sabolood, Tavad ruzveltmaar moaxdina ̀ gadatrialeba~ da Secvala sakuTari ideologiuriprioritetebi. meore magaliTi: eizenhauerma Tavis drozeuzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris postze daniSna e. uore-ni mxolod imisaTvis, raTa aRmoeCina, rom es ukanasknelipolitikurad metismetad aqtiuri iyo da konstituciasacZalzed liberalurad ganmartavda.

dabolos, gansxvavebulad myardeba urTierTobebi prez-identebsa da masobriv sainformacio saSualebebs Soris. ma-sobriv sainformacio saSualebebs didi mniSvneloba aqvsprezidentebisaTvis, romelTac Zalian xSirad esaWiroebaT`kongresze gavliT~ pirdapiri apelireba sazogadoebasTan.yvelaze ukeT am amocanas Tavs arTmevda odesRac msaxiobi daKJurnalisti _ ronald reigani. Tumca prezidentebis waru-mateblobebis mizezi, masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebicSeiZleba gaxdes. aSS-Si masobrivi sainformacio saSualebeb-

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Jis~ ufleba, romelic gulisxmobs ministrebis Tanamdebobe-bze daniSvnisa da daTxovnis, agreTve aRmasrulebeli xelisu-flebis zeda rgolis TanamSromelTa dawinaurebisa dadaqveiTebis SesaZleblobas. Tumca, magaliTad, holandiasa daavstraliaSi amisTvisac saWiroa parlamentSi umravlesobispartiis sanqcia. aqedan gamomdinare, ioli ar aris premier-ministris ̀ Tanamdebobrivi movaleobebis~ aRwera: vfiqrobT,Secdoma ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom yvelaferi daiyvaneba iqam-de, Tu rogor wyvets sakiTxs Tavad premier-ministri, ufrosworad ki, ramdenad gaaCnia mas problemis gadawyvetis unari.

praqtikaSi yvelafris gansazRvra xdeba ori momentisgaTvaliswinebiT. upirveles yovlisa esaa urTierTobebi kab-inetTan, calkeul ministrebTan da saministroebTan. Semdegmodis urTierTobebi partiasTan, mere ki sakanonmdeblo kre-basa da saerTod sazogadoebasTan. kabinetis mxardaWera gan-sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac pre-mier-ministrs aRiqvamen rogorc ̀ pirvels TanasworTa Soris~,msgavsad did britaneTSi, indoeTsa da avstraliaSi damkvi-drebuli tradiciisa. aseTi statusis mqone premier-ministriiZulebulia imoqmedos kabinetis mier gadawyvetilebis koleq-tiurad miRebis sistemis mixedviT, amitom misi Zalauflebisrealuri moculoba damokidebulia imaze, SeZlebs Tu ara igipatronaJis SesaZleblobebis, kabinetSi Tavisi statusisa dasamTavrobo manqanaze sakuTari kontrolis SeTavsebis gziT,aiZulos ministrebi Seasrulon dakisrebuli amocanebi. asemagaliTad, germaniis kancleri konstituciurad uflebamo-silia gansazRvros samTavrobo politikis saerTo mimarTule-bebi, magram konstituciis igive muxli zRudavs mis Zalau-flebas da ministrebs aZlevs TavianT saministroebSidamoukideblad moqmedebis garantias.

politologebi erTsulovanni arian im TvalsazrisiT,rom konstituciur sistemebs Soris arsebuli yovelgvarigansxvavebis miuxedavad, bolo dros sagrZnoblad gaZlierdapremier-ministrebis Zalaufleba. nawilobriv es imiT arisgamowveuli, rom Tanamedrove, eleqtronul masobriv sainfor-macio saSualebebs axasiaTebT yuradRebis gamaxvileba pirovneba-ze da ara problemebze, ris gamoc premier-ministri xdebaTavisi partiis erTgvari `brendi~. umaRles doneze Sexve-drebisa da sagareo politikuri vizitebis praqtikis gafar-Toeba premier-ministrebs ̀ sakuTari saxelmwifos gansaxiere-

blad arCevis principiT, sul ufro rTuli xdeba. erTi mxriv,safrangeTis prezidenti, aSS-is prezidentis msgavsad, war-moadgens ra saxelmwifos oficialur meTaurs, mTavrobis me-Taursa da mTavar figuras, romelic axorcielebs daniSvnebsumaRles saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze, airCeva Svidi wlis va-diT; amasTan igi akontrolebs saarCevno process, aqvs uflebadaiTxovos erovnuli kreba. meore mxriv, ki misi ZalauflebaSezRudulia im kuTxiT, rom mTavrobas, yovelTvis esaWiroebaerovnuli krebis mxardaWera.

premier-ministrebipremier-ministrebipremier-ministrebipremier-ministrebipremier-ministrebi

rogorc wesi, Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebs marTaven sa-parlamento saxis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurebi,anu premier-ministrebi. saprezidento sistemisagan aRniSnulsistemas ganasxvavebs sami Tavisebureba. (1) ramdenadac aq aR-masrulebeli xelisufleba momdinareobs sakanonmdeblo kre-bis, upirveles yovlisa ki partiisagan, amitom zogierT siste-mas esaWiroeba damatebiTi figura _ saxelmwifos oficial-uri meTauri. SenarCunebulia konstituciuri monarqis roliTu iqneba arCeuli ̀ arammarTveli~ prezidenti, _ orive SemTx-vevaSi am figuraTa funqciebi, rogorc wesi, dayvanilia wmindaceremonialuri xasiaTis movaleobebamde. (2) Tuki aq aRmas-rulebeli xelisufleba momdinareobs isevdaisev sakanonmde-blo krebisagan, aseT SemTxvevaSi politikuri wris (person-alis CaTvliT) gayofa aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo StoebsSoris ar xdeba im saxiT, rogorc es damaxasiaTebelia saprez-idento sistemebisaTvis. (3) mTavrobis meTauri am sistemaSiuSualod angariSvaldebulia sakanonmdeblo krebisadmi, yov-el SemTxvevaSi, misi qveda palatis mimarT mainc da xelisu-flebaSi rCeba manamde, sanam sargeblobs kanonmdebelTa ndobiT.

premier-ministrebi (germaniaSi _ kancleri, holandia-Si _ ministri-prezidenti, sxva sistemebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZle-ba gamoyenebul iqnas kidev sxva titulebi) warmoadgenen mTavro-baTa meTaurebs, romelTa Zalaufleba momdinareobs parlamen-tSi umravlesobis partiis an partiuli koaliciisagan. for-malurad maT gacilebiT ufro mokrZalebuli uflebamosile-bebi gaaCniaT, vidre prezidentebs _ saprezidento sistemebSi.am uflebamosilebaTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania `patrona-

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mac SeZlo radikalurad Seecvala saxelmwifoebrivi xelisu-fleba da misi xasiaTi. sakuTriv, toni blerma swored amsafuZvelze daamyara 1997 wels sakuTari premieroba.

albaT, tetCeris premierobis yvelaze saxasiaTo Tvise-ba iyo is, rom igi sakuTar TavSi xedavda ̀ premiers, romelicarwmunebs~, _ politikoss, romelic ideologiur liderobasaxorcielebs, riTac uzrunvelyofs partiis Sida erTianobas.rkinis ledis moRvaweobis istoriaSi tetCerizmis2 saxeliTSevida. analogiurad blerma imdenad mkafiod moaxdina parti-is orientireba `modernizaciis proeqtebze~, rom mas `axalleiboristul partiad~ an kidev ̀ mesame gzis~ partiad moix-senieben. maikl foulis azriT (Michael Foley, 2000) yovelivees iZleva imaze saubris saSualebas, rom did britaneTSidamyarda erTgvari ̀ britanuli prezidentoba~. premier-minis-trebSi ukve SeiniSneba prezidentis institutisaTvis damaxa-siaTebeli Semdegi Tvisebebi:

• dinstancireba sakuTari partiisa da kabinetisagan,ideologiuri speqtris SigniT sakuTari Tavis damoukide-blad pozicionireba;

• sazogadoebasTan pirdapiri apelirebis populisturitendencia ganacxadiT ama Tu im fenis metad sanukvariimedebis gamomxatvelis rolze;

• saarCevno kampaniis personalizacia, masobriv sainforma-cio saSualebebSi dominirebuli tendenciiT yuradReb-is gamaxvileba ara problemebze, aramed pirovnebaze,rogorc Sesabamisi partiis an mTavrobis ̀ brendze~;

• politikuri mandatis personalizacia, sakuTari xelisu-flebis wyarod ara partiis, aramed eleqtoratis miCnev-is saSualeba; rac Seexeba partias _ mas SeuZlia gamov-ides pretendentad e.w. ̀ partiuli sindisis~ mfarvelisrolze;

• personaluri mrCevlebis gamoyeneba ministrTa kabineti-sa da Cinovnikebis umaRlesi rgolis sapirwoned.premier-ministrebs, romlebsac zurgs saparlamento

umravlesoba umagrebs, SeiZleba gaaCndeT dRevandeli prezi-dentebisagan gansxvavebulad Zlieri xelisufleba, Tumca amg-var xelisuflebasac aqvs Tavisi SezRudvebi. partiuli er-Tianobis dacvis principis mixedviT ministrTa kabinetSiwarmodgenili unda iyos yvela fraqcia da ideologiurimimarTuleba. (kanadaSi icaven enobrivi da regionaluri war-

bis~ elfers Zens, agreTve, sinamdvileSi am asparezze maTufro meti SesaZlebloba eZlevaT Tavi warmoaCinon erovnulliderebad. politologebi weren imis Sesaxeb, rom premier-ministrebi sabolood gaTavisufldnen sakuTari kabinetismier SezRudvebisagan da amitom ukve SesaZlebelia saubariiseT axal fenomenze, rogoricaa ̀ premier-ministris mTavro-ba~. amgvar precendents adgili hqonda indoeTSi, sadac in-dira gandim da misma vaJma rajivma Seqmnes `imperiuli pre-mierobis~ msgavsi mmarTveloba, romelmac umaRles mwvervals1975-1977 wlebis sagangebo mdgomareobis periodSi miaRwia, esiyo Sedegi imisa, rom kongresis partia didi xnis ganmavloba-Si uryevad flobda parlamentis umravlesobas, xolo gandisdinastiam daamyara udavod yvelaze Zlieri kontroli cen-traluri mTavrobis aparatsa da indoeTis sazogadoebis metadmniSvnelovan segmentebze.

premier-ministris Zalauflebis gaZliereba xdebodadid britaneTSic. saerTod es movlena ganpirobebulia mrava-li faqtoriT. kerZod:

• premier-ministrze bevri sakiTxi da pirovnebaa damokide-buli, gansakuTrebiT im SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT,rasac mas ̀ patronaJis~ principi aZlevs;

• premier-ministri xelmZRvanelobs ministrTa kabinets,masve ekuTvnis komitetebis dafuZnebisa da misi person-alis daniSvnis ufleba;

• premier-ministri dominirebs parlamentSic umravleso-bis partiis lideris saxiT, rac gansakuTrebiT mniS-vnelovania maSin, rodesac es umravlesoba akontrolebsqveda palatas;

• premier-ministri meTaurobs administraciul aparats dasaerTod mTel saxelmwifo manqanas;

• premier-ministrs gaaCnia pirdapiri saSvi masobriv sain-formacio saSualebebTan, rac mas amomrCevlebTan uSua-lod aaxlovebs.erTi sityviT, dRevandeli premier-ministri dgas sax-

elmwifos administraciuli da politikuri piramidis saTa-veSi; ministrTa kabinetebi ki, bevri politologis azriT,transformirdebian erTgvari amerikuli stilis saTaTbiroorganoebad, romlebic sakmaod SezRudul monawileobas iRebenpolitikis gatarebis procesSi. did britaneTSi aseTi situ-acia Seiqmna 1980-ian wlebSi margaret tetCeris dros, romel-

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traciul meqanizms, romelic uzrunvelyofs samTavrobo poli-tikis koordinirebas. rom ara is, mTavroba iqneboda erTmaneT-Tan konkurentuli uwyebebis meqanikuri konglomerati, rom-lebic mudmivad ibrZolebdnen mzis qveS sakuTari adgilisgafarToebisaTvis, _ procesi, romelic kargadaa cnobili na-cisturi garmaniis magaliTiT.

mravalferovani sistemebisa da saxelmwifoebis arse-bobis pirobebSi gansxvavebulia kabinetis funqciebi da poli-tikuri mniSvneloba. iseT saprezidento sistemebSi, rogori-caa aSS, kabineti umeteswilad asrulebs prezidentTan arse-buli saTaTbiros funqcias, riTac realurad axdens poli-tikis formirebas; ufro metic, XX saukunis meore naxevarSisaxelmwifos aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis zrda umeteswiladmimdinareobda kabinetis farglebs gareT _ umTavresad kiprezidentis aRmasrulebeli aparatis gafarToebis gziT. qvey-nebSi, sadac Camoyalibda klasikuri saxis kabinetebi _ didbritaneTSi, britaneTis Tanamegobrobisa da evropis ramdenimesaxelmwifoSi, italiis, SvedeTisa da norvegiis CaTvliT, min-istrTa kabineti, Teoriulad mainc, agvirgvinebs aRmasrulebe-li xelisuflebis piramidas.

praqtikaSi ki mainc rTulia WeSmaritad koleqtiurixelmZRvanelobis magaliTebis povna, romelic asaxavda marqsis-tul-leninur debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom ara beladi, aramedkomunisturi partia warmoadgens xelmZRvanel da warmmarTvelZalas sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi. Tumca realurad, skkp ck-is gen-eralur mdivnebs, staliniT dawyebuli, imdenad mtkiced epyraTpolitbiurosa da ministrTa sabWos sadaveebi, rom TiToeulmamaTganma SeZlo sicocxlis bolomde darCeniliyo xelisu-flebaSi, garda xruSovisa, romelic 1964 wels gaxda partiuligadatrialebis msxverpli, gamonakliss warmoadgens aseve gor-baCovi. germaniasa da saerTod mTels kontinentalur evropaSirogorc wesi ar saubroben kabinetebis Sesaxeb, radganac aqsaministroebi imdenad specializirebulni arian,rom minis-trebi, maTi Zlieri survilis miuxedavad mainc ver SeZlebdnensakuTari Tavi ̀ saerTo gundis wevrebad~ mieCniaT. iseT klasikurikabineturi mTavrobis saxelmwifoSic ki, rogoricaa didi bri-taneTi, sakmaod rTulia saubari kabinetis Sesaxeb, rogorcmetad mniSvnelovani politikuri gadawyvetilebebis mimReborganoze da kidev ufro naklebadaa SesaZlebeli misi, rogorckoleqtiuri demokratiuli marTvis struqturis warmodgena.

momadgenlobis principsac), erTgvarad izRudeba premierTamoqmedebis Tavisuflebac. SeiZleba asec iTqvas: premier-min-istrebi floben iseT xelisuflebas, rogoris saSualebasaciZleva kabineti, partia da Seqmnili politikuri mdgomareoba.am mxriv aRsaniSnavia indoeTis gamocdileba, sadac 1970-ianiwlebis sagangebo mdgomareobis eqscesebis Semdeg erTi-me-oris miyolebiT mosulma premier-ministrebma desaim, singhmada raom Seamcires saxelmwifo aparati, gamoavlines avtonomi-uri saministroebisadmi pativiscema da mzadyofna naklebadCareuliyvnen Statebis mTavrobaTa saqmeebSi.

sainteresoa isic, rom britaneTSi margaret tetCerisuzarmazari gavlena aixsneba ara imdenad misi ̀ rkinis~ xasi-aTiTa da ideologiuri simtkiciT, ramdenadac misi premiero-bis periodSi Seqmnili uaRresad xelsayreli mdgomareobiT.es iyo leiboristuli opoziciis krizisi, 1982 wlis folklen-dis gamarjveba, 1980-iani wlebis Sua periodSi msoflioekonomikis gamococxleba, ris Sedegadac konservatorebmazedized samjer gaimarjves saparlamento arCevnebSi. magrammiuxedavad amisa, 1990 wlis noemberSi man mainc dakarga xe-lisufleba, rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs im poziciis meryevxasiaTze, romelsac premier-ministrebi ikaveben.

ministrTa kabinetiministrTa kabinetiministrTa kabinetiministrTa kabinetiministrTa kabineti

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis TiTqmis yvela siste-mas ama Tu im formiT gaaCnia sakuTari ministrTa kabineti (anubralod kabineti). kabineti aris wamyvani ministrebis Tavise-buri komiteti, romlebic TavianT saministroebs an uwyebebswarmoadgenen. (ar SeiZleba ministrTa kabinetis gaigiveba sa-frangeTsa da evrokavSirSi arsebul kabinetTan, romelicgulisxmobs calkeul ministrTan momuSave politikur mrCevel-Ta jgufs). kabinetebis Camoyalibeba iqca sapasuxo movlenadaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis politikur da administraci-ul moTxovnilebebze koleqtiur, kolegialur marTvaSi. up-irveles yovlisa, kabinetebi sakanonmdeblo krebasa da mTli-anad sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis procesSi aRmasrulebelxelisuflebas aZleven gansazRvrul koleqtiur formas; kab-inetis gareSe saxelmwifo marTva iqneboda ubralod instru-menti erTi adamianis xelSi. komiteti warmoadgens adminis-

218 219

oven sajaro angariSvaldebulebasa da dadgenili wesis Tanax-mad mudmivad arsebobs maTi Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis Sesa-Zlebloba. Tumca aseve gaizarda liderobis mniSvnelobac:fsiqologiaSi specialuri dargic ki warmoiSva, romelicswavlobs liderebisa da xelmZRvanelebis xasiaTsa da moti-vaciebs (kreseli, 1993).

yovelive amas Tavisi mizezebi aqvs. kerZod, Tanamed-rove demokratiuli procesi TiTqos Tavadve aiZulebs poli-tikosebs yovelnairad gamoavlinon lideris Tvisebebi, ram-denadac sxvagvarad rTulia amomrCevelTa Soris warmatebeb-is mopoveba. amave mimarTulebiT muSaobs masobrivi sainfor-macio saSualebebi (gansakuTrebiT televizia), romelTaTvisacpirovneba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre politika; magram maso-brivi sainformacio saSualebebic ki Tavis mxriv, politiko-sebisaTvis iqceva im instrumentad, romlis saSualebiTac sak-maod mosaxerxebelia sazogadoebisaTvis sakuTari Tavis Cvene-ba yvelaze momgebiani poziciidan. bolosdabolos sakuTrivsazogadoebas wyuria xelmZRvaneloba: xdeba ra sul ufrorTuli da fragmentirebuli, igi daJinebiT moiTxovs dasaWiroebs iseTi adamianebis gamoCenas, romlebic pasuxs mou-Zebnian kiTxvas, Tu ra xdeba msoflioSi. viTarebis paradoqsiimaSi mdgomareobs, rom dRes lideroba uprecendentod mniS-vnelovania.

liderobis Teoriebiliderobis Teoriebiliderobis Teoriebiliderobis Teoriebiliderobis Teoriebi

politikuri liderobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arse-bobs mravali SekiTxva. ramdenad Seesabameba lideroba Tavisu-flebisa da demokratiis principebs?is axdens adamianebisSTagonebasa da motivirebas, Tu Trgunavs maT da arTmevsiniciativas? unda aRgvafrTovanebdnen Zlieri liderebi Tuunda vufrTxodeT maT? msgavsi kiTxvebis ukan dgas sxvadasxvawarmodgenebi liderobis politikuri xasiaTis Sesaxeb. Sei-Zleba gamovyoT oTxi Teoria, romlebic liderobas ganix-ilaven rogorc:

• pirovnul Tvisebas;• sociologiur movlenas;• organizaciul imperativs;• politikuri Cvevebis nakrebs.

britaneTis premier-ministrebis xelisuflebis gafar-ToebiT ara mxolod darRveul iqna britanuli mTavrobiskolegialuri xasiaTi, aramed samTavrobo politikis garTulebamgamoiwvia is, rom gadawyvetilebaTa umetesoba miiReba ̀ gansx-vavebul rgolebSi~, kabinetamde ki ase vTqvaT, ukve dasrulebu-li saxiT midis. aRniSnuli procesi imitom mimdinareobs, rompolitikis SemuSavebaSi sul ufro mniSvnelovani wvliliSeaqvT calkeul saministroebs, komitetebsa da specializire-bul qvekomitetebsac ki.

meore mxriv, Secdoma iqneboda kabinetis mxolod damxolod mTavrobis fasadad miCneva. aRsaniSnavia, rom bevrpremier-ministrs sakmaod Zvirad daujda Tanamedrove saxelm-wifoebrivi marTvis koleqtiuri elementebis ugulvebelyo-fa. germaneli kanclerebi, rogorc wesi, iTvlebian ufro Zli-er figurebad, vidre britaneli premierebi, ramdenadac maTipostidan gadasayeneblad saWiroa e.w. `konstruqciuli un-doblobis votumi~: bundestagi uflebamosilia mTavroba gada-ayenos mxolod maSin, rodesac is mzad iqneba daniSnos axalimTavroba, magram am SemTxvevaSic ki kancleri Smidti 1982wels iZulebuli gaxda Tanamdebobidan gadamdgariyo, mas Sem-deg, rac Tavisufal demokratTa mcire partia gamovida misikoaliciis rigebidan da SeuerTda qristian-demokratiul par-tias h. koliT saTaveSi. saerTod, koaliciebi kabinetebSiyovelTvis arTuleben mdgomareobas, raSic, vTqvaT, sakuTarigamocdilebis magaliTze, mudmivad rwmundebian italielipremierebi. Tumca erTpartiul kabinetebsac ZaluZT aRmas-rulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurisaTvis problemebis Seqmna.

politikurpolitikurpolitikurpolitikurpolitikuri i i i i lideroba da misi Teolideroba da misi Teolideroba da misi Teolideroba da misi Teolideroba da misi Teorrrrriebiiebiiebiiebiiebi

garkveuli TvalsazrisiT politikuri liderobis TemaSesaZlebalia moZvelebuli Candes, sazogadoebis dayofa be-ladebad da maT mimdevrebad xom damaxasiaTebeli iyo imuZvelesi politikuri kulturisaTvis, romelic demokratiasuswrebda win, rodesac beladebma ̀ yvelaferi ukeT icodnen~da saWiro iyo danarCenebis ganaTleba, erTad Sekreba da maT-Tvis mimarTulebis micema. ra Tqma unda, liderebi demokra-tiasac Wirdeba, mxolod am SemTxvevaSi Tavad liderobaSezRudulia yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT: liderebisagan moiTx-

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barberma mogvca amerikeli prezidentebis Taviseburi tipo-logia Semdegi ori parametris mixedviT: (1) ramdenad `aqti-urebi~ an `pasiurebi~ iyvnen isini TavianTi movaleobebisSesrulebis dros (ramdenad gulmodgined asrulebdnen isiniTavianT movaleobebs) da (2) ramdenad ̀ pozitiurad~ an ̀ nega-tiurad~ ekidebodnen sakuTar prezidentobas, mis politikurmisias. gamoiyo oTxi tipi:

• aqtiur-pozitiuri;• aqtiur-negatiuri;• pasiur-pozitiuri;• pasiur-negatiuri.am kvlevis mixedviT `aqtiur-pozitiuri~ tipis ma-

galiTebs miekuTvnebian kenedi, jorj buS-ufrosi da klinto-ni. `aqtiur-negatiuri~ tipi warmodgenilia hardingiTa dareiganiT. niqsoni moxvda ̀ pasiur-pozitiur~ prezidentTa kat-egoriaSi, kuliji da aizenhaueri ki _ `pasiur-negatiurSi~.barberis Teoriis sisuste imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi ugul-vebelyofs prezidentobis Secvlis SesaZleblobas: ase ma-galiTad, jorj buS-umcrosma Tavisi prezidentoba daiwyo`pasiur-pozitiuri~ tipiT, magram aSS-Si 2001 wlis 11 seqtem-bers momxdari teroristuli Tavdasxmis Semdeg igi aSkaradgadavida ̀ aqtiuri~ tipis jgufSi.

liderobis Semdegi koncefcia masSi ganixilavs so-ciologiuri fenomenis upiratesobas. am midgomis mixedviT,liderebad ki ar ibadebian, aramed adamians liderad ̀ aqcevs~garkveuli socialur-istoriuli mdgomareoba. aq lideri Tavisnebas ki ar axvevs sazogadoebas, aramed piriqiT, igi Tavadgamodis sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis matareblad. yvelazemetad amgvari midgoma damaxasiaTebelia marqsizmisaTvis, rom-lis Tanaxmadac, sazogadoeba viTardeba ekonomikuri faqtoreb-isa da klasobrivi brZolis gavleniT. am TeoriisaTvis mniS-vnelovania ara lideris pirovneba, aramed is sazogadoebriviinteresebi, romlebsac igi gamoxatavs. marqsi gamonakliss xe-davda bonapartizmSi6 im saxiT ra saxiTac is CamoyalibdasafrangeTSi saxelmwifoebrivi gadatrialebis Semdeg da romel-sac axorcielebda lui bonaparti 1851 wels. am reJimSi marqsmadainaxa wminda pirovnuli diqtatura, romelic Camoyalibda imgansakuTrebul istoriul momentSi, rodesac burJuaziam dakar-ga Zalaufleba, xolo proletariati moumzadebeli aRmoCnda,raTa xelSi aeRo marTvis sadaveebi. magram am SemTxvevaSic ki

tradiciuli gagebiT lideroba warmoadgens iSviaT,magram bunebriv niWs. rogorc aristotelem Tqva, ̀ adamianebsdabadebidan bediT gansazRvruli aqvT, rom erTni unda ba-tonobdnen, meoreni ki morCilebdnen~. am SemTxvevaSi saubarialideris wminda pirovnul Tvisebebze, romelTac Cven xSiradvxedavT im adamianebSi, romlebic miekuTvnebian e.w. ̀ bediswer-is rCeulTa~ tips. am koncefciis ukidures versias warmoad-gens faSisturi ideebi ̀ fiureris~ anu uzenaesi beladis Sesaxeb(igi yovelTvis aris mamakaci), romelsac Seswevs Zala masebsgauZRves umaRlesi miznebisaken, _ es warmodgena garkveul-wilad gamomdinareobs fridrix nicSes koncefciidan ̀ zeka-cis~ Sesaxeb, romelic amaRlda gaZlierebuli moralis ̀ jogurinstinqtebze~ da miaRwia srul batonobas sakuTar Tavze.ufro zomieri formiT igive tradicia qadagebs qarizmis Sesaxeb,romelic moiazreba, rogorc pirovnebis Zalaufleba da av-toriteti. qarizmatuli liderebis klasikur magaliTebswarmoadgenen hitleri, kastro, naseri3 da tetCeri, Tumca qariz-matuli Tvisebebis danaxva SesaZlebelia sxva liderebispolitikuri qcevis garkveul momentebSi, magaliTad, f.d. ruz-veltis cnobil ̀ saubrebSi buxarTan~, saerTod telekamerebT-an TavdaWeris im unarSi, romelsac flobs TiTqmis yvelaTanamedrove politikuri xelmZRvaneli. samwuxarod, Zalzedcotaa nelson mandelasa4 da dalai lamas5 msgavsi liderebi,romelTa avtoritetebic efuZneba gansakuTrebul zneobrivTvisebebs.

Tanamedrove politologia da politikuri fsiqolo-gia Zalian xSirad ikavebs am midgomasTan daaxlovebul pozicie-bs da koncentrirebas axdens umTavresad liderebis pirovnulTvisebebze. am mimarTulebiT erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli samec-niero kvleva Caatares zigmund froidma (1856-1939) da uiliambulitma da Seqmnes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis preziden-tis vudro uilsonis sakamaTo portreti (froidi da buliti,1967). aseve SeiZleba gavixsenoT harold lasuelis pioneru-li naSromi `fsiqopaTologia da politika~ (Harold LasswellPsychopathology and Politics, 1988), sadac avtori amtkicebs, romTavianT saqmianobaSi liderebs amoZravebT Sinagani pa-Tologiuri konfliqtebi, romlebic racionalizirdebian mx-olod sajaro aqtivobis doneze. arc Tu ise didi xnis winxmauriani polemika gamoiwvia jeims barberis (James Barber,1988) mier Catarebulma kvlevam politikuri liderobis Sesaxeb.

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flebis simtkicisaTvis, rogorebic iyo, mao Zedunis, polkovnikkadafisa da sadam huseinis reJimebi. ufro metic, xSirad iqm-neba STabeWdileba, rom qarizmatuli figurebis arseboba si-namdvileSi gulmodgine da gegmazomieri muSaobis Sedegia.ase magaliTad, stalini sakuTari miznebisaTvis nergavdaleninis kults, rasac emsaxureboda mavzoleumis daarsebawiTel moedanze, aTasobiT Zegli da aTiaTasobiT leninissaxelobis quCa mTeli qveynis masStabiT. amis Semdeg `leni-nis saqmis gamgrZelebels~ isRa darCenoda ecada rodis gada-vidoda aRniSnuli kulti masze.

Tavis droze sakmaod gulmodgined xdeboda niurnberg-Si hitleris gamosvlis inscenireba, razec pasuxismgebeliiyo albert Speeri. detalurad muSavdeboda fiureris yove-li sityva da Jesti: mTeli warmodgena imgvarad ewyoboda, romhitleris gamoCenisaTvis atmosfero ukiduresad emociuriyofiliyo. SeuZlebelia imis Tqma, rom Tanamedrove liderebsara aqvT moTxovnileba saTanadod warmoaCinon sakuTari Tavi,Tumca, televiziis epoqaSi isini iZulebulni arian iyvnenufro Tavmdablebi da keTilmosurneni, vidre es maT mitinge-bisa da politikuri demonstraciebis epoqaSi miecaT TavisiTavisTvis, magram Tavisi ̀ roli~, Tundac satelevizio kamere-bis win dResac bevrs aviwydeba: Tanamedrove periodSi amasukve masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis winaswar momzade-buli mrCevlebi da PR-is ostatebi emsaxurebian.

liderobis stililiderobis stililiderobis stililiderobis stililiderobis stili

cneba ̀ liderobis stili~ ganekuTvneba im modelebsada strategiebs, romelTa meSveobiTac lideri cdilobs sak-uTari miznebis ganxorcielebas. erTmxriv, rom ar arsebobenerTnairi saxis liderebi, aseve ganarCeven liderobis me-Todebsa da stils, romlebic ganapirobeben ama Tu im strate-giis arCevas. ufro xSirad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWebaTavad politikosis pirovnebasa da miznebs, im instituciona-lur garemos, romelSic igi imyofeba, aseve xelisuflebaSimosvlis meqanizms, romelic mocemul politikur sistemaSimoqmedebs, masobriv sainformacio saSualebebsa da sazogadoe-bis ufro farTo politikur kulturas. mkvlevarebi gamoy-ofen liderobis sam stils (bernsi, 1978):

marqsi varaudobda, rom lui bonapartis diqtatura mainc gamox-atavda klasebis, kerZod maSindel safrangeTSi ricxobrivadgazrdili wvrili glexobis interesebs. analogiurad trocki(ix. gv. 443) aanalizebda ra ssrk-Si stalinizmis reJims, werdaimis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad didi roli Seasrula saxelmwifoaparatma stalinis aRzevebaSi. amave TemasTan axlos mdgomikidev erTi ideis Tanaxmad lideroba koleqtiuri qcevis Sede-gia. rogorc odesRac Tavis pionerul naSromSi `brbo~ (Thecrowd, 1895) gustav leboni werda, liderebi yovelTvis mihyve-bian masas da arasodes piriqiT.

liderobis mesame koncefcia am fenomens ganmartavswminda teqnikuri da racionaluri TvalsazrisiT: aq igi war-modgenilia rogorc sapasuxo movlena nebismieri Tanamed-rove organizaciis, gansakuTrebiT ki iseTis moTxovnilebebze,romelic Sida erTianobasTan da xelmZRvanelobasTan dakav-Sirebuli sirTuleebiT gamoirCeva. am gagebiT liderobisfenomeni `mxardamxar~ misdevs biurokratiis fenomens. Tan-amedrove farTomasStabiani organizaciebi saWiroeben fun-qciebis specializaciasa da Sromis danawilebas, es ki Tavismxriv qmnis Tanamdebobebisa da movaleobebis ierarqias. aseTviTarebaSi aucileblad warmoiqmneba lideroba, romelicZalian axlos dgas veberiseul racionalur-samarTlebrivxelisuflebasTan: igi metnaklebad upirovnoa da efuZnebaformalur, mkafiod gaweril wesebs. aucilebelia gavixsenoT,rom, rodesac saxelmwifo marTvam SeiZina konstituciuri xa-siaTi, politikur liderebs gankargulebaSi gadaecaT biurokra-tiuli aparati. unda aRiniSnos, rom liderobis amgvari ̀ bi-urokratiuli~ gageba upirispirdeba demokratiul process,romelic liderebs aiZulebs moipovon da SeinarCunon Za-laufleba, da piriqiT, moaxdinon TavianTi qarizmisa da wmin-da pirovnuli Tvisebebis demonstrireba.

dabolos, ukanaskneli koncefcia liderobas axasiaTebs,rogorc Tavisebur ̀ naswavl rols~, unars, Cvevas, erTi sityviTrogorc xelovnebas, romelsac SeiZleba daeuflos adamianida praqtikaSi ganaxorcielos amgvari midgoma, ra Tqma unda,winaswaraa navaraudevi, rom lideri moaxdens masebiT manipu-lirebas, magram meore mxriv, amaSi Cans masobrivi komunikacie-bis epoqaSi arsebuli demokratiuli procesis gardauvalixasiaTi. am koncefciasTan axlos dgas pirovnebis kultisproblematika, romelic iqmneboda iseTi pirovnuli Zalau-

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meijori. am figurebSi yovelTvis SeiniSneboda menejerisa dateqnokratis Tvisebebi: maTTvis yvelaze maRla dgas saqme, sxvadanarCeni ki advilad regulirdeba. Tumca am tips agreTvegaaCnia sakuTari `aqilevsis quslic~: am saxis liderebSiadvilad SeiZleba davinaxoT oportunistebi _ politikosebimkafio principebisa da naTeli miznebis gareSe. xSirad isiniarc malaven amas. magaliTad, jorj buS-ufrosma 1992 wlissaprezidento arCevnebze ganacxada, rom mas ar esmis iseTicnebebi, rogoricaa `strategiuli xedva~, riTac sagrZnobiziani miayena sakuTar reputacias.

liderobis mesame saxea ̀ radikali reformatoris~ tipi.aseTi liderebi arian ara imdenad koordinatorebi, ramdena-dac STagonebis subieqtebi, ufro metic, isini arian vizio-nerebi, winaswarmetyvelebi, winamZRvrebi. maTTvis damaxasiaTe-belia ara mxolod principuli ideologiuri rwmena, aramedaseve politikuri Tavisufleba imisTvis, raTa ganaxorcielonsakuTari ideebi. isini ar eZeben kompromisebsa da konsensus-ebs, aramed mTavrobaSi mxardaWerisaTvis pirdapir apelirebenTavianT mebrZolebTan, sakuTar partiasTan, dabolos, mTli-anad sazogadoebasTan. gardnerma amasTan dakavSirebiT SeniS-na (Howard Gardner, 1966): lideri aris adamiani, `romelic qm-nis legendas~; misi Zliereba ki imiT ganisazRvreba, Tu ram-denad kargad ganasaxierebs Tavad is am legendas da SeswevsTu ara Zala gauZRves sazogadoebas.

ase magaliTad, generalma de golma moaxdina yvelaf-risa da politikur liderobaze yvelanairi warmodgenis ga-datrialeba ara marto imiT, rom Seiqmna mexuTe saprezidentorespublika, aramed imiTac, rom sakuTar Tavze aiRo ̀ samSob-los mamisa~ da ̀ safrangeTis lideris~ roli. xelmZRvanelo-bis analogiuri tipi damaxasiaTebeli iyo margaret tet-CerisTvisac, romelic xelisuflebaSi movida lozungiT ̀ rw-menis mTavroba~. dRes iseTi cnebebis xSiri gamoyeneba, rogor-icaa ̀ golizmi~ da ̀ tetCerizmi~, yvelaze kargad metyvelebsimaze, Tu ramdenad didi gavlena iqonies am pirovnebebmapolitikasa da ideologiaze.

magram ra saxis mmarTvelobasac ar unda mimarTon,politikurma liderebma dRes kargad ician, rom maT winaSedgas gacilebiT ufro rTuli problemebi, vidre maTi winamorbe-dis dros idga. amis xazgasma mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdena-dac liderisadmi sazogadoebrivi midgoma, maTi saqmianobis

• ̀ Caurevlobis stili~;• ̀ koordinatoris stili~;• ̀ reformatories stili~.

`Caurevlobis~ stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia lid-eris gamosvla pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobisa da kompetentur-obis viwro wridan: xatovnad rom vTqvaT, uricxvi saministro-ebisa da uwyebebisagan Semdgari saxelmwifo manqanis ̀ saWesTanyofna~ ar aris misi stiqia. aseTi lideris magaliTad Sei-Zleba davasaxeloT reigani, romelsac naklebad aRelvebdasakuTari administraciis yoveldRiuri saqmeebi. rogorc Cans,Tavdapirvelad jorj buS-umcrosic cdilobda Tavisi mrCev-lebisaTvis uflebamosilebaTa farTo wris delegirebas, san-am e.w. ̀ brZolam terorizmTan~ ar aiZula mieRo liderobisufro aqtiuri saxe. rasac ̀ Caurevlobis~ tipi ar gamoricxavs,es aris wminda ideologiuri xasiaTis lideroba, ufro metic,igi gulisxmobs sakiTxebze strategiuli xedvis aucileblo-bas. garda amisa, aRniSnul midgomas aqvs kidev erTi Zlierimxare: ramdenadac xelqveiTebs eZlevaT meti Tavisufleba, aseTpirobebSi iolad Cndeba gunduri suliskveTeba, liders ki,yoveldRiuri saqmeebisagan Camocilebis Semdeg, eZleva ufromniSvnelovan politikur da eleqtoralur problemebze kon-centrirebis saSualeba. am tipis sust mxares warmoadgens is,rom cudad xdeba saerTo samTavrobo politikis koordinire-ba, xolo ministrebsa da umaRles saxelmwifo moxeleebs eZl-evaT moqmedebis metismetad ukontrolo Tavisufleba. TukidavubrundebiT reiganis Temas, maSin aRsaniSnavia isic, Turamdenad gauTviTcnobierebeli iyo igi `iran-kontras~ sak-iTxSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom css-sa da TeTri saxlis Tanam-SromelTa muSaobaze pasuxs swored is agebda.

`koordinatoris~ tipi gulisxmobs saxelmwifo mar-Tvis procesSi lideris sakmaod aqtiur da gacilebiT ufrogulmodgine monawileobas, Tumca am saxis liderebi ufroxSirad amodian wminda pragmatuli mosazrebidan _ Seinar-Cunon erTianoba sakuTari partiis rigebSi, daicvan erTianixazi mTavrobaSi da gaafarTovon eleqtoratis mxardaWera.xatovnad maT SeiZleba ewodoT brokerebi _ Suamavlebi, rom-lebic kolegialur mTavrobaSi mudmivad arigeben oponentebs,eZeben kompromisebs da erTmaneTSi awonasworeben fraqciebs.aSS-Si am tipis liderebi iyvnen lindon jonsoni da jorjbuS-ufrosi, did britaneTSi ki _ harold vilsoni da jon

226 227

pirobebSi am or nawils Soris zRvaris gavleba xSirad arcise iolia;

• aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri asrulebsramodenime mniSvnelovan funqcias: warmoadgens saxelmwifosceremonialuri xasiaTis RonisZiebebs, axorcielebs politikisSemuSavebis procesis strategiul xelmZRvanelobas, akon-trolebs saxelmwifo samsaxuris aparats, krizisul viTareba-Si iRebs sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis gadawyvetilebebs;

• saprezidento sistemebSi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleb-is meTauria prezidenti, romelic iTavsebs saxelmwifo meTau-risa da mTavrobis meTauris uflebamosilebebs, magram amavesistemaSi mis sapirwoned gvevlineba parlamenti, romelicflobs konstituciur da politikur damoukideblobas. sapar-lamento sistemebSi premier-ministri sakuTar saqmianobas ax-orcielebs or sferoSi: erTSi igi dakavSirebulia kabinet-Tan, calkeul ministrebTan da saministroebTan, meoreSi ki _sakuTar partiasa da sakanonmdeblo krebasTan, romelic mocemulSemTxvevaSi warmoadgens misi xelisuflebis wyaros;

• xelisufleba, romelsac floben saxelmwifoTa damTavrobaTa meTaurebi, arsebiTad gaZlierda iseTi faqtoreb-is zegavleniT, rogoricaa masobrivi sainformacio saSuale-bebis tendencia, upiratesad gaaSuqos movlenis garegnuli dawminda pirovnuli aspeqtebi; analogiuri meqanizmi, romelicmoqmedebs eleqtoralur procesSi; umaRles doneze Sexve-drebisa da saerTaSoriso vizitebis praqtikis gafarToeba; dabolos, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis yvela rTul struq-turaSi politikuri da ideologiuri liderobis saWiroeba.Tumca saxelmwifoebisa da mTavrobebis meTaurTa xelisufle-bas gaaCnia Tavisi sapirwoneebi, kabinetebis, partiebis, sakanon-mdeblo krbebis da saxelmwifo samsaxuris aparatebis saxiT;

• politologebi gansxvavebulad ganixilaven poli-tikuri liderobis sakiTxs. mas ganixilaven rogorc wmindaindividualuri unaris _ qarizmis gansaxierebas da rogorcsociologiur fenomens, sadac liderebi warmoadgenen ama Tuim socialur-istoriuli sakiTxebis arssa da azrs; rogorcpasuxs organizaciaSi erTianobisa da gunduri muSaobis prin-cips; ̀ koordinatoris~ tips mudmivad Tan axlavs wonasworo-bis Zieba mTavrobaSi fraqciebsa da interesebs Soris; ̀ radika-li-reformatoris~ tipi aqcents akeTebs sazogadoebis strate-giul miznebsa da amocanebze.

Sefaseba gavlenas axdens adamianebis damokidebulebaze poli-tikis mimarT. pirveli problema, romelic dRevandeli poli-tikuri liderebis winaSe dgas mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tavadsazogadoeba imdenad rTuli gaxda, imdenad didia masze glo-baluri xasiaTis procesebis gavlena, rom politikosebisaTvissul ufro rTuli xdeba ̀ saqmis keTeba~. isini TiTqos ganwir-ulebi arian warumateblobisaTvis, rom sazogadoebas imedsgaucrueben. meore problema SemdegSi mdgomareobs: politikurilideroba sustdeba im mxriv, rom sazogadoebrivi cnobiere-bidan qreba is sruliad naTeli da gasagebi warmodgena, romelicdamaxasiaTebeli iyo Zveli drois ideologiisaTvis. dResgacilebiT rTulia `legendis Seqmna~ da mis kvaldakvalsazogadoebis gaZRola, vidre es warsulSi iyo SesaZlebeli.

mesame problemis Tanaxmad dRevandeli sazogadoebaimdenad mravalferovani da fragmentuli xdeba, rom liderebssul ufro uZneldebaT misTvis iseTi programis SeTavazeba,romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba saerTo kulturasa da Rire-bulebebze. dabolos meoTxe problemis mixedviT dRes arse-bobs yvelanairi safuZveli imisaTvis, rom visaubroT sazoga-doebis ̀ politikur~ da ̀ arapolitikur~ jgufebs Soris ganx-eTqilebaze, radganac dRevandeli politikuri liderebi ume-tesad warmoadgenen karierist politikosebs, romlebic Tavi-anTi cxovrebis stiliT, msoflmxedvelobiTa da eniTac kiZalian daSorebulni arian rigiTi moqalaqeebis masebisagan.ra Tqma unda politikosebs SeuZliaT isaubron ubralo xalxisim imedebsa da molodinebze, romlebsac Tavadve gamoxataven,mxolod swored ubralo xalxisaTvis es yvelaferi ukve`Zalzed Soreulia~. aseT SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebaSi izrdebagankerZoeba tradiciuli politikisagan da lideris Ziebasigi sruliad sxva sferoebSi iwyebs.

daskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebi

• saxelmwifo xelisuflebis aRmasrulebeli Sto pa-suxismgebelia politikis ̀ Sesrulebaze~ _ mis realizaciaze.es Sto iyofa `politikur~ da `biurokratiul~ nawilebad:pirveli warmoadgens sakuTriv ̀ moqmed mTavrobas~ an ̀ admin-istracias~, meore _ saxelmwifo moxeleTa korpuss. unda gves-modes, rom politikuri procesis dRevandeli sirTuleebis

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armia warmoadgens savsebiT gansakuTrebul politikurinstituts. misi Tavisebureba isaa, rom misi upiratesoba samo-qalaqo institutebze gamoixateba oTxi faqtoriT. pirvelrigSi aris ra omis iaraRi, armia flobs Tavis xelSi Seiar-aRebis TiTqmis mTel monopolias da gaaCnia daTrgunviTixasiaTis uzarmazari potencialis Zalaufleba. ramdenadacmas SeuZlia mxari dauWiros nebismier reJims, an daamxos igi,armiis am reJimTan urTierTobazea damokidebuli misi arsebo-ba. meores mxriv, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi Tavisi arsiT arianumaRles doneze organizebuli disciplinaruli struqture-bi, aq arsebobs zedmiwevniT mkafiod garkveuli ierarqia damtkicedaa damkvidrebuli brZanebaTa Sesrulebis kultura.garkveulwilad es aris biurokratiis logikurad ukiduresivarianti im gagebiT, rogorc es esmoda m. vebers. yvelaferi esaZlevs armias araCveulebrivad organizebul efeqturobas, Tumcameores mxriv, SeiZleba yvelafer amas misces konservatizmiselementebis elferi. mesamec, armiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeliasavsebiT specifikur kulturaTa da RirebulebaTa mTeli na-krebi: ese igi, samxedro profesiis is suliskveTeba, romelicubiZgebs xalxs iomon, moklan, da Tu saWiro iqna, mokvdnenkidec, armia aRiqmeba rogorc gansakuTrebiT konservatiulida Zalze avtoritaruli instituti (radganac masSi damkvidrdadisciplinis, morCilebis, wodebaTa urTierTdaqvemdebarebis,valdebulebisa da Rirsebis tradiciebi), magram SeiZleba iyossxva politikuri idealebis momxrec _ ase magaliTad, rev-oluciuri socializmis, rogorc esaa CineTSi, an islamurifundamentalizmis, rogorc es iranSia da bolos, meoTxec,SeiaraRebuli Zalebi SeiZleba CavTvaloT da TviT isinicaRiqvamen Tavis Tavs rogorc Zalas, romelic dgas politika-ze maRla: varaudoben, rom aris ra saxelmwifos usafrTxoeb-isa da erTianobis (mTlianobis) garanti, SeiaraRebuli Zale-bi emsaxurebian saerTo erovnul interesebs. erTi mxriv, esaZlevs armias yvelaze maRal sazogadoebriv statuss _ xolomeore mxriv, man imave mizeziT SeiZleba gamoiCinos midrekilebapolitikaSi Carevisadmi, maSin, rodesac armiis sardloba dar-wmunebulia, rom qveynis erovnuli interesebi safrTxis winaSedganan.

da bolos unda aRiniSnos isic, rom saerTod arc iseadvilia ilaparako erovnuli armiebis bunebisa da xasiaTeb-is Sesaxeb, radganac maT SeuZliaT iTamaSon Zalze gansxvave-

Tavi XVTavi XVTavi XVTavi XVTavi XVarmia da policiaarmia da policiaarmia da policiaarmia da policiaarmia da policia

arc erTi politikuri sistema ar arsebobs mxolod damxolod Tavisi politikuri legitimurobis an administraci-uli efeqtianobis ZaliT. yvela isini, vin metad da vin nakle-bad Tavisi siRrmiseuli fesvebiT floben Zalauflebas, iZu-lebiTi xasiaTisaa, rac xorcieldeba armiisa da policiissaSualebiT. am Zalauflebas SeiZleba hqondes sxvadasxvafunqciebi da politikuri amocanebi. armia SeiZleba iyosorientirebuli gareSe miznebisaken, magram amasTanave saSinaosaqmeebisaken; mas gamoiyeneben sazogadoebrivi uwesrigobisCasaxSobad an arapopularuli mTavrobis mxardasaWerad. mas(Zalauflebas) SeuZlia gamovides arenaze rogorc mTeli rigiinteresebis mZlavr damcvels da gamtarebels an gaxdes samxedroreJimis safuZveli samoqalaqo reJimis damxobis Semdeg. poli-ciasac SeuZlia aseve daicvas sazogadoebrivi wesrigi dasamoqalaqo Tavisufleba, an gadaiqces politikuri represieb-is iaraRad, miT umetes gadaiqces policiuri saxelmwifossafuZvlad. am institutebis politikuri Zala imdenad uzarmaz-aria, rom kiTxvebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeuZlia da rogorunda gaakontrolos sazogadoebam is, arasodes ar moxsnilapolitikis dRis wesrigidan.

armia da politikaarmia da politikaarmia da politikaarmia da politikaarmia da politika

am sakiTxis ganxilvisas unda aRvniSnoT, rom Tanamed-rove tipis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis saTaveebi iwyeba gviandeliSuasaukuneebis periodSi, maSin, roca evropis saxelmwifoebmadaiwyes regularuli armiebis Seqmna. XIX saukuneSi armiagadaiqca sazogadoebriv institutad, romelsac saTaveSi Caud-ga profesionaluri sardloba _ instituti, romelic mkveTradiyo gamijnuli mTeli sazogadoebisagan. Semdeg ki dadga evro-puli kolonializmis epoqa da armiis am modelma gavrcelebahpova mTels msoflioSi, riTac gaxda Tanamedrove sazogadoe-bis ganuyofeli komponenti. erTaderT gamonakliss dReisaTviswarmoadgens puerto-riko da isic imitom, rom am saxelmwifosusafrTxoeba daculia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxedroSeiaraRebuli ZalebiT.

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Seuwyos ZalauflebaTa balanss saerTaSoriso urTierTobeb-Si da Sedegad Seamciros omis saSiSroeba, rogorc es iyo civiomis wlebSi.

meore SemTxvevaSi, Tuki armia Tavis Tavze iRebs Tav-dacviT rols, is wiravs Tavis Tavs xangrZlivi umoqmedobi-saTvis. am dros man unda SeinarCunos maRali brZolisunari-anoba, romelic mas SeiZleba arasodes dasWirdes.

ufro met mkacr politikas armiisadmi mimarTebaSiatarebda sabWoTa kavSirSi stalini,. 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSiCatarebuli samxedro reformis dros, romelic mimarTuliiyo armiis profesionalizaciaze, mosalodneli safrTxis winaSe,romelic germaniis mxridan modioda. 1937 wels is ucbadCaixSo sisxlSi: daixvrita yoveli xuTidan 3 sabWoTa marSa-li da armiis 15 sardlidan yoveli 13. saerTod sabWoTasardlebis 90 procentma, polkovnikebis 80 procentma da saSu-alo wodebis daaxloebiT 30 000 oficerma dakarges TavisiTanamdebobani da zogierTma maTganma sicocxlec ki.gamocdilebisa da armiis momzadebis TvalsazrisiT, armiafaqtobrivad aRmoCnda SeuiaraRebeli da demoralizebuli immomentSi, roca mas 1939-40 wlebSi mouxda omi fineTTan.

umetes SemTxvevaSi armiaSi SeRwevis modeli iTvaliswinebsara imdenad politikurad arasaimedo meTaurebis moSorebas, ram-denadac swori politikuri Sexedulebebisa da faseulobebispropagandas. erayis xelisuflebaSi sadam huseinis 1979 wlidanmosvlis droidan, basis mTavroba yovelnairad nergavda pan-arabul nacionalizms, arabTa gaerTianebas da maT gaTavisufle-bas `dasavluri imperializmisagan~ da sionizmisagan. sworedaseTi miznebiT xsnida reJimi 1980 wels iranis teritoriazeSeWras, agreTve 1990 wels kuveitis aneqsiis mcdelobas.

armia rogorc interesebis dajgufebaarmia rogorc interesebis dajgufebaarmia rogorc interesebis dajgufebaarmia rogorc interesebis dajgufebaarmia rogorc interesebis dajgufeba

zemoT warmodgenili iyo mosazreba SeiaraRebuli Zaleb-is Sesaxeb, rogorc politikur instrumentebze, romelicmTavrobas iyenebs Tavis Sida politikur da saerTaSorisosamsaxurSi, sinamdvileSi ki aqcevs maT instrumentad, romelT-ac mTavrobisgan pirwmindad aqvT warTmeuli yvela sakuTariinteresi; anu sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, es iyo raRac interesebisdajgufeba da yvela misTvis xelmisawvdomi saSualebiT cdi-

buli sxvadasxva roli sazogadoebis politikur cxovrebaSi.armia SeiZleba warmoadgendes Semdegs:

omis iaraRs; politikuri wesrigisa da stabilurobis garants; interesTa specifikur jgufs; samoqalaqo marTvis alternativas.

armiis roliarmiis roliarmiis roliarmiis roliarmiis roliomis iaraRiomis iaraRiomis iaraRiomis iaraRiomis iaraRi

armiis mTavari amocanaa _ saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamoy-enebul iqnas rogorc omis iaraRi sxva saxelmwifoTa winaaRm-deg. swored am mizeziT regularuli armiebis CamoyalibebadaemTxva evropis axali istoriis sawyis periodSi saxelmwi-foTa sistemis Camoyalibebas. magram principul moments war-moadgens is, rom SeiaraRebuli Zalebi unda yofiliyvnen mzadara marto saxelmwifos dacvisaTvis, aramed TavdasxmiTiamocanebis SesrulebisTvisac. gareSe agresiis winaaRmdegTavdacvisunarianobis aucileblobis uzrunvelyofam sworedrom gadaaqcia armia Tanamedrove saxelmwifos aucilebelelementad, romelic aseve saWiroa saxelmwifosaTvis rogorcpolicia, sasamarTlo an, vTqvaT, fosta. magram, unda avRniSnoT,rom saxelmwifos Tavdacvis funqciasTan, rac isedac naTelia,dakavSirebulia isev armiis problemebi, romelTa gadawyvetazecdamokidebulia TviT armiis buneba da misi raodenoba.

erTi mxriv, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi unda iyvnen sakmaodZlierni, raTa SeZlon agresiis mogerieba, magram kidev ufroukeTesia, Tu gamovricxavT am saSiSroebas potenciuri agre-soris SeSinebis principiT. aq problema mdgomareobs imaSi,rom am SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis iwyeboda gamalebuli mzadebaSeiaraRebisaTvis, kidev metic, iwyeboda omi, imdenad, ramdena-dac TavdacviTi potencialis zrda aRiqmeboda mezobeli sax-elmwifoebis mier rogorc TavdasxmiTi potencialis gaZlierebada Sedegad iwvevda saerTaSoriso daZabulobas. swored aseTiviTareba iyo magaliTad maSin, rodesac daiwyo sazRvao Seiar-aRebis gamalebuli zrda did britaneTsa da imperiul germa-nias Soris pirveli msoflio omis (1914 weli) dawyebis win,rac gaxda omis dawyebis mizezi. magram ar unda gamogvrCesmxedvelobidan is, rom gamalebulma SeiaraRebam SeiZleba xeli

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To erovnuli produqciis 80 procents, xolo TavdacviTi ko-mpleqsi iyo ganviTarebadi ekonomikis erTaderTi efeqturiseqtori. amave dros aSS-s samxedro xarjebi iyo saerTo erovnulixarjebis araumetes 6 procenti. realuri gaangariSebiT es iyo10 procentiT naklebi sabWoTa kavSirTan SedarebiT.

analogiuri ram xdeboda saqarTveloSi, roca samxedroxarjebi 2000 wlis 15 milionidan gaizarda 900 milion dola-ramde, Tumca ruseTTan omi 2 dReSi wavageT. agreTve arissafuZveli gveTqva, rom 1991 w. ̀ sparseTis yureSi warmoebuliomis~ ukan idgnen amerikis wamyvani samxedro meijare-gamrige-blebi. amiT maT miecaT saSualeba gaekeTebinaT uaxlesisamxedro miRwevebis demonstrireba. magaliTad iseTis, rogoriciyo TviTmfrinavi ̀ stelsi~, frTiani da ̀ patriotis~ sistemisraketebi da amis Sedegad mieRwiaT kidev ufro meti samxedroasignebisaTvis. meore mxriv ar iqneboda swori davinaxoTSeiaraRebul ZalebSi ̀ omis gamCaRebeli~, magaliTad amerikisprezidentis buSis mTavari samxedro mrCeveli kolin paueliuxalisod daTanxmda samxedro gadawyvetilebas ̀ yureSi kriz-isis~ Sesaxeb, radganac mas eSinoda materialuri da mor-aluri zaralis, romelic SeiZleba ganecada amerikis Seiar-aRebul Zalebs am omSi yovelgvari naTeli politikuri miznebisgansazRvris gareSe. umcrosi buSis drosac mas ukve aSS-ssaxelmwifo ministris posti eWira, danarCen maRalCinosansamxedro pirebTan erTad araerTxel gamouTqvams azri imisSesaxeb, rom terorizmTan omSi saWiroa moiqce mxolod mkaf-iod da naTlad Camoyalibebuli da strategiuli miznebisarsebobisas, raTa aSS-s armia ar iyos CaTreuli gaWianurebulsamxedro operaciebSi.

samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis alternativasamoqalaqo mmarTvelobis alternativasamoqalaqo mmarTvelobis alternativasamoqalaqo mmarTvelobis alternativasamoqalaqo mmarTvelobis alternativa

samxedroebi ar arian yovelTvis Tanaxma, rom warmoad-gendnen interesTa dajgufebas da Tavis miznebs aRwevdnensamoqalaqo politikosebis saSualebiT: floben ra Seiar-aRebas da iZulebiTi Zalauflebis uzarmazar potencialssamxedroebi dro da dro pirdapir erevian politikaSi. calkeulSemTxvevebSi aseTma moqmedebam SeiZleba moaxdinos samxedrommarTvelobis dafuZneba. armias aqvs imis saSualeba, rom Sein-arCunos nebismieri arapopularuli reJimi da amasTanave daamxos

lobda zemoqmedeba moexdina politikis arsze. am saqmeSi kiis flobda zemoqmedebisa da zegavlenis yvela saimedo ber-kets.

pirvel rigSi armia informaciisa da codnis uzarmaz-ari matarebelia; Tumca Teoriis Tanaxmad igi unda emorCile-bodes samoqalaqo xelmZRvanelobebis gankargulebebs da undawarmoadgendes politikurad neitralur Zalas. Zneli warmo-sadgenia, rom mTavroba ar usmendes mas, yovel SemTxvevaSi imsakiTxebSi, romlebic exeba samxedro strategias, Tavdacvas daubralod saerTaSoriso politikas.

meorec, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi monawileoben Zireulipolitikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesis SuagulSi,isini floben xelisuflebis sakuTar institucionalur ba-zas. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis SeiaraRebuli bazebi ma-galiTad, axorcieleben Tavis gavlenas uSualod Tavdacvissaministros _ pentagonis, erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos daagreTve SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sakiTxebis sakongreso komitete-bis saSualebiT. da bolos, mesame rigSi armia Tavis mxrivmudmiv ̀ dividendebs~ iRebs imitom, rom sazogadoeba yovelTvisdid mniSvnelobas aniWebs uSiSroebis sakiTxebs; erTi si-tyviT, gamoxataven ra Tavis azrs samxedro siZlieris dasamxedro xarjebis zrdis Sesaxeb, samoqalaqo politikosebsSeuZliaT amomrCevelTa damatebiTi xmebis imedi iqonion.

`sazogadoebrivi arCevanis~ koncefcia CinovnikebismimarT ambobs, rom yvelaze metad isini wuxan Tavis karierazeda ufrTxildebian mas. aseve SeiZleba damajereblad vTqvaTsamxedro sardlobis mimarT, rom is mowadinebulia gza gaukva-los im politikur gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic muSaoben armiisstatusze da sazogadoebaSi misi gansakuTrebuli mdgomareo-bis gafarToeba-gaumjobesebaze. am SemTxvevaSi armia warmoad-gens klonirebis jgufs, romelic iyenebs politikuri Zalau-flebis yvela Sesasvlels, oRondac miaRwios samxedro biu-jetis zrdas.

dRes TiTqmis sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom ̀ civ oms~Tavis droze amZafrebdnen aSS-sa da ssrk-s samxedro saxelm-wifo kompleqsebi. amasTanave orive mxare iyo dainteresebuliimiT, rom meore mxaris TavdacviTi SesaZleblobani warmoeCi-naT gadaWarbebulad da iqidan gamomdinare strategiuli mu-qarebi. zogierTi monacemebiT sabWoTa kavSiris xarjebma samxedroda momijnave miznebisaTvis XX s. 80-ian wlebSi miaRwies saer-

234 235

1965 wels samxedro gadatrialebis Sedegad, magram Semdeg manamjobina CamoeSorebina armia politikuri cxovrebidan da TviTonemarTa saxelmwifo e.w. ̀ revoluciisTvis saxalxo moZraobis~saSualebiT, romelic TviT manve daaarsa. 1960-70 wlebSi egvip-tis saxelmwifo, samxedro mmarTvelobidan gadavida avtori-tarul samxedro mmarTvelobaze gaal naserisa da anvar sada-Tis dros, romlebic TviT armiis rigebidan movidnen. am SemTx-vevaSi aRmoCnda, rom qveyanaSi samoqalaqo kabinetebis formire-bam da partiaTa Camoyalibebam moaxdines reJimis legitimacia,xolo naserma da sadaTma miaRwies armiisgan SedarebiT Tavisu-flebas.

magram zogierT samxedro reJims iseTi bedic eweva,rogoricaa sruli kraxi. roca armia komprometirebulia sru-li samxedro marcxiT. amisaTvis ki saWiroa, rom sazogadoeba-Si opoziciam miaRwios iseT gasaqans, rom misi SeCereba arSeiZlebodes marto represiebiT. amis magaliTs warmoadgens1978 wels berZeni generlebis reJimis damxoba, roca TurqeTmaxelSi Caigdo kviprosis CrdiloeT nawili da meore magali-Ti 1983 wels argentinis xuntis damxoba, rodesac man waagofolklendis omi, magram filipinebis diqtatoris markosisdamxoba 1986 wels moxda gansazRvrul faqtorTa kombinaciiT.es iyo moZraoba demokratiuli reformebisken, romelsac saT-aveSi edga korason akino. da diplomatiuri zewola aSS-smxridan, magram akinos gamocdilebam gviCvena is, rom Tu kiarmia gamovida yazarmebidan gareT, raTa miiRos uSualo monaw-ileoba politikaSi, misi ukan Sebruneba araa advili: manxelisuflebaSi yofnis 18 Tvis ganmavlobaSi gadaitana samxedrogadatrialebis 3 cda.

armiaze kontroliarmiaze kontroliarmiaze kontroliarmiaze kontroliarmiaze kontroli

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis didi siZlieris arsebobisasSeiZleba vifiqroT, rom isini warmoadgenen politikis umniS-vnelovanes Tu ara, umTavres faqtors mainc. sinamdvileSi esase ar aris, politikaSi armiis pirdapiri Carevis SemTxvevebi,samoqalaqo mTavrobis damxobis mcdelobiT saerTod arc isebevria da yvela isini ZiriTadad Semofarglulia laTinuriamerikiT, afrikiT da aziis calkeuli nawilebiT. dasavlurdemokratiebs ki, warsulSi yofil komunistur saxelmwifoebs,

igi. garemoebani, romelTa drosac samxedroebi modianmmarTvelobaSi, ganixileba Semdgom nawilSi. jer ki visaubrebTim formebis Sesaxeb, romelTa saSualebiTac xorcieldebasamxedro mmarTveloba. samxedroebs gaaCniaT mTeli rigi Tavise-burebani, romelTaganac bunebrivia mTavaria is, romlis saSu-alebiTac samxedro diqtaturaSi Zalauflebis ganawileba xdebamkacri subordinaciis principebiT da gadaiqceva ̀ mbrZaneblo-bisa da daqvemdebarebis~ jaWvad.

samxedro mmarTvelobis erT-erTi saxeobaa _ xuntaxuntaxuntaxuntaxunta(warmosdgeba espanuri sityvisagan JUNTA, rac niSnavs sabWosmarTvas). aris ra umTavresad laTino-amerikuli gamovlineba,xunta warmoadgens sakuTriv samxedro koleqtiuri mmarTvelo-bis tips, romlis centralur organos warmoadgens yvelafexosani sazRvao da sahaero jarebis warmomadgenelTa sabWoklasikur xuntaSi. ase magaliTad, 1978-83 wlebis argentinaSisamoqalaqo politikosebi sruliad CamoSorebuli iqna xe-lisuflebisagan, xolo profkavSirebi da saerTod Cveulebrivipolitikuri moRvaweoba saerTod aikrZala qveyanaSi. ZalzexSirad jarebis sxvadasxva saxeobaTa da calkeul pirovneba-Ta Soris metoqeobis gamo Zalaufleba xuntaSi gadadis xel-idan xelSi. sxva SemTxvevebSi samxedro diqtatura Tavs iyriserTi kacis irgvliv: amis magaliTebia _ polkovniki popadop-ulosi 1974-84 wlebis saberZneTSi, 1973 wlis gadatrialebisSemdeg generali pinoCeti CileSi, generali abaca 1993-98 wlebisnigeriaSi. afrikisaTvis amasTanave damaxasiaTebelia iseTimovlena, rogoric iyo umcrosi oficrebis mier ZalauflebisxelSi Cagdeba: ase iyo ganaSi 1979 wels, roca aq ZalauflebaxelSi Caigdo leitenantma jeri roulingsma, da liberiaSi1980 wels, roca samxedro gadatrialeba moawyo serJantma sam-uel doum.

roca samxedro reJimebi xelisuflebaSi modian, isiniauqmeben samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebs da Trgunaven sazogadoeb-is politikuri aqtivobis yvela wyaroebs: sityvis Tavisufle-bas, demonstraciebs, ikrZaleba opoziciuri politikuri par-tiebi da profkavSirebi, masobrivi informaciis wyaroebSi myardebaumkacresi cenzura. xSirad saqme mTavrdeba imiTac, rom samxedroe-bi aseT situaciebSi amjobineben ̀ CrdilSi gasvlas~ da for-malurad gadascemen Zalauflebas romelime ̀ metnaklebad aqti-ur samoqalaqo xelisuflebas~. ase magaliTad moxda mabutusmmarTvelobis dros zairSi, rodesac is movida xelisuflebaSi

236 237

tika) im ideaTa da faseulobaTa gavrcelebis saqmeSi, racasocirebulia samxedro saqmesTan, mTel sazogadoebasTan. mil-itaristuli reJimis klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens hitl-eris `mesame reixi~ germaniaSi, dRevandeli rusuli armia,romelic gaeros wevr mezobel, suverenul qveyanas Tavs daesxa2008 wels da misi nawilis okupacia moaxdina.

Sinagani wesrigis garantiaSinagani wesrigis garantiaSinagani wesrigis garantiaSinagani wesrigis garantiaSinagani wesrigis garantia

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Zalauflebis udides potencialsmniSvneloba aqvs saxelmwifos ara marto sagareo saqmianobisaTvis,aramed maT udidesi rolis Sesruleba SeuZliaT saxelmwifossaSinao politikaSi, Tumca armiebis Zala mimarTulia sxva saxelm-wifoebis winaaRmdeg. amocanebi, romlebsac wyveten SeiaraRebuliZalebi, bunebrivia, gansxvavdebian sistemidan sistemamde da saxelm-wifo mniSvnelobiT. arasamxedro xasiaTis erT-erTi tipiuri amocana,romlis Sesrulebac SeiZleba daekisros, armias, esaa monawileobbunebriv katastrofebSi, magram aseTi rame xdeba gansakuTrebulSemTxvevebSi da mas politikuri mniSvneloba ara aqvs. amis Tqma arSeiZleba im SemTxvevaSi, roca jari gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo areu-lobebis da uwesrigobis CasaxSobad an romelime seriozuli sa-zogadoebrivi winaaRmdegobis gadasawyvetad.

aSS-Si magaliTad, armia uzrunvelyofda 1950-1960 wleb-Si rasobrivi desegregaciis Sesaxeb xelisuflebis mier miRe-buli gadawyvetilebebis ganxorcielebas. did britaneTSi armiagamoiyeneboda gansakuTrebuli situaciebis gadasawyvetad da1970-1980-ian wlebSi saswrafo samedicino daxmarebis aRmo-saCenad, roca qveyana moicva sawarmoo-samrewvelo konfliqtebma.xSirad aseTi qmedeba iwvevs kritikas, da ara imitom, romarmiebs aq eniWebaT funqciebi, romlebic ganekuTvneba poli-cias, aramed imitomac, rom kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeboda armiistradiciuli neitralitetis principi.

samxedro gadatrialebani xdeba gansazRvrul viTare-baSi. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovan faqtorebs warmoadgenen:

_ qveynis ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba;_ sazogadoebis TvalSi samoqalaqo mTavrobebis mier

Tavisi legitimurobis dakargva;_ konfliqturoba samxedroebsa da saxelmwifos

mTavrobas Soris damokidebulebaSi;

arsebiTad ar ganucdiaT seriozuli samxedro gadatriale-bani. saerTo wesebidan erT-erT gamonakliss warmoadgenda1945 wels: safrangeTi 1958 wels da 1961 wlebSi (pirveligadatrialebis Sedegi iyo meoTxe respublikis damxoba, meorever moxerxda); portugalia 1974 wels, roca armiam CaigdoxelSi Zalaufleba `naciis saxelmwifos mxridan xelyofisacilebis mizniT~ da espaneTi 1981 wels, roca misma Seiar-aRebulma Zalebma scades saxelmwifo gadatrialeba. rac Se-exeba komunistur samyaros, aq Semdegi gamonaklisia: arSemd-gari gadatrialeba CineTSi 1971 wels, roca lon biao Zalau-flebis xelSi Cagdebas cdilobda; poloneTSi 1981 welsxelisuflebaSi general iaruzelskis mosvla; da agvisto`putCi~ moskovSi 1991 wels, ramac ramodenime dRiT CamoaSoragorbaCovi xelisuflebas.

rogor xdeba armiaze samoqalaqo kontrolis daweseba?rogor xdeba armiaze samoqalaqo kontrolis daweseba?rogor xdeba armiaze samoqalaqo kontrolis daweseba?rogor xdeba armiaze samoqalaqo kontrolis daweseba?rogor xdeba armiaze samoqalaqo kontrolis daweseba?

saerTo jamSi gamoyofen kontrolis ori ti pismeqanizmebsa da meTodebs, romlebic iZleva aseTi kontrolisganxorcielebis saSualebas. 1957 wels samuel hanTingtoniamasTan dakavSirebiT ambobda `obieqturi~ da `subieqturi~meTodebis Sesaxeb, xolo erik nordlingeri 1977 wels iyeneb-da terminebs _ ̀ liberaluri meTodi~ da ̀ SeRwevis meTodi~.liberaluri anu obieqturi modeli, armiasa da samoqalaqoxelisuflebis damokidebulebaTa Soris yvelaze mkafiod gam-oikveTa dasavleTis iaraRad moazrebaSi. militarizaciisSesaxeb laparakoben im SemTxvevaSic, roca armia scildebamisTvis gansazRvruli amocanebis farglebs da axdens sax-elmwifo mmarTvelobis uzurpirebas (uzurpacia _ Zalauflebisukanonod xelSi Cagdeba, sxvisi Zalauflebis miTviseba).

rodesac armia gamoiyeneba TavdasxmiTi an eqspansiurimiznebisaTvis, misi roli ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. imis-aTvis, rom ganaxorcielo omi sxva saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg,saWiroa, SeiaraRebul Zalebs SeeZloT da surdeT, gaxdneniaraRi, da rom sazogadoebaSi iyos am mizanTa sakmaod mtkicemxardaWera. eqspansiuri saxelmwifoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-lia samxedro xarjebis maRali done, generalitetis CarTvapolitikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi (milita-rizmi _ SeiaraRebisa da omisaTvis mzadebis reaqciuli poli-

238 239

policia da politikapolicia da politikapolicia da politikapolicia da politikapolicia da politika

policia, iseve, rogorc armia, aris daTrgunvis saxelm-wifo aparatis nawili, magram gansxvaveba maT Soris Tval-naTelia: SeiaraRebuli Zalebis roli mdgomareos imaSi, romis aris mowodebuli uzrunvelyos qveynis Tavdacva, policiisroli mdgomareobs imaSi, rom man unda daicvas qveynis Sinau-ri wesrigi. dRevandeli Tavisi saxiT policiuri Zalebiemsgavsebian me-19 saukunis policias, rodesac industrial-izaciis procesma ukiduresobamde gaamwvava dasavleTis sa-zogadoebis socialuri da politikuri winaaRmdegobani. lib-eraluri TvalsazrisiT policiaSi xedaven umTavresad nei-tralur instituts, romlis amocanac mdgomareobs imaSi, romman daicvas sazogadoebrivi wesrigi da adamianTa uflebebida Tavisuflebebi. am kuTxiT problema mdgomareobs SemdegSi:policia eyrdnoba farTo sazogadoebriv konsesuss da flobsmaRali xarisxis legitimurobas, ramdenadac moqalaqeebi dar-wmunebulni arian imaSi, rom policia xels uwyobs sazogadoe-brivi wesrigis stabilurobas da uzrunvelyofs xalxis pi-rad usafrTxoebas, icavs ra maT erTimeorisagan, amasTanave isdakavebuli wesrigis dacviT da sxva politikuri funqciebimas arc hqonda da arc eqneba.

konservatiuli TvalsazrisiT policiis roli mdgo-mareobs imaSi, rom mxari dauWiros saxelmwifo Zalauflebas,uzrunvelyos misi kanonieri Sesruleba qveynis mTel teri-toriaze. es midgoma, romelsac aqvs pesimisturi Sexedulebaadamianis bunebaze, xazs usvams imas, rom policias aqvs mniS-vneloba rogorc sazogadoebis Zalovani institutisa, romel-sac ZaluZs Tu ki dasWirdeba, yvelaze ufro mkacrad imoqme-dos sazogadoebrivi mRelvarebisa da samoqalaqo uwesrigo-bis situaciebSi. am SemTxvevaSi policia ganixileba, rogorcpolitikuri kontrolis meqanizmi.

radikaluri Tvalsazrisi metad kritikulia poli-cia-xelisuflebis mimarT. am mimarTebiT policia warmoad-gens daTrgunvis instruments, rac ufro saxelmwifos xelSia,vidre sazogadoebisa da emsaxureba pirvel rigSi elitas,vidre masebs. marqsistuli versiiT policiis amocana mdgo-mareobs imaSi, rom is unda idges sakuTrebis da saerTodkapitalis interesebis sadarajoze.

mkvlevarebi miiCneven, rom policielebis roli damok-

_ Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso viTareba, romelic xelsuwyobs gadatriaklebas.

Zalze TvalnaTliv Cans samxedro gadatrialebis kav-Siri ekonomikur CamorCenilobasTan. nigeriaSi samoqalaqomTavrobis Camogdeba 1983 wels moxda xangrZlivi ekonomikurikrizisis Semdeg, rac gamowveuli iyo navTobze fasebis dace-miT. iqmneba ganxeTqilebis saSiSroeba armiaSi. amitom araagasakviri, rom yvelaze didxans samxedro reJimebi inarCunebenTavis reJims msoflios im nawilSi, romlebic adre warmoad-gendnen koloniebs _ laTinur amerikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi,afrikasa da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi.

samxedroebi saerTod yovelTvis cdiloben moawyonimis demonstrireba, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi maT amoZravebTkeTilSobiluri zraxvebi da miznebi: imis aucilebloba, rommospon korufcia, dasZlion ganxeTqileba sazogadoebaSi, gada-arCinon eri. magram arasodes ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, romyvelafer amaSi ar aris maTi sakuTari interesebi. samxedrogadatrialebani Zalze xSirad ubralod isaxaven cdas, romSeinarCunon armiis privilegiebi, damoukidebloba an prestiJi,Tu saqmeSi araa seriozulo politikuri ambiciebi.

Szogjer armiis gadawyvetileba _ Caigdos Zalaufle-ba xelSi, SeiZleba iqnes nakarnaxevi mosazrebiT, romlebicdakavSirebulia saerTaSoriso viTarebasTan. Zalian cotaaiseTi magaliTebi, romlebic gviCveneben, rom samxedro gada-trialeba, romel qveyanaSic ar unda moxdes is, srulebiTac arexeboda mezobeli qveynis interesebs, regionalur an saerTa-Soriso organizaciebs an saerTaSoriso sazogadoebebs. zogi-erT SemTxvevaSi samxedroebi imitom awyoben Zalovan gamosv-las, rom maTze axdenen zewolas garedan. swored aseTi SemTx-veva moxda CileSi: aSS-s centraluri sadazvervo sammarTve-lo aliendeSi xedavda kubis reJimis momxre komunists, rom-lis reformebi emuqreboda amerikis mravalferovnul korpo-raciebs arsebuls Cilesa da mTels laTinuramerikaSi.pinoCetma ki miiRo aSS-s centraluri sadazvervosammarTvelosagan yovelgveri konsultaciebi: aSS mas aZlev-da garantias da pirdapir diplomatiur mxardaWeras gadatri-alebis warmatebis SemTxvevaSi.

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policiels moeTxoveba, rom is icnobdes Tavis samoqmedoubans, icnobdes yvela ojaxs da sawarmos, romlebic ganlage-bulia mis teritoriaze. swored amas emsaxurebian is spe-cialuri saguSagoebi (kubani) an mudmivi sapolicio ubnebi(Cuzaiso). aseTi meTodis warmateba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom eswarmateba pirdapir damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor eqcevianmoqalaqeebi policiels, rogorc gaerTianebis sapatio wevrsda mzad arian, rom yovelTvis iyvnen meTvalyureobis qveS.did britaneTSi ekonomiurobis TvalsazrisiT es sistemaramdenadme Seamcires 1860-70 wlebSi, magram aseve gaafarToves1980-iani wlebis qalaqebSi agorebuli uwesrigobebis gamo.

meore mxriv, arsebobs policiis modeli, romelic mo-qmedebs ̀ saxanZro brigadis~ principiT, aq mTavaria misi unari,Tu rogori siswrafiT moaxdens igi reagirebas samarTaldar-Rvevebze raTa swored siCqaris wyalobiTa da reaqciebiTgadawyvitos ara marto operatiuli, aramed profilaqtikuriamocanebi. rogorc wesi, am modelSi miRebulia ufro mkacri,TiTqmis samxedro meTodebi, aq agreTve umetesad eyrdnobianiaraRis uaxles teqnologiebs da saxeobas. aseTi modelidamaxasiaTebelia yvelaze metad avtoritaruli da totali-taruli saxelmwifoebisaTvis, magram ar aris ucxo liber-aluri saxelmwifoebisaTvisac. ase magaliTad, niu-iorkis poli-cia potenciuri damnaSeveebis dasaSineblaad SeiaraRebuliadidkalibriani da naxevradavtomaturi revolverebiTa da xe-lketebiT, xolo kairos policia SeiaraRebulia avtomatebiTan avtomaturi SaSxanebiT.

politikuri policiapolitikuri policiapolitikuri policiapolitikuri policiapolitikuri policia

policia SeiZleba iyos `politikuri~ ori mima-rTulebiT. pirvel rigSi, mis saqmes SeiZleba axldes raRacmudmivi tendencia, romelic keTilganwyobilia erTi jgufisadmida moqmedebs sxvaTa winaaRmdeg. meore rigSi, is SeiZlebagascdes Tavisi saqmianobis farglebs da ecados, rom zemo-qmedeba moaxdinos uSualod politikur procesebze. pirveliproblema wamoswies radikaluri da socialisturi mimarTuleb-is kritikosebma maTTvis Cveuli absoluturi urwmunobiTimaSi, rom SeeZloT ki politikur Zalebs yofiliyvnen raRa-caSi neitralurni, Zlierni da emoqmedaT samarTlianad da

idebulia im politikur sistemaze, romlis nawilsac isiniwarmoadgenen da imas, Tu romeli amocanebisaTvis iyeneben maTsaxelmwifo an moqmedi mTavroba. am TvalsazrisiT ganasxvave-ben samoqalaqo policias _ ese igi dayofas, rac gamoxatavssaxelmwifoTa dayofas liberalur saxelmwifoebad da egreTwodebul politikur saxelmwifoebad.

samoqalaqo policiasamoqalaqo policiasamoqalaqo policiasamoqalaqo policiasamoqalaqo policia

rodesac vlaparakobT samoqalaqo policiaze, maSinsaubari midis iseT Zalebze, romelTa moqmedebis sferoc Semoi-fargleba mxolod samarTlis kanoniT, es swored is policiaa,rogorsac xSirad warmoadgens sazogadoeba _ ̀ policia arse-bobs mxolod imisTvis, rom ebrZolos danaSauls~. magramunda vicodeT erTi ram, rom wesrigis dacva, vTqvaT, indoeTissofelSi sul sxvaa, xolo wesrigis dacva Tanamedrone niu-iorkSi, parizsa da sankt-peterburgSi sul sxva. cnobilia, rompatara da erTgvarovani gaerTianebani sakmaod kargad umklavde-bian sakuTari ZalebiT wesrigis dacvis saqmes. sul sxvasuraTi gvaqvs ufro met masStabur da fragmentalur (so-cialuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT) sazogadoebaSi, sa-dac adamianebs Soris damokidebuleba TiTqmis sruliad dep-ersonalizebulia. am SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva qveynis policia,romelic ganicdis ganicdis ganicdis ganicdis ganicdis industrializaciis erTi da igive mod-elebis Seqmnas, Seejaxeba arsebiTad erTi da igive amocanebs:satransporto samarTaldarRvevebs, manqanebis gatacebas, quCisdanaSauls, organizebul danaSauls da am dros sapolicioZalebis organizeba da taqtika iRebs msgavs xasiaTs.

SeiZleba vilaparakoT samoqalaqo policiis sxvadasx-va modelebis Sesaxeb. arsebobs policiis konkretuli sa-zogadoeba. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, rom policia mudamunda iyos adamianTa kompaqturi cxovrebis ama Tu im adgileb-Si, xolo moqalaqeebis mxridan igulisxmeba maTi TanamSrom-loba danaSaulebaTa gamoZiebasa da gaxsnaSi, amas garda arse-bobs kidev danaSaulobaTa profilaqtikis saerTo amocana,sazogadoebaSi iseTi faseulobebis da urTierTdamokidebule-bebis damkvidreba, romlebic mimarTulia swored am amocaneb-is Sesasruleblaad. aseTi koncefcia damaxasiaTebelia didibritaneTisaTvis da kidev ufro metad iaponiisaTvis. iaponel

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vervis federaluri biuro aSS-Si da sabWoTa kavSiris saxelm-wifo uSiSroebis komiteti. uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsax-uri _ saagento, romelsac evaleboda usafrTxoebis dacva dakontrrevoluciuri saqmianobis ganxorcieleba did brita-neTSi Seiqmna 1909 wels sis britaneTSi germaneli jaSuSebiswinaaRmdegsabrZolvelad da igi iTvleba erT-erT uZlieressadazvervo samsaxurad msoflioSi.

saqarTveloSi esenia kudi (konstituciuri usafrTxoe-bis deparpamenti) da sodi (specialuri operatiuli departa-menti).

policiuri saxelmwifoebipoliciuri saxelmwifoebipoliciuri saxelmwifoebipoliciuri saxelmwifoebipoliciuri saxelmwifoebi

termini ̀ policiuri saxelmwifoebi~ ganekuTvneba ise-Ti politikuri reJimis gamomxatvel cnebebs da saxelmwifoe-bs, romlebSic gaTelilia yvela da yovelgvari samoqalaqoTavisuflebebi, policiaze ar moqmedebs araviTari kanoni, isar aris pasuxismgebeli saerTod arc sasamarTlo xelisu-flebis da arc sazogadoebis winaSe da moqmedebs yvelazeuxeSi da gaurkveveli saSualebiT. policiuri saxelmwifoebiwarmoadgenen totalitarizmis pirdapir gansaxierebas: aq poli-cia, romelsac micemuli aqvs ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba,yovelTvis qmnis mudmivi SiSis atmosferos, raTa mmarTvelmaelitam Tavis kontrol qveS mtkiced iqonios sazogadoebiscxovrebis yvela mxare. magram yvelafer amasTan erTad, pol-iciels aseT policiur saxelmwifoSi ara aqvs miniWebuliiseTi adgili, rogoric ukavia armias samxedro diqtaturispirobebSi _ is ubralod aris politikuri elitis samsaxur-Si.

swored aseTi mdgomareoba iyo germaniaSi, sadac Seqm-nili iyo daSinebisa da zedamxedvelobis aparati. gestapos`yavisferi perangebi~-s razmebi mzad iyvnen mTavrobis pirve-li sityvisTanave gasworebodnen nebismier mowinaaRmdeges.gestapo asrulebda saidumlo policiis amocanebs, CD-is dan-ayofebi iTavsebdnen dazvervisa da uSiSroebis sakiTxebs, xoloCC-I warmoadgenda namdvil saxelmwifos saxelmwifoSi.analogiuri adgili hqonda movlenebs sabWoTa kavSirSi:leninma 1917 wels Seqmna _ sagangebi komisia burJuaziisa dapolitikuri metoqeebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. Semdeg misi

dainteresebis gareSe (romel saxelmwifo organosac ar undaemsaxuron). am TvalsazrisiT saqme ase warmovidginoT: policiisZalebis specialuri momzadeba da disciplina ukve TviTonTavisTavad qmnian maTSi iseT kulturas, romelic arsebiTadaris avtoritaruli da politikurad konservatiuli, amitomiseT jgufebTan, rogoricaa muSebi, gaficulebi, qalebi daeTnikuri umciresobani, politikuri Zalebi moiqcevian ufromkacrad, vidre sxvebTan.

policiis politizaciis done ucvlelad izrdeba im-isda mixedviT, Tu ramdenad ufro rTuli da fragmentirebulixdeba sazogadoeba. zogierTi Teoretikosi kidec amtkicebs,rom saerTod ar SeiZleba zRvaris gavleba policiis saqmi-anobis samoqalaqo da politikur sferoebs Soris. ZalzexSirad policiis neitralobis saerTod ar swamT TviT sa-zogadoebasac, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca policiels gadais-vrian gaficvebis, demonstraciebis da samoqalaqo uwesrigobe-bis winaaRmdeg, rac gamomdinareobs aRmoufxvreli sazogadoe-brivi dapirispirebebidan da winaaRmdegobebidan. ase xdebaxSirad im regionebSi, sadac arsebobs mwvave eTnikuri annacionaluri problemebi. ase magaliTad, espaneTis Crdilo-eTSi, baskebis qveyanaSi, an CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, sadac mosax-leobis mniSvnelovani nawili ar aRiqvams policiels rogorc`kanonier Zalas~.

xSirad saxelmwifoebisaTvis ̀ politikurad Zalze sa-CoTiro~ operaciebis Sesasruleblad qmnian specialur nax-evrad gasamxedroebuli xasiaTis policiur razmebs. amisklasikur magaliTs warmoadgens safrangeTis respublikuriuSiSroebis samsaxuri, romelic organizebulia samxedro yaidazeiqamdec ki, rom misi TanamSromlebi cxovroben specialurgarnizonebSi. did britaneTSi amave miznebisaTvisaa Seqmni-li patrulirebis specialuri jgufi.

da bolos SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yovel saxelmwifoSiaris Seqmnili Tavisi specialuri saidumlo samsaxurebi daz-vervisa da uSiSroebis dargSi. maTi funqciebi erTmniS-vnelovnad atareben politikur xasiaTs, romelic agreTveSeicavs iseTi xalxisa da adamianTa jgufebze meTvalyure-obas, romelTa saqmianobam SeiZleba ziani miayenos saxelmwi-fos da zogjer destabilizacia gamoiwvios. aseT samsaxurebswarmoadgens Sinagani uSiSroebis samsaxurebi, rogoric arian:did britaneTSi dazvervis centraluri sammarTvelo, daz-

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daskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebi

_ armia warmoadgens gansakuTrebuli saxis politikurinstituts. sazogadoebis sxva institutebisagan gansxvavebiTSeiaraRebuli Zalebi gansxvavdebian imiT, rom isini flobensrul monopolias SeiaraRebaze, aqvT SezRuduli xasiaTisudidesi Zalaufleba, umaRles doneze disciplinirebuli dastruqturirebuli daqvemdebarebis safexurebis mixedviT, gaaC-niaT umaRlesi kultura da faseulobaTa orientacia, war-moadgenen saerTo erovnuli interesebis matareblebs, rac maTayenebs ̀ politikaze maRla~.

_ SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavari amocanaa _ warmoad-gendes omis iaraRs sxva saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg brZola-Si. amasTanave armia warmoadgens interesTa uZlieres da-jgufebas, romelic gavlenas axdens politikaze, gansakuTre-biT ki sagareo da TavdacviT politikaze. garda amisa masgamoiyeneben, rogorc damatebiT saSualebas Sinagani wesrigisada stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad, gansakuTrebiT ki im situ-aciebSi, roca samoqalaqo samsaxurebi ver Zleven am amocanas.bolos ki armia warmoadgens Zalas, romelsac ZaluZs (Seu-Zlia) gadaayenos samoqalaqo xelisufleba da daamyaros Tavi-si _ samxedro diqtatura.

_ Seiqmna armiaze kontrolis ganxorcielebis oriforma. liberaluri, anu `obieqturi~ kontrolis modeligulisxmobs, rom armia unda uyos politikis gareSe samo-qalaqo organoebis meqanizmebis saSualebiT da am dros armiaunda emorCilebodes samoqalaqo xelisuflebas da unda arse-bobdes mis winaSe angariSvaldebuli. armia eqvemdebareba samo-qalaqo xelmZRvanelobas imiT, rom is ideologiurad eqvemde-bareba mmarTveli partiis faseulobebsa da miznebs.

_ samxedro gadatrialebebi xdeba gansazRvrul SemTx-vevebSi. aq mTavari faqtoria: qveynis ekonomikuri CamorCeni-loba (moqmedi mTavroba naklebad uWers mxars ekonomikas);xelisuflebis institutebisa da mmarTveli elitis mier sa-zogadoebis TvalSi legitimurobis dakargva; interesTa kon-fliqti samxedroebsa da samoqalaqo xelisuflebas Soris dabolos saerTaSoriso viTareba, romelic ubiZgebs samxedroebssaxelmwifo gadatrialebisaken, an rogorc minimum uadvilebsmaT Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebas.

_ policiis mTavari amocanaa _ ganaxorcielos samar-

adgili daikava _ ssr kavSiris saxalxo komisiaTa sabWosTanarsebulma saxelmwifo politikurma sammarTvelom. SemdegSeiqmna Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati, romelic iyostalinis Zalauflebis piradi instrumenti da bolos, 1953wels Seiqmna _ saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komiteti (suki), romelicsxva funqciebTan erTad axorcielebda kontrols sasazRvrosamsaxurisa da SromiTi banakebis sistemaze. komunistur sax-elmwifoebSi saidumlo policiis magaliTebs warmoadgendnengdr-Si ̀ Stasi~ da ̀ sekiuritate~ rumineTSi.

saxelmwifo uSiSroebis aseT sistemebTan erTad Sei-Zleba arsebobdes `Cveulebrivi~ policiuri Zalebi. ase ma-galiTad, nacistur germaniaSi faSisturi germaniis arsebobismTel periodSi saqmianobda Cveulebriv teritorialuri or-ganizebuli policia, romelic Tvalyurs adevnebda wesrigsam sityvis sruli tradiciuli mniSvnelobiT. sabWoTa kav-SirSi arsebobda milicia, romelic eqvemdebareboda SinagansaqmeTa saministros da pasuxismgebeli iyo sisxlis samarT-lis danaSaulobaTa gamovlenaze, damnaSaveTa dakavebaze, sapa-sporto reJimis zedamxedvelobasa da saerTo wesrigis dacvaze.

magram unda iTqvas, rom TviT e.w. ̀ liberalur saxelm-wifoebsac~ ki hyavT Tavisi saidumlo policia. ase magaliTad,aSS-s dazvervis centralur sammarTvelos araerTxel miuRiamonawileoba qveynis farglebs gareT saidumlo operaciebisCatarebaSi, TviT CileSi pinoCetis gadatrialebis mxardaWer-is CaTvliT, kubis lideris fidel kastros mokvlis mcdelo-baSic da salvadorSi kanonieri gziT arCeuli mTavrobismowinaaRmdegeTaTvis SeiaraRebis miwodebaSi. arsebobs mo-sazreba, rom dazvervis centraluri sammarTvelo araerTxelatarebda saidumlo operaciebs sakuTari qveynis SigniTac daiTamaSa Taviseburi roli 1963 wels prezident kenedis mkv-lelobaSi, Tumca es jer kidev daumtkicebelia. ̀ politikuriteroris ~meTodebi gamoyenebul iqna CrdiloeT irlandiaSic1960-iani wlebis bolos, sadac didi britaneTis policiisspecialuri Zalebi ara marto akontrolebdnen samoqalaqodemonstraciebs da winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen irlandiis res-publikur armias, aramed yvelafers akeTebdnen imisaTvis, romdaeSinebinaT qalaq olsteris kaTolikuri ubnebis mosaxle-oba. 1969 wels ki es razmebi daSlil iqna, magram ara uadresimisa, sanam policiuri funqciebi gadacemuli iqneboda brit-aneTis armiisaTvis.

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Tavi XVITavi XVITavi XVITavi XVITavi XVIsaqarTvelos politikuri sistemasaqarTvelos politikuri sistemasaqarTvelos politikuri sistemasaqarTvelos politikuri sistemasaqarTvelos politikuri sistema

saqarTvelo aris damoukidebeli, erTiani da ganuyofelisaxelmwifo, rac dadasturebulia 1991 wlis 31 marts qveynismTel teritoriaze, maT Soris afxazeTis assr-Si da yofilsamxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi Catarebuli referendumiTda 1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrividamoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtiT.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos politikuri wyobilebis formaaris demokratiuli respublika. saqarTvelos saxelmwifossaxelwodebaa „saqarTvelo”.

qalaqis mosaxleoba 58%, soflis – 42%.administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa: saqarTvelos

dedaqalaqi – Tbilisi, 2 avtonomiuri respublika (aWaris daafxazeTis), 9 mxare (kaxeTis, qvemo qarTlis, Sida qarTlis,mcxeTa-TianeTis, samcxe-javaxeTis, imereTis, guriis, samegrelo-zemo svaneTis, raWa-leCxumis), 63 raioni, 942 sasoflo sabWo(sul 62 qalaqi, 53 qalaqis tipis daba, 4475 sofeli). mosaxle-oba 4 milionze meti, maT Soris TbilisSi 1,2 milioni. qveya-naSi moqmedebs 1995 wlis 24 agvistos parlamentis mier miRe-buli konstitucia.

konstitucia agebulia sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebelida sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mkveTri gamijvnis principze.saqarTvelos sazRvrebi gansazRvrulia 1991 wlis 21 dekembrismdgomareobiT (muxli 2); aRiarebulia saerTaSoriso xelSek-rulebebis upiratesoba erovnul kanonmdeblobasTan Sedare-biT (muxli 6) sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba eniWebaTprezidents, parlamentis wevrs, saparlamento fraqcias, sapar-lamento komitets, avtonomiur warmonaqmnebs an 30 aTas amom-rCevels (muxli 6). referendumi SeiZleba moewyos preziden-tis, parlamentis an 200 aTasi amomrCevlis iniciativiT (mux-li 74).

sakanonmdeblo konfliqtebis gadasawyvetad daarsda sa-konstitucio sasamarTlo.

konstituciis gadasinjvis iniciativiT sargeblobs prez-identi, parlamentis siiT Semadgenlobis naxevari an 200 aTasiamomrCeveli (muxli 102).

1995 wlis konstituciaSi Riadaa datovebuli saqarTve-los teritoriuli mowyobis sakiTxi. aRniSnulia, rom igi

TalaRsruleba da xeli Seuwyos samoqalaqo wesrigs. amasTanavemas SeuZlia hqondes politikuri xasiaTi, im SemTxvevaSi TuTviT policiaSi moqmedebs esa Tu is tendenciebi, roca masiyeneben samoqalaqo uwerigobis CasaxSobad an politikuruTanxmoebaTa mosawesrigeblad, an roca is warmoadgens pol-iciuri saxelmwifos iaraRs, gadaiqceva ra am SemTxvevaSipolitikuri elitis samsaxurSi TiTqosda kerZo armiad.

_ policiaze moqmedi kontroli moiTxovs balansisarsebobas mis politikur angariSvaldebulebasa da misi poli-tizaciis princips Soris, rac Tavis mxriv damokidebuliaimaze, Tu romel principzea igi formirebuli _ centralize-bul Tu decentralizebul safuZvelze. decentralizebulisapolicio Zalebi damoukidebelni arian centraluri xe-lisuflebisagan da yuradRebiT unda reagirebdnen adgilo-briv saWiroebebze. centralizacia ki ufro adekvaturad pa-suxobs saerTo erovnuli mmarTvelobis amocanebs da efeq-turobis moTxovnebs.

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26 maiss Catarda da masSi zviad gamsaxurdiam gaimarjva. sax-elmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg gauqmda prezidentis insti-tuti. 1992 wlis 6 noembers miRebuli saxelmwifo xelisu-flebis Sesaxeb kanonis mixedviT parlamentis Tavjdomareseduard SevardnaZes saxelmwifo meTauris uflebamosilebamieniWa.

1995 wlis konstituciiT kvlav SemoRebuli iqna prezi-dentis Tanamdeboba. prezidenti airCeva saerTo-saxalxo ken-WisyriT 5 wlis vadiT. erTi da igive pirovneba prezidentadSeiZleba arCeul iqnas zedized ori vadiT. igi aris saxelm-wifosa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri, umaRlesimTavarsardali.

parlaments aqvs prezidentis impiCmentis (gadayenebis)ufleba xmaTa 2/3-iT. prezidentad ar SeiZleba airCes pirovne-ba, romelsac ar Sesrulebia 35 weli. (zeda zRvari dadgeniliar aris). 1995 da 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebze gaimarjvaeduard SevardnaZem, 2004 da 2008 wlis riggareSe arCevnebSigaimarjva mixeil saakaSvilma.

prezidenti imavdroulad aris erovnuli uSiSroebissabWos Tavjdomare.

b) mTavroba1995 wlis konstituciam mniSvnelovnad Secvala aRmas-

rulebeli xelisuflebis struqtura. gauqmda premier-minis-tris Tanamdeboba, aRar arsebobda ministrTa kabineti, Tumca2004 wlidan kvlav aRdgenil iqna es Tanamdeboba.

1997 wlis 3 maiss ZalaSi Sevida axali kanoni saxelm-wifo mowyobis Sesaxeb. dReisaTvis aRmasrulebeli xelisu-flebis struqturas qmnian:

prezidenti, premier-ministri (saxelmwifo kancelariismeTauri) saministroebi, saxelmwifo departamentebi, saxelm-wifo inspeqciebi.

wina wlebSi parlamentma ramdenime ministri impiCmen-tis wesiT gadaayena. parlamentTan SeTanxmebiT ministrebiswardgenis da daniSvnis ufleba aqvs saqarTvelos prezidents.

2004 wlis ianvridan saqarTvelos mesame prezidenti gax-da mixeil saakaSvili. 2008 wlis ianvarSi is xelmeored iqnaarCeuli prezidentad. `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg 2004wlidan dRemde 5 premier-ministri Seicvala.

qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis Semdeg gadawyde-ba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb specialurad miRe-buli organuli kanoniT.

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba parlamentisakanonmdeblo xelisufleba parlamentisakanonmdeblo xelisufleba parlamentisakanonmdeblo xelisufleba parlamentisakanonmdeblo xelisufleba parlamenti

1990 wlis 28 oqtombers, 1992 wlis 11 oqtombers, 1995 wlis5 noembers, 1999 wlis 31 oqtombers, 2003 wlis 2 noembers, 2004wlis 28 marts, 2008 wlis 21 maiss Catarebulma mravalparti-ulma arCevnebma saqarTveloSi ukve Seqmna parlamentarizmisgarkveuli tradiciebi da gamocdileba. parlamenti sul ufrogamokveTil adgils ikavebs politikur cxovrebaSi.

2008 wlis 21 maisis arCevnebze gaimarjva mmarTvelmapartiam _ nacionalurma moZraobam, romelmac gadalaxa 5-procentiani barieri da 150-dan 120 deputati gaiyvana. bolowlebis arCevnebis Tavisebureba isic iyo, rom isini ver Catar-da separatistuli mTavrobis kontrolis qveS myof afxazeTisteritoriaze da 1992 wels afxazeTidan arCeul parlamentar-ebs 2004 wlamde gaugrZeldaT mandatebi.

1999 wlis parlamentis arCevnebSi gaimarjva 2003 welsxelisuflebaSi mosulma saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSirma,romelmac saparlamento umravlesoba Seqmna, magram es umravle-soba mtkice ver aRmoCnda. misi daSla daaCqara eduard Seevard-naZis wasvlam partiis Tavjdomareobidan da parlamentis Tavj-domaris zurab Jvanias gadadgomam. 2001 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTve-los parlamentis Tavjdomared arCeuli iqna nino burjanaZe.amJamad parlamentSi aris 16 saparlamento komiteti da 5 sapa-rlamento fraqcia (fraqciaSi 6 kacze meti Sedis).

2003 wels gayalbebuli saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegaddawyebulma moZraobam Seiwira SevardnaZis xelisufleba. 2004wlis 28 martis saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegad xelisu-flebis saTaveSi movida nacionaluri moZraoba, romelic dRemdemarTavs qveyanas.

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaaRmasrulebeli xelisufleba

a) prezidentipirveli saprezidento arCevnebi saqarTveloSi 1991 wlis

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afxazeTSi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mimarTul separat-istul moZraobas yovelTvis ruseTi aRvivebda, romelsac didadar anaRvlebda arc afxazeTis bedi. 1991 wlis bolos, sabWoTakavSiris daSlis droisaTvis eTnikuri afxazebis wili afx-azeTis mosaxleobis 18%-s Seadgenda, qarTvelebisa ki-46%.

afxazebi sargeblobdnen qarTvelebze meti uflebebiTyvela sferoSi, rasac demokratiis procesis dawyebam safrTxeSeuqmna. miuxedavad imisa rom 1991 wlis afxazeTis umaRlesisabWos arCevnebSi afxazebs gamsaxurdias xelisuflebamqarTvelebze meti qvota misca (afxazebs 28 mandati, qarTvelebs– 26, 2 adgili ki sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebs) konfliqtirusebis waqezebiT mainc mwifdeboda da igi gansakuTrebiTgaRrmavda 1991-1992 wlebis saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg.1992 wlis 23 ivliss afxazeTis umaRlesma sabWom xmaTa umrav-lesobiT gamoacxada afxazeTis 1925 wlis konstituciis aRd-gena, rac faqtiurad afxazeTis saqarTvelodan gamoyofas niS-navda. saqarTvelos samxedro sabWom, afxazeTis umaRlesi sab-Wos qarTulma fraqciam (31 deputati) ar cno es ukanono aqti.

daZabulobam kulminacias miaRwia 1992 wlis 14 agvistos,roca sarkinigzo magistralebis usafrTxoebis dacvisa dasinamdvileSi ki eqs-prezident zviad gamsaxurdias momxreTaganeitralebis mizniT saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli ZalebiSevidnen afxazeTis teritoriaze. aman gamoiwvia omi afxaze-Tis separatistulad ganwyobil xelisuflebasTan, romelsacaqtiurad daexmarnen iq dislocirebuli rusi samxedroebi daCrdiloeTkavkasieli daqiravebuli meomrebi.

es omi 1993 wlis 27 seqtembers soxumis dacemiT dasaqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis damarcxebiT damTavr-da, omSi daaxloebiT 30 aTasamde adamiani daiRupa, moxda qarTvel-Ta genocidi – 250 aTasze meti qarTveli gamoZevebuli iqnaafxazeTidan, daikarga afxazeTis yofili avtonomiis terito-ria, 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos konfliqtis Semdeg ki _kodoris xeobac.

1994 wlidan mimdinareobs molaparakebebi Tbilissa dasoxumis defaqto xelisuflebas Soris, romelSic Suamavlisrols 2008 wlamde ruseTi asrulebda, agreTve masSi sxvadasx-va statusiT monawileobs, gaero, euTo, “saqarTvelos megobar-Ta” jgufi (aSS, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, germania, ruseTi).konfliqtis zonaSi samSvidobo Zalebis funqciebs “asruleb-da” ruseTis samxedro kontingenti, romelic damoukidebel

sasamarTlo xelisuflebasasamarTlo xelisuflebasasamarTlo xelisuflebasasamarTlo xelisuflebasasamarTlo xelisufleba

1995 wlis konstituciiT akrZalulia specialuri sasa-marTloebis Seqmna. mosamarTleebs irCeven 10 wlis vadiTSesabamisi gamocdebis Cabarebis Semdeg. generaluri prokurorisuflebamosilebis vada 5 welia. 1996 wlidan pirvelad Seiqmnasakonstitucio sasamarTlo, romelic mowodebulia konsti-tuciisa da adamianis uflebaTa dasacavad. igi Sedgeba 10wlis vadiT daniSnuli 9 wevrisagan. mosamarTle SeiZlebagaxdes 28 wels gadacilebuli piri. sasamarTlo sistemazemeTvalyureoba avalia saqarTvelos prezidentTan SeqmnilsaTaTbiro organos – iusticiis sabWos, Seqmnilia raionuli,saolqo, saapelacio, afxazeTisa da aWaris umaRlesi, saqarTve-los uzenaesi sasamarTloebi.

1997 wlidan SemoRebuli iqna saxalxo damcvelis anuombudsmenis Tanamdeboba, romelsac sakmaod didi uflebebigaaCnia da romelic arc erTi partiis wevri ar unda iyos.

adgilobrivi xelisuflebaadgilobrivi xelisuflebaadgilobrivi xelisuflebaadgilobrivi xelisuflebaadgilobrivi xelisufleba

adgilobrivi da regionaluri xelisuflebis mowyobisproblema yvelaze mtkivneuli aRmoCnda axali qarTuli sax-elmwifoebriobisaTvis. qveynis teritoriis 15%-ze meti, yo-fili afxazeTis assr da samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqisteritoria separatistuli mTavrobebis xelSia kvlavac daudides problemebs uqmnis qveyanas. 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTve-los omis Semdeg ruseTma afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTisdamoukidebloba calmxrivad aRiara, amasTan daikava axalgor-is raioni, didi da patara liaxvis da frones xeobebi.

avtonomiebiavtonomiebiavtonomiebiavtonomiebiavtonomiebi

afxazeTs avtonomiis ufleba (soxumis olqi) jer kidevsaqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis konsti-tuciiT hqonda miniWebuli. bolSevikurma xelisuflebam 1921wlis 16 dekembers igi “saxelSekrulebo respublikad” gamo-acxada, xolo 1931 wlis 19 Tebervals igi gaformda avtonomi-ur respublikad saqarTvelos ssr SemadgenlobaSi.

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sabWom 1990 wlis dekemberSi gaauqma samxreT oseTis avtonomi-uri olqi. amas samxedro dapirispireba mohyva. es konfliqtiormxrivi msxverpliT mimdinareobda 1992 wlis ivlisamde. igidamTavrda sammxrivi qarTul-osur-rusuli SeTanxmebiT, rom-liTac yofili olqis statusis garkvevamde regionSi sam-mxrivi samSvidobo Zalebi dadgeboda. es SeTanxmeba dRemdemoqmedebs, olqis teritorias ki realurad dRemde akontrolebscxinvalis e.w. xeliufleba – mTavroba da prezidenti. 2008wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Sedegad saqarTvelom damate-biT dakarga didi da patara liaxvis, frones xeobebi, axal-goris raioni.

aWaris avtonomiuri respublikaaWaris avtonomiuri respublikaaWaris avtonomiuri respublikaaWaris avtonomiuri respublikaaWaris avtonomiuri respublika

aWaris avtonomiuri respublika (adre mas 1918-1921 wwdamoukideblobis wlebSi samuslimano saqarTvelos eZaxdnen)Seqmnilia ara eTnikuri niSniT (aWarlebi qarTvelebia yvela),aramed religiuri niSniT, TurqeTTan garkveuli SeTanxmebissafuZvelze. aWaris xelmZRvanelobas arasodes dauyenebia eWvqveSsaqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi yofna. 1991 wlidan aWaris av-tonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sabWos Tavjdomared air-Cies aslan abaSiZe, romelic zviad gamsaxurdias mxardaWeriTsargeblobda.

1992 wlis saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg aslan aba-SiZem cno axali xelisufleba, miesalma eduard SevardnaZisdabrunebas saqarTveloSi. man moaxerxa (rusuli nawilebisdaxmarebiT) ar daeSva aWaraze imJamad Zlieri samxedroformirebebis (mxedrioni, gvardia) gavlenebis gavrceleba, risiwyalobiTac regioni faqtiurad gadaurCa ngrevas, SenarCundawesrigi da garkveuli aRmSenebloba daiwyo. aman aslan aba-SiZe popularul figurad aqcia, rasac misi finansuri si-Zlierec xels uwyobda. man Seqmna axali partia “saqarTvelosaRorZinebis kavSiri”, romelic gavleniT meore politikuriZala iyo saqarTveloSi. 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebzeman 60-mde deputatis saparlamento mandati miiRo saqarTve-los parlamentSi. aslan abaSiZe yovelTvis xazs usvamdaTavis erTgulebas saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisideisadmi. igi Zlieri mmarTveli iyo da naklebad sjerodademokratiuli mmarTvelobis sikeTis.

saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis (dsT) egidiT moqmedebda daromelic faqtiurad exmareba afxazeTis separatistul xe-lisuflebas miRweulis SenarCunebaSi.

molaparakebebi ZiriTadad or sakiTze mimdinareobs:afxazeTis statusze da ltolvilebis dabrunebaze. arc erTam sakiTxze raime progresi araa miRweuli. galis raionSistiqiurad dabrunda da cxovrobs 60 aTasamde qarTveli.

1995 wlis 22 agvistos soxumis e.w. parlamentma special-uri rezoluciiT daadastura afxazeTis sruli damoukide-bloba, arCeuli iqna afxazeTis e.w. prezidentic. dRes afxaze-Tis sakiTxi CixSia moqceuli. saqarTvelo arasodes ar See-gueba afxazeTis dakargvas, afxazeTis e.w. xelisuflebas kigagonebac ar unda saqarTvelos SigniT farTo avtonomiismiRebaze.

samwuxarod saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ver moagvaraafxazeTis problema. 2008 wlis agvistoSi dawyebuli ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Sedegad ruseTma cno afxazeTis da e.w.samxreT oseTis damoukidebloba, Tumca am aqts mxari aravindauWira nikaraguas garda.

cxinvalis regionicxinvalis regionicxinvalis regionicxinvalis regionicxinvalis regioni

Tuki afxazeTis gansakuTrebuli avtonomiuris statusiprincipulad misaRebia qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis, igive ariTqmis cxinvalis regionze, e.w. samxreT oseTze.

samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi bolSevikurma xe-lisuflebam xelovnurad Seqmna 1922 wlis 20 aprils bolSe-vikebisadmi osi xalxis daxmarebis jildod. amitom qarTulisazogadoebis umravlesobis TvalSi am avtonomiuri olqisTviT arseboba aralegitimuri iyo.

regionSi Seqmnilma moZraobam XX saukunis 80-ian wleb-Si “adamon nixasis” xelmZRvanelobiT moiTxova CrdiloeToseTTan gaerTianeba, rac ukanono nabiji iyo. pirveli Setake-bebi regionSi daiwyo 1989 wels. gamsaxurdias xelisuflebamTavdapirvelad ganacxada, rom eWvis qveS ayenebda avtonomiislegitimurobas, magram roca TbilisTan SeTanxmebis gareSeavtonomiur olqSi arCevnebi Catarda da axladarCeulma uze-naesma sabWom samxreT oseTis respublika (faqtiurad saqarTvelo-dan gamoyofa) gamoacxada, saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma

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lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis meore arCevnebi. qalaqebSi (Tbili-sisa da foTis garda) pirdapiri kenWisyriT airCies qalaqismerebi, agreTve soflebisa da qalaqis sakrebuloebi. raionisgamgeblebs kvlav niSnavs prezidenti raionuli sakrebuloswardginebiT. aseve iniSnebian Tbilisisa da foTis merebi.TbilisSi da foTSi proporciuli wesiT airCa sakrebuloe-bi. es arCevnebi daZabul da rTul, dapirispirebul viTareba-Si Catarda. iyo mravali darRveva, arCevnebis Sedegebis gayal-beba, sasamarTloSi gasaCivreba. am arCevnebSi warmatebas miaR-wies axalma memarjveneebma, “mrewvelebma”, leiboristebma, na-cionalurma moZraobam-demokratiulma frontma. 2006 wlisadgilobriv arCevnebSi gaimarjva nacionalurma moZraobam.

politikuri partiebipolitikuri partiebipolitikuri partiebipolitikuri partiebipolitikuri partiebi

sabWoTa reJimis rRvevis procesma 1987-1988 wlidandamoukidebeli politikuri organizaciebis Seqmna gamoiwvia.im periodSi Seiqmna erovnul-demokratiuli partia, ilia Wav-WavaZis sazogadoeba, erovnuli damoukideblobis partia, so-cialur-demokratiuli partia da sxvebi, romelTa mTavarimoTxovna erovnuli damoukideblobis aRdgena iyo. 1989 wlis9 aprilis Semdeg moxerxda saxalxo frontis Seqmna, romelmacgaaerTiana yvela politikuri Zala komunisturi partiiswinaaRmdeg. es erTianoba droebiTi aRmoCnda. imZlavra am-biciebma da erovnuli Zalebi ZiriTadad or banakad gaiyvnen:zviad gamsaxurdiam da misma momxreebma Seqmnes bloki “mrgva-li magida-Tavisufali saqarTvelo” romelmac gaimarjva kidec1990 wlis 28 oqtombris arCevnebSi. am arCevnebSi monawileobamiiRo 34 politikurma organizaciam. erovnuli moZraobis me-ore banaki mkveTrad daupirispirda zviad gamsaxurdias xe-lisuflebas.

1991-1992 wlis samoqalaqo dapirispireba swored am poli-tikur Zalebs Soris moxda. saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Sem-deg daiwyo axali partiebis warmoSoba – 1993 wlis noemberSieduard SevardnaZis xelmZRvanelobiT Camoyalibda ̀ saqarTve-los moqalaqeTa kavSiri~ romelmac gaimarjva 1995 da 1999wlebis saparlamento arCevnebze. 1993 wlis Tebervlidan SeiqmnasaqarTvelos demokratiuli aRorZinebis kavSiri, romlis Tavj-domare iyo aslan abaSiZe. 1999 wlidan moqmedebs politikuri

yovelive amis miuxedavad SeiniSneboda garkveuli daZab-uloba centrsa da aWaris mmarTveloabs Soris. miuxedavadimisa, rom saqarTvelos konstituciaSi dafiqsirda aWaris av-tonomiis sakiTxi, realurad ar momdara gamijvna centrsa daregions Soris. es exeboda sakadro sakiTxebsac. xSiri iyourTierTbraldebebi. 1991 wlidan aslan abaSiZe ar CamosulaTbilisSi teroristuli aqtebis SiSis gamo. 1996 da 2001, 2004da 2008 wlebSi Catarda aWaris uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebi.miRebulia aWaris avtonomiis konstituciac. 2001 wels aslanabaSiZe arCeul iqna aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis meTau-rad pirdapiri kenWisyriT, aWaris uzenaesi sabWo ki orpala-tiani gaxda.

2004 wlis maisidan aWaraSi Seicvala xelisuflebac.aslan abaSiZis nacvlad aWaris ministrTa sabWos TavmjdomareddainiSna levan vaSalomiZe.

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobaadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobaadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobaadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobaadgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba

1995 wlis konstituciaSi qveynis administraciul-teri-toriuli mowyobis sistema ar iqna Setanili da igi ganix-ileba qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis Semdeg, xoloadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sistema organuli kanoniTunda gansazRvruliyo. yvelaze didi cvlilebaa adgilobrivimmarTvelobis Sualeduri (regionaluri) rgolis – mxarisSeqmna (sul 9 mxare Seiqmna, romelsac prezidentis rwmuneb-ulebi ganageben 1993 wlidan. mxareebis Seqmna ganaxorcieldaeduard SevardnaZis iniciativiT da misi (da ara parlamentismier miRebuli kanonis) brZanebulebiT da amdenad igi jer-jerobiT arakonstituciur warmonaqms warmoadgens, miuxeda-vad imisa, rom 1997 wels miRebuli iqna kanoni – mxarisSesaxeb. momavalSi mosalodnelia regionebis gauqmeba da re-gionalur (samxareo) mmarTvelobaze gadasvla, orpalatianiparlamentis SemoReba).

1997 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRoorganuli kanoni adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb,romlis safuZvelzec 1998 wlis 15 noembers Catarda adgilo-brivi TviTmmarTvelobis pirveli arCevnebi saqarTveloSiafxazeTisa da cxvinvalis regionis gamoklebiT.

2002 wlis 2 ivniss (1 wlis dagvianebiT) Catarda adgi-

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ataven metwilad), Seiqmna damoukidebeli arxebic: “rusTavi-2”,“evrika”, “maestro”, “aWara”, “kavkasia”, “imedi”, “mze”, radioarx-ebi: “fortuna”, “radio-105”, “imedi”, ~ucnobi~, “nacnobi”, “saqarTve-los xma”, “radio Tavisuflebis” qarTuli redaqcia da sxva.satelevizio adgilobrivi sakabelo arxebi gaaCnia bevr raionsda regions. 2001 wlis oqtomberSi “rusTavi-2”-is garSemodidi skandali moxda, rac politikur dapirispirebaSi gada-izarda. telekompaniaSi Sevidnen uSiSroebis saministrosmuSakebi da faqtiurad misi SezRudva da gauqmeba moindomessxva sababiT. xalxma maSin masiurad dauWira mxari “rusTavi-2”-s, mere ki es yovelive parlametTan mjdomare aqciaSi gada-izarda, romelsac mTavrobis gadadgoma mohyva.

Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos isic rom am “damoukidebeli”tele da radio arxebis ukan saxelisuflebo politikuri dafinansuri jgufebi dganan, romlebic xSirad WeSmarit qarTulinteresebs sulac ar gamoxataven. 2004 wlidan gauqmda tele-kompaniebi `me-9 arxi~, `iberia~, `202~, raSic xelisuflebasmiuZRvis wvlili.

arasamTavrobo organizaciebiarasamTavrobo organizaciebiarasamTavrobo organizaciebiarasamTavrobo organizaciebiarasamTavrobo organizaciebi

dRes sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi ZiriTadad sam Zir-iTad jgufad iyofa: SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebi da profkavSire-bi (romlebic sabWouri politikuri sistemis specifikurelements warmoadgenen), axali arasamTavrobo organizaciebi,religiuri organizaciebi. 1992 wlidan gamokveTilad daiwyoarapolitikuri arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa Camoyalibeba,romelTa ricxvma 3000-s gadaaWarba. maTi umravlesoba funq-cionirebs ucxo fondebis (magaliTad “Ria sazogadoeba-saqarTvelo, anu sorosis fondi, fondi “evrazia”, fondi “hor-izonti”, tasisis programa, fridrix ebertis fondi, aseve qarTulifirma “qarTus” saqvelmoqedo fondi, gogi TofaZis fondi,kaTolikos patriarqis fondi, eduard SevardnaZis fondi, axa-li memarjveneebis fondi da sxva) da iSviaTad sakuTari sax-srebis meSveobiT. arasamTavrobo seqtori ufro metad aqti-uria iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa garemos dacva, adamianis ufle-bebi, samoqalaqo ganaTleba, demokratiuli reformebis sakanon-mdeblo safuZvlebis SemuSaveba, konfliqtebis regulireba,socialuri da humanitaruli daxmareba, axalgazrdobis da

moZraoba: “mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos”, romlis Tavj-domarea gogi TofaZe. swored am samma paartiam gadalaxa 7%-iani saarCevno barieri 1999 wlis arCevnebze.

1996 wlidan moqmedebs saqarTvelos leiboristuli (Sro-mis partia (Tavjdomare Salva naTelaSvili), romelmac war-matebas miaRwia 1998 da 2002 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebze.1978 wlidan funqcionirebs saqarTvelos respublikuri par-tia (Tavmjdomare daviT usufaSvili). 2001 wels ki 2 poli-tikuri gaerTianeba “nacionaluri moZraoba – demokratiulifronti” romlis Tavjdomarea mixeil saakaSvili da “gaer-Tianebuli demokratebi” (Tavjdomare zurab Jvania). es bolosami politikuri gaerTianeba moqalaqeTa kavSiris namsxvreve-bze aRmocenda da sakmaod warmatebas miaRwies 2002 wlisadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebze. bolo wlebSiSeiqmna axali partiebic _ ̀ erovnuli forumi~ (kaxa Sartavada gubaz sanikiZe), ̀ saqarTvelos gza~ (salome zurabiSvili),`axali memarjveneebi~ (daviT gamyreliZe), konservatorebi (zviadZiZiguri), ̀ xalxis partia~ (koba daviTaSvili), nino burjana-Zis, irakli alasanias da irakli oqruaSvilis partiebi.

masmediamasmediamasmediamasmediamasmedia

1987 wlidan daiwyo damoukidebeli partiuli gamoceme-bis gamoSveba, magaliTad saxalxo frontis gazeTi “saqarTve-lo” masobriv popularul gamocemad iqca. damoukidebeliarapartiuli gamocemebis istoria 1990 wlidan gazeT “7 dRis”gamosvliT iwyeba, romelsac mere gazeTi “dronic” daemata.sagazeTo pluralizmi gansakuTrebiT gagrZelda saxelmwifogadatrialebis Semdeg. presaze saxelmwifo cenzura ar xor-cieldeba da igi Tavisufalia dRes (Tu ar CavTvliT materi-aluri damoukideblobis mwvave problemas. damoukidebeli presisprincipiT moqmedeben sagazeTo liderebi “rezonansi”, “axa-li Taoba”, “alia”, “jorjian taimsi”, “axali versia”, “axali 7dRe”, “kviris palitra”, Jurnalebi “sarke”, “gza”, “bomondi”,“Tbiliselebi”, “imiji”, “reitingi” da sxva.

rac Seexeba samauwyeblo medias (televizia, radio,eleqtronuli media), xelisufleba gacilebiT uxalisod el-eva Tavis monopolias am dargSi. saxelmwifo tele da radioarxebTan erTad (romlebic xelisuflebis Tvalsazriss gamox-

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Tavi XVIITavi XVIITavi XVIITavi XVIITavi XVIIqarTuli politikuri azriqarTuli politikuri azriqarTuli politikuri azriqarTuli politikuri azriqarTuli politikuri azri

qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis saTaveebTanqarTuli politikuri azrovnebis saTaveebTanqarTuli politikuri azrovnebis saTaveebTanqarTuli politikuri azrovnebis saTaveebTanqarTuli politikuri azrovnebis saTaveebTan

saqarTvelo uZvelesi civilizebuli qveyanaa. aRmosav-leTisa da dasavleTis gasayarze mdebare saqarTvelos Soreu-li warsulidan mWidro diplomatiuri da politikuri urT-ierToba hqonda evropisa da wina aziis qveynebTan, rac uSua-lo asaxvas poulobda qarTveli xalxis politikur azrovnebaSi.

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia iman, romjer kidev gvarovnuli urTierTobis safexurze saqarTveloSisaxelmwifoebrivi wyoba arsebobda.

sagareo orientaciis sakiTxmac Taviseburad daaCqaraqristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba.

kolxeTi imTaviTve bizantiis gavlenas ganicdida, racmisi geografiuli mdebareobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. aRmosav-leT saqarTvelos ki unda aerCia bizantia da qristianoba anirani da zoroastrizmi. sagareo orientacia ganpirobebuliiyo bizantiis batonobiT, romelic konkretul istoriulsituaciaTa mixedviT met-naklebad gamwvavebul xasiaTs iReb-da.

SeiZleba iTqvas rom ganviTarebis am etapze qarTulipolitikuri azrovnebis ori ZiriTadi xazi ganpirobebuliiyo, erT SemTvevaSi ekonomikur-praqtikuli interesebiT (kolx-eTi), xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi politikuri angariSianobis (saori-entacio interesebidan gamomdinare) Sedegad miRebuli qris-tianobis dacva-ganmtkicebiT (iberia). mimarTulebaT saerTosaazrovno safuZvels warmoadgenda saeklesio Teologia daantikuri filosofia.

amas adasturebs kolxeTis akademiis saqmianoba.politikuri codnisa da politikuri praqtikis daax-

loebis idea TandaTan ganviTarebas poulobda. amaze naTladmetyvelebs VI saukunis kolxeTis samefos sagareo orient-aciisa da politikuri institutebis sakiTxebze aietisa dafartaZes Sexedulebani. aieti kolxeTis warCinebulTa warmo-madgeneli da feodaluri aristokratiis msofmxedvelobisgamomxatveli iyo. mas miaCnda rom bizantiis samefo TelavskolxeTis saxelmwifo suverenitets. amitom igi sparselebismxareze gadasvlas moiTxovda.

qalTa problemebi. arasamTavrobo organizaciebs “mesame seq-tors” uwodeben, Tumca isini finansurad mTlianad ucxoeTzearian damokidebuli.

saqarTveloSi axla iwyeba interesTa jgufebis Camoyal-ibeba (magaliTad mewarmeebi, romlebic mZafrad akritikebensavaluto fonds da sxva “damxmare” organizaciebs), romlebiclobireben sxvadasxva jgufebis interesebs xelisuflebaSi.

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wminda sarwmunoebis mtrebs, riTac SeibRaleba “marTlmorw-muneoba da wminda saidumloTa umwikvloba”. qarTul religiur-filosofiur azrovnebaSi didi mniSvneloba SeiZina qristesori bunebis – RvTaebrivisa da adamianurobis Sesaxeb prob-lemis ganxilvam. romelia ganmsazRvreli _ miwa Tu zeca, kaciTu RmerTi? ai kiTxva, romlis pasuxic arsebiTad ganapirobeb-da politikuri azris xasiaTs. am sakiTxis garkvevaSi gan-sakuTrebiT warmoCnda im epoqis qarTuli azrovnebis kanonm-debeli petre iberi.

petre iberis saxiT qarTuli religiur-filosofiurimimdinareobis progresuli frTa dainteresebuli iyo araimdenad RmerTis gankacebiT, ramdenadac kacis gaRmerTebiT.,adamianis RmerTTan gaTanasworebiT. am problemis politikuridatvirTva uSualod ukavSirdeba erTisa da simravlis prob-lemas.

petre iberi, romelsac Tanamedroveni, mowafeebi dabiografebi “meore moses” uwodebdnen, erTisa da simravlisganuyrelobis ideas qadagebda. igi monofiziticaa (qristeserTbunebianobis – RvTaebriobis rwmena), ramdenadac yvelaferierTze, RmerTze dahyavda da diofizitic (qristes orbunebi-anoba – RvTaebrioba da adamianoba), ramdenadac RmerTSi (erT-Si) xedavda adamianur msoflios. petre iberis Tanaxmad araris erTi simravlis gareSe da piriqiT, simravle erTisgareSe.

aRniSnuli problemis Teoriuli damuSavebiT petre ibermaSeamzada niadagi ioane petriwis mier am sakiTxis klasikuriganzogadebisaTvis.

VII-VIII saukuneebis mijnidan XI saukunemde periodi qarTu-li azrovnebis istoriaSi sqolastikis xanadaa cnobili. ametapze politikuri azrovnebis Taviseburebani arsebiTad gan-isazRvreboda, erTis mxriv, qveynis SigniT socialuri brZo-lis gamZafrebiT, meores mxriv, arabTa gabatonebiT.

am periodis politikuri cxovrebis arsebiTi damaxasi-aTebeli niSania saero da sasuliero azrovnebis daaxloeba.am safuZvelze X saukunis dasasrulisaTvis saqarTvelom erT-gvar erovnul da saxelmwifoebriv konsolidacias miaRwia.politikuri yofiereba warmodgenili iyo oTxi ZaliT: mda-bioni da soflis muSakni, didaznaurni, eklesia da aristokra-tia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli periodis politikuri

saxelmwifo, amtkicebda aieti, adamianebis mier SeqmnilirTuli dawesebulebaa, romlis mizania adamianTa bedniericxovrebis uzrunvelyofa. am mizans saxelmwifo uSualodTviTon unda axorcielebdes. aietis azriT, idealuri is sax-elmwifoa, romelsac mezobeli qveynebi angariSs uweven, romelicsagareo urTierTobaSi damoukidebel sagareo kurss axor-cielebs da sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis sarealizaciodmas ar sWirdeba ucxo, gareSe Zalebis gamoyeneba. yvela poli-tikuri moRvawis mizania imdenad Zlieri gaxados saxelmwifo,rom mas yovelTvis sakuTari Tavis imedi hqondes. magram sax-elmwifos beds marto politikur moRvaweTa niWi, undari dacodna ar gansazRvravs, miuTiTebda aieti da ganmartavda: “sax-elmwifo ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba xSirad emyareba “JamTatrials”, bedis ukuRmarTobas, an orives erTad”, is, rom aietisaxelmwifosa da sxva socialuri movlenebis ganmsazRvrelad“JamTa trials” an “bedis ukuRmarTobas” da sxva mizezebsasaxelebs , ar niSnavs mis mier RmerTis srul ignorirebas.aieti imasac miuTiTebs rom “RmerTi yvelafris gamgebelia”,swored igi aniWebs adamianebs inteleqtsa da gonieri azrovneb-is unars, exmareba rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi movlenebisgarkvevaSi. vinc “uzenaesis” nebas ar misdevs, RmerTi maT“urisxdeba” da piriqiT, gonivruli moqmedeba “uzenaessac sia-movnebs” – aRniSnavda aieti.

sayuradReboa aietis Sexedulebani Tavisufali da suv-erenuli saxelmwifos problemebze. misi azriT suverenulida Zlieri saxelmwifo Seurigebeli unda iyos yvela im borot-moqmedebis mimarT, romelic laxavs xalxis Rirsebas. Tavisixalxis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSauli saxelmwifom ara-sodes ar unda datovos uyuradRebod, Tu mas surs momavalSiqveSevrdomTa uzrunveli cxovreba.

aietis SexedulebebSi naTlad Cans sazogadoebaSi Camoy-alibebuli adaT-wesebisadmi pativiscema, romelic ar gamor-icxavs axlisadmi mxardaWeras, roca amas sazogadoebrivi cx-ovrebis interesebi moiTxoven.

aietis Tanamedrove, didi oratori da swavluli far-taZe, ar eTanxmeboda azrs bizantiasTan kavSiris gawyvetisada sparselebis mxareze gadasvlis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSifartaZis ZiriTadi argumenti isaa, rom sparselebi qristiano-bis mtrebi iyvnen, bizantielebi – marTlmorwmuneni. amitomkolxebs ar Seefereba uRalatos qristianobas da mimarTos

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Txzuleba “cxovreba mefeT-mefe daviTisi”, 1103 wlis ruis-urbnisis krebis dadgenileba, 1123 wels Sio-mRvimis monas-trisadmi boZebuli anderZi da 1125 wels gardacvalebis winmemkvidreebisadmi datovebuli anderZi.

daviT aRmaSeneblis mier ganxorcielebuli ekonomikuri,samxedro da politikuri reformebi cxadad mowmoben, rom igiiyo im epoqis rogorc uZlieresi mefe, aseve didi Teoretikosida moazrovne.

igi erTi pirvelTagania Sua saukuneebSi, romelmac gan-sakuTrebuli wvlili Seitana feodalizmis ekonomikuri dapolitikuri organizaciis sistemis srulyofis saqmeSi, mt-kiced Camoayaliba ra XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi feo-dalizmis epoqis mmarTvelobis TiTqmis ucnobi forma – abso-lutizmi da mecnierul sawyisebze daasabuTa misi, rogorcaxali politikuri wyobilebis upiratesoba feodalur daquc-macebulobasTan SedarebiT.

marTlmadidebel morwmune mefes Rrmad swams, rom Rmer-Ti gansazRvravs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebas.misi nebiT xdeba samefo taxtze mefeTa asvla da samefoTadamxoba, RmerTi aniWebs mefeebs mterze gamarjvebas. daviTaRmaSenebeli Rrmadaa darwmunebuli, rom samefo xelisufleb-is ganxorcielebisas igi RmerTis TanagrZnobiTa da wyalo-biT sargeblobs, Tumca, radganac, Sua saukuneebis religiur-sqolastikuri moZRvrebis mixedviT yoveli adamiani codvil-ia, daviT aRmaSeneblsac ar miaCnia YTavi ucodvelad.

radganac yovelive arsebuli RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa,Zlieri, centralizebuli saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebisideologi daviT aRmaSenebeli feodaluri daqucmacebulobisdaZlevis, politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa daTrgunvis da samefoxelisuflebis avtoritetis amaRlebis mizniT, Tavis am zogadfilosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis ganmsazRvrel mosazrebasmoxerxebulad iyenebs saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis war-moSobis asaxsnelad. misi mtkicebiT, samefo xelisuflebaRvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa, RmerTi gadascems mefeebs saxelmwi-foebs marTva-gamgeobisaTvis da amave dros igi umaRlesi mefe-Ta-mefe da amqveyniuri gamgebelia, romelsac unda daemorCil-os yvela pirovneba saxelmwifoSi.

eklesia-monastrebi warmoadgenen Suamavlebs RmerTsa daqveSevrdomebs Soris, magram daviT aRmaSeneblis azriT, essrulebiTac ar niSnavs, rom sasuliero xelisufleba saeroze

azrovneba am oTxi mebrZoli Zalis partiul-ideologiuricxovrebis gamoxatvaa. umTavres Teoriul ideas “erTmmarTvelo-bisaTvis brZolas warmoadgens.

erTmmarTvelobis Teoriuli ideis arsi imaSi mdgomar-eobs, rom safexurebrivad ganlagebul Zalebs saTaveSi erTisawyisi udgas. am sawyisis (erTis) gageba kacobriobis poli-tikuri azrovnebis umniSvnelovanesi Teoriuli problemaa.

aRniSnul periodSi igi ZiriTadad absolutizirebuliiyo (magaliTad bizantiis imperiaSi). saqarTveloSi erTm-marTvelobis dros rogorc Teoriul, ise praqtikul gagebaSiaisaxa qarTuli yofierebis Taviseburebani.

erTmmarTvelobis saxelmwifo sistema praqtikulad ga-naxorciela daviT aRmaSenebelma, rac mniSvnelovnad gana-piroba misma pirovnebam. daviTis politikuri moRvaweoba Zalisada samarTlianobis, samarTlianobisa da Zalis erTianobaa.samarTlianoba icavs Zalas despotizmisagan, xolo Zala icavssamarTlianobas xelisuflebiTi partikularizmisagan.

daviT aRmaSenebeli (1089-1125)daviT aRmaSenebeli (1089-1125)daviT aRmaSenebeli (1089-1125)daviT aRmaSenebeli (1089-1125)daviT aRmaSenebeli (1089-1125)- politikosi da moazrovne- politikosi da moazrovne- politikosi da moazrovne- politikosi da moazrovne- politikosi da moazrovne

saqarTvelos udidesi mefe daviT IV aRmaSenebeli imdros mefobda saqarTveloSi, rodesac Zvel ruseTSi vladimermonomaxi (1113-1125) cdilobda erTiani saxelmwifoebrivi xe-lisuflebis Seqmnas; bizantiaSi aleqsi komnenoss (1081-1112)uWirda Zalauflebis SenarCuneba; inglisSi henrix I-is (1100-1135) cdas Zlieri saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis Sesaqm-nelad Sedegi ar mohyolia, germaniaSi henrix V (1106-1125) –Zlieri saxelmwifo xelisuflebis SeqmnisaTvis brZolaSidamarcxebuli – iZulebuli xdeba 1112 wels kompromisulixelSekruleba dados romis papTan, xolo safrangeTSi jerkidev feodaluri daqucmacebulobis periodi batonobs damefe lui VI (1108-1137), romelic damoukideblad ver marTavsqveyanas, radganac iZulebuli iyo saxelmwifoebrivi xelisu-fleba gaenawilebina misi faqtiuri TanammarTvelis abatisugerisaTvis, mxolod imas axerxebs, rom imorCilebs zogierTfeodals samefoSi.

daviT aRmaSeneblis politikur Sexedulebebze warmod-genas gvaZlevs misi “galobani sinanulisani”, ucnobi avtoris

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leba, erovnuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibeba da sagareo dasaSinao urTierTobebSi patriotul Zalebze dayrdnoba,gvarovnuli warmoSobis uaryofa, niWisa da piradi unarismixedviT adamianis dafaseba, realizmi politikaSi – ai, isZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, riTac xelmZRvanelobda daviT aR-maSenebeli ganaTlebuli absolutizmis ideebze mravalero-vani saxelmwifos mowyobisas.

daviT aRmaSenebeli feodalizmis ideologi da damcve-lia, amitom saxelmwifos yvelaze ukeTes formad mas monarqiamiaCnia, igi Rrmad aris darwmunebuli, rom is didi istoriu-li misia romelic RmerTma feodalur saqarTvelos daakisra– kavkasiis xalxTa gaTavisufleba Turq-selCukTagan, mravale-rovani centralizebuli saxelmwifos Seqmna – SesaZlebeliamxolod centralizebuli monarqiuli wyobilebis pirobeb-Si. daviTi ver egueba mis mier Seqmnil mravalerovan saxelm-wifoSi monarqiisagan gansxvavebul da respublikur princi-pebze agebul Tavisufal feodalur qalaqebs da mZime, Seupo-var brZolas awarmoebs, sadac jafaridebis dinastiis gan-devnisa da amowyvetis Semdeg daviT aRmaSeneblis mier qala-qis dakavebamde Tavisi arsebobis ukanaskneli ormoci wlisganmavlobaSi respublikuri wyobileba arsebobda.

gaocebas da aRtacebas iwvevs daviTis windaxeduleba dapolitikuri realizmi. uTuod amiT iyo gamowveuli is sao-cari movlena, rom evropis religiur-jvarosanTa omebSi dav-iTma da misma memkvidreebma monawileoba ar miiRes da somxe-TiviT Tavisi Tavi sasaklaoze ar miitanes. Sedegic malegamoCnda: moispo somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba, saqarTvelo ki_ gadarCa. qarTveloba da kerZod daviT aRmaSenebeli, kargadxedavda rom evropelebi adre Tu gvian Sin dabrundebodnen(asec moxda), TviTon ki saqarTvelo darCeboda pirispir mahma-dianTa mtrul garemocvasTan.

daviT aRmaSenebeli ayalibebs Tavis SexedulebasmmarTvelze da mefeze. misi azriT, monarqi unda iyos ga-naTlebuli, humanisti, marTlmsajuli, qvelmoqmedi da qveSevr-domTa mowyale. ganaTlebuli absolutizmis am niSnebis mixed-viT daviT aRmaSenebeli monarqias ansxvavebs tiraniisagan.daviTis azriT, tiranTa gulqvaoba, sisastike, sixarbe, Seu-bralebloba da Zaladoba arRvevs samefo xelisuflebis Rv-Taebrivi warmoSobis principebs da swored RmerTi tiranebsyovelTvis samagieros miagebs.

maRla dgas, piriqiT, RmerTis nebis gamomxatveli saero xe-lisufleba valdebulia Caerios saeklesio xelisuflebissaqmeSi da RmerTis nebis Sesabamisad moawesrigos igi, Tu amissaWiroeba arsebobs. im dros, roca dasavleT evropaSi romispapebma daimorCiles imperatorebic ki, daviT aRmaSenebelma1103 wels ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis mowveviT miznaddaisaxa da ganaxorciela Turq-selCukTa batonobiT gamowveu-li Seryeuli zneobis aRdgena, garda amisa,, mwignobarT-uxuc-esis da Wyondidelis Tanamdebobis SeerTebiT praqtikuladganxorcielda saero xelisuflebisadmi saeklesio xelisu-flebis daqvemdebareba.

daviT aRmaSenebeli samefo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisprocesSi absolutizmis ideebiT (“erTmmarTvelobis” ideiT)xelmZRvanelobs. igi aqtiurad ereva sazogadoebrivi cxovre-bis yvela dargSi, gansazRvravs mravalferovani qveynis teri-toriaze moqmedi yvela dawesebulebisa da organizaciis saqmi-anobas.

absoluturi samefo xelisuflebis SeuzRudvelobas dasazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva dargebSi misi CarevisganusazRvrelobas daviTis mematiane uZiro ufskruls adarebsda am SesaniSnavi mxatvruli SedarebiT mokled da lakonuradaqvs daxasiaTebuli absolutizmis politikuri moZRvreba,romelic dasavleT evropaSi mxolod ramdenime saukunis Sem-deg ganxorcielda.

absolutizmis ideebis sruli ganviTareba da sazoga-doebriv cxovrebaSi maTi praqtikuli ganxorcieleba moxdadaviT aRmaSeneblis mefobisas. absolutizmis politikurimoZRvreba qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebisaserovnulma Taviseburebebma gansazRvra. amitomac misi xasiaTiqarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis iniciativiT Seqmnil mravale-rovan saxelmwifoSi mxolod saqarTvelos ekonomikuri dapolitikuri ganviTarebis adrindeli renesansis politikurigaremoebebiT unda aixsnas. humanizmi da kacTmoyvareoba,rjulSemwynarebloba da sxva erebisadmi pativiscema, winande-li epoqebis cnobil mxedarTmTavarTa da mefeTa gamocdileb-is gaTvaliswineba saxelmwifoebrivi politikis ganxorcieleb-isas, sxvadasxva politikur-religiuri da filosofiuri mima-rTulebebis warmomadgenelTagan swavlulTa razmis Seqmna,qveyanaSi ganaTlebisa da kulturis danergva, saxelmwifoSiwesrigis damyareba da xelisuflebis pasuxismgeblobis amaR-

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5) jer ekonomikuri da samxedro TvalsazrisiT moaZli-era qveyana da Semdgom amisa Sewyvita xarkis Zleva da daupir-ispirda Turq-selCukebs;

6) Seqmna saxelmwifo uSiSroebis uZlieresi sitema, romel-ic uzrunvelyofili iyo mstovarTa informaciiT rogorcqveynis SigniT, ise mis garedan;

7) moaxdina saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis reorganizacia,Seqmna savaziro;

8)Caatara saeklesio kreba da reforma, eklesia daumorCi-la saxelmwifos;

9) Caatara sasamarTlo reforma, Seqmna swavla-aRzrdiserTianis sistema;

10) mters Tanmimdevrulad, nabij-nabij waarTva strate-giuli qalaqebi;

11) gaimarjva yvelaze did generalur brZolaSi da ga-navrco qveynis sazRvrebi.

SoTa rusTavelis socialur-politikuriSoTa rusTavelis socialur-politikuriSoTa rusTavelis socialur-politikuriSoTa rusTavelis socialur-politikuriSoTa rusTavelis socialur-politikurida religiuri Sexedulebebida religiuri Sexedulebebida religiuri Sexedulebebida religiuri Sexedulebebida religiuri Sexedulebebi

SoTa rusTavelis “vefxistyaosanSi” mxatvruli formiTgadmocemulia XII saukunis saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikurida politikuri mdgomareoba, agreTve samefo xelisuflebis isdidi sazogadoebriv-politikuri ideebi da Sexedulebebi, maTSoris religiur sakiTxebSic, romelic qarTuli saxelmwi-foebriobis Camoyalibebis, dacvisa da ganmtkicebis dasabuTe-bas isaxavs miznad.

saqarTvelos politikuri cxovrebis sakiTxebze SoTarusTavelis mier “vefxistyaosanSi” gadmocemuli gaazrebuliTeoriuli daskvnebi da saxelmwifos marTvis rekomendaciebiara marto XII saukunis saqarTvelos (daviT aRmaSeneblidanTamaris CaTvliT) saxelmwifos xelisuflebis mier ganxor-cielebuli saSinao da sagareo politikis anareklia, aramedamasTan erTad isini warmoadgenen rCeva-darigebas samefo xe-lisuflebisa da agreTve urC feodalTa mimarTac, saqarTve-los meTaurobiT Seqmnil saerTo-kavkasiur saxelmwifoSiSemaval mravalmilionian mosaxleobaze da sxvadasxva sarw-munoebisa da Cvevebis mqone xalxebze _ Tu ra meTodisa daxerxebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba ganxorcielebuli iqnes qarTuli

daviT aRmaSenebeli samarTlis normebs, romliTac undaixelmZRvanelon adamianebma sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, samkategoriad yofs: bunebiTi, RvTaebrivi da dadebiTi. Tavis“galobani sinanulisani”-Si, romelic Seicavs daviT aRmaSeneb-lis aRsarebas RmerTis mimarT mis mier Cadenili saqmeebisTaobaze da zogjer umarTebulo TviTbraldebebsac (“ra cod-va gqonda aseTi mefeo” – ana kalandaZe), igi aRniSnavs, romTiTqos man fexqveS gaTela da ar Seasrula ara marto bunebi-Ti samarTlis, aramed RvTaebrivi samarTlis moTxovnebic dadaemona xorcieli, amqveyniuri gatacebisa da interesebis mixed-viT saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis mier dadgenil samar-Tals”. sinamdvile sxvas RaRadebs: wyaroebis mixedviT, daviTaRmaSenebeli iyo ara marto Zlieri nebisyofis da mtri-saTvis SiSis momgvreli mefe, aramed igi amave dros cnobilia,rogorc rjulSemwynarebeli, marTlmsajuli, RaribTa da qvrivTadamxmare, samarTlianobisa da mSvidobis damcveli, Tavis droisdidi humanisti da moazrovne, qvelmoqmedi.

mTels saqarTveloSi dadioda xalxze da samSoblozeuzomod Seyvarebuli mefe, mfarvelobda qvriv-oblebsa daglaxakebs. calke qisa hqonda daviTs, yovel dRe fuliT avseb-da da Rarib-Ratakebs urigebda Turme. sayuradReboa isic, romigi qvelmoqmedebas saxelmwifo xazinidan ki ar eweoda zogi-erTebiviT, aramed “xelTa TvisTa nadirebulTa” – e.i. saku-Tari qonebidan. kacTmoyvare mefem gelaTTan aRaSena qsenoni(saavadmyofo), sadac xSirad naxulobda avadmyofebs da yura-dRebas ar aklebda maT _ yvelas moikiTxavda, gadahkocnida daam mzrunvelobiT tkivilebs uamebda gaWirvebulT.

legendebs Txzavda xalxi samSoblos mamaze. amitomuwodes mas aqamde gaugonari saxeli – “aRmaSenebeli”.

1125 wlis 24 ianvars, SabaT dRes gardaicvala didi dav-iT aRmaSenebeli, romelmac Tanmimdevrulad gaatara cxovre-baSi yvela is reforma, romelmac uzrunvelyo saqarTvelosgadaqceva pirvelxarisxovan saxelmwifod da imperiad:

1) Seqmna TanamoazreTa, samSobloze usazRvrod Seyvare-bul adamianTa gundi;

2) Caatara ekonomikis reforma, ramac uzrunvelyo miwaT-moqmedebisa da vaWrobis ganviTareba, Semosavlebis zrda;

3) Caatara samxedro reforma, Seqmna regularuli jari;4) uzrunvelyo antisaxelmwifoebrivi elementebis

CamoSoreba saxelmwifos saTaveebidan;

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es ideali rusTavelma aiRo maSindeli XII saukunissaqarTvelos realuri Sinagani politikuri mdgomareobidan,Tamar mefis moRvaweobidan. taxtze asul 18 wlis Tamarsdaupirispirda didebulTa jgufi yuTlu arslanis meTauro-biT da mas mosTxoves isanSi karvis daarseba, sadac isinidajdebodnen ̀ Tavis uflebaTa msxdomareni, raTa mivcemdeT damoviRebdeT, romelTame vrisxavdeT da romelTame vwyalobdeT,amas esreT vakadrebdeT da vacnobebdeT Tamars mefesa dadedofalsa da munRa srul iqnebodes gangebuli Cvenni~. e.i.yuTlu-arslanis dasi moiTxovda mTeli kanonmdeblobis dammarTvelobis maTTvis gadacemas, mefe ki mxolod daamtkiceb-da maT gadawyvetilebas.

es iyo xelisuflebis danawilebis progresuli, magrammaSindeli saqarTvelosaTvis naadrevi idea, romelic cen-tralizebuli saxelmwifos dasustebas da danawevrebas gam-oiwvevda.

rusTaveli am did politikur davaSi gadaWriT dadgamefis mxares, romelmac SesZlo ajanyebulTa daSoSmineba daajanyebis Caqroba. rusTavelma es ar ikmara da saWirod CaTv-ala mefis uflebebis xalxSi gamagreba ideuradac, man pirvel-ma wamoayena literaturaSi TviTmpyrobelobis Teoria daaRWurva mefe aseTi warmtaci TvisebebiT. amis safuZvels masdaviT IV da Tamaris moRvaweoba aZlevda. Tamarma pirveladgaauqma saqarTveloSi sikvdiliT dasja, asoebis mokveTa, Tvaleb-is daTxra. cnobili iyo Tamaris qvelmoqmedeba. ivane javax-iSvilis gamokvleviT Tamaris dros yofila kanoni, romlisZaliT saSinao da sagareo Semosavlis 10% qvelmoqmedebazeixarjeboda. amisaTvis daarsda sagangebo uwyeba.

mefe TviTmpyrobeli, rusTavelis mixedviT, Tavis poli-tikas atarebs didebulTa meSveobiT. es wre moicavs pirvelrigSi vezirebs, Semdeg ki spaspetebs. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT,`dideba~ `dideba~ `dideba~ `dideba~ `dideba~ Zvelad Tanamdebobasa da masze dafuZnebul pativsniSnavda, didebuli imave dros didi moxele iyo. rusTave- rusTave- rusTave- rusTave- rusTave-lis idealia moxeleoba, saxelmwifos samsaxuri dalis idealia moxeleoba, saxelmwifos samsaxuri dalis idealia moxeleoba, saxelmwifos samsaxuri dalis idealia moxeleoba, saxelmwifos samsaxuri dalis idealia moxeleoba, saxelmwifos samsaxuri daara gvariSviloba, ara gvariSviloba, ara gvariSviloba, ara gvariSviloba, ara gvariSviloba, rac sruliad eTanxmeba mis politikurkoncefcias. ̀ vefxistyaosani~ Seicavs miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb,rom adamianTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi martowodebrivi warmoSobiT ki ar unda ganisazRvros, aramed maszemaRla dgas adamianTa piradi Rirseba. rusTavelis es mo-sazreba (`Tu kaci kacad ar varga, cudia gvariSviloba~), romelic

saxelmwifoebrioba. am mizniT samefo xelisufleba sayovelTaomSvidobisa da klasobrivi zavis politikas atarebda.

taxtis memkvidreobis ufleba, mamakacTa da qalTa Tanas-woruflebianoba, feodaluri sazogadoebis TiToeuli wodeb-isaTvis savsebiT garkveuli uflebebisa da movaleobebis dadgena,omisa da ajanyebis ufleba, ai, is mTavari sakiTxebi, romlebicwarmodgenas gvaZlevs mis samarTlebriv Sexedulebebze, romelicrusTavels gadawyvetili aqvs e.w. “marTali samarTlis”moZRvrebis, (“qmna marTlisa samarTlisa, xesa Seiqms xmelsanedlad”), anu bunebiTi, RvTaebrivi samarTlis mixedviT.

“vefxistyaosnSi” rusTavelma aseve Caaqsova Tavisi Sexed-ulebani socialur-politikur da religiur problemebzec.

rusTavelis mier daxatuli sazogadoeba ierarqiuladaSenebulia Semdegnairad: maRla dgas mefe, mis qvemoT vezire-bi da didebulebi. Semdeg modis spa, anu laSqari, miwis muSak-ni da vaWrebi, xolo sul dabla – monebi.

rusTavelis mier daxatuli mefe srulad ar hgavsfeodalur mefes. is ar aris pirveli TanasworTa Soris(primus inter pares) piriqiT, misi swori aravinaa, misi ZalausazRvroa, misi warmoSoba RvTaebrivia. mefea mTeli qveynisTviTmpyrobeli.…mcire qveynis mefe saridan uars ambobs taxtzedidi mefis farsadanis sasargeblod da misi moxele, amirbarixdeba. am wesiT moxda qveynis gaerTianeba, erTi mefobis damkvi-dreba. erTi xalxi _ erTi mefe politikuri idealia.erTi xalxi _ erTi mefe politikuri idealia.erTi xalxi _ erTi mefe politikuri idealia.erTi xalxi _ erTi mefe politikuri idealia.erTi xalxi _ erTi mefe politikuri idealia.mefis survili kanonia, mas win veravin daudgeba.

erTi sityviT, rusTavelis mefe aris TviTmpyrobeli, abso-luturi monarqi, romelsac morCilebs yvela klasi, mTeli eri.rogor iyenebs mefemefemefemefemefe am did Zalauflebas? igi am did Zalasam did Zalasam did Zalasam did Zalasam did Zalasxmarobs xalxis sasargeblod, xmarobs xalxis sasargeblod, xmarobs xalxis sasargeblod, xmarobs xalxis sasargeblod, xmarobs xalxis sasargeblod, mefe aris ̀ maRali, uxvi, mdaba-li~, ̀ mosamarTle da mowyale, morWmuli, gangebiani.~ is exmarebagaWirvebulT da davrdomilT, ebrZvis siaves da borotebas, awar-moebs farTo qvelmoqmedebas. igi aris ̀ gonieri, guli lbili~.aseTi mefis qveSevrdomni bednierni arian, vinaidan mefe

`yovlTa sworad wyalobasa viTa Tovlsa moaTovebs,obol-qvrivni daamdidrnes da glaxakni ar iTxovdes,avis mqmnelni daaSines, kravni cxvarTa vera swovdes,Sigan maTTa sabrZanisTa Txa da mgeli erTgan sZovdes.~amrigad, rusTavelis idealia rusTavelis idealia rusTavelis idealia rusTavelis idealia rusTavelis idealia mefe TviTmpyrobeli, mefe

reformatori, mefe mosiyvarule da qveSevrdomTaTvis samarT-lis momniWebeli.

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lis mier poemaSi daxatuli socialuri urTierTobebi arispatronymoba _ sadac erTi mxriT dgas siuzereni, meore mxriTki misi vasali. rusTvelTan mxolod ori fenaa dabeCavebulida daxmarebis maZiebeli _ glaxakni da monebi. Raribebs _Raribebs _Raribebs _Raribebs _Raribebs _daxmareba, monebs _ Tavisufleba _ ai, rusTvelis so-daxmareba, monebs _ Tavisufleba _ ai, rusTvelis so-daxmareba, monebs _ Tavisufleba _ ai, rusTvelis so-daxmareba, monebs _ Tavisufleba _ ai, rusTvelis so-daxmareba, monebs _ Tavisufleba _ ai, rusTvelis so-cialuri ideali.cialuri ideali.cialuri ideali.cialuri ideali.cialuri ideali.

amrigad, rusTvelis politikuri doqtrinaa ganaTlebu-li absolutizmi, romelic reformebzea damyarebuli. is mefesadarebs mzes, romlis sxivebi yvelas erTnairad efineba. poe-tis idealia ara yovelnairi mefe, aramed mxolod iseTi, romelicRaribebs exmareba, monebs aTavisuflebs, simarTles misdevs(`qmna marTlisa samarTlisa~) _ erTi sityviT, umaRlesi kacT-moyvaruli TvisebebiT dajildovebuli, ̀ rasaca gascem Senia,rac ara dakargulia~ _ am gziT maRldeba mefis avtoritetida Zlierdeba saxelmwifo. sabolood rusTvelis mizania sax-elmwifos mkvidr, farTo safuZvelze ageba.

amave politikur mizans umorCilebs rusTveli Tavisreligiur religiur religiur religiur religiur doqtrinasac. Sua saukuneebSi qristianul sam-yaroSi ar dawerila arc erTi poema, sadac ar iyo qristiano-bis apologia, qristes moZRvrebis qebaTa-qeba. jvarosnuliomebi im epoqaSi warmoebda. am saerTo religiuri aRtkinebisperiodSi iwereba genialuri `vefxistyaosani~ da Sig erTisityviTac araa naxsenebi arc qristianoba, arc sameba, arcmarTlmadidebloba da misi religiuri dogmatebi.

rusTveli religiuri monizmis mimdevaria _ RmerTi erTia.poemaSi RmerTi naxsenebia 193-jer da yovelTvis erTi da imaveazriT. poeti jer kidev winasityvaobaSi gvamcnobs Tavis re-ligiur Sexedulebas, rac gatarebulia mTel poemaSi:

`he, RmerTo, erTo Sen Sehqmen saxe yovlisa tanisa,Sen damifare, Zleva mec daTrgunvad me satanisa.~e.i. RmerTi erTia, qveynis gamCeni, magram aris agreTve

satana, macduri, romlis daTrgunva RvTis daxmarebiT SeiZle-ba. es, ase vTqvaT, sakacobrio-saxalxo rwmenaa. rusTvelismsoflmxedveloba arc panTeisturia, arc mahmadianuri, arcseqtanturi. is aris sayovelTao, sakacobrio, adamianuri.

sxvadasxva araqristian erebs Soris moqceuli mcire-ricxovani qarTveli eri Tavs ver gadairCenda sarwmunoe-brivi fanatizmiT da droSiT. mas unda gamoenaxa saerTo enamezoblebTan, romelTagan mas hyofda sarwmunoeba. saerTo enisgamonaxva ki SeiZleboda saxelmwifo interesebis niadagze.

jer kidev giorgi mTawmindelma wamoayena da igi saqarTvelospolitikur cxovrebaSi mtkiced danerga jer daviT aRmaSene-belma, mefe giorgi III, wiTeli zoliviT gasdevs ̀ vefxistyaosans~.

rusTaveli ar xmarobs sityva `aznaurs~, xmarobs `Ta-vads~, magram ara Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT. misTvis TavadiniSnavs ara wodebriobas, didgvarovnebas, aramed meTaurobas,winamZRolobas (`Cem wil dagagdeb patronad, Tavadad CemTaspaTasa~).

am mmarTvelTa wres mosdevs spa anu laSqari. mis mTavarZalas, ueWvelia, miwis muSakni ar Seadgendnen. `muSa miwyivmuSakobdes, meomari gulovnebdes~ _ ase aqvs gayofili poetses ori kategoria. maSindel droSi omi iyo TiTqmis mudam,permanentulad da maSasadame misi warmoeba SeeZlo moclilxalxs. glexTa omSi Cabma niSnavda mTeli sazogadoebis Sim-SiliT amowyvetas, materialuri safuZvlis moSlas. masSi arSedioda vaWarTa klasi amave mizeziT _ daingreoda vaWroba,umniSvnelovanesi sfero. amitom maT omi arc ki icodnen(`Tqven vaWarni jabanni xarT, omisaca umecarni~). xolo esmoclilni iyvnen ufleba-upiratesobiT mosilni aznaurebi.maTTvis laSqroba xelobad da Semosavlis miRebis wyarodiqca da isini TviT iTxovdnen mefisagan ̀ gvalaSqreTo~ (mag:laSqrobda iranSi), roca mSvidobianoba gaxangrZlivdeboda.`vefxistyaosanSi~ SeiaraRebul ZalTa Soris xSirad vxedavTmonebs, romlebic erTob did rols TamaSoben mefis garSemo.eseni ar arian ubralo monebi, aramed ̀ monaspa~ _ mefis piradmcvelTa jaria, mudmivi gvardia.

vaWrebs rusTveli or nawilad hyofs: vaWarni da did-vaWarni. es ukanasknelni daaxloebulni arian sasaxlesTan damefesTanac.

yvela zemoT aRweril klasebs da fenebs SeadgendnenTavisufali adamianebi. amaTgan gamoricxulia mxolod erTiklasi _ monebi. omebis wyalobiT tyveTa ricxvi maSindelsaqarTveloSi erTob didi iyo da Tbilisis bazarze tyvexuTi Sauri Rirda. mona hyavda yvelas, visac SeeZlo misiyidva. raki monebi ase bevri da iafi iyo, glexebis damoneba daZaliT miwaze samuSaod mikereba ekonomikur aucileblobasar warmoadgenda. glexi Tu Tavisuflebas moklebuli iyo,rusTveli mxolod monebis gaTavisuflebas rad iTxovs daarasodes glexebisas? imitom, rom im dros glexi jer kidevTavisufali iyo da es asaxa rusTvelma realisturad. rusTve-

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didgvarovani aznaurebi ukmayofiloni iyvnen im progre-suli politikuri reJimisa, romelic feodalur saqarTvelo-Si daviT aRmaSenebelma danerga da SemdgomSi Tamaris mamam,giorgi III-em ganaviTara _ ugvaro, magram niWier adamianTadawinaureba.

rogorc ki gardaicvala giorgi III, amiT idroves didg-varovanma aznaurebma, Tamaris winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba moawyves,mefes moTxoves ugvaroTa gadayeneba da kvlav didaznaurTadaniSvna did saxelmwifo postebze. axalgzarda Tamari iZu-lebuli gaxda, dekmayofilebina maTi moTxovna.

didgvarovan aznaurTa SeTqmuleba jer kidev damcxraliar iyo, rom samefo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg yuTlu-arsla-nis meTaurobiT ifeTqa meore ajanyebam, romlis msgavsi Tavi-si organizaciul-politikuri simtkiciTa da dasaxuli pro-gramis mixedviT saqarTvelos istorias ar axsovs.

ai, rogor gadmoscems anonimi avtori Tavis TxzulebaSi`istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~ am ambavs: `da esecaucxo mosagonebeli: yuTlu-arslan, cxovarman joris sax(ed)or bunebisa myofelman, viTar misces biWTa gonebisa mzakuare-ba, momRebelman wessa risame sparsTa ganagissa, iTxova karavidadgmad velsa isanisasa da sanaxebsa saRodeblisasa da Tqua:`dasxdomilni mun Siga, ganmgebelni micemisa da moRebisa, wy-alobisa da Serisxvisani, vhkadrebdeT da vacnobebdeT Tamars,mefesa da dedofalsa; maSinRa srul iqmnebodes gangebuliCueni.~

amrigad, yuTlu-arslanis politikuri dasi moiTxovdaisanSi, samefo xelisuflebis rezidenciis da darbazis gver-diT sruliad axali dawesebulebis ̀ karavis~ Camoyalibebas,romelic samefo xelisuflebisagan damoukideblad iqneboda`ganmgebeli micemisa da moRebisa, wyalobisa da Serisxvisani~da misi gadawyvetilebis mefisaTvis moxsenebis Semdeg ̀ maSin-Ra srul iqmnebodes gangebuli Cveni~. yuTlu-arslanis poli-tikur programaSi 2 punqtia mTavari:

a) parlamentis msgavsi dawesebulebis Seqmna;b) da ufro mTavari, saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis

danawileba da ganxorcieleba sxvadasxva organoebis mier.yuTlu-arslanis politikuri programis mixedviT, sasa-

marTlo da sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba unda mikuTvnebodayuTlu-arslanis momxreebisagan Semdgar parlaments, xoloaRmasrulebeli xelisufleba _ mefes.

aqedan, sarwmunoebis TiToeuli xalxis Sinaur saqmedsarwmunoebis TiToeuli xalxis Sinaur saqmedsarwmunoebis TiToeuli xalxis Sinaur saqmedsarwmunoebis TiToeuli xalxis Sinaur saqmedsarwmunoebis TiToeuli xalxis Sinaur saqmedaRiareba, xolo saxelmwifo interesebis politikisaRiareba, xolo saxelmwifo interesebis politikisaRiareba, xolo saxelmwifo interesebis politikisaRiareba, xolo saxelmwifo interesebis politikisaRiareba, xolo saxelmwifo interesebis politikismTavar RerZad gamocxadeba _ mTavar RerZad gamocxadeba _ mTavar RerZad gamocxadeba _ mTavar RerZad gamocxadeba _ mTavar RerZad gamocxadeba _ ai, riT xasiaTdeba saqarTve-los mefeTa politika dawyebuli daviT aRmaSeneblidan. esmidrekileba kidev ufro ganviTarda Tamaris mefobisas. riTSeeZlo Tamars mis sabrZanebelSi Semavali uamravi erovnebismilionobiT adamianTa erTi interesebiT Sekvra _ mxoloderTiT: SemakavSirebeli momentebis win wamoweviT da religiuribrZolis savsebiT gandevniT. amrigad, religiuri mSvidobi-anoba, yvela religiis pativiscema da daxmareba saqarTvelossaxelmwifo politika iyo.

erTi sityviT, Tamar mefis xanaSi gabatonebulierTi sityviT, Tamar mefis xanaSi gabatonebulierTi sityviT, Tamar mefis xanaSi gabatonebulierTi sityviT, Tamar mefis xanaSi gabatonebulierTi sityviT, Tamar mefis xanaSi gabatonebulipolitika moiTxovda religiuri sakiTxebis ukugdebaspolitika moiTxovda religiuri sakiTxebis ukugdebaspolitika moiTxovda religiuri sakiTxebis ukugdebaspolitika moiTxovda religiuri sakiTxebis ukugdebaspolitika moiTxovda religiuri sakiTxebis ukugdebasda saerTo politikur da socialur interesebze sax-da saerTo politikur da socialur interesebze sax-da saerTo politikur da socialur interesebze sax-da saerTo politikur da socialur interesebze sax-da saerTo politikur da socialur interesebze sax-elmwifos dayrdnobas. elmwifos dayrdnobas. elmwifos dayrdnobas. elmwifos dayrdnobas. elmwifos dayrdnobas. rusTveli, rogorc Tamaris ideebigamtarebeli, dadga swored am niadagze: misi ureligioba misipolitikaa, saxelmwifo mosazrebaa. is ugalobs ara qristiansan mahmadians, aramed adamians, sazogadoebas, romelsac meTau-robda gonieri qarTveli mefeqali da romlis politika masmoswonda da sworad miaCnda.

xelisuflebis danawilebis qarTuli modelixelisuflebis danawilebis qarTuli modelixelisuflebis danawilebis qarTuli modelixelisuflebis danawilebis qarTuli modelixelisuflebis danawilebis qarTuli modeli(`isnis karavi~)(`isnis karavi~)(`isnis karavi~)(`isnis karavi~)(`isnis karavi~)

yuTlu-arslanis dasis politikuri programis mecnier-ul kvlevas safuZveli Cauyara ivane javaxiSvilma, romelmacXII s-is saqarTvelos istoriasa da msoflio politikis is-toriaSi samefo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul am ajan-yebas kuTvnili adgili miuCina.

daviT aRmaSeneblis mier ganxorcielebulma sazogadoe-briv-politikurma reformebma ganamtkica saqarTveloSi feo-dalizmis ekonomikuri da politikuri wyobilebis sistema,uzrunvelyo vaWrobisa da xelosnobis ganviTareba. feodaluriurTierTobebis ganviTarebasTan erTad qveynis ekonomikaSiyalibdeba axali, burJuaziuli wyobilebis wanamZRvrebi, so-cialuri Zalebi, ramac gamoiwvia klasobrivi brZolis gam-wvaveba rogorc samefo xelisuflebasa da didgvarovan aznau-rTa Soris, aseve didgvarovan aznaurTa, samefo xelisuflebasada dabali warmoSobis socialur fenebs Soris.

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Sedegi iyo. yuTlu-arslanis dasis gamosvla didgvarovanaznaurTa gamosvla rom yofiliyo, maSin isini Tamaris winaaRm-deg maTze adre gamosul didaznaurebTan advilad daamyarebd-nen kavSirs. yuTlu-arslanis dasi didi xnis ganmavlobaSiamzadebda ajanyebas da xelsayrel dros ucdida, amasTan maTiprograma didad gansxvavdeboda didaznaurTa programisagan,Tumca orive jgufi miznad isaxavda samefo xelisuflebisSezRudvas, magram yuTlu-arslanis jgufs samefo xelisuflebisSezRudva sxvanairad warmoudgenia. swored amiT unda aixsnas,rom didgvarian aznaurTa SeTqmulebis Sedegad qveyanaSi winaTarsebuli progresuli politikuri reJimis (romlis drosacugvaro, magram niWier xalxs gza exsneboda xelisuflebisaken)Secvla yvelaze mwvaved dabali warmoSobis socialurma fenebmaganicades, radganac aman sabolood dauxSo gza dabali so-cialuri fenebis warmomadgenlebs xelisuflebisaken. sworedamitom didaznaurTaTvis Tamaris daTmobas da niWieri, magramugvaro xalxis xelisuflebidan CamoSorebas dabalma social-urma fenebma dauyovneblad upasuxes didi ajanyebiT, romelicantifeodalur xasiaTs atarebda. ajanyebulTa moTxovna miznadisaxavda samefo xelisuflebis ukiduresad SezRudvas saxelm-wifoebrivi xelisuflebis danawilebis gziT.

yuTlu-arslanis antifeodaluri ideologiis ideur-politikuri fesvebi daviT aRmaSeneblis mier Tbilisis dapy-robamde qalaqSi arsebul respublikur wyobilebaSia saZiebe-li. marTalia, yuTlu-arslanis jgufis gamosvla TbilisSiarsebuli respublikuri wyobilebis damxobidan 60-ze metiwlis Semdeg moxda, magram, rogorc aRiarebulia, TbilisismosaxleobaSi da saqalaqo cxovrebaSi Zveli respublikuriwyobilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tanamdebobrivi institutebida Sexedulebani didxans SemorCa.

yuTlu-arslanis dasis politikuri programa gamoxatav-da XII saukunis saqarTvelos ganviTarebuli feodaluri urT-ierTobebis, kerZod, winaburJuaziuli epoqis ideologias. esideologia rom XII saukunis feodaluri saqarTvelos ekonomikasSeesabameboda, iqidanac Cans, rom samefo xelisuflebam, romel-ic feodaluri ideologiiT xelmZRvanelobda, ver gabeda mes-ame wodebis interesTa gamomxatveli yuTlu-arslanis pro-gramis ugulvebelyofa (rac faqtiurad Tamaris mefobis dasas-ruls moaswavebda) da man yuTlu-arslanis politikur dasTankompromisis da morigebis gza airCia. samefo xelisuflebam

yuTlu-arslanis programaSi ucnobi istorikosis miergamoyenebuli terminebi `gangeba~, `srulqmna~, `wyaloba daSerisxva~, rogorc es ivane javaxiSvilma cxadyo, niSnavs kanon-mdeblobas, aRsrulebasa da marTlmsajulobas. yovelive esqarTuli saxelmwifo samarTlisa da azrovnebis didi ganvi-Tarebis damadasturebelia.

marTlac, yuTlu-arslanis politikuri programa, rogorcsaerTod Sua saukuneebSi dawyebuli ideologiuri brZolismanamde ucnobi mimarTulebis gamovlena, saxelmwifo xelisu-flebis danawilebis Teoriis Suqze msoflio kulturis is-toriis axali furcelia da mas msoflio-istoriuli mniS-vneloba aqvs.

Sua saukuneebSi saxelmwifosa da samarTlis yvela sak-iTxs mxolod RmerTis nebis mixedviT xsnidnen. yuTlu-ar-slanis dasis politikuri programa mTlianad TavisufaliaRvTaebriv-religiuri warmodgenebisagan da saero moZRvrebasemyareba, dasabuTebulia ideebiT. am programaSi mTelifeodaluri saqarTvelos saxelmwifo wyobilebis gardaqmnisiuridiul safuZvlad miCneulia saxelmwifo xelisuflebisdanawilebis saero moZRvreba.

samefo xelisuflebis da yuTlu-arslanis dasisideologiur TvalsazrisTa gansxvavebisaTvis gansakuTrebu-li mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom ajanyebuli meWurWleTuxuce-sis yuTlu-arslanis dasis momxreebis SeTanxmebis simtkiceda daurRvevloba yovlisSemZle RmerTze miTiTebas ki ara,mxolod fics emyareba. exeba ra am Taviseburebas, ivane javax-iSvili aRniSnavda, rom ̀ pirveli SemTxveva gvaqvs aq, rodesacpolitikuri sakiTxis gansaxorcieleblad Zvel saqarTvelo-Si ficze damyarebuli SeTanxmebuli politikuri dasi gvev-lineba.~

yuTlu-arslani _ erT-erTi TvalsaCino vaziri, meWur-WleTuxucesi (anu finansTa ministri) ivane javaxiSvilisdakvirvebiT, dabali socialuri warmoSobis iyo. misi dasicSedgeboda rogorc dabali socialuri warmoSobis saqalaqowreebisagan, ise gansakuTrebuli niWisa da unaris wyalobiTsamefo xelisuflebis mier yuTlu-arslaniviT aRzevebulTa-gan.

Tu im istoriul movlenebs davukvirdebiT, romelic winuZRvoda yuTlu-arslanis dasis gamosvlas, SeiZleba iTqvas,rom es gamosvla e.w. ̀ mesame wodebis~ socialuri moZraobis

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Sesabamisad, ilia adamianebsa da erebs imis mixedviT kiar afasebda, vin ufro adre warmoiSva da ra manZili gaiara,aramed ̀ am sisrulis gzaze, vin ramodenad win wamdgara, visramodenad aRfrTovanebuli aqvs sulTaswrafva am gzaze dau-Ralavad siarulisaTvis, _ ai, sawyao, rogorc calke adamianisRirsebisa, isec mTeli erisa~.

ilia WavWavaZe saxelmwifos da sazogadoebrivi wyobissafuZvlad samarTlianad Tvlida kerZo sakuTrebaskerZo sakuTrebaskerZo sakuTrebaskerZo sakuTrebaskerZo sakuTrebas da misidacvis aucileblobaze miuTiTebda qarTvelobas: `kerZosakuTreba jer kidev qvakuTxedad udevs aramc Tu mTels sax-elmwifurs da sazogadoebriv wyobas, aramed mTels cxovrebasdawinaurebuli qveynebisas mTel dedamiwis zurgze... kerZosakuTreba, samarTlianad Tu usamarTlod, Cvenda sabednierodTu saubedurod, jer kidev did xans iqneba did pativSi da missarbielze Zalmomreoba, erTmaneTze miseva, vinc ginda iyos,iafad ar daujdeba.~

Zalze saintereso da tevadia eris da misi niSnebiseris da misi niSnebiseris da misi niSnebiseris da misi niSnebiseris da misi niSnebisiliaseuli TvalTaxedva. i. WavWavaZis azriT eri eri eri eri eri esaa enis,teritoriis, ekonomikuri wyobis, erTobisa da erTiani bunebiTgansazRvruli sulisa da xorcis (fsiqikuri wyoba, kulturada a.S.) adamianTa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli kavSiri. xalx-ebis erebad Camoyalibeba warmoudgenelia erTiani enis arse-bobis gareSe: ̀ arsebiTi niSani erovnebisa, misi guli da suli_ enaa.~ _ werda ilia. garda enisa, romelic axasiaTebs ers,rogorc damoukideblad arsebul socialur movlenas, esaa`istoriis erTobiT~ (ilia) ganmtkicebuli adamianTa gvarto-mobiTi kavSiri, anu i. WavWavaZis mtkicebiT, eri esaa istori-eri esaa istori-eri esaa istori-eri esaa istori-eri esaa istori-ulad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, suliT da xorciTulad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, suliT da xorciTulad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, suliT da xorciTulad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, suliT da xorciTulad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, suliT da xorciTurTierTmonaTesave adamianTa erToba: urTierTmonaTesave adamianTa erToba: urTierTmonaTesave adamianTa erToba: urTierTmonaTesave adamianTa erToba: urTierTmonaTesave adamianTa erToba: `eri rogorc kre-buli istoriiT SeduRebul erTsul da erTxorc mkvidrTa~erTobaa. ilia am niSans (istoiul erTobas) gadamwyvet mniS-vneloba aniWebs, radganac `eris pirqve damxoba, gaTax-`eris pirqve damxoba, gaTax-`eris pirqve damxoba, gaTax-`eris pirqve damxoba, gaTax-`eris pirqve damxoba, gaTax-sireba, gawyaleba iqidam daiwyeba, roca igi Tavisssireba, gawyaleba iqidam daiwyeba, roca igi Tavisssireba, gawyaleba iqidam daiwyeba, roca igi Tavisssireba, gawyaleba iqidam daiwyeba, roca igi Tavisssireba, gawyaleba iqidam daiwyeba, roca igi Tavissistorias iviwyebs, roca mas xsovna ekargeba Tavisiistorias iviwyebs, roca mas xsovna ekargeba Tavisiistorias iviwyebs, roca mas xsovna ekargeba Tavisiistorias iviwyebs, roca mas xsovna ekargeba Tavisiistorias iviwyebs, roca mas xsovna ekargeba Tavisiwarsulisa, Tavisis yofil cxovrebisa.~warsulisa, Tavisis yofil cxovrebisa.~warsulisa, Tavisis yofil cxovrebisa.~warsulisa, Tavisis yofil cxovrebisa.~warsulisa, Tavisis yofil cxovrebisa.~ aseTi eri ube-duria, radgan mas ̀ ra iyo _ is daviwyebuli aqvs da maSasadame,ra aris _ arc is icis... Svilma unda icodes, sad da razedgaCerda mama, rom iqidam daiwyos cxovrebis uRlis weva~ (ilia).

eri erT gansazRvrul teritoriaze mcxovreb adamianTaerTobisagan warmomdgari mTliani organizmia. sanam eri

uaryo parlamentis Seqmnisa da saxelmwifoebrivi xelisu-flebis danawilebis idea, magram samagierod amieridan sax-amieridan sax-amieridan sax-amieridan sax-amieridan sax-elmwifoebrivi sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas igi xelmZRv-elmwifoebrivi sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas igi xelmZRv-elmwifoebrivi sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas igi xelmZRv-elmwifoebrivi sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas igi xelmZRv-elmwifoebrivi sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas igi xelmZRv-anelobs `Tanadgomisa da erTianobis~ pranelobs `Tanadgomisa da erTianobis~ pranelobs `Tanadgomisa da erTianobis~ pranelobs `Tanadgomisa da erTianobis~ pranelobs `Tanadgomisa da erTianobis~ princiinciinciinciinci pebiT dapebiT dapebiT dapebiT dapebiT dasaxelmwifo darbazSi TvalsaCino rols asrulebensaxelmwifo darbazSi TvalsaCino rols asrulebensaxelmwifo darbazSi TvalsaCino rols asrulebensaxelmwifo darbazSi TvalsaCino rols asrulebensaxelmwifo darbazSi TvalsaCino rols asrulebenmesame wodebis warmomadgenlebi.mesame wodebis warmomadgenlebi.mesame wodebis warmomadgenlebi.mesame wodebis warmomadgenlebi.mesame wodebis warmomadgenlebi.

yuTlu-arslanis dasis politikurma programam da mismapolitikurma ideologiam udidesi roli Seasrula XII sauku-nis saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebaSi. igi Camoyali-bda XII saukunis feodalur saqarTveloSi, roca qveynis so-cialur-ekonomikurma ganviTarebam iseT maRal dones miaRwia,rom misi SemdgomSi ganviTareba am feodaluri urTierTobisrRvevisa da axali (burJuaziuli) urTierTobis Casaxva-warmo-qmnis gziT SeiZleboda mxolod wasuliyo.

marTalia, yuTlu-arslanis dasis progresuli, magramcotaoden naadrevi politikuri programa ver ganxorcielda,magram am ajanyebis Sedegad gafarTovda samefo darbazis ufle-bebi (masSi Sevidnen mesame wodebis warmomadgenlebic) daSeizRuda samefo xelisufleba da am movlenas, rogorc ivanejavaxiSvili werda, ̀ im epoqis msoflio istoriaSi analogiaSeiZleba moeZebnos mxolod inglisis TavisuflebaTa didqartiaSi~ (XIII s-is II naxevari). es ki moZraobis msoflio-istoriul mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs.

ilia WavWavaZis socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebiilia WavWavaZis socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebiilia WavWavaZis socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebiilia WavWavaZis socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebiilia WavWavaZis socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebi

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dakargvis Semdeg (1801 w.)pirvelad solomon dodaSvilma dasva ruseTis imperiaSi qarTve-li xalxis ukeTesi momavlisaTvis brZolis ori umTavresiproblemis, kerZod, socialur-politikuri da erovnul-ganmaT-avisuflebeli brZolis samarTlebrivi gadawyvetis sakiTxi,romelmac Semdgomi ganviTareba hpova qarTveli Tergdaleuleb-isa da maTi beladis _ i. WavWavaZis sabrZolo moTxovnaSi:`Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudnes~.

ilia, miuTiTebda ra adamianisa da eris daniSnulebaze,xazgasmiT werda, rom ̀ adamiani, Tu mTeli eri, imisaTvis ki araris gaCenili, rom puri sWamos, aramed pursa sWams imitom, romkacur-kacad icxovros da acxovros Tavisi STamomavali~. e.i.ilias gadamwyvetad miaCnda sulieri moRvaweoba.ilias gadamwyvetad miaCnda sulieri moRvaweoba.ilias gadamwyvetad miaCnda sulieri moRvaweoba.ilias gadamwyvetad miaCnda sulieri moRvaweoba.ilias gadamwyvetad miaCnda sulieri moRvaweoba.

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cvlilebis sagani yovelmxriv gasinjulia da Suqmofe-cvlilebis sagani yovelmxriv gasinjulia da Suqmofe-cvlilebis sagani yovelmxriv gasinjulia da Suqmofe-cvlilebis sagani yovelmxriv gasinjulia da Suqmofe-cvlilebis sagani yovelmxriv gasinjulia da Suqmofe-nili, amisaTvis, rasakvirvelia, yvelaze uwinares kacmanili, amisaTvis, rasakvirvelia, yvelaze uwinares kacmanili, amisaTvis, rasakvirvelia, yvelaze uwinares kacmanili, amisaTvis, rasakvirvelia, yvelaze uwinares kacmanili, amisaTvis, rasakvirvelia, yvelaze uwinares kacmagoneba unda miaqcios adgilobrivs viTarebas, radga-goneba unda miaqcios adgilobrivs viTarebas, radga-goneba unda miaqcios adgilobrivs viTarebas, radga-goneba unda miaqcios adgilobrivs viTarebas, radga-goneba unda miaqcios adgilobrivs viTarebas, radga-nac yovels sagans am SemTxvevaSi Tavis adgilzevenac yovels sagans am SemTxvevaSi Tavis adgilzevenac yovels sagans am SemTxvevaSi Tavis adgilzevenac yovels sagans am SemTxvevaSi Tavis adgilzevenac yovels sagans am SemTxvevaSi Tavis adgilzeveaqvs saTave, Tavisi Ziri da Tavisi gza msvlelobisa daaqvs saTave, Tavisi Ziri da Tavisi gza msvlelobisa daaqvs saTave, Tavisi Ziri da Tavisi gza msvlelobisa daaqvs saTave, Tavisi Ziri da Tavisi gza msvlelobisa daaqvs saTave, Tavisi Ziri da Tavisi gza msvlelobisa daganviTarebisa. magram Zalian Sescdeba is, vinc martoganviTarebisa. magram Zalian Sescdeba is, vinc martoganviTarebisa. magram Zalian Sescdeba is, vinc martoganviTarebisa. magram Zalian Sescdeba is, vinc martoganviTarebisa. magram Zalian Sescdeba is, vinc martoamas dasjerdeba da marto aqedan gamoiyvans Tavis daskv-amas dasjerdeba da marto aqedan gamoiyvans Tavis daskv-amas dasjerdeba da marto aqedan gamoiyvans Tavis daskv-amas dasjerdeba da marto aqedan gamoiyvans Tavis daskv-amas dasjerdeba da marto aqedan gamoiyvans Tavis daskv-nas.~nas.~nas.~nas.~nas.~

ilia ar uaryofda sxvaTa daxmarebas, magram dauSvebladda gaumarTleblad miaCnda sakuTari saqmeebis sxvaze mindobada minebeba: `sxvazed mindoba _ qviSazed aSenebuli`sxvazed mindoba _ qviSazed aSenebuli`sxvazed mindoba _ qviSazed aSenebuli`sxvazed mindoba _ qviSazed aSenebuli`sxvazed mindoba _ qviSazed aSenebuliSenoba yofila da iqneba kidec am qveynierobaSi. wamou-Senoba yofila da iqneba kidec am qveynierobaSi. wamou-Senoba yofila da iqneba kidec am qveynierobaSi. wamou-Senoba yofila da iqneba kidec am qveynierobaSi. wamou-Senoba yofila da iqneba kidec am qveynierobaSi. wamou-vlis niaRvari `SemTxvevisa~ da im imeds, im mindobasvlis niaRvari `SemTxvevisa~ da im imeds, im mindobasvlis niaRvari `SemTxvevisa~ da im imeds, im mindobasvlis niaRvari `SemTxvevisa~ da im imeds, im mindobasvlis niaRvari `SemTxvevisa~ da im imeds, im mindobasaRgvis xolme dedamiwis zurgidam da imedevneuls, sx-aRgvis xolme dedamiwis zurgidam da imedevneuls, sx-aRgvis xolme dedamiwis zurgidam da imedevneuls, sx-aRgvis xolme dedamiwis zurgidam da imedevneuls, sx-aRgvis xolme dedamiwis zurgidam da imedevneuls, sx-vazed dandobils, erTs udaburs tinzed gariyavs, Sensvazed dandobils, erTs udaburs tinzed gariyavs, Sensvazed dandobils, erTs udaburs tinzed gariyavs, Sensvazed dandobils, erTs udaburs tinzed gariyavs, Sensvazed dandobils, erTs udaburs tinzed gariyavs, SensTavs Senve mouareo. Tavs Senve mouareo. Tavs Senve mouareo. Tavs Senve mouareo. Tavs Senve mouareo. es kanoni _ istoriuli kanonia, iqnebazogierTisaTvis friad armosawoni, magram aucilebeli ki.bevric vivaglaxoT, bevric rom vataroT ubeSi sxvazed dam-yarebuli imedi, mainc bolos ̀ JamTa svla am kanonzed dagvay-enebs da dro warsuli CvenTvis samudamod dakarguli droiqneba. Cven vambobT, rom xalxi TviTmoqmedebiT aris mx-rom xalxi TviTmoqmedebiT aris mx-rom xalxi TviTmoqmedebiT aris mx-rom xalxi TviTmoqmedebiT aris mx-rom xalxi TviTmoqmedebiT aris mx-olod Zlieri da nayofieri suliT, Tu xorciT. racolod Zlieri da nayofieri suliT, Tu xorciT. racolod Zlieri da nayofieri suliT, Tu xorciT. racolod Zlieri da nayofieri suliT, Tu xorciT. racolod Zlieri da nayofieri suliT, Tu xorciT. racmale davijerebT am WeSmaritebas, rac male SeviTvisebT,male davijerebT am WeSmaritebas, rac male SeviTvisebT,male davijerebT am WeSmaritebas, rac male SeviTvisebT,male davijerebT am WeSmaritebas, rac male SeviTvisebT,male davijerebT am WeSmaritebas, rac male SeviTvisebT,miT male gamovixsniT Tavs im gaWirvebidam, romelSicmiT male gamovixsniT Tavs im gaWirvebidam, romelSicmiT male gamovixsniT Tavs im gaWirvebidam, romelSicmiT male gamovixsniT Tavs im gaWirvebidam, romelSicmiT male gamovixsniT Tavs im gaWirvebidam, romelSicase sasowarkveTilebiT dRes vimyofebiT.~ase sasowarkveTilebiT dRes vimyofebiT.~ase sasowarkveTilebiT dRes vimyofebiT.~ase sasowarkveTilebiT dRes vimyofebiT.~ase sasowarkveTilebiT dRes vimyofebiT.~

ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc eris Rirseuli winamZRoli, Sesa-bamis daskvnas akeTebda aqedan, da miuTiTebda, rom Cveni bedispatroni mxolod da mxolod Cvenve, qarTveloba, unda gavxdeT:`gveyo, batonebo, Cvenis awmyosi da momavlis bedis`gveyo, batonebo, Cvenis awmyosi da momavlis bedis`gveyo, batonebo, Cvenis awmyosi da momavlis bedis`gveyo, batonebo, Cvenis awmyosi da momavlis bedis`gveyo, batonebo, Cvenis awmyosi da momavlis bedissxvazed migdeba. Cvenis gaWirvebisa, gulistkivilis dasxvazed migdeba. Cvenis gaWirvebisa, gulistkivilis dasxvazed migdeba. Cvenis gaWirvebisa, gulistkivilis dasxvazed migdeba. Cvenis gaWirvebisa, gulistkivilis dasxvazed migdeba. Cvenis gaWirvebisa, gulistkivilis dawadilis patronni Cvenve unda viyvneT. mZimea is uRe-wadilis patronni Cvenve unda viyvneT. mZimea is uRe-wadilis patronni Cvenve unda viyvneT. mZimea is uRe-wadilis patronni Cvenve unda viyvneT. mZimea is uRe-wadilis patronni Cvenve unda viyvneT. mZimea is uRe-li, magram miT ufro saxelovania misi erTgulad gam-li, magram miT ufro saxelovania misi erTgulad gam-li, magram miT ufro saxelovania misi erTgulad gam-li, magram miT ufro saxelovania misi erTgulad gam-li, magram miT ufro saxelovania misi erTgulad gam-wevi. mZimea, magram umagisod ver Soebula am qveyniere-wevi. mZimea, magram umagisod ver Soebula am qveyniere-wevi. mZimea, magram umagisod ver Soebula am qveyniere-wevi. mZimea, magram umagisod ver Soebula am qveyniere-wevi. mZimea, magram umagisod ver Soebula am qveyniere-bazed sikeTe da Zal-Rone xalxisa. sxva gza ar aris,bazed sikeTe da Zal-Rone xalxisa. sxva gza ar aris,bazed sikeTe da Zal-Rone xalxisa. sxva gza ar aris,bazed sikeTe da Zal-Rone xalxisa. sxva gza ar aris,bazed sikeTe da Zal-Rone xalxisa. sxva gza ar aris,Cvenis cxovrebis Sara gza Cvenve unda gavikafoT, bediCvenis cxovrebis Sara gza Cvenve unda gavikafoT, bediCvenis cxovrebis Sara gza Cvenve unda gavikafoT, bediCvenis cxovrebis Sara gza Cvenve unda gavikafoT, bediCvenis cxovrebis Sara gza Cvenve unda gavikafoT, bedida ubedoba xelT unda vigdoT.~da ubedoba xelT unda vigdoT.~da ubedoba xelT unda vigdoT.~da ubedoba xelT unda vigdoT.~da ubedoba xelT unda vigdoT.~

ilia WavWavaZe swavlobs im mTavar mizezs, rac uzrunve-lyofs erebisa da saxelmwifoebis simtkices da im faqtoreb-sac, romelTa moqmedebis Sedegad iwyeba erebis politikuridaknineba da gaqroba. ilia ikvlevda, Tu ra mizezebma da

mTliani da erTiania, igi uZlevelia, roca erSi iwyeba ̀ ganTvi-Teuloba~, igi gardauvali daRupvis winaSe aRmoCndeba: vai imvai imvai imvai imvai imxalxs, romelsac saerTi ZarRvi gauwyda; vai im qvey-xalxs, romelsac saerTi ZarRvi gauwyda; vai im qvey-xalxs, romelsac saerTi ZarRvi gauwyda; vai im qvey-xalxs, romelsac saerTi ZarRvi gauwyda; vai im qvey-xalxs, romelsac saerTi ZarRvi gauwyda; vai im qvey-anas, saca saerTo ZarRvSi sisxli gaSra, saca yvelaSianas, saca saerTo ZarRvSi sisxli gaSra, saca yvelaSianas, saca saerTo ZarRvSi sisxli gaSra, saca yvelaSianas, saca saerTo ZarRvSi sisxli gaSra, saca yvelaSianas, saca saerTo ZarRvSi sisxli gaSra, saca yvelaSiTiTo aris, TiToSi _ yvela, saca TiToeuli yvela-TiTo aris, TiToSi _ yvela, saca TiToeuli yvela-TiTo aris, TiToSi _ yvela, saca TiToeuli yvela-TiTo aris, TiToSi _ yvela, saca TiToeuli yvela-TiTo aris, TiToSi _ yvela, saca TiToeuli yvela-saTvis ar hfiqrobs da yvela TiToeulisaTvis, sacasaTvis ar hfiqrobs da yvela TiToeulisaTvis, sacasaTvis ar hfiqrobs da yvela TiToeulisaTvis, sacasaTvis ar hfiqrobs da yvela TiToeulisaTvis, sacasaTvis ar hfiqrobs da yvela TiToeulisaTvis, saca`me~ xSiria, da `Cven~ _ `iSviaTi~.`me~ xSiria, da `Cven~ _ `iSviaTi~.`me~ xSiria, da `Cven~ _ `iSviaTi~.`me~ xSiria, da `Cven~ _ `iSviaTi~.`me~ xSiria, da `Cven~ _ `iSviaTi~. iq, sadac sazogadoebaurTierTdapirispirebul wodebadaa danawevrebuli, sadac gaba-tonebulia cal-calke weva cxovrebis uRlisa, cal-calkexvna da mka, cal-calke Tla lxinisa Tavisaken da Wirisasxvisaken, adamianTa aseT erTobas eri ar hqvia. mxolod ismxolod ismxolod ismxolod ismxolod iseria uZleveli, mxolod im ers gadautania gmiruladeria uZleveli, mxolod im ers gadautania gmiruladeria uZleveli, mxolod im ers gadautania gmiruladeria uZleveli, mxolod im ers gadautania gmiruladeria uZleveli, mxolod im ers gadautania gmiruladgansacdeli, `romelsac Tavis drozed Seutyvia da mi-gansacdeli, `romelsac Tavis drozed Seutyvia da mi-gansacdeli, `romelsac Tavis drozed Seutyvia da mi-gansacdeli, `romelsac Tavis drozed Seutyvia da mi-gansacdeli, `romelsac Tavis drozed Seutyvia da mi-ugnia, rom Tu eric win ar waweula, piriqiT, erTisugnia, rom Tu eric win ar waweula, piriqiT, erTisugnia, rom Tu eric win ar waweula, piriqiT, erTisugnia, rom Tu eric win ar waweula, piriqiT, erTisugnia, rom Tu eric win ar waweula, piriqiT, erTiswodebis win wawevas danarCenis ukan daweva mohyolia.wodebis win wawevas danarCenis ukan daweva mohyolia.wodebis win wawevas danarCenis ukan daweva mohyolia.wodebis win wawevas danarCenis ukan daweva mohyolia.wodebis win wawevas danarCenis ukan daweva mohyolia.verc erTi calke wodeba erisa ver daiqadebs, rom Tuverc erTi calke wodeba erisa ver daiqadebs, rom Tuverc erTi calke wodeba erisa ver daiqadebs, rom Tuverc erTi calke wodeba erisa ver daiqadebs, rom Tuverc erTi calke wodeba erisa ver daiqadebs, rom Tume kargad var, sxvanic kargad iqnebiano... yvelam erTadme kargad var, sxvanic kargad iqnebiano... yvelam erTadme kargad var, sxvanic kargad iqnebiano... yvelam erTadme kargad var, sxvanic kargad iqnebiano... yvelam erTadme kargad var, sxvanic kargad iqnebiano... yvelam erTadda TiToeulma calke unda icodes, rom igi ganuyofe-da TiToeulma calke unda icodes, rom igi ganuyofe-da TiToeulma calke unda icodes, rom igi ganuyofe-da TiToeulma calke unda icodes, rom igi ganuyofe-da TiToeulma calke unda icodes, rom igi ganuyofe-li nawilia mTeli erisa da amitomac Tavis keTil-li nawilia mTeli erisa da amitomac Tavis keTil-li nawilia mTeli erisa da amitomac Tavis keTil-li nawilia mTeli erisa da amitomac Tavis keTil-li nawilia mTeli erisa da amitomac Tavis keTil-dReobas unda eZebdes marto mTelis eris keTildRe-dReobas unda eZebdes marto mTelis eris keTildRe-dReobas unda eZebdes marto mTelis eris keTildRe-dReobas unda eZebdes marto mTelis eris keTildRe-dReobas unda eZebdes marto mTelis eris keTildRe-obaSi da ara calke.~obaSi da ara calke.~obaSi da ara calke.~obaSi da ara calke.~obaSi da ara calke.~

am debulebaze dayrdnobiT ilia ayalibebs `saerToniadagis~ Teoriis qvakuTxeds: `Cveni guliTadi rwmenayovelTvis isa yofila da aris, rom eris warmateba, qonebriviTu gonebrivi, SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca eri wodebaTadauyoflad, did-pataraobis gaurCevlad da gamoukleblad er-Tianis mecadineobiTa da garjiT cdilobs cxovrebis gzagaikvlios da burTi bedisa gaitanos wuTisoflis moednidamyvelam erTad sayovelTaod.~

ilia WavWavaZe miuTiTebda, rom eris, sazogadoebis prob-lemebisa da Wiris mogvareba adgilobrivi ZalebiT unda moxdesda misi Rrmad gacnobierebis aucileblobaze amaxvilebdayuradRebas: ̀ minam Cvens sakuTar Wirs sxvisagan nacad wamalsSeurCevdeT, jer TviTon Cven unda vicodeT _ ra TvisebisWiria, misi sigrZe-sigane gazomili unda gvqondes, misi simZimeawonili, erTis sityviT, ise Wiri Tavidam fexebamde Cvens miercnobili da gagebuli unda iyos, Torem qarisagan SeSinebul-saviT dos davuwyebT bervasa.~ amasTan ilia imasac miuTiTeb-da, rom `yovelive cvlileba, sazogadoebrivi Tu`yovelive cvlileba, sazogadoebrivi Tu`yovelive cvlileba, sazogadoebrivi Tu`yovelive cvlileba, sazogadoebrivi Tu`yovelive cvlileba, sazogadoebrivi Tuekonomikuri, maSin aris margebeli da mkvidri, rocaekonomikuri, maSin aris margebeli da mkvidri, rocaekonomikuri, maSin aris margebeli da mkvidri, rocaekonomikuri, maSin aris margebeli da mkvidri, rocaekonomikuri, maSin aris margebeli da mkvidri, roca

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sul movlenad Tvlida da istoriuli kanonzomierebiT gan-pirobebulad, maram igi kargad xedavda am did problemebs dasaSiSroebas, romelic am droidan daiwyo qarTvelTa cxovreba-Si: `xmlianma mterma ver dagvaTmobina, ver wagvarTva`xmlianma mterma ver dagvaTmobina, ver wagvarTva`xmlianma mterma ver dagvaTmobina, ver wagvarTva`xmlianma mterma ver dagvaTmobina, ver wagvarTva`xmlianma mterma ver dagvaTmobina, ver wagvarTvaCveni miwa-wyali, Cveni qveyana... xmliT moseulma veraCveni miwa-wyali, Cveni qveyana... xmliT moseulma veraCveni miwa-wyali, Cveni qveyana... xmliT moseulma veraCveni miwa-wyali, Cveni qveyana... xmliT moseulma veraCveni miwa-wyali, Cveni qveyana... xmliT moseulma veradagvaklo ra, SromiT da garjiT, codniT da xerxiTdagvaklo ra, SromiT da garjiT, codniT da xerxiTdagvaklo ra, SromiT da garjiT, codniT da xerxiTdagvaklo ra, SromiT da garjiT, codniT da xerxiTdagvaklo ra, SromiT da garjiT, codniT da xerxiTmoseuli-ki Tan gagvitans, fexqveSidam miwas gamogva-moseuli-ki Tan gagvitans, fexqveSidam miwas gamogva-moseuli-ki Tan gagvitans, fexqveSidam miwas gamogva-moseuli-ki Tan gagvitans, fexqveSidam miwas gamogva-moseuli-ki Tan gagvitans, fexqveSidam miwas gamogva-clis, saxels gagviqrobs, gagvwyvets, saxsenebeliclis, saxels gagviqrobs, gagvwyvets, saxsenebeliclis, saxels gagviqrobs, gagvwyvets, saxsenebeliclis, saxels gagviqrobs, gagvwyvets, saxsenebeliclis, saxels gagviqrobs, gagvwyvets, saxsenebeliqarTvelisa amoikveTeba da Cvens mSvenier qveyanas, rogorcqarTvelisa amoikveTeba da Cvens mSvenier qveyanas, rogorcqarTvelisa amoikveTeba da Cvens mSvenier qveyanas, rogorcqarTvelisa amoikveTeba da Cvens mSvenier qveyanas, rogorcqarTvelisa amoikveTeba da Cvens mSvenier qveyanas, rogorcupatroni saydars, sxvani daepatronebian.~ upatroni saydars, sxvani daepatronebian.~ upatroni saydars, sxvani daepatronebian.~ upatroni saydars, sxvani daepatronebian.~ upatroni saydars, sxvani daepatronebian.~ es rom ar moxdes,ukve drois Sesabamisi qmedebani unda ganaxorcielos qarTvelo-bam: `exla an adli unda gveWiros xelSi, an guTani, an`exla an adli unda gveWiros xelSi, an guTani, an`exla an adli unda gveWiros xelSi, an guTani, an`exla an adli unda gveWiros xelSi, an guTani, an`exla an adli unda gveWiros xelSi, an guTani, anCarxi qarxnisa, an marTulebi manqanisa. exla vaJkacobaCarxi qarxnisa, an marTulebi manqanisa. exla vaJkacobaCarxi qarxnisa, an marTulebi manqanisa. exla vaJkacobaCarxi qarxnisa, an marTulebi manqanisa. exla vaJkacobaCarxi qarxnisa, an marTulebi manqanisa. exla vaJkacobaomisa ki ar unda, rom sisxlsa hRvrides, vaJkacoba undaomisa ki ar unda, rom sisxlsa hRvrides, vaJkacoba undaomisa ki ar unda, rom sisxlsa hRvrides, vaJkacoba undaomisa ki ar unda, rom sisxlsa hRvrides, vaJkacoba undaomisa ki ar unda, rom sisxlsa hRvrides, vaJkacoba undaSromisa, rom ofli hRvaros. kidev vityviT, qveyana axlaSromisa, rom ofli hRvaros. kidev vityviT, qveyana axlaSromisa, rom ofli hRvaros. kidev vityviT, qveyana axlaSromisa, rom ofli hRvaros. kidev vityviT, qveyana axlaSromisa, rom ofli hRvaros. kidev vityviT, qveyana axlaimisia, vinc irjeba da vinc icis wesi da xerxi gan-imisia, vinc irjeba da vinc icis wesi da xerxi gan-imisia, vinc irjeba da vinc icis wesi da xerxi gan-imisia, vinc irjeba da vinc icis wesi da xerxi gan-imisia, vinc irjeba da vinc icis wesi da xerxi gan-sjisa, vinc ufro ufrTxildeba naSroms, vinc izogavssjisa, vinc ufro ufrTxildeba naSroms, vinc izogavssjisa, vinc ufro ufrTxildeba naSroms, vinc izogavssjisa, vinc ufro ufrTxildeba naSroms, vinc izogavssjisa, vinc ufro ufrTxildeba naSroms, vinc izogavsnaRvaws. dRes mZleTamZlea marto is, vinc mcvelia danaRvaws. dRes mZleTamZlea marto is, vinc mcvelia danaRvaws. dRes mZleTamZlea marto is, vinc mcvelia danaRvaws. dRes mZleTamZlea marto is, vinc mcvelia danaRvaws. dRes mZleTamZlea marto is, vinc mcvelia dabejiTi suliTa da xorciTa, codniTa da marjveniTa...bejiTi suliTa da xorciTa, codniTa da marjveniTa...bejiTi suliTa da xorciTa, codniTa da marjveniTa...bejiTi suliTa da xorciTa, codniTa da marjveniTa...bejiTi suliTa da xorciTa, codniTa da marjveniTa...exlac omia, xolo sisxlisRvrisa _ ki ara, oflis Rvrisa,exlac omia, xolo sisxlisRvrisa _ ki ara, oflis Rvrisa,exlac omia, xolo sisxlisRvrisa _ ki ara, oflis Rvrisa,exlac omia, xolo sisxlisRvrisa _ ki ara, oflis Rvrisa,exlac omia, xolo sisxlisRvrisa _ ki ara, oflis Rvrisa,omi usisxlo, mSvidobiani, wynari... es omi Sromisaa, daomi usisxlo, mSvidobiani, wynari... es omi Sromisaa, daomi usisxlo, mSvidobiani, wynari... es omi Sromisaa, daomi usisxlo, mSvidobiani, wynari... es omi Sromisaa, daomi usisxlo, mSvidobiani, wynari... es omi Sromisaa, daviTarca Sroma _ patiosania, namusiania da iseTive Tav-viTarca Sroma _ patiosania, namusiania da iseTive Tav-viTarca Sroma _ patiosania, namusiania da iseTive Tav-viTarca Sroma _ patiosania, namusiania da iseTive Tav-viTarca Sroma _ patiosania, namusiania da iseTive Tav-mosawonebeli, TavgamosaCeni, rogorc uwin Tofisa damosawonebeli, TavgamosaCeni, rogorc uwin Tofisa damosawonebeli, TavgamosaCeni, rogorc uwin Tofisa damosawonebeli, TavgamosaCeni, rogorc uwin Tofisa damosawonebeli, TavgamosaCeni, rogorc uwin Tofisa daxmlis omi iyo. vaJkacoba amisTana omSi bevriT winxmlis omi iyo. vaJkacoba amisTana omSi bevriT winxmlis omi iyo. vaJkacoba amisTana omSi bevriT winxmlis omi iyo. vaJkacoba amisTana omSi bevriT winxmlis omi iyo. vaJkacoba amisTana omSi bevriT winaris sisxlis omis vaJkacobaze.~aris sisxlis omis vaJkacobaze.~aris sisxlis omis vaJkacobaze.~aris sisxlis omis vaJkacobaze.~aris sisxlis omis vaJkacobaze.~

eris gaZRolisa da darazmvis, misi fexze dayenebis saqme-Si ilia did rols aniWebda qveynis xelisuflebas _ mTavrobas,mis zneobas da kompetenturobas: ̀ Rirseba da sikeTe romelimemTavrobisa, xalxisagan cnobili da aRiarebuli, sTesavs xalxSiim siyvarulis Tesls, romelic metad sanatreli unda iyocnobierebad momarTul da mimarTul saxelmwifosaTvis; damarto es siyvarulia saTaved yovel imisa, rac ki Seadgenssaxelmwifos Zalasa da Rones, imitom, rom marto siyvaru-rom marto siyvaru-rom marto siyvaru-rom marto siyvaru-rom marto siyvaru-liT aRfrTovanebuli xalxia saimedo yovels gan-liT aRfrTovanebuli xalxia saimedo yovels gan-liT aRfrTovanebuli xalxia saimedo yovels gan-liT aRfrTovanebuli xalxia saimedo yovels gan-liT aRfrTovanebuli xalxia saimedo yovels gan-sacdelSi, rac ki saxelmwifos istoriis gzazed SeemTx-sacdelSi, rac ki saxelmwifos istoriis gzazed SeemTx-sacdelSi, rac ki saxelmwifos istoriis gzazed SeemTx-sacdelSi, rac ki saxelmwifos istoriis gzazed SeemTx-sacdelSi, rac ki saxelmwifos istoriis gzazed SeemTx-veva xolme, marto siyvaruliT gulgamTbar xalxs Seu-veva xolme, marto siyvaruliT gulgamTbar xalxs Seu-veva xolme, marto siyvaruliT gulgamTbar xalxs Seu-veva xolme, marto siyvaruliT gulgamTbar xalxs Seu-veva xolme, marto siyvaruliT gulgamTbar xalxs Seu-Zlia sicocxlisa da qonebis gawirva saxelmwifo keTil-Zlia sicocxlisa da qonebis gawirva saxelmwifo keTil-Zlia sicocxlisa da qonebis gawirva saxelmwifo keTil-Zlia sicocxlisa da qonebis gawirva saxelmwifo keTil-Zlia sicocxlisa da qonebis gawirva saxelmwifo keTil-dReobisaTvis... saca es siyvaruli ar aris, iq saxelm-dReobisaTvis... saca es siyvaruli ar aris, iq saxelm-dReobisaTvis... saca es siyvaruli ar aris, iq saxelm-dReobisaTvis... saca es siyvaruli ar aris, iq saxelm-dReobisaTvis... saca es siyvaruli ar aris, iq saxelm-wifo fuRuroa,wifo fuRuroa,wifo fuRuroa,wifo fuRuroa,wifo fuRuroa, fuyea, fuyea, fuyea, fuyea, fuyea, erTi erTi erTi erTi erTi lazaTianis qarlazaTianis qarlazaTianis qarlazaTianis qarlazaTianis qaris Semober-is Semober-is Semober-is Semober-is Semober-va da imis gadamsxvreva erTia.~va da imis gadamsxvreva erTia.~va da imis gadamsxvreva erTia.~va da imis gadamsxvreva erTia.~va da imis gadamsxvreva erTia.~

faqtorebma gaaZlebina qarTvel xalxs mZime qartexilebSi daram gansazRvra qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis krizisi da misiruseTTan ZaliT mierTeba: ̀ saqarTvelo dRe-Ram iaraRiT xe-lSi idga, mteri yoveli mxridan mowolili iyo. Cveni xalxiTiTqmis ori aTasi weli ibrZoda, omobda, sisxlsa Rvrida, dabolos meTvramete saukunis dasasruls TviTmyofobiTi suliise dalia, rom Cvens qveyanas aravisi vali da vaxSi ar dasde-bia. vsTqvaT, mklavma da gulma SesZlo es goliaToba, sakvirve-li es aris _ ra qonebam gauZlo amisTana yofasa?... es erTimuWa xalxi TiTqmis qudzed kacad unda mdgariyo iaraRiTxelSi, rom mtrisagan mtvrad ar aRgviliyo, _ da sazrdoebasvin aZlevda da ra aZlevda?~, svams am kiTxvas ilia WavWavaZe daTavis mosazrebebsac gvTavazobs, romlebic friad angariS-gasawevia; pirveli, es aris is, rom `droTa Sesaferisi xe-`droTa Sesaferisi xe-`droTa Sesaferisi xe-`droTa Sesaferisi xe-`droTa Sesaferisi xe-rxi, droTa Sesaferisi codna gvqonda: vicodiT imrxi, droTa Sesaferisi codna gvqonda: vicodiT imrxi, droTa Sesaferisi codna gvqonda: vicodiT imrxi, droTa Sesaferisi codna gvqonda: vicodiT imrxi, droTa Sesaferisi codna gvqonda: vicodiT imdros ra undoda, ra iyo misi cixesimagre, misi farxma-dros ra undoda, ra iyo misi cixesimagre, misi farxma-dros ra undoda, ra iyo misi cixesimagre, misi farxma-dros ra undoda, ra iyo misi cixesimagre, misi farxma-dros ra undoda, ra iyo misi cixesimagre, misi farxma-li. vaJkacoba undoda, vaJkacni viyaviT, xmali undoda,li. vaJkacoba undoda, vaJkacni viyaviT, xmali undoda,li. vaJkacoba undoda, vaJkacni viyaviT, xmali undoda,li. vaJkacoba undoda, vaJkacni viyaviT, xmali undoda,li. vaJkacoba undoda, vaJkacni viyaviT, xmali undoda,xmlis Wedva vicodiT. omis saqmeTa codna undoda, omisxmlis Wedva vicodiT. omis saqmeTa codna undoda, omisxmlis Wedva vicodiT. omis saqmeTa codna undoda, omisxmlis Wedva vicodiT. omis saqmeTa codna undoda, omisxmlis Wedva vicodiT. omis saqmeTa codna undoda, omissaqmeni vicodiT. ai, ram SegvaZlebina, ram gvixsna, ramsaqmeni vicodiT. ai, ram SegvaZlebina, ram gvixsna, ramsaqmeni vicodiT. ai, ram SegvaZlebina, ram gvixsna, ramsaqmeni vicodiT. ai, ram SegvaZlebina, ram gvixsna, ramsaqmeni vicodiT. ai, ram SegvaZlebina, ram gvixsna, ramSegvinaxa!... im droTa Carxze gaCarxulni viyaviT, imSegvinaxa!... im droTa Carxze gaCarxulni viyaviT, imSegvinaxa!... im droTa Carxze gaCarxulni viyaviT, imSegvinaxa!... im droTa Carxze gaCarxulni viyaviT, imSegvinaxa!... im droTa Carxze gaCarxulni viyaviT, imdroTa qarcecxlSi gamofoladebulni, im droTa sam-droTa qarcecxlSi gamofoladebulni, im droTa sam-droTa qarcecxlSi gamofoladebulni, im droTa sam-droTa qarcecxlSi gamofoladebulni, im droTa sam-droTa qarcecxlSi gamofoladebulni, im droTa sam-WedurSi naWedni.~WedurSi naWedni.~WedurSi naWedni.~WedurSi naWedni.~WedurSi naWedni.~ meore da umTavress mizezs imisa, Tu ramgagvaZlebina, ilia Cvens ekonomikur agebulebasa da wyobaSixedavda: `ueWvelia, Cveni uwindeli ekonomikuri wyoba`ueWvelia, Cveni uwindeli ekonomikuri wyoba`ueWvelia, Cveni uwindeli ekonomikuri wyoba`ueWvelia, Cveni uwindeli ekonomikuri wyoba`ueWvelia, Cveni uwindeli ekonomikuri wyobaiseTi yofila, rom xalxs iqidam hqonia is qonebiTiiseTi yofila, rom xalxs iqidam hqonia is qonebiTiiseTi yofila, rom xalxs iqidam hqonia is qonebiTiiseTi yofila, rom xalxs iqidam hqonia is qonebiTiiseTi yofila, rom xalxs iqidam hqonia is qonebiTiZal-Rone, romliTac igi gasZRolia amodena vai-vag-Zal-Rone, romliTac igi gasZRolia amodena vai-vag-Zal-Rone, romliTac igi gasZRolia amodena vai-vag-Zal-Rone, romliTac igi gasZRolia amodena vai-vag-Zal-Rone, romliTac igi gasZRolia amodena vai-vag-laxsa da omebsa amodena xnis ganmavlobaSi.~laxsa da omebsa amodena xnis ganmavlobaSi.~laxsa da omebsa amodena xnis ganmavlobaSi.~laxsa da omebsa amodena xnis ganmavlobaSi.~laxsa da omebsa amodena xnis ganmavlobaSi.~

ilia WavWavaZis azriT, sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavebiTsaqarTvelos ekonomikuri wyobilebis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgo-mareobda, rom uZvelesi droidan qveynis ekonomikaSi gaba-tonebuli iyo ara ̀ sakomlo~, aramed ̀ samsoflo~ sakuTrebamiwaze, romelsac xalxi da saxelmwifo ufrTxildeboda daicavda. roca erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo calkeul samTavroe-bad daiSala, ̀ am ukeTes mxares Cvenis ekonomikuri wyobisasayuri aRar aTxoves, gaidga fexi gansakuTrebam da komleulobam,Camovarda uswormasworoba miwis mflobelobaSi, aramc TukomlTa Sorisac, aramed sofelTa Sorisac~, ramac, saboloojamSi daasusta saqarTvelos erT dros Zlieri da mdidarisaxelmwifo.

ilia WavWavaZe saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebas progre-

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niko nikolaZis (1843-1928) politikuri Sexedulebebiniko nikolaZis (1843-1928) politikuri Sexedulebebiniko nikolaZis (1843-1928) politikuri Sexedulebebiniko nikolaZis (1843-1928) politikuri Sexedulebebiniko nikolaZis (1843-1928) politikuri Sexedulebebi

niko nikolaZis, rogorc qarTuli politikuri real-izmisa da ekonomikuri pragmatizmis erT-erTi udidesi warmo-madgenlis, mrwamsi or mTavar sayrdens emyareba:

1) pragmatuli _ ra sWirdeba, ra gamoadgeba saqarTvelosda ra ara;

2) realisturi _ saWiroa arametafizikuri azrovneba daqmedeba, romelic sinamdvilis moTxovnebs upasuxebs. uSedegoda arafrismomtania abstraqtuli msjeloba da azrovneba,romantikuli Wvreta da oxvra (`droa Cvenc avixiloT Tva-(`droa Cvenc avixiloT Tva-(`droa Cvenc avixiloT Tva-(`droa Cvenc avixiloT Tva-(`droa Cvenc avixiloT Tva-li sinamdvileze, imis garCeva viswavloT, Cvens garSemoli sinamdvileze, imis garCeva viswavloT, Cvens garSemoli sinamdvileze, imis garCeva viswavloT, Cvens garSemoli sinamdvileze, imis garCeva viswavloT, Cvens garSemoli sinamdvileze, imis garCeva viswavloT, Cvens garSemora ambavia, ra namdvili wamali uSvelis Cvens Wirs?ra ambavia, ra namdvili wamali uSvelis Cvens Wirs?ra ambavia, ra namdvili wamali uSvelis Cvens Wirs?ra ambavia, ra namdvili wamali uSvelis Cvens Wirs?ra ambavia, ra namdvili wamali uSvelis Cvens Wirs?Tvaluwvdenel ocnebas es mcire amagi sjobia~).Tvaluwvdenel ocnebas es mcire amagi sjobia~).Tvaluwvdenel ocnebas es mcire amagi sjobia~).Tvaluwvdenel ocnebas es mcire amagi sjobia~).Tvaluwvdenel ocnebas es mcire amagi sjobia~).

niko nikolaZes pirveli rigis ideologiur amocanadmiaCnda imis garkveva, Tu ra gza da mimarTuleba undaTu ra gza da mimarTuleba undaTu ra gza da mimarTuleba undaTu ra gza da mimarTuleba undaTu ra gza da mimarTuleba undaairCios erma samomavlo cxovrebisaTvis: `rogorc WkvianiairCios erma samomavlo cxovrebisaTvis: `rogorc WkvianiairCios erma samomavlo cxovrebisaTvis: `rogorc WkvianiairCios erma samomavlo cxovrebisaTvis: `rogorc WkvianiairCios erma samomavlo cxovrebisaTvis: `rogorc WkvianiirCevs tansacmels mas ra moergeba da ra mouxdebairCevs tansacmels mas ra moergeba da ra mouxdebairCevs tansacmels mas ra moergeba da ra mouxdebairCevs tansacmels mas ra moergeba da ra mouxdebairCevs tansacmels mas ra moergeba da ra mouxdebasakuTari sxeulis aRnagobis gaTvaliswinebiT, asevesakuTari sxeulis aRnagobis gaTvaliswinebiT, asevesakuTari sxeulis aRnagobis gaTvaliswinebiT, asevesakuTari sxeulis aRnagobis gaTvaliswinebiT, asevesakuTari sxeulis aRnagobis gaTvaliswinebiT, aseveunda moiqces eri ama Tu im moZRvrebis arCevisas.unda moiqces eri ama Tu im moZRvrebis arCevisas.unda moiqces eri ama Tu im moZRvrebis arCevisas.unda moiqces eri ama Tu im moZRvrebis arCevisas.unda moiqces eri ama Tu im moZRvrebis arCevisas. jererTi, Tu SeuZlia, is moZRvreba, rac mas sWirdeba, man TviTonveunda Seqmnas. meorec, Tu amisaTvis Wkua-goneba ar yofnis daaucileblad sxvas unda daesesxos, maSin is unda aiRos, racmas ueWvelad gamoadgeba, Tumca amasac didi goniereba sWird-eba~. n. nikolaZe mainc ganviTarebis erovnuli mode-n. nikolaZe mainc ganviTarebis erovnuli mode-n. nikolaZe mainc ganviTarebis erovnuli mode-n. nikolaZe mainc ganviTarebis erovnuli mode-n. nikolaZe mainc ganviTarebis erovnuli mode-lis Seqmnas uWerda mxars ucxouri dadebiTilis Seqmnas uWerda mxars ucxouri dadebiTilis Seqmnas uWerda mxars ucxouri dadebiTilis Seqmnas uWerda mxars ucxouri dadebiTilis Seqmnas uWerda mxars ucxouri dadebiTigamocdilebis gamoyenebis gaTvaliswinebiTgamocdilebis gamoyenebis gaTvaliswinebiTgamocdilebis gamoyenebis gaTvaliswinebiTgamocdilebis gamoyenebis gaTvaliswinebiTgamocdilebis gamoyenebis gaTvaliswinebiT da Tvlida,rom SeuZlebeli iyo ucxoels, qarTuli specifikis armcodnes,qveynisaTvis zustad misadagebuli ganviTarebis recepti moe-naxa: `Cveni qveynis gonebrivi zrdisaTvis didi ube-`Cveni qveynis gonebrivi zrdisaTvis didi ube-`Cveni qveynis gonebrivi zrdisaTvis didi ube-`Cveni qveynis gonebrivi zrdisaTvis didi ube-`Cveni qveynis gonebrivi zrdisaTvis didi ube-durebaa is garemoba, rom dedis ZuZuTi ki ar vikvebe-durebaa is garemoba, rom dedis ZuZuTi ki ar vikvebe-durebaa is garemoba, rom dedis ZuZuTi ki ar vikvebe-durebaa is garemoba, rom dedis ZuZuTi ki ar vikvebe-durebaa is garemoba, rom dedis ZuZuTi ki ar vikvebe-biT, cxra mTas gadaRmidan moyvanil ZiZas vabarivarT.biT, cxra mTas gadaRmidan moyvanil ZiZas vabarivarT.biT, cxra mTas gadaRmidan moyvanil ZiZas vabarivarT.biT, cxra mTas gadaRmidan moyvanil ZiZas vabarivarT.biT, cxra mTas gadaRmidan moyvanil ZiZas vabarivarT.isic xSirad Txis rZes gvawovebs da ara adamianisas...isic xSirad Txis rZes gvawovebs da ara adamianisas...isic xSirad Txis rZes gvawovebs da ara adamianisas...isic xSirad Txis rZes gvawovebs da ara adamianisas...isic xSirad Txis rZes gvawovebs da ara adamianisas...ucxoeli ZiZa, ragind saRi iyos, Sens deda-enas verucxoeli ZiZa, ragind saRi iyos, Sens deda-enas verucxoeli ZiZa, ragind saRi iyos, Sens deda-enas verucxoeli ZiZa, ragind saRi iyos, Sens deda-enas verucxoeli ZiZa, ragind saRi iyos, Sens deda-enas vergaswavlis, Seni qveynis bunebasa da saWiroebas vergaswavlis, Seni qveynis bunebasa da saWiroebas vergaswavlis, Seni qveynis bunebasa da saWiroebas vergaswavlis, Seni qveynis bunebasa da saWiroebas vergaswavlis, Seni qveynis bunebasa da saWiroebas vergagacnobs,~ _ gagacnobs,~ _ gagacnobs,~ _ gagacnobs,~ _ gagacnobs,~ _ miuTiTebda igi.

niko nikolaZe qveynis Sinagani saqmeebis pirvel rigSimogvarebas prioritets aniWebda da werda, rom ̀ mxolod Si-`mxolod Si-`mxolod Si-`mxolod Si-`mxolod Si-nagani saqmeebis gonivrulad da damakmayofilebladnagani saqmeebis gonivrulad da damakmayofilebladnagani saqmeebis gonivrulad da damakmayofilebladnagani saqmeebis gonivrulad da damakmayofilebladnagani saqmeebis gonivrulad da damakmayofileblad

ilias isic kargad esmoda, rom marto mTavrobis da mismoxeleTa imedad yofna ar SeiZleboda. igi aseve did pasux-ismgeblobas akisrebda qveynis inteleqtualur elitas, ga-naTlebul da zneobriv nawils, romlebic (maSinac da ax-lac) garkveul pasiurobas iCendnen: `visac zneobrivi da`visac zneobrivi da`visac zneobrivi da`visac zneobrivi da`visac zneobrivi dagonebrivi Zal-Rone aqvs win gauZRves Tavis sakuTarigonebrivi Zal-Rone aqvs win gauZRves Tavis sakuTarigonebrivi Zal-Rone aqvs win gauZRves Tavis sakuTarigonebrivi Zal-Rone aqvs win gauZRves Tavis sakuTarigonebrivi Zal-Rone aqvs win gauZRves Tavis sakuTariqveynis cxovrebas, ganzeda dgas. iqneba amis mizeziqveynis cxovrebas, ganzeda dgas. iqneba amis mizeziqveynis cxovrebas, ganzeda dgas. iqneba amis mizeziqveynis cxovrebas, ganzeda dgas. iqneba amis mizeziqveynis cxovrebas, ganzeda dgas. iqneba amis mizeziCveni cxovrebac aris, miT, ufro bevr siamovnebas daCveni cxovrebac aris, miT, ufro bevr siamovnebas daCveni cxovrebac aris, miT, ufro bevr siamovnebas daCveni cxovrebac aris, miT, ufro bevr siamovnebas daCveni cxovrebac aris, miT, ufro bevr siamovnebas daxelis Sewyobas ar uqaddes, magram qveynis samsaxurixelis Sewyobas ar uqaddes, magram qveynis samsaxurixelis Sewyobas ar uqaddes, magram qveynis samsaxurixelis Sewyobas ar uqaddes, magram qveynis samsaxurixelis Sewyobas ar uqaddes, magram qveynis samsaxuriyvelgan msxverplia da ara seiri. am SemTxvevaSi dgo-yvelgan msxverplia da ara seiri. am SemTxvevaSi dgo-yvelgan msxverplia da ara seiri. am SemTxvevaSi dgo-yvelgan msxverplia da ara seiri. am SemTxvevaSi dgo-yvelgan msxverplia da ara seiri. am SemTxvevaSi dgo-ma-cdomaa.~ma-cdomaa.~ma-cdomaa.~ma-cdomaa.~ma-cdomaa.~

ilia sworad aRniSnavda, rom qarTvelobam met suliere-baze unda izrunos (`CvenSi xorcieli Tvali ufro moqmedebs,vidre Tvali sulisa~), gaTavisufldes dampyrobelTagan gad-moRebuli bevri uRirsi Cveulebisagan, magaliTad, pirfero-bisagan. `Cven sawyal qarTvelebs, werda igi, _ erTi`Cven sawyal qarTvelebs, werda igi, _ erTi`Cven sawyal qarTvelebs, werda igi, _ erTi`Cven sawyal qarTvelebs, werda igi, _ erTi`Cven sawyal qarTvelebs, werda igi, _ erTisxva saZageli senic gvWirs _ yizilbaSoba. gulissxva saZageli senic gvWirs _ yizilbaSoba. gulissxva saZageli senic gvWirs _ yizilbaSoba. gulissxva saZageli senic gvWirs _ yizilbaSoba. gulissxva saZageli senic gvWirs _ yizilbaSoba. gulisSemazrzeni, kacis Rirsebis damamdablebeli pirferoba,Semazrzeni, kacis Rirsebis damamdablebeli pirferoba,Semazrzeni, kacis Rirsebis damamdablebeli pirferoba,Semazrzeni, kacis Rirsebis damamdablebeli pirferoba,Semazrzeni, kacis Rirsebis damamdablebeli pirferoba,urcxvi tyuili qeba, saZageli klakvna da piridam Taf-urcxvi tyuili qeba, saZageli klakvna da piridam Taf-urcxvi tyuili qeba, saZageli klakvna da piridam Taf-urcxvi tyuili qeba, saZageli klakvna da piridam Taf-urcxvi tyuili qeba, saZageli klakvna da piridam Taf-lis dena, romelsac qarTveli `zrdilobas~ eZaxis, _lis dena, romelsac qarTveli `zrdilobas~ eZaxis, _lis dena, romelsac qarTveli `zrdilobas~ eZaxis, _lis dena, romelsac qarTveli `zrdilobas~ eZaxis, _lis dena, romelsac qarTveli `zrdilobas~ eZaxis, _eseni erTad Stoebi arian dampal yizilbaSobisa.~eseni erTad Stoebi arian dampal yizilbaSobisa.~eseni erTad Stoebi arian dampal yizilbaSobisa.~eseni erTad Stoebi arian dampal yizilbaSobisa.~eseni erTad Stoebi arian dampal yizilbaSobisa.~

ilia sarwmunoebrivi Tavisuflebis pativismcemeli iyoda miuTiTebda, rom ̀ sarwmunoeba sinidisis, sasoebis saqmea, aqyvela Tavisufalia da xelSeuxebeli.~ ilia WavWavaZis poli-ilia WavWavaZis poli-ilia WavWavaZis poli-ilia WavWavaZis poli-ilia WavWavaZis poli-tikuri ideali iyo adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobiTtikuri ideali iyo adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobiTtikuri ideali iyo adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobiTtikuri ideali iyo adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobiTtikuri ideali iyo adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobiTganmtkicebuli parlamenturi respublika unitaruliganmtkicebuli parlamenturi respublika unitaruliganmtkicebuli parlamenturi respublika unitaruliganmtkicebuli parlamenturi respublika unitaruliganmtkicebuli parlamenturi respublika unitaruli(martivi) mowyobiT. (martivi) mowyobiT. (martivi) mowyobiT. (martivi) mowyobiT. (martivi) mowyobiT. Sesabamisad ilia winaaRmdegi iyoilia winaaRmdegi iyoilia winaaRmdegi iyoilia winaaRmdegi iyoilia winaaRmdegi iyodiqtatoruli mmarTvelobis da saxelmwifosi, romel-diqtatoruli mmarTvelobis da saxelmwifosi, romel-diqtatoruli mmarTvelobis da saxelmwifosi, romel-diqtatoruli mmarTvelobis da saxelmwifosi, romel-diqtatoruli mmarTvelobis da saxelmwifosi, romel-ic spobs yovelgvar TviTmmarTvelobas da adgilo-ic spobs yovelgvar TviTmmarTvelobas da adgilo-ic spobs yovelgvar TviTmmarTvelobas da adgilo-ic spobs yovelgvar TviTmmarTvelobas da adgilo-ic spobs yovelgvar TviTmmarTvelobas da adgilo-brivi saqmeebis gamgeblobasac centrs umorCilebs.brivi saqmeebis gamgeblobasac centrs umorCilebs.brivi saqmeebis gamgeblobasac centrs umorCilebs.brivi saqmeebis gamgeblobasac centrs umorCilebs.brivi saqmeebis gamgeblobasac centrs umorCilebs.

ilia WavWavaZe saqarTvelos Tavisuflebaze ocnebobda,magram iyo realisti da kargad xedavda, rom saWiro iyo qarTvelixalxis saTanado Semzadeba amisaTvis. sanam es moxdeboda, igikmayofildeboda ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi avtonomi-iT, TviTmmarTvelobiT _ qarTvelobas saSinao saqmeebi Tvi-Ton unda ganego da gadaewyvita.

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codnas, organizacias ekuTvnis, iaraRs, wess da disci-codnas, organizacias ekuTvnis, iaraRs, wess da disci-codnas, organizacias ekuTvnis, iaraRs, wess da disci-codnas, organizacias ekuTvnis, iaraRs, wess da disci-codnas, organizacias ekuTvnis, iaraRs, wess da disci-plinas~, plinas~, plinas~, plinas~, plinas~, _ werda igi (da dRes, marTlac, uzarmazar da nedleu-liT umdidres ruseTze gacilebiT win arian patara qveynebi_ Sveicaria, belgia, niderlandebi da sxva, romlebmac ganavi-Tares sawarmoo Zalebi, teqnika, codna da disciplina).

amrigad, saqarTvelom rom realuri damoukideblobaamrigad, saqarTvelom rom realuri damoukideblobaamrigad, saqarTvelom rom realuri damoukideblobaamrigad, saqarTvelom rom realuri damoukideblobaamrigad, saqarTvelom rom realuri damoukideblobamoimoimoimoimoi povos,povos,povos,povos,povos, aucilebelia is jer ekonomikurad aRo aucilebelia is jer ekonomikurad aRo aucilebelia is jer ekonomikurad aRo aucilebelia is jer ekonomikurad aRo aucilebelia is jer ekonomikurad aRorZ-rZ-rZ-rZ-rZ-indes.indes.indes.indes.indes. qveynis aRorZinebis umTavres pirobad niko nikolaZes,ilia WavWavaZis darad, TavCauxreli Sroma, TviTganviTareba daswavla miaCnda. amasTan igi Tvlida, rom `sanam umoqmedo`sanam umoqmedo`sanam umoqmedo`sanam umoqmedo`sanam umoqmedonawili Cveni sazogadoebisa Sromas da Tavis rCenasnawili Cveni sazogadoebisa Sromas da Tavis rCenasnawili Cveni sazogadoebisa Sromas da Tavis rCenasnawili Cveni sazogadoebisa Sromas da Tavis rCenasnawili Cveni sazogadoebisa Sromas da Tavis rCenasar SeeCveva, sanam Cveni xalxi mewveli Zroxis mdgomar-ar SeeCveva, sanam Cveni xalxi mewveli Zroxis mdgomar-ar SeeCveva, sanam Cveni xalxi mewveli Zroxis mdgomar-ar SeeCveva, sanam Cveni xalxi mewveli Zroxis mdgomar-ar SeeCveva, sanam Cveni xalxi mewveli Zroxis mdgomar-eobidan ar gamova, SeuZlebelia CvenSi namdvili erTo-eobidan ar gamova, SeuZlebelia CvenSi namdvili erTo-eobidan ar gamova, SeuZlebelia CvenSi namdvili erTo-eobidan ar gamova, SeuZlebelia CvenSi namdvili erTo-eobidan ar gamova, SeuZlebelia CvenSi namdvili erTo-ba daarsdes, an gulwrfeli Zmoba, an xeiriani ganwyo-ba daarsdes, an gulwrfeli Zmoba, an xeiriani ganwyo-ba daarsdes, an gulwrfeli Zmoba, an xeiriani ganwyo-ba daarsdes, an gulwrfeli Zmoba, an xeiriani ganwyo-ba daarsdes, an gulwrfeli Zmoba, an xeiriani ganwyo-bileba~.bileba~.bileba~.bileba~.bileba~.

qveynis ekonomikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi aRorZinebisada aRmSeneblobis procesSi niko nikolaZes aseve aucile-blad miaCnda sxvisi moimedeobisa da aziuri inertulobis,ioli gamdidrebis ganwyobilebis daZleva da moiTxovda amg-vari iluziebisagan droze gaTavisuflebas: `Cvens sazoga-`Cvens sazoga-`Cvens sazoga-`Cvens sazoga-`Cvens sazoga-doebaSi, _ werda igi, _ yvela darwmunebulia, rom Sve-doebaSi, _ werda igi, _ yvela darwmunebulia, rom Sve-doebaSi, _ werda igi, _ yvela darwmunebulia, rom Sve-doebaSi, _ werda igi, _ yvela darwmunebulia, rom Sve-doebaSi, _ werda igi, _ yvela darwmunebulia, rom Sve-la Cven erT mSveniers dilas Camogvifrindeba, ise, romla Cven erT mSveniers dilas Camogvifrindeba, ise, romla Cven erT mSveniers dilas Camogvifrindeba, ise, romla Cven erT mSveniers dilas Camogvifrindeba, ise, romla Cven erT mSveniers dilas Camogvifrindeba, ise, romTviTon xelis ganZrevac ar dagvWirdeba Cveni bedisTviTon xelis ganZrevac ar dagvWirdeba Cveni bedisTviTon xelis ganZrevac ar dagvWirdeba Cveni bedisTviTon xelis ganZrevac ar dagvWirdeba Cveni bedisTviTon xelis ganZrevac ar dagvWirdeba Cveni bedisgaumjobesebisaTvis~. gaumjobesebisaTvis~. gaumjobesebisaTvis~. gaumjobesebisaTvis~. gaumjobesebisaTvis~. niko nikolaZec aqcents akeTebdaumTavresad sakuTari resursebiT da SromiT qveynis ganvi-Tarebis aucileblobaze da ara mxolod ucxoelTa finansurda ekonomikur daxmarebaze, rac arasodes uangarod ar xdeba:`jer arsad, arc erT qveyanaSi magaliTi ar unaxavs`jer arsad, arc erT qveyanaSi magaliTi ar unaxavs`jer arsad, arc erT qveyanaSi magaliTi ar unaxavs`jer arsad, arc erT qveyanaSi magaliTi ar unaxavs`jer arsad, arc erT qveyanaSi magaliTi ar unaxavskacs, rom romelime xalxi, an sazogadoeba amaRlebu-kacs, rom romelime xalxi, an sazogadoeba amaRlebu-kacs, rom romelime xalxi, an sazogadoeba amaRlebu-kacs, rom romelime xalxi, an sazogadoeba amaRlebu-kacs, rom romelime xalxi, an sazogadoeba amaRlebu-liyos sxvisi daxmarebiT Tu ara sakuTari SromiT daliyos sxvisi daxmarebiT Tu ara sakuTari SromiT daliyos sxvisi daxmarebiT Tu ara sakuTari SromiT daliyos sxvisi daxmarebiT Tu ara sakuTari SromiT daliyos sxvisi daxmarebiT Tu ara sakuTari SromiT dajaniT. advilad SenaZeni, napovni, naCuqari arc kerZojaniT. advilad SenaZeni, napovni, naCuqari arc kerZojaniT. advilad SenaZeni, napovni, naCuqari arc kerZojaniT. advilad SenaZeni, napovni, naCuqari arc kerZojaniT. advilad SenaZeni, napovni, naCuqari arc kerZokacs daayris xeirs da arc mTel sazogadoebas. kaci-kacs daayris xeirs da arc mTel sazogadoebas. kaci-kacs daayris xeirs da arc mTel sazogadoebas. kaci-kacs daayris xeirs da arc mTel sazogadoebas. kaci-kacs daayris xeirs da arc mTel sazogadoebas. kaci-saTvis da qveynisaTvis marto is aris gamosadegi dasaTvis da qveynisaTvis marto is aris gamosadegi dasaTvis da qveynisaTvis marto is aris gamosadegi dasaTvis da qveynisaTvis marto is aris gamosadegi dasaTvis da qveynisaTvis marto is aris gamosadegi daZvirfasi, rac imas Tavisi sakuTari SromiT, oflisZvirfasi, rac imas Tavisi sakuTari SromiT, oflisZvirfasi, rac imas Tavisi sakuTari SromiT, oflisZvirfasi, rac imas Tavisi sakuTari SromiT, oflisZvirfasi, rac imas Tavisi sakuTari SromiT, oflisRvriT da SromiT SeuZenia... napovni da nawyalobeviRvriT da SromiT SeuZenia... napovni da nawyalobeviRvriT da SromiT SeuZenia... napovni da nawyalobeviRvriT da SromiT SeuZenia... napovni da nawyalobeviRvriT da SromiT SeuZenia... napovni da nawyalobeviki, TiTqmis yovelTvis, ise advilad ikargeba, rogorcki, TiTqmis yovelTvis, ise advilad ikargeba, rogorcki, TiTqmis yovelTvis, ise advilad ikargeba, rogorcki, TiTqmis yovelTvis, ise advilad ikargeba, rogorcki, TiTqmis yovelTvis, ise advilad ikargeba, rogorcadvilad naSovni iyo~, advilad naSovni iyo~, advilad naSovni iyo~, advilad naSovni iyo~, advilad naSovni iyo~, _ miuTiTebda igi.

niko nikolaZe kargad xedavda, rom qarTveloba mraval-ricxovani da Zlieri mtrebiT garSemortymuli, euli da mcir-ericxovani eria da amadac Sesabamis daskvnas akeTebda: `Cven`Cven`Cven`Cven`Cven

mogvareba, uzrunvelyofs garedan mosalodnel saSiS-mogvareba, uzrunvelyofs garedan mosalodnel saSiS-mogvareba, uzrunvelyofs garedan mosalodnel saSiS-mogvareba, uzrunvelyofs garedan mosalodnel saSiS-mogvareba, uzrunvelyofs garedan mosalodnel saSiS-roebas da mogvitans sagareo didebas. ra didic undaroebas da mogvitans sagareo didebas. ra didic undaroebas da mogvitans sagareo didebas. ra didic undaroebas da mogvitans sagareo didebas. ra didic undaroebas da mogvitans sagareo didebas. ra didic undaiyos Cveni gamarjvebebi, maTi dideba kvamliviT gaifan-iyos Cveni gamarjvebebi, maTi dideba kvamliviT gaifan-iyos Cveni gamarjvebebi, maTi dideba kvamliviT gaifan-iyos Cveni gamarjvebebi, maTi dideba kvamliviT gaifan-iyos Cveni gamarjvebebi, maTi dideba kvamliviT gaifan-teba, Tuki Cvens sakuTar saxlSi ar davakmayofilebTteba, Tuki Cvens sakuTar saxlSi ar davakmayofilebTteba, Tuki Cvens sakuTar saxlSi ar davakmayofilebTteba, Tuki Cvens sakuTar saxlSi ar davakmayofilebTteba, Tuki Cvens sakuTar saxlSi ar davakmayofilebTaucilebel moTxovnilebebs, Tuki xels mivyofT saku-aucilebel moTxovnilebebs, Tuki xels mivyofT saku-aucilebel moTxovnilebebs, Tuki xels mivyofT saku-aucilebel moTxovnilebebs, Tuki xels mivyofT saku-aucilebel moTxovnilebebs, Tuki xels mivyofT saku-Tari interesebis sistematur ignorirebas, SevuqmniTTari interesebis sistematur ignorirebas, SevuqmniTTari interesebis sistematur ignorirebas, SevuqmniTTari interesebis sistematur ignorirebas, SevuqmniTTari interesebis sistematur ignorirebas, SevuqmniTCvens Tavs mraval xelovnur siZneles, maSin es gare-Cvens Tavs mraval xelovnur siZneles, maSin es gare-Cvens Tavs mraval xelovnur siZneles, maSin es gare-Cvens Tavs mraval xelovnur siZneles, maSin es gare-Cvens Tavs mraval xelovnur siZneles, maSin es gare-moeba adre Tu gvian samxedro warmatebebzec ki udavomoeba adre Tu gvian samxedro warmatebebzec ki udavomoeba adre Tu gvian samxedro warmatebebzec ki udavomoeba adre Tu gvian samxedro warmatebebzec ki udavomoeba adre Tu gvian samxedro warmatebebzec ki udavodamasustebel gavlenas iqoniebs.~damasustebel gavlenas iqoniebs.~damasustebel gavlenas iqoniebs.~damasustebel gavlenas iqoniebs.~damasustebel gavlenas iqoniebs.~

zemoT aRniSnuli debulebis qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvisdasamtkiceblad niko nikolaZem kargad Seiswavla da gaaanal-iza XIX saukunis II naxevris iaponiis e.w. `meiZis revoluci-is~ periodi, romlis dros qveyanam daiwyo da swrafad SeZlouzarmazari Tvisobrivi naxtomis gakeTeba cxovrebis yvelasferoSi.

kargad gaacnobiera ra Tavisi pasuxismgebloba sakuTarieris winaSe, iaponiis gonierma mTavrobam da mmarTvelmaiaponiis gonierma mTavrobam da mmarTvelmaiaponiis gonierma mTavrobam da mmarTvelmaiaponiis gonierma mTavrobam da mmarTvelmaiaponiis gonierma mTavrobam da mmarTvelmaelitam dasaxa qveynis momavali politikuri da so-elitam dasaxa qveynis momavali politikuri da so-elitam dasaxa qveynis momavali politikuri da so-elitam dasaxa qveynis momavali politikuri da so-elitam dasaxa qveynis momavali politikuri da so-cialuri mowyobis mecnieruli gegma, romelSic axalicialuri mowyobis mecnieruli gegma, romelSic axalicialuri mowyobis mecnieruli gegma, romelSic axalicialuri mowyobis mecnieruli gegma, romelSic axalicialuri mowyobis mecnieruli gegma, romelSic axalisazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sawyisad da balavrad dade-sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sawyisad da balavrad dade-sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sawyisad da balavrad dade-sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sawyisad da balavrad dade-sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sawyisad da balavrad dade-buli iyo sakuTari xalxis kulturuli memkvidreoba,buli iyo sakuTari xalxis kulturuli memkvidreoba,buli iyo sakuTari xalxis kulturuli memkvidreoba,buli iyo sakuTari xalxis kulturuli memkvidreoba,buli iyo sakuTari xalxis kulturuli memkvidreoba,tradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi, iaponuri cxovrebis wesistradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi, iaponuri cxovrebis wesistradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi, iaponuri cxovrebis wesistradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi, iaponuri cxovrebis wesistradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi, iaponuri cxovrebis wesismdidari erovnuli Sinaarsi.mdidari erovnuli Sinaarsi.mdidari erovnuli Sinaarsi.mdidari erovnuli Sinaarsi.mdidari erovnuli Sinaarsi. niko nikolaZes samagaliTodmiaCnda mokle droSi qveynis aseTi aRorZineba da iliasaviTgonieri mTavrobis aucileblobaze da pasuxismgeblobazemianiSnebda qarTvelobas: `iaponia erTob did da naTel`iaponia erTob did da naTel`iaponia erTob did da naTel`iaponia erTob did da naTel`iaponia erTob did da naTelmagaliTs warmogvidgens imisas, Tu ra advili yofilamagaliTs warmogvidgens imisas, Tu ra advili yofilamagaliTs warmogvidgens imisas, Tu ra advili yofilamagaliTs warmogvidgens imisas, Tu ra advili yofilamagaliTs warmogvidgens imisas, Tu ra advili yofilaTiTqmis sruliad veluri da ukan CamorCenili xalxi-TiTqmis sruliad veluri da ukan CamorCenili xalxi-TiTqmis sruliad veluri da ukan CamorCenili xalxi-TiTqmis sruliad veluri da ukan CamorCenili xalxi-TiTqmis sruliad veluri da ukan CamorCenili xalxi-saTvis swavliTa da rigiani wesiT welSi gamarTva dasaTvis swavliTa da rigiani wesiT welSi gamarTva dasaTvis swavliTa da rigiani wesiT welSi gamarTva dasaTvis swavliTa da rigiani wesiT welSi gamarTva dasaTvis swavliTa da rigiani wesiT welSi gamarTva daZalis SeZena, roca mas gonieri mTavroba hyavs da be-Zalis SeZena, roca mas gonieri mTavroba hyavs da be-Zalis SeZena, roca mas gonieri mTavroba hyavs da be-Zalis SeZena, roca mas gonieri mTavroba hyavs da be-Zalis SeZena, roca mas gonieri mTavroba hyavs da be-jiTi survili aqvs rigiani adgili daikavos sxva ersajiTi survili aqvs rigiani adgili daikavos sxva ersajiTi survili aqvs rigiani adgili daikavos sxva ersajiTi survili aqvs rigiani adgili daikavos sxva ersajiTi survili aqvs rigiani adgili daikavos sxva ersada samefoebs Sua.~ da samefoebs Sua.~ da samefoebs Sua.~ da samefoebs Sua.~ da samefoebs Sua.~ nedleuliTa da sxva saxis strategiuliresursebis simwiris miuxedavad, iaponiis gaZliereba, nikolaZissamarTliani mosazrebiT, Sromis Wkvianurma organizaciam dasaSemsruleblo disciplinis maRalma donem ganapiroba, racmas aseve sanimuSod miaCnda. niko nikolaZe amasTan dakavSire-biT xazs usvamda, rom aq gadamwyveti mniSvneloba rodi hqondaqveynis sididesa da mosaxleobis mravalricxovnebas, aramedsamecniero-teqnikuri progresis, axali teqnologiebis swrafdanergvas: `Zala da Zleva ricxvsa da sivrces ki ara,`Zala da Zleva ricxvsa da sivrces ki ara,`Zala da Zleva ricxvsa da sivrces ki ara,`Zala da Zleva ricxvsa da sivrces ki ara,`Zala da Zleva ricxvsa da sivrces ki ara,

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adre ruseTs ukavSirebda, magram i. WavWavaZisagan gansxvavebiTigi moeswro saqarTvelos damoukideblobas (1918 w. 26 maisi)da pirveli dReebidanve qveynis samsaxurSi Cadga, rogorc ukvesaxelmwifo moRvawe da didi gamocdilebis adamiani. igi swo-rad STaagonebda xelisuflebaSi myof gamoucdel social-demokratebs, rom ̀ roca ar gvabadia warmoeba da arc Semosava-li, ver gvixsnis veraviTari gadasaxadi. warmoebis gaCaRebawarmoebis gaCaRebawarmoebis gaCaRebawarmoebis gaCaRebawarmoebis gaCaRebaaris erTaderTi Cveni xsna: unda movaxerxoT gareTaris erTaderTi Cveni xsna: unda movaxerxoT gareTaris erTaderTi Cveni xsna: unda movaxerxoT gareTaris erTaderTi Cveni xsna: unda movaxerxoT gareTaris erTaderTi Cveni xsna: unda movaxerxoT gareTmeti gavitanoT gasayidi, vidre ucxoels vTxovT sayidmeti gavitanoT gasayidi, vidre ucxoels vTxovT sayidmeti gavitanoT gasayidi, vidre ucxoels vTxovT sayidmeti gavitanoT gasayidi, vidre ucxoels vTxovT sayidmeti gavitanoT gasayidi, vidre ucxoels vTxovT sayidsaqonels. sanam mosazidi meti gveqneba, vinem gasazidi,saqonels. sanam mosazidi meti gveqneba, vinem gasazidi,saqonels. sanam mosazidi meti gveqneba, vinem gasazidi,saqonels. sanam mosazidi meti gveqneba, vinem gasazidi,saqonels. sanam mosazidi meti gveqneba, vinem gasazidi,monobas ver avicilebT.~ monobas ver avicilebT.~ monobas ver avicilebT.~ monobas ver avicilebT.~ monobas ver avicilebT.~ niko nikolaZe pirvelia qarTv-el moazrovneebSi, vinc vaWrobis, aReb-micemobis propagandadaiwyo da misi fasi kargad icoda. SeiZleboda mrewvelobisada soflis meurneobis mTeli mogeba wyalSi gadayriliyo, Tuigi gonieri da SorsmWvreti komersantis xelSi ar aRmoCnde-boda. vaWroba agreTve wesrigia, angariSianobaa, awyo-vaWroba agreTve wesrigia, angariSianobaa, awyo-vaWroba agreTve wesrigia, angariSianobaa, awyo-vaWroba agreTve wesrigia, angariSianobaa, awyo-vaWroba agreTve wesrigia, angariSianobaa, awyo-bili saqmea. yoveli qveynis erTianoba-mTlianobas oribili saqmea. yoveli qveynis erTianoba-mTlianobas oribili saqmea. yoveli qveynis erTianoba-mTlianobas oribili saqmea. yoveli qveynis erTianoba-mTlianobas oribili saqmea. yoveli qveynis erTianoba-mTlianobas orisaZirkveli udevs _ religia da vaWroba. saZirkveli udevs _ religia da vaWroba. saZirkveli udevs _ religia da vaWroba. saZirkveli udevs _ religia da vaWroba. saZirkveli udevs _ religia da vaWroba. saqarTveloSiyovelTvis aTvalwunebiT uyurebdnen vaWrobas (TviT iliaWavWavaZec ver afasebda mis rols saTanadod _ v.S.), racqarTveli xalxis winaaRmdegobas Zalas aclida. discipli-nis, wesrigis, awyobili saqmianobis Sinagani moTxovnilebagamqrali iyo, rakiRa eseni vaWrobis Tanmxlebi arian. amito-mac daJinebiT arwmunebda niko nikolaZe qarTvelebs, rom ̀ vi-`vi-`vi-`vi-`vi-dre Cveni sazogadoebis umravlesobas sisxlsa da xorc-dre Cveni sazogadoebis umravlesobas sisxlsa da xorc-dre Cveni sazogadoebis umravlesobas sisxlsa da xorc-dre Cveni sazogadoebis umravlesobas sisxlsa da xorc-dre Cveni sazogadoebis umravlesobas sisxlsa da xorc-Si is rwmena ar gaujdeba, rom sazizRari, samarcxvinoSi is rwmena ar gaujdeba, rom sazizRari, samarcxvinoSi is rwmena ar gaujdeba, rom sazizRari, samarcxvinoSi is rwmena ar gaujdeba, rom sazizRari, samarcxvinoSi is rwmena ar gaujdeba, rom sazizRari, samarcxvinoda saTakilo qveyanaze marto usaqmoba da muqTa purisda saTakilo qveyanaze marto usaqmoba da muqTa purisda saTakilo qveyanaze marto usaqmoba da muqTa purisda saTakilo qveyanaze marto usaqmoba da muqTa purisda saTakilo qveyanaze marto usaqmoba da muqTa purisWamaa, manamde nu gwamT, viTom ganaTlebisa anu war-Wamaa, manamde nu gwamT, viTom ganaTlebisa anu war-Wamaa, manamde nu gwamT, viTom ganaTlebisa anu war-Wamaa, manamde nu gwamT, viTom ganaTlebisa anu war-Wamaa, manamde nu gwamT, viTom ganaTlebisa anu war-matebis mironi mogvecxos. vaWroba Sromaa da isevematebis mironi mogvecxos. vaWroba Sromaa da isevematebis mironi mogvecxos. vaWroba Sromaa da isevematebis mironi mogvecxos. vaWroba Sromaa da isevematebis mironi mogvecxos. vaWroba Sromaa da isevepativsacemia, rogorc yovelnairi Sroma~.pativsacemia, rogorc yovelnairi Sroma~.pativsacemia, rogorc yovelnairi Sroma~.pativsacemia, rogorc yovelnairi Sroma~.pativsacemia, rogorc yovelnairi Sroma~.

niko nikolaZe erovnuli saqmeebis gadawyvetis procesSigadaWriT uaryofda yovelgvar radikalizms da werda, rom`qarTvelobis miznebi mxolod zomierebis gziT miiR-`qarTvelobis miznebi mxolod zomierebis gziT miiR-`qarTvelobis miznebi mxolod zomierebis gziT miiR-`qarTvelobis miznebi mxolod zomierebis gziT miiR-`qarTvelobis miznebi mxolod zomierebis gziT miiR-weva~.weva~.weva~.weva~.weva~.

niko nikolaZe marto sityviT rodi arwmunebda vinmes,aramed misTvis umTavresi iyo praqtikuli saqme da amadacuwoda arCil jorjaZem mas `ulmobeli saqmis kaci~.`ulmobeli saqmis kaci~.`ulmobeli saqmis kaci~.`ulmobeli saqmis kaci~.`ulmobeli saqmis kaci~.

niko nikolaZes udidesi wvlili miuZRvis q. foTisaRmSeneblobaSi, portis eleqtrofikaciasa da meqanizaciaSi(man moiara evropis didi qveynebis portebi da miiRo Sesabam-

Cveni vimecadinoT, Cveni qveynisaTvis vizrunoT: martoCveni vimecadinoT, Cveni qveynisaTvis vizrunoT: martoCveni vimecadinoT, Cveni qveynisaTvis vizrunoT: martoCveni vimecadinoT, Cveni qveynisaTvis vizrunoT: martoCveni vimecadinoT, Cveni qveynisaTvis vizrunoT: martoCveni Tavis imedi viqonioT, marto Cvens Zalas miven-Cveni Tavis imedi viqonioT, marto Cvens Zalas miven-Cveni Tavis imedi viqonioT, marto Cvens Zalas miven-Cveni Tavis imedi viqonioT, marto Cvens Zalas miven-Cveni Tavis imedi viqonioT, marto Cvens Zalas miven-doT, marto Cvens gaZlierebasa da ganaTlebaze vimuSaoT,doT, marto Cvens gaZlierebasa da ganaTlebaze vimuSaoT,doT, marto Cvens gaZlierebasa da ganaTlebaze vimuSaoT,doT, marto Cvens gaZlierebasa da ganaTlebaze vimuSaoT,doT, marto Cvens gaZlierebasa da ganaTlebaze vimuSaoT,_ maSin megobaric gauCndeba Cven xalxs da damxmarebe-_ maSin megobaric gauCndeba Cven xalxs da damxmarebe-_ maSin megobaric gauCndeba Cven xalxs da damxmarebe-_ maSin megobaric gauCndeba Cven xalxs da damxmarebe-_ maSin megobaric gauCndeba Cven xalxs da damxmarebe-lic~. lic~. lic~. lic~. lic~. xolo Tu Cven kvlav sxvis imedsa da daxmarebaze davam-yarebT momavals, da xels da Wkuas ar gavanZrevT, maSin kapital-izmis ulmobeli kanonebis safuZvelze Cveni momavali perspeq-tiva Zalze arasaxarbielo iqneba, miaCnda n. nikolaZes dawerda kidec mourideblad: `evropis saxelmfwifoebi`evropis saxelmfwifoebi`evropis saxelmfwifoebi`evropis saxelmfwifoebi`evropis saxelmfwifoebisaqarTvelos an alJiriviT (e.i. mkvidrTaTvis uflebasaqarTvelos an alJiriviT (e.i. mkvidrTaTvis uflebasaqarTvelos an alJiriviT (e.i. mkvidrTaTvis uflebasaqarTvelos an alJiriviT (e.i. mkvidrTaTvis uflebasaqarTvelos an alJiriviT (e.i. mkvidrTaTvis uflebamiuniWeblad) daimoneben, an indoCineTiviT Zarcvas dau-miuniWeblad) daimoneben, an indoCineTiviT Zarcvas dau-miuniWeblad) daimoneben, an indoCineTiviT Zarcvas dau-miuniWeblad) daimoneben, an indoCineTiviT Zarcvas dau-miuniWeblad) daimoneben, an indoCineTiviT Zarcvas dau-wyeben~ wyeben~ wyeben~ wyeben~ wyeben~ (igulisxmeba damoukideblobis SemTxvevaSi _ v.S.).

niko nikolaZem erT-erTma pirvelma qarTvel moRvaweTa-gan, wina planze praqtikuli da pragmatuli sakiTxebi wa-moswia, rac mTlianad Seesabameboda qveynis ganviTarebis moTx-ovnebs: ̀ saWirod vTvlidi SemeZra is cxovelmyofeli Zalebi,romlis moqmedeba da urTierToba ers zrdis, amaRlebs, aZlierebs,Sevexe ekonomikas, kredits, mrewvelobas, miwismflobelobas daTviTmmarTvelobas... ramdenjer dagvWirda duSeTs asvla... Wav-WavaZisaTvis saxelmwifo samsaxurze xeli agveRebinebina, bank-is daarseba ieriSiT agveRo, banki ganaxlebis banakad gveqciada Sig WavWavaZe ZaldatanebiT qarTuli saqmis saTaveSi Cagvey-enebina. Tbilisis qalaqis Tavad somxebs dim. yifiani avar-CevineT. quTaiss, gr. levaSovTan auwereli brZolis Semdeg,TviT-mmarTveloba SemovaRebineT. qarTvelobis asparezi xu-Tiode weliwadSi ucnobaT gavafarToveT.~

niko nikolaZes kargad esmoda, rom yoveli qveynisekonomikuri Zliereba sam mTavar burjs eyrdnoboda _ ̀ Tavis-Tavis-Tavis-Tavis-Tavis-ufali mewarmeobisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebas, sof-ufali mewarmeobisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebas, sof-ufali mewarmeobisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebas, sof-ufali mewarmeobisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebas, sof-ufali mewarmeobisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebas, sof-lis meurneobasa lis meurneobasa lis meurneobasa lis meurneobasa lis meurneobasa da civilizebul vaWrobas. civilizebul vaWrobas. civilizebul vaWrobas. civilizebul vaWrobas. civilizebul vaWrobas. igi marTe-bulad miuTiTebda, rom ̀ yoveli eris safuZveli, Zala, momava-li, ufro mis meurneobazea damyarebuli, mis mwarmoeblobaze.sxva yvelaferi TiTqmis umniSvneloa amasTan SedarebiT. eri,eri,eri,eri,eri,romlis warmoebac Seferxda da sxva qveynebis warmoe-romlis warmoebac Seferxda da sxva qveynebis warmoe-romlis warmoebac Seferxda da sxva qveynebis warmoe-romlis warmoebac Seferxda da sxva qveynebis warmoe-romlis warmoebac Seferxda da sxva qveynebis warmoe-basTan SedarebiT xeirianad veRar ajildovebs mwar-basTan SedarebiT xeirianad veRar ajildovebs mwar-basTan SedarebiT xeirianad veRar ajildovebs mwar-basTan SedarebiT xeirianad veRar ajildovebs mwar-basTan SedarebiT xeirianad veRar ajildovebs mwar-moebels, sxvis msxverpladaa gamzadebuli. iman Tumoebels, sxvis msxverpladaa gamzadebuli. iman Tumoebels, sxvis msxverpladaa gamzadebuli. iman Tumoebels, sxvis msxverpladaa gamzadebuli. iman Tumoebels, sxvis msxverpladaa gamzadebuli. iman Tuswrafad ver moaxerxa Tavisi warmoebis gaumjobeseba,swrafad ver moaxerxa Tavisi warmoebis gaumjobeseba,swrafad ver moaxerxa Tavisi warmoebis gaumjobeseba,swrafad ver moaxerxa Tavisi warmoebis gaumjobeseba,swrafad ver moaxerxa Tavisi warmoebis gaumjobeseba,gaiafeba, gaiafeba, gaiafeba, gaiafeba, gaiafeba, gaadvileba da gaxvavianeba, misi saqme wasuli dadaRupulia~.

niko nikolaZe iliasaviT saqarTvelos momavals beds

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asruleben xolme: fanatikosebi da moangareebi... ras vxedavTam mxriv CvenSi? sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis mo-sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis mo-sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis mo-sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis mo-sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis mo-mzadebuli adamianebi, romlebic am saqmianobisaTvismzadebuli adamianebi, romlebic am saqmianobisaTvismzadebuli adamianebi, romlebic am saqmianobisaTvismzadebuli adamianebi, romlebic am saqmianobisaTvismzadebuli adamianebi, romlebic am saqmianobisaTvissaWiro codniTa da niWiT iyvnen aRWurvilni, CvenSisaWiro codniTa da niWiT iyvnen aRWurvilni, CvenSisaWiro codniTa da niWiT iyvnen aRWurvilni, CvenSisaWiro codniTa da niWiT iyvnen aRWurvilni, CvenSisaWiro codniTa da niWiT iyvnen aRWurvilni, CvenSiZlier cotaa. Zlier cotaa. Zlier cotaa. Zlier cotaa. Zlier cotaa. kidev ufro naklebad gvyvanan fanatikosebi,romlebic ikisrebdnen sazogadoebriv moRvaweTa rkinisborkilebis tarebas... samagierod Cven gvyvanan uamravi Sesani-Snavi da keTilsindisieri adamianebi, romlebsac alali dawrfeli guliT surT samSoblosaTvis yovelgvari sikeTe, ma-gram romelTac ar SeuZliaT amis gamo uari Tqvan iseT siam-ovnebazec ki, rogoric aris papirosisi moweva an quCis erTimxridan meoreze gadasvla wviamiansa da civ amindSi... amaTgarda, kidev ufro meti raodenobiT gvyvanan savsebiTkidev ufro meti raodenobiT gvyvanan savsebiTkidev ufro meti raodenobiT gvyvanan savsebiTkidev ufro meti raodenobiT gvyvanan savsebiTkidev ufro meti raodenobiT gvyvanan savsebiTmoumzadebelni pirni, romlebsac brwyinvale sazoga-moumzadebelni pirni, romlebsac brwyinvale sazoga-moumzadebelni pirni, romlebsac brwyinvale sazoga-moumzadebelni pirni, romlebsac brwyinvale sazoga-moumzadebelni pirni, romlebsac brwyinvale sazoga-doebrivi mdgomareobis uzomo mada aqvT, magram sruli-doebrivi mdgomareobis uzomo mada aqvT, magram sruli-doebrivi mdgomareobis uzomo mada aqvT, magram sruli-doebrivi mdgomareobis uzomo mada aqvT, magram sruli-doebrivi mdgomareobis uzomo mada aqvT, magram sruli-adac ar gaaCniaT arc mSvidi angariSianoba, arc gamZ-adac ar gaaCniaT arc mSvidi angariSianoba, arc gamZ-adac ar gaaCniaT arc mSvidi angariSianoba, arc gamZ-adac ar gaaCniaT arc mSvidi angariSianoba, arc gamZ-adac ar gaaCniaT arc mSvidi angariSianoba, arc gamZ-leoba, arc unari, rom sakuTari Zal-RoniT da met-leoba, arc unari, rom sakuTari Zal-RoniT da met-leoba, arc unari, rom sakuTari Zal-RoniT da met-leoba, arc unari, rom sakuTari Zal-RoniT da met-leoba, arc unari, rom sakuTari Zal-RoniT da met-naklebad rigiani sazogado saSualebebiT miaRwionnaklebad rigiani sazogado saSualebebiT miaRwionnaklebad rigiani sazogado saSualebebiT miaRwionnaklebad rigiani sazogado saSualebebiT miaRwionnaklebad rigiani sazogado saSualebebiT miaRwionTavianT mizans da raki sxva tiTavianT mizans da raki sxva tiTavianT mizans da raki sxva tiTavianT mizans da raki sxva tiTavianT mizans da raki sxva ti pis sazogado moRvawe-pis sazogado moRvawe-pis sazogado moRvawe-pis sazogado moRvawe-pis sazogado moRvawe-ni Cven ar gagvaCnia, amitom burTi da moedani rCebani Cven ar gagvaCnia, amitom burTi da moedani rCebani Cven ar gagvaCnia, amitom burTi da moedani rCebani Cven ar gagvaCnia, amitom burTi da moedani rCebani Cven ar gagvaCnia, amitom burTi da moedani rCebaxolme am oxolme am oxolme am oxolme am oxolme am or tir tir tir tir ti ps,ps,ps,ps,ps, zemoT rom davxate: saTno aziz- zemoT rom davxate: saTno aziz- zemoT rom davxate: saTno aziz- zemoT rom davxate: saTno aziz- zemoT rom davxate: saTno aziz-mazizebs _ erTi mxriv, da arakeTilsindisier intrig-mazizebs _ erTi mxriv, da arakeTilsindisier intrig-mazizebs _ erTi mxriv, da arakeTilsindisier intrig-mazizebs _ erTi mxriv, da arakeTilsindisier intrig-mazizebs _ erTi mxriv, da arakeTilsindisier intrig-anebsa da moangareebs _ meores mxriv~.anebsa da moangareebs _ meores mxriv~.anebsa da moangareebs _ meores mxriv~.anebsa da moangareebs _ meores mxriv~.anebsa da moangareebs _ meores mxriv~.

Sesabamisad es ganapirobebda, rom nikolaZis sityvebiT,`modiodnen CvenSi meTaurad viRac sruliad ucnobi`modiodnen CvenSi meTaurad viRac sruliad ucnobi`modiodnen CvenSi meTaurad viRac sruliad ucnobi`modiodnen CvenSi meTaurad viRac sruliad ucnobi`modiodnen CvenSi meTaurad viRac sruliad ucnobida uzrdeli kintoebi. aravin icoda, Tu vin iyvnen,da uzrdeli kintoebi. aravin icoda, Tu vin iyvnen,da uzrdeli kintoebi. aravin icoda, Tu vin iyvnen,da uzrdeli kintoebi. aravin icoda, Tu vin iyvnen,da uzrdeli kintoebi. aravin icoda, Tu vin iyvnen,saidan mosuli, ra rjulis an ra azris, saxeli rasaidan mosuli, ra rjulis an ra azris, saxeli rasaidan mosuli, ra rjulis an ra azris, saxeli rasaidan mosuli, ra rjulis an ra azris, saxeli rasaidan mosuli, ra rjulis an ra azris, saxeli raerqvaT, gvari maTi ra iyo, rogori warsuli hqondaT:erqvaT, gvari maTi ra iyo, rogori warsuli hqondaT:erqvaT, gvari maTi ra iyo, rogori warsuli hqondaT:erqvaT, gvari maTi ra iyo, rogori warsuli hqondaT:erqvaT, gvari maTi ra iyo, rogori warsuli hqondaT:`amboxeba daviwyoTo~, _ daiZaxebdnen da yvela maT`amboxeba daviwyoTo~, _ daiZaxebdnen da yvela maT`amboxeba daviwyoTo~, _ daiZaxebdnen da yvela maT`amboxeba daviwyoTo~, _ daiZaxebdnen da yvela maT`amboxeba daviwyoTo~, _ daiZaxebdnen da yvela maTgahyveboda, TiTqos Txas _ cxvris fara. WkuaSi aravisgahyveboda, TiTqos Txas _ cxvris fara. WkuaSi aravisgahyveboda, TiTqos Txas _ cxvris fara. WkuaSi aravisgahyveboda, TiTqos Txas _ cxvris fara. WkuaSi aravisgahyveboda, TiTqos Txas _ cxvris fara. WkuaSi aravismosvlia moeTxova maTgan axsna, an codna an simtkice.mosvlia moeTxova maTgan axsna, an codna an simtkice.mosvlia moeTxova maTgan axsna, an codna an simtkice.mosvlia moeTxova maTgan axsna, an codna an simtkice.mosvlia moeTxova maTgan axsna, an codna an simtkice.ifarfaSebdnen, sanam gsaWiri ar moaxlovdeboda da maSinifarfaSebdnen, sanam gsaWiri ar moaxlovdeboda da maSinifarfaSebdnen, sanam gsaWiri ar moaxlovdeboda da maSinifarfaSebdnen, sanam gsaWiri ar moaxlovdeboda da maSinifarfaSebdnen, sanam gsaWiri ar moaxlovdeboda da maSinki moquslavdnen da gahqrebodnen.ki moquslavdnen da gahqrebodnen.ki moquslavdnen da gahqrebodnen.ki moquslavdnen da gahqrebodnen.ki moquslavdnen da gahqrebodnen.

ginaxavT sadme sxva eri, ase mCated rom gahyolodesginaxavT sadme sxva eri, ase mCated rom gahyolodesginaxavT sadme sxva eri, ase mCated rom gahyolodesginaxavT sadme sxva eri, ase mCated rom gahyolodesginaxavT sadme sxva eri, ase mCated rom gahyolodesprovokators?~provokators?~provokators?~provokators?~provokators?~

aseTi `liderebisa~ da `moRvaweebis~ CamoyalibebaSinegatiur rols CvenSi sazogadoebac asrulebda misTvis dam-axasiaTebeli iseTi TvisebebiT, rogoricaa pirmoTneoba,mliqvneloba, panegeriki (anu `yizilbaSoba~, rogorc iliauwodebda): ̀ gasagebia iseTi sazogadoebis mavnebloba, _ wer-

isi gamocdileba). 1894 wels, roca igi qalaqis Tavad airCies,foTis biujeti 75 aTas maneTs Seadgenda. misi qalaqis Tavadyofnis 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi qalaqis biujeti 10-jer gaizar-da (man foTis portis amoqmedebiT fanjara gaWra evropaSisaqarTvelosaTvis). udidesi Sroma gaswia niko nikolaZemtyibulis qvanaxSiris sabados aTvisebisa da WiaTuris manga-numis warmoebis gasafarToeblad. man moaxerxa didi britane-Tis bankidan kreditis aReba, gaiyvana Sorapan-WiaTuris sar-kinigzo gza, amiT manganumis gadazidvis saqmec moagvara dagaaiafa (arsebobda platformac ki _ `niko nikolaZe~. manveqarTul enaSi daamkvidra iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa ̀ lianda-gi~, ̀ orTqlmavali~). niko nikolaZe aqtiurad monawileobdaTbilisis wyalsadenis mSeneblobaSi, kaxeTis rkinigzisa dasuramis gvirabis gayvanaSi, quTaisis aRmSeneblobaSi, transci-mbiris rkinigzis mSeneblobaSic ki. manve Camoiyvana rotSil-di amierkavkasiaSi, principulad daupirispirda nobels (premiisdamaarsebels) da dimitri mendeleevs da maT dava mougo.

niko nikolaZem foTis qalaqis Tavad yofnis periodSidaaarsa Tanamedrove banki. qarTul sinamdvileSi pirvelmaniko nikolaZem dabeWda obligaciebi, latariis bileTebi damTeli Semosavali foTis keTilmowyobas moaxmara, rac upre-cedento novatoruli praqtikuli nabiji iyo maSin saqarTvelo-Si.

niko nikolaZem germanel diniko nikolaZem germanel diniko nikolaZem germanel diniko nikolaZem germanel diniko nikolaZem germanel diplomatebTan oficial-plomatebTan oficial-plomatebTan oficial-plomatebTan oficial-plomatebTan oficial-ur saubarSi, damoukideblobis periodSi (1918-21 ww.),ur saubarSi, damoukideblobis periodSi (1918-21 ww.),ur saubarSi, damoukideblobis periodSi (1918-21 ww.),ur saubarSi, damoukideblobis periodSi (1918-21 ww.),ur saubarSi, damoukideblobis periodSi (1918-21 ww.),wamoayena idea evropis Soreul aRmosavleTTan vaWro-wamoayena idea evropis Soreul aRmosavleTTan vaWro-wamoayena idea evropis Soreul aRmosavleTTan vaWro-wamoayena idea evropis Soreul aRmosavleTTan vaWro-wamoayena idea evropis Soreul aRmosavleTTan vaWro-bis foTze gatarebis Taobaze (berlini-foTi-pekini),bis foTze gatarebis Taobaze (berlini-foTi-pekini),bis foTze gatarebis Taobaze (berlini-foTi-pekini),bis foTze gatarebis Taobaze (berlini-foTi-pekini),bis foTze gatarebis Taobaze (berlini-foTi-pekini),rac dRes ukve praqtikulad xorcs isxams evraziulirac dRes ukve praqtikulad xorcs isxams evraziulirac dRes ukve praqtikulad xorcs isxams evraziulirac dRes ukve praqtikulad xorcs isxams evraziulirac dRes ukve praqtikulad xorcs isxams evraziuliderefnisa da abreSumis gzis saxelwodebiT).derefnisa da abreSumis gzis saxelwodebiT).derefnisa da abreSumis gzis saxelwodebiT).derefnisa da abreSumis gzis saxelwodebiT).derefnisa da abreSumis gzis saxelwodebiT).

niko nikolaZe did mniSvnelobas aniWebda politikurliderTa pirovnebebs, mogvca kidec maTi tipebi da daxasiaTe-ba. iq, sadac yvelaferi erT kacze trialebs da araiq, sadac yvelaferi erT kacze trialebs da araiq, sadac yvelaferi erT kacze trialebs da araiq, sadac yvelaferi erT kacze trialebs da araiq, sadac yvelaferi erT kacze trialebs da aradawesebulebaze, _ werda igi, _ is kacic nel-nela imdawesebulebaze, _ werda igi, _ is kacic nel-nela imdawesebulebaze, _ werda igi, _ is kacic nel-nela imdawesebulebaze, _ werda igi, _ is kacic nel-nela imdawesebulebaze, _ werda igi, _ is kacic nel-nela imSexedulebas iRebs, rom me var, sxva aravinao, yvela meSexedulebas iRebs, rom me var, sxva aravinao, yvela meSexedulebas iRebs, rom me var, sxva aravinao, yvela meSexedulebas iRebs, rom me var, sxva aravinao, yvela meSexedulebas iRebs, rom me var, sxva aravinao, yvela meunda memsaxuros da ara qveyanasao. qveynis, eris, idea-unda memsaxuros da ara qveyanasao. qveynis, eris, idea-unda memsaxuros da ara qveyanasao. qveynis, eris, idea-unda memsaxuros da ara qveyanasao. qveynis, eris, idea-unda memsaxuros da ara qveyanasao. qveynis, eris, idea-lis xseneba TandaTan qreba didSi da pataraSi. `des-lis xseneba TandaTan qreba didSi da pataraSi. `des-lis xseneba TandaTan qreba didSi da pataraSi. `des-lis xseneba TandaTan qreba didSi da pataraSi. `des-lis xseneba TandaTan qreba didSi da pataraSi. `des-potis samsaxuri, qveynis da idealis samsaxuri, didadpotis samsaxuri, qveynis da idealis samsaxuri, didadpotis samsaxuri, qveynis da idealis samsaxuri, didadpotis samsaxuri, qveynis da idealis samsaxuri, didadpotis samsaxuri, qveynis da idealis samsaxuri, didadgansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan~.gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan~.gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan~.gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan~.gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan~.

niko nikolaZe miuTiTebs _ rom ̀ evropis sazogadoebrivcxovrebaSi mTavar rols Cveulebriv ori tipis moRvaweni

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vaJa-fSavela kosmopolitizmisavaJa-fSavela kosmopolitizmisavaJa-fSavela kosmopolitizmisavaJa-fSavela kosmopolitizmisavaJa-fSavela kosmopolitizmisada patriotizmis Sesaxebda patriotizmis Sesaxebda patriotizmis Sesaxebda patriotizmis Sesaxebda patriotizmis Sesaxeb

zogs hgonia, namdvili patriotizmi ewinaaRmdegeba kos-mopolitizms, magram es Secdomaa. yoveli namdvili patriotikosmopolitia, ise, rogorc yoveli gonieri kosmopoliti (daara Cveneburi) patriotia. rogor? ase, _ romeli adamianicTavis ers emsaxureba keTilgonierad da cdilobs TavisisamSoblo aRamaRlos gonebriv, qonebriv da zneobriv, amiT isumzadebs mTels kacobriobas saukeTeso wevrebs, saukeTesomegobars, xels uwyobs mTeli kacobriobis ganviTarebas, keTil-dReobas. Tu mTelis eris ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroaTu mTelis eris ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroaTu mTelis eris ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroaTu mTelis eris ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroaTu mTelis eris ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroakerZo adamianis aRzrda, agreTve calke erebis aRzrdaakerZo adamianis aRzrda, agreTve calke erebis aRzrdaakerZo adamianis aRzrda, agreTve calke erebis aRzrdaakerZo adamianis aRzrda, agreTve calke erebis aRzrdaakerZo adamianis aRzrda, agreTve calke erebis aRzrdaasaWiro, raTa kacobrioba warmoadgendes ganviTarebulssaWiro, raTa kacobrioba warmoadgendes ganviTarebulssaWiro, raTa kacobrioba warmoadgendes ganviTarebulssaWiro, raTa kacobrioba warmoadgendes ganviTarebulssaWiro, raTa kacobrioba warmoadgendes ganviTarebulsjgufsa; jgufsa; jgufsa; jgufsa; jgufsa; Tu kerZo adamianisaTvis aris sasargeblo aRzrdanacionaluri, individualuri, agreTve yovelis erisTvisaasasargeblo aseTive aRzrda, raTa yovelma erma mometebuliZala, energia, Tavisebureba gamoiCinos da sakuTari Tanxa Seit-anos kacobriobis salaroSi...

yoveli mamuliSvili Tavis samSoblos unda em-yoveli mamuliSvili Tavis samSoblos unda em-yoveli mamuliSvili Tavis samSoblos unda em-yoveli mamuliSvili Tavis samSoblos unda em-yoveli mamuliSvili Tavis samSoblos unda em-saxurebodes mTeli Tavisi Zal-RoniT, TanamoZmeTa sarge-saxurebodes mTeli Tavisi Zal-RoniT, TanamoZmeTa sarge-saxurebodes mTeli Tavisi Zal-RoniT, TanamoZmeTa sarge-saxurebodes mTeli Tavisi Zal-RoniT, TanamoZmeTa sarge-saxurebodes mTeli Tavisi Zal-RoniT, TanamoZmeTa sarge-blobaze unda fiqrobdesblobaze unda fiqrobdesblobaze unda fiqrobdesblobaze unda fiqrobdesblobaze unda fiqrobdes da ramdenadac gonivruli iqnebamisi Sroma, ramdenadac sasargeblo gamodgeba mSobeli qveyni-saTvis misi Rvawli, imdenadve sasargeblo iqneba mTeli kaco-briobisaTvis. edisoni amerikelia, amerikaSive muSaobs, magrammis Sromis nayofs mTeli kacobrioba gebulobs. Seqspiriingliselia, inglisSi muSaobda cxovrobda, magram misi naw-erebiT mTeli kacobrioba stkbeba dResac. agreTve servantesi,goeTe da sxva geniosebi Tavis samSobloSi, Tavis TanamoZmis-aTvis iRwvodnen, magram dRes isini mTels kacobriobas mi-aCnia Tavis RviZl Svilebad.

yvela geniosi nacionalurma niadagma aRzarda,yvela geniosi nacionalurma niadagma aRzarda,yvela geniosi nacionalurma niadagma aRzarda,yvela geniosi nacionalurma niadagma aRzarda,yvela geniosi nacionalurma niadagma aRzarda,aRmoacena da ganadida iqamdis, rom sxva erebmac ki miiResisini sakuTar Svilebad. maSasadame, geniosebma Tavis samSob-los gareSec hpoves samSoblo _ mTeli qveyana, mTeli kaco-brioba, magram, miuxedavad amisa, geniosTa nawarmoebebi ufrogasagebia da erovnuli niadagisaTvis. genioss, rogorcpirovnebas, individs, aqvs Tavisi samSoblo, sayvareli, saTayv-anebeli, xolo mis nawarmoebs ara, vinaidan igi mTeli kaco-briobis kuTvnilebaa, rogorc mecniereba...

da niko nikolaZe, _ sadac Tqvens azrebs brmad imeoreben dasadac kritikuli damokidebulebis nacvlad xotbas gasxamen.aseT viTarebaSi adamianis gonebas eufleba Zili da igi sulufro naklebs muSaobs sakuTar Tavze~. niko nikolaZe Tvl-ida, rom ̀ politika `politika `politika `politika `politika axalmoduri Sliapka ki ar aris, romliscvla Cvens qeifze hkidia, iseTive tradiciuli, ucvleli,iseTive tradiciuli, ucvleli,iseTive tradiciuli, ucvleli,iseTive tradiciuli, ucvleli,iseTive tradiciuli, ucvleli,mama-papuri ganZia, rogorc ena, erovneba, sarwmunoeba~mama-papuri ganZia, rogorc ena, erovneba, sarwmunoeba~mama-papuri ganZia, rogorc ena, erovneba, sarwmunoeba~mama-papuri ganZia, rogorc ena, erovneba, sarwmunoeba~mama-papuri ganZia, rogorc ena, erovneba, sarwmunoeba~Sesabamisad, politikac mecnierebaa da igi Seswavlas moiTx-ovs, rom aq unda modiodes ara xelmocaruli, uzneo da arako-mpetenturi xalxi, aramed niWieri, zneobrivi da mcodnepirovnebebi, liderebi, romelTac gacnobierebuli aqvT pa-suxismgebloba xalxis winaSe da uangarod emsaxurebian qvey-anas saqmiT da ara tyuili dapirebebiT. niko nikolaZes aqmohyavs ganviTarebuli qveynebis magaliTi: `sazRvargareT`sazRvargareT`sazRvargareT`sazRvargareT`sazRvargareTki yvela politikuri partiis kadri da Stabi sxva-ki yvela politikuri partiis kadri da Stabi sxva-ki yvela politikuri partiis kadri da Stabi sxva-ki yvela politikuri partiis kadri da Stabi sxva-ki yvela politikuri partiis kadri da Stabi sxva-dasxva specialistebis saCino moRvaweebisagan arisdasxva specialistebis saCino moRvaweebisagan arisdasxva specialistebis saCino moRvaweebisagan arisdasxva specialistebis saCino moRvaweebisagan arisdasxva specialistebis saCino moRvaweebisagan arisSemdgari. partiebs iq metad rTuli sasicocxlo saqmee-Semdgari. partiebs iq metad rTuli sasicocxlo saqmee-Semdgari. partiebs iq metad rTuli sasicocxlo saqmee-Semdgari. partiebs iq metad rTuli sasicocxlo saqmee-Semdgari. partiebs iq metad rTuli sasicocxlo saqmee-bi morigad udgaT win, romlis marTva erTob marjvebi morigad udgaT win, romlis marTva erTob marjvebi morigad udgaT win, romlis marTva erTob marjvebi morigad udgaT win, romlis marTva erTob marjvebi morigad udgaT win, romlis marTva erTob marjveRonisa da codnis moxmarebas Txoulobs: amitomacRonisa da codnis moxmarebas Txoulobs: amitomacRonisa da codnis moxmarebas Txoulobs: amitomacRonisa da codnis moxmarebas Txoulobs: amitomacRonisa da codnis moxmarebas Txoulobs: amitomacmeTaurebs gavlenis SerCena rodiRa SeuZliaT martomeTaurebs gavlenis SerCena rodiRa SeuZliaT martomeTaurebs gavlenis SerCena rodiRa SeuZliaT martomeTaurebs gavlenis SerCena rodiRa SeuZliaT martomeTaurebs gavlenis SerCena rodiRa SeuZliaT martofrazebis raxa-ruxiT, an miuwvdomel simaRlisakenfrazebis raxa-ruxiT, an miuwvdomel simaRlisakenfrazebis raxa-ruxiT, an miuwvdomel simaRlisakenfrazebis raxa-ruxiT, an miuwvdomel simaRlisakenfrazebis raxa-ruxiT, an miuwvdomel simaRlisakenfrTebis farTxaliT~.frTebis farTxaliT~.frTebis farTxaliT~.frTebis farTxaliT~.frTebis farTxaliT~.

da bolos, kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelsac SeiZleba piro-biTad niko nikolaZis politikuri anderZi vuwodoT da romelicman dautova Tavis saTayvanebel saqarTvelos: `erTi aiara-`erTi aiara-`erTi aiara-`erTi aiara-`erTi aiara-Ri gvaqvs Cven, marto erTi _ azris siswore, sindisisRi gvaqvs Cven, marto erTi _ azris siswore, sindisisRi gvaqvs Cven, marto erTi _ azris siswore, sindisisRi gvaqvs Cven, marto erTi _ azris siswore, sindisisRi gvaqvs Cven, marto erTi _ azris siswore, sindisissimarTle, goniereba, saqmis siwminde. marto amiT Seg-simarTle, goniereba, saqmis siwminde. marto amiT Seg-simarTle, goniereba, saqmis siwminde. marto amiT Seg-simarTle, goniereba, saqmis siwminde. marto amiT Seg-simarTle, goniereba, saqmis siwminde. marto amiT Seg-viZlia Cven gavimarjvoT SemdegSi, momavalSi, rodesme.viZlia Cven gavimarjvoT SemdegSi, momavalSi, rodesme.viZlia Cven gavimarjvoT SemdegSi, momavalSi, rodesme.viZlia Cven gavimarjvoT SemdegSi, momavalSi, rodesme.viZlia Cven gavimarjvoT SemdegSi, momavalSi, rodesme.maS, Cven umankod da gausvrelad unda SevinaxoT esmaS, Cven umankod da gausvrelad unda SevinaxoT esmaS, Cven umankod da gausvrelad unda SevinaxoT esmaS, Cven umankod da gausvrelad unda SevinaxoT esmaS, Cven umankod da gausvrelad unda SevinaxoT esCveni mxolodi iaraRi, Torem im dRes, roca Cveni mter-Cveni mxolodi iaraRi, Torem im dRes, roca Cveni mter-Cveni mxolodi iaraRi, Torem im dRes, roca Cveni mter-Cveni mxolodi iaraRi, Torem im dRes, roca Cveni mter-Cveni mxolodi iaraRi, Torem im dRes, roca Cveni mter-ni, ricxviT da ZaliT Zlierni, Cvens winaaRmdeg sima-ni, ricxviT da ZaliT Zlierni, Cvens winaaRmdeg sima-ni, ricxviT da ZaliT Zlierni, Cvens winaaRmdeg sima-ni, ricxviT da ZaliT Zlierni, Cvens winaaRmdeg sima-ni, ricxviT da ZaliT Zlierni, Cvens winaaRmdeg sima-rTlesac moirTlesac moirTlesac moirTlesac moirTlesac moipoveben,poveben,poveben,poveben,poveben, Cven saqme fizikurad da zneobr Cven saqme fizikurad da zneobr Cven saqme fizikurad da zneobr Cven saqme fizikurad da zneobr Cven saqme fizikurad da zneobri-i-i-i-i-vad daRupuli iqneba~.vad daRupuli iqneba~.vad daRupuli iqneba~.vad daRupuli iqneba~.vad daRupuli iqneba~.

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patriotizmi ufro grZnobis saqmea, vidre Wkua-gonebisa,Tumca keTilgoniereba mudam yofila da aris misi maTayvane-beli da pativismcemeli. kosmopolitizmi mxolod Wkuis nay-ofia, adamianis keTilgonierebisa, mas adamianis gulTan saqmeara aqvs, igi saRsaria im ubedurebis asacileblad, romelicdRemdis mTels kacobriobas Tavs dastrialebs.

amitom kosmopolitizmi ase unda gvesmodes: giyvardesgiyvardesgiyvardesgiyvardesgiyvardesSeni eri, Seni qveyana, iRvawe mis sakeTildReod, nuSeni eri, Seni qveyana, iRvawe mis sakeTildReod, nuSeni eri, Seni qveyana, iRvawe mis sakeTildReod, nuSeni eri, Seni qveyana, iRvawe mis sakeTildReod, nuSeni eri, Seni qveyana, iRvawe mis sakeTildReod, nugZuls sxva erebi da nu gSurs imaTTvis bedniereba, nugZuls sxva erebi da nu gSurs imaTTvis bedniereba, nugZuls sxva erebi da nu gSurs imaTTvis bedniereba, nugZuls sxva erebi da nu gSurs imaTTvis bedniereba, nugZuls sxva erebi da nu gSurs imaTTvis bedniereba, nuSeuSli imaT miswrafebas xels da ecade, rom SeniSeuSli imaT miswrafebas xels da ecade, rom SeniSeuSli imaT miswrafebas xels da ecade, rom SeniSeuSli imaT miswrafebas xels da ecade, rom SeniSeuSli imaT miswrafebas xels da ecade, rom SenisamSoblo aravin daCagros da gauTanaswordes mowi-samSoblo aravin daCagros da gauTanaswordes mowi-samSoblo aravin daCagros da gauTanaswordes mowi-samSoblo aravin daCagros da gauTanaswordes mowi-samSoblo aravin daCagros da gauTanaswordes mowi-nave erebs. vinc uaryofs Tavis erovnebas, Tavis qvey-nave erebs. vinc uaryofs Tavis erovnebas, Tavis qvey-nave erebs. vinc uaryofs Tavis erovnebas, Tavis qvey-nave erebs. vinc uaryofs Tavis erovnebas, Tavis qvey-nave erebs. vinc uaryofs Tavis erovnebas, Tavis qvey-anas im fiqriT, viTom da kosmopoliti varo, is arisanas im fiqriT, viTom da kosmopoliti varo, is arisanas im fiqriT, viTom da kosmopoliti varo, is arisanas im fiqriT, viTom da kosmopoliti varo, is arisanas im fiqriT, viTom da kosmopoliti varo, is arismaxinji grZnobis patroni, igi Tavisave SeumCnevladmaxinji grZnobis patroni, igi Tavisave SeumCnevladmaxinji grZnobis patroni, igi Tavisave SeumCnevladmaxinji grZnobis patroni, igi Tavisave SeumCnevladmaxinji grZnobis patroni, igi Tavisave SeumCnevladdidi mteria kacobriobisa, romelsac viTom erTgule-didi mteria kacobriobisa, romelsac viTom erTgule-didi mteria kacobriobisa, romelsac viTom erTgule-didi mteria kacobriobisa, romelsac viTom erTgule-didi mteria kacobriobisa, romelsac viTom erTgule-bas da siyvaruls ucxadebs. RmerTma dagvifaros isebas da siyvaruls ucxadebs. RmerTma dagvifaros isebas da siyvaruls ucxadebs. RmerTma dagvifaros isebas da siyvaruls ucxadebs. RmerTma dagvifaros isebas da siyvaruls ucxadebs. RmerTma dagvifaros isegavigoT kosmopolitizmi, viTom yvelam Tavis erovnebazegavigoT kosmopolitizmi, viTom yvelam Tavis erovnebazegavigoT kosmopolitizmi, viTom yvelam Tavis erovnebazegavigoT kosmopolitizmi, viTom yvelam Tavis erovnebazegavigoT kosmopolitizmi, viTom yvelam Tavis erovnebazexeli aiRoso. yvela eri Tavisuflebas eZebs. raTaxeli aiRoso. yvela eri Tavisuflebas eZebs. raTaxeli aiRoso. yvela eri Tavisuflebas eZebs. raTaxeli aiRoso. yvela eri Tavisuflebas eZebs. raTaxeli aiRoso. yvela eri Tavisuflebas eZebs. raTaTviTon iyos Tavis Tavis patroni, TviTon mouarosTviTon iyos Tavis Tavis patroni, TviTon mouarosTviTon iyos Tavis Tavis patroni, TviTon mouarosTviTon iyos Tavis Tavis patroni, TviTon mouarosTviTon iyos Tavis Tavis patroni, TviTon mouarosTavs, Tavis sakuTaris Zal-RoniT ganviTardes. cal-Tavs, Tavis sakuTaris Zal-RoniT ganviTardes. cal-Tavs, Tavis sakuTaris Zal-RoniT ganviTardes. cal-Tavs, Tavis sakuTaris Zal-RoniT ganviTardes. cal-Tavs, Tavis sakuTaris Zal-RoniT ganviTardes. cal-calke erovnebaTa ganviTareba aucilebeli pirobaacalke erovnebaTa ganviTareba aucilebeli pirobaacalke erovnebaTa ganviTareba aucilebeli pirobaacalke erovnebaTa ganviTareba aucilebeli pirobaacalke erovnebaTa ganviTareba aucilebeli pirobaamTelis kacobriobis ganviTarebisa.mTelis kacobriobis ganviTarebisa.mTelis kacobriobis ganviTarebisa.mTelis kacobriobis ganviTarebisa.mTelis kacobriobis ganviTarebisa.

(vaJa-fSavela)

mecniereba da geniosebi gvixsnian gzas kosmo-mecniereba da geniosebi gvixsnian gzas kosmo-mecniereba da geniosebi gvixsnian gzas kosmo-mecniereba da geniosebi gvixsnian gzas kosmo-mecniereba da geniosebi gvixsnian gzas kosmo-politizmisaken, magram mxolod patriotizmis, nacio-politizmisaken, magram mxolod patriotizmis, nacio-politizmisaken, magram mxolod patriotizmis, nacio-politizmisaken, magram mxolod patriotizmis, nacio-politizmisaken, magram mxolod patriotizmis, nacio-nalizmis meoxebiT. ganaviTareT yoveli eri iqamdis,nalizmis meoxebiT. ganaviTareT yoveli eri iqamdis,nalizmis meoxebiT. ganaviTareT yoveli eri iqamdis,nalizmis meoxebiT. ganaviTareT yoveli eri iqamdis,nalizmis meoxebiT. ganaviTareT yoveli eri iqamdis,rom kargad esmodes Tavisi ekonomikuri, politikurirom kargad esmodes Tavisi ekonomikuri, politikurirom kargad esmodes Tavisi ekonomikuri, politikurirom kargad esmodes Tavisi ekonomikuri, politikurirom kargad esmodes Tavisi ekonomikuri, politikurimdgomareoba, Tavisi socialuri yofnis av-kargi, mos-mdgomareoba, Tavisi socialuri yofnis av-kargi, mos-mdgomareoba, Tavisi socialuri yofnis av-kargi, mos-mdgomareoba, Tavisi socialuri yofnis av-kargi, mos-mdgomareoba, Tavisi socialuri yofnis av-kargi, mos-peT dRevandeli ekonomikuri ukuRmarToba da, ueWve-peT dRevandeli ekonomikuri ukuRmarToba da, ueWve-peT dRevandeli ekonomikuri ukuRmarToba da, ueWve-peT dRevandeli ekonomikuri ukuRmarToba da, ueWve-peT dRevandeli ekonomikuri ukuRmarToba da, ueWve-lia, maSin moispoba erTisagan meoris CasanTqmeladlia, maSin moispoba erTisagan meoris CasanTqmeladlia, maSin moispoba erTisagan meoris CasanTqmeladlia, maSin moispoba erTisagan meoris CasanTqmeladlia, maSin moispoba erTisagan meoris CasanTqmeladmiswrafeba, erTmaneTis rbeva, omebi, romelic dRes gamefe-miswrafeba, erTmaneTis rbeva, omebi, romelic dRes gamefe-miswrafeba, erTmaneTis rbeva, omebi, romelic dRes gamefe-miswrafeba, erTmaneTis rbeva, omebi, romelic dRes gamefe-miswrafeba, erTmaneTis rbeva, omebi, romelic dRes gamefe-bulia dedamiwis zurgze.bulia dedamiwis zurgze.bulia dedamiwis zurgze.bulia dedamiwis zurgze.bulia dedamiwis zurgze.

patriotizmi, rogorc sicocxle dabadebisTanave, hyvebaadamians da Seicavs iseT nawilebs, romelTac verc erTiWkuaTmyofeli adamiani ver uaryofs, rogorc mag. aris deda-ena,istoriuli warsuli, saxelovani moRvaweni da erovnuli ter-itoria, mwerloba da sxva... imav wamidanve, roca bavSvi qveyanasixilavs, mas, garda haerisa, sadgom-sawolisa, esaWiroeba aRmzrdeli,rZe _ sazrdod, nana _ mosasveleblad.

yvela es xdeba ojaxSi, dedis xelmZRvanelobiT da sworedaq aris dasabami patriotizmisa. ymawvili imTavidanve mWidrokavSirs imaTTana grZnobs, vinc imas emsaxureba, vinc garSemoaxvevia, _ visganac pirvel STabeWdilebas Rebulobs. amitomuyvars is ena, romelic imas siyrmis dros esmoda, da is adami-anebi miaCnia Tavisianebad, romelnic am enaze laparakoben TumRerian. Tavis soflelTa sruliad umniSvnelo sxvebisaganganmasxvavebeli saubris kiloc ki mSvenierebad miaCnia. Tavi-si sofleli, Tund ukanaskneli adamiani, ucxo adgilas, ucxomxares rom Sexvdes, did siamovnebas agrZnobinebs. vidre ga-farTovdeba bavSvis mxedveloba da gaizrdeba misi patri-otizmi, mas mxolod gansakuTrebiT is sofeli, an daba uyvars,sadac dabadebulia da bavSvoba gautarebia.

ver warmomidgenia adamiani srulis Wkuisa, saRis grZno-bis patroni, rom erTi romelime eri sxvebze metad ar uyvard-es, an erTi romelime kuTxe. ratom? _ imitom: erTidaigiveadamiani aTass adgilas xom ar ibadeba, aramed erTs adgilasunda daibados, erTs ojaxSi, erTi deda unda hyavdes! Tu vinmeityvis amas: yvela eri erTnairad miyvarso _ tyuis, TvalTmaq-cobs: an Wkuanaklebia, an romelime partiis programiT arisxelfexSeboWili. samowyaleo saxlSi aRzrdili buSic ki,romelsac SeiZleba, aTasi lala gamouCndes da garSemo aTasiena esmodes, bolos erTs romelsame enas iwamebs da erTsqveyanas miiCnevs samSoblod...

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mcdeloba orator aietis mier iranelTa sasargeblod. aietsdaupirispirda fartaZe, romlis sityva agebuli iyo or prin-cipze: sargeblianobaze sargeblianobaze sargeblianobaze sargeblianobaze sargeblianobaze da umjobesobaze,umjobesobaze,umjobesobaze,umjobesobaze,umjobesobaze, romelic erTi-andeboda erT devizSi _ `Tavdacvis mizniT suverenite-`Tavdacvis mizniT suverenite-`Tavdacvis mizniT suverenite-`Tavdacvis mizniT suverenite-`Tavdacvis mizniT suverenite-tis SezRudva,tis SezRudva,tis SezRudva,tis SezRudva,tis SezRudva, rogo rogo rogo rogo rogorc umcirrc umcirrc umcirrc umcirrc umciresi esi esi esi esi boboboboboroteba~. roteba~. roteba~. roteba~. roteba~. logikuridasabuTebiT fartaZem daarwmuna Sekrebilni, rom umjobesiaisev bizantiasTan darCena, magram masTan ufro principulipolitikis warmoeba, vidre iranisken gadaxra.

TurqeTis mier konstantinepolis dapyrobisa da erTianisaqarTvelos centralizebuli saxelmwifos daSlis Semdegwina planze wamoiwia religiurma sakiTxebma da daiwyo qvey-nis interesebis sarwmunoebis TvalsazrisiT gazomva. amiTiyo gamowveuli qristianul ruseTze orientaciis aReba.

pirvel miwer-moweras da elCebis gagzavnas moskovSiiwyeben kaxeTis mefeebi XV saukunis bolodan. Tavis naSrom-Si ̀ saqarTvelos sagareo politika~, romelic emigraciaSiaSeqmnili 1934 wels, noe Jordania samarTlianad werda: ̀ icod-nen ki am axirebulma politikosebma ara Tu moskovis mmarTvelo-bis sistema, aramed misi geografiuli sazRvari mainc? im dros,roca kaxeTi iTxovda misgan jariT Svelas, ruseTis samxreTissazRvari gadioda mdinare okaze (dRevandeli moskovisa dariazanis guberniebs Soris), qvemoT mdebareobda kazakebisdamoukidebeli respublika, imis qveviT yirimisa da astraxa-nis saxano, mere kidev CerqezeTi _ erTi sityviT, araviTarisaSualeba ruseTidan raime samxedro daxmarebis miRebis. polo-neTi gacilebiT ufro axlo mdebareobda Cvengan, vidre maSin-deli ruseTi. araviTari realuri daxmareba moskovidan armiuRia saqarTvelos arc erT gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi, xoloruseTSi ki midiodnen qarTvelebi, Sediodnen iq samxedrosamsaxurSi da Tavs debdnen moskovisaTvis~.

am fantastiurma avanturistulma calmxrivma orienta-ciam ruseTze sruliad Secvala saqarTvelos saerTaSorisomdgomareoba da safuZvlad daedo yvela ubedurebas, rac SemdgomsaqarTvelos Tavs daatyda iranisa da TurqeTisagan. vaxtangVI-isa da sulxan-saba orbelianis mcdelobas orientacia aeRoTevropaze _ Sedegi ar mohyolia _ evropas Tavisi problemebihqonda, da patara saqarTvelosTvis, romelic daqucmacebuliiyo, Tavs ar Seiwuxebda. amas mohyva vaxtang VI-is didi Sec-domebi sagareo politikaSi, ramac igi iZulebuli gaxada gada-xvewiliyo ruseTSi da qveyana upatronod mietovebina.

Tavi XVIIITavi XVIIITavi XVIIITavi XVIIITavi XVIIIsaqarTvelos politikuri orientacia:saqarTvelos politikuri orientacia:saqarTvelos politikuri orientacia:saqarTvelos politikuri orientacia:saqarTvelos politikuri orientacia:

warsuli da Tanamedroveobawarsuli da Tanamedroveobawarsuli da Tanamedroveobawarsuli da Tanamedroveobawarsuli da Tanamedroveoba

ra ganapirobebda saqarTvelos politikuri orientaci-is aucileblobas jer kidev Zveli droidan? ori ZiriTadifaqtori:

1. saqarTvelos rTuli geopolitikuri mdebareoba;2. mosaxleobis mcirericxovneba.mosaxleobis mcirericxovneba saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

fos saSualebas ar aZlevda ewarmoebina agresiuli politika,sxva xalxebis dapyroba da darbeva (calkeuli gamonaklisebisgarda. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs _ XII-XIII saukuneebi _ v.S.); arismosazreba, rom geopolitikuri ̀ meridianuli RerZis~ mimoqce-vis farglebSi mcxovrebma xalxma rac SeiZleba srulfas-ovnad unda ganakuTvnos Tavi (saxelmwifo wyobiT da sazoga-doebriv-politikuri SegnebiT) an dasavleTs, an aRmosavleTs_ Tu surs SeinarCunos damoukidebloba da saxelmwifoebri-oba.

saqarTvelosaTvis politikuri orientaciis arCevis sa-kiTxi jer kidev IV saukunidan dgas, roca qarTvelebma qris-tianoba miiRes da amiT garkveuli arCevani gaakeTes qristian-ul bizantiasa da mazdeanur irans Soris.

magram religiuri faqtori XV saukunebmde orientaciissakiTxSi gadamwyvet rols mainc ar TamaSobda. aq wina plan-ze iyo wamoweuli saxelmwifo interesi, romelic agebuliiyo realur angariSze, moklebuli iyo avantiuras da fanta-zias. zemoT aRniSnuli mosazrebis sapirispirod (an dasavle-Ti an aRmosavleTi), qarTveli saxelmwifo moRvaweebi sxvapolitikas atarebdnen: iransa da bizantias, or did moqiSpemters Soris, saqarTvelos SeeZlo Tavi gadaerCina orivesagandamoukidebeli politikis warmoebiT, darCeniliyo mesame faq-torad, ar mimxroboda arc erTis koalicias da amiT samuda-mod xidi ar Caetexa meore mezobelTan. am politikis saucxoonimuSia vaxtang gorgaslis mefoba da qmedeba.

magram rogori iyo Cvens winaparTa moqmedeba im viTare-baSi, roca saqarTvelo (an misi romelime nawili) ukve dapyro-bili hqonda mters, rogorc es iyo VI saukuneSi, mefe gubazismkvlelobis momentSi (554 w.) mefe gubazis mokvlas bizantie-li sardlebis mier mohyva sagareo orientaciis gadasinjvis

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`reislamizaciaze~, yovelive amas ki vladimer putinis dadimitri medvedevis ruseTSi atexili gacxovelebuli kamaTicemateba ruseTis vesternizaciis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorcsaqarTveloSic _ dasavleTi Tu ruseTi?

Zalauflebis mwvervalze myofi dasavleTi pirispirSeejaxa aradasavleTs, romelic sul ufro mzard miswrafebas,survils da SesaZleblobasac avlens Tavisebur aradasavluryaidaze moawyos samyaro.

warsulSi aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa elitas, Cveulebriv,is xalxi warmoadgenda, vinc yvelaze metad iyo naziarebidasavlur ideebs. oqsfordSi, sorbonSi Tu sendherstSi hqon-da ganaTleba miRebuli da dasavluri Sexedulebebi da fa-seulobebi gaTavisebuli, xolo ubralo xalxi, aradasavluriqveynebis mosaxleoba _ mkvidri kulturisadmi erTgulebasinarCunebda. dRes mdgomareoba aSkarad Seicvala. bevr ara-dasavlur qveyanaSi Tavs iCens elitis midrekileba devest-ernizaciisaken, maSin, roca dasavluri kultura, cxovrebisstili da wes-Cveulebani nel-nela popularuli xdeba xalx-is masebSi (mag: saqarTveloSi).

s. hanTingtoni miuTiTebs, rom saomari konfliqti dasav-lur saxelmwifoTa Soris warmoudgenelia, dasavleTs samxedroZlierebaSic toli ar hyavs. Tu iaponias ar CavTvliT, dasav-leTs arc ekonomikuri metoqe upirispirdeba (TumcaRa varau-doben, rom 2020 wlisaTvis CineTi amerikas gadauswrebsekonomikis kuTxiT _ v.S.) is saerTaSoriso politikur orga-nizaciebSic dominirebs, usafrTxoebis institutSic da iaponi-asTan erTad, ekonomikurSic. nebismier globalur politikurdavas aSS-is, britaneTisa da safrangeTis, ekonomikurs ki _aSS-is, germaniisa da iaponiis mmarTveli wreebi agvareben(germania da iaponia jer uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrebiar arian da politikaSi jer kidev gadamwyvet sityvas veramboben amadac _ v.S.) gaeros uSiSroebis sabWosa da saer-gaeros uSiSroebis sabWosa da saer-gaeros uSiSroebis sabWosa da saer-gaeros uSiSroebis sabWosa da saer-gaeros uSiSroebis sabWosa da saer-TaSoriso savaluto fondis gadawyvetilebani, romlebicTaSoriso savaluto fondis gadawyvetilebani, romlebicTaSoriso savaluto fondis gadawyvetilebani, romlebicTaSoriso savaluto fondis gadawyvetilebani, romlebicTaSoriso savaluto fondis gadawyvetilebani, romlebicpraqtikulad dasavleTis interesebs Seesabameba, praqtikulad dasavleTis interesebs Seesabameba, praqtikulad dasavleTis interesebs Seesabameba, praqtikulad dasavleTis interesebs Seesabameba, praqtikulad dasavleTis interesebs Seesabameba, _ xazsusvams s. hanTingtoni, msoflios waredgineba saerTaSorisoTanamegobrobis miswrafebaTa gamomxatvel dokumentad.

TviT fraza ̀ saerTaSorio Tanamegobroba~, ganagrZobsavtori, erTgvar evfemistur krebiT saxelad iqca (`Tavisufa-li samyaros~ nacvlad), ramac aSS-is da sxva dasavluri Zaleb-is interesebiT ganpirobebul qmedebebs sayovelTao kanoniere-

situacia mcire xniT gamoaswora erekle II-is mamam Te-imuraz meorem, magram XVIII saukunis 60-iani wlebidan kvlavruseTze calmxrivad orientaciis aRebam, georgievskis traqta-tis dadebam, riTac Zalze gaRizianda irani da TurqeTi, sab-oloo jamSi qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mospoba gamoi-wvia. yovelive es iyo didi tragedia qarTveli xalxisaTvis.

qarTvel Tergdaleulebs kargad esmodaT, rom ruseTisbatonobis mZime pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iyo damoukidebloba-ze fiqri. amitom maT mTeli aqcenti gadaitanes xalxis gamofx-izlebaze, qveynis sameurneo aRorZinebaze da eris damoukide-blobisaTvis Semzadebaze. niko nikolaZe miuTiTebda, rom ̀ na-cionaluri miswrafebis gadaWarbeba saqarTvelos im sayaspo-Si urgavs Tavs, saca exlaxan tyavi gaaZres polSas da sisxlidauSvres Cerqezebs~. amitom, droebiT, sanam Savi zRvidan gasavalisrute osmalos xelSia, sanam samxreTiT osmaleTi da sparse-Ti gvakravs, aRmosavleTiT leki da TaTari, CrdiloeTiT _ruseTi, bevric rom viwrialoT, im politikas ver avcildebiT,romelic aurCeviaT saqarTvelos uaRres gmirebs bevri cdis,Zebnis da msxverplis Semdeg... ra Zalam da aucileblobam esdevebi gastexa, is axlac ucvlelad arsebobs; mas verc Cvenver movereviT~.

cnobili amerikeli politologi Samuel hanTingtoniTavis naSromSi ̀ civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba~ asabutebs, rom malesaerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi dasavleTis qveynebi sul ufroda ufro mcire rols iTamaSeben, saerTaSoriso urTierToba-Ta mTavari RerZi dasavleTsa da danarCen samyaros Soriswyalgamyof xazs gauyveba.

am uaRresad saintereso naSromSi bevri saintereso sak-iTxia dasmuli, romelic pirdapir Tu iribad saqarTvelosacexeba.

s. hanTingtoni sworad aRniSnavs, rom ̀ civ omSi~ sabWo-Ta kavSiris damarcxebis da misi daSlis Semdeg dasavleTiZalauflebis mwvervalze imyofeba. amave dros da albaT, sworedamis Sedegad, aradasavlur civilizaciebSi sul ufro aSkar-ad iCens Tavs fesvebisaken dabrunebis fenomeni. am bolodros TandaTan aSkarad ikveTeba iaponiis sakuTar TavSi CaR-rmavebisa da ̀ gaaziurebis~ tendencia. sul ufro xSirad is-mis laparaki nerus memkvidreobis dasasrulsa da indoeTis`induiciaze~, socializmisa da saxelmwifoebriobis dasav-luri ideebis marcxze axlo aRmosavleTSi da, amdenad, mis

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is akrZalvac, bolos ki reJimis ZaliT Secvlac. dasavleTiefeqturad iyenebs saerTaSoriso institutebs, samxedro Zliere-bas da ekonomikur resursebs msoflios imgvarad samarTavad,rom sakuTari gavlenac SeinarCunos da dasavluri poli-tikuri Tu ekonomikuri faseulobanic sayovelTaod gaavrce-los. es exeba kulturis sferosac. rogorc v. naipoli amtki-cebs, dasavluri civilizacia ̀ universaluri civilizaciaa~,romelic ̀ yvela adamianisaTvis zedgamoWrilia~. zedapiruldoneze, dasavluri kulturis mniSvnelovanma nawilma mar-Tlac SeaRwia danarCen msoflioSi. Tumca, ufro Zireul don-eze dasavluri warmodgenebi safuZvlianad gansxvavdeboda sxvacivilizaciebSi gabatonebuli warmodgenebisagan.

individualizmis,individualizmis,individualizmis,individualizmis,individualizmis, liberalizmis,liberalizmis,liberalizmis,liberalizmis,liberalizmis, konstituci konstituci konstituci konstituci konstituciona-ona-ona-ona-ona-lizmis, Tavisuflebis, kanonis uzenaesobis, demokrati-lizmis, Tavisuflebis, kanonis uzenaesobis, demokrati-lizmis, Tavisuflebis, kanonis uzenaesobis, demokrati-lizmis, Tavisuflebis, kanonis uzenaesobis, demokrati-lizmis, Tavisuflebis, kanonis uzenaesobis, demokrati-is, Tavisufali bazris, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gam-is, Tavisufali bazris, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gam-is, Tavisufali bazris, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gam-is, Tavisufali bazris, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gam-is, Tavisufali bazris, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gam-ijvnis dasavluri ideebi xSirad Zalian sust gamoZa-ijvnis dasavluri ideebi xSirad Zalian sust gamoZa-ijvnis dasavluri ideebi xSirad Zalian sust gamoZa-ijvnis dasavluri ideebi xSirad Zalian sust gamoZa-ijvnis dasavluri ideebi xSirad Zalian sust gamoZa-xils poulobs islamur, konfucianur, iaponur, indur,xils poulobs islamur, konfucianur, iaponur, indur,xils poulobs islamur, konfucianur, iaponur, indur,xils poulobs islamur, konfucianur, iaponur, indur,xils poulobs islamur, konfucianur, iaponur, indur,budistur Tu marTlmadideblur kulturebSi, budistur Tu marTlmadideblur kulturebSi, budistur Tu marTlmadideblur kulturebSi, budistur Tu marTlmadideblur kulturebSi, budistur Tu marTlmadideblur kulturebSi, _ ganagr-Zobs s. hanTingtoni. amgvari ideebis propaganda dasavleTismxridan sanacvlod iwvevs reaqcias ̀ demokratiuli imperial-izmis~ winaaRmdeg. amis naTeli magaliTia aradasavlur kul-turebSi religiuri fundamentalizmis aqtiuri mxardaWeraaxalgazrda Taobis mier. TavisTavad mosazreba `universa-luri civilizaciis~ arsebobis Sesaxeb, wminda dasavluriidea, romelic pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba umetes aziur sazoga-doebaTa partikularizms, maT Zireul Sexedulebebs erTi xalx-is meorisagan gansxvavebis Taobaze: marTlac, _ wers s. han-Tingtoni, rogorc sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi Catarebulma Rire-bulebaTa SedarebiTma kvlevam daadastura, ̀ dasavleTisaTvis`dasavleTisaTvis`dasavleTisaTvis`dasavleTisaTvis`dasavleTisaTvisyvelaze ufro faseuli Rirebulebani msoflio mas-yvelaze ufro faseuli Rirebulebani msoflio mas-yvelaze ufro faseuli Rirebulebani msoflio mas-yvelaze ufro faseuli Rirebulebani msoflio mas-yvelaze ufro faseuli Rirebulebani msoflio mas-StabiT yvelaze naklebad fasoben~ StabiT yvelaze naklebad fasoben~ StabiT yvelaze naklebad fasoben~ StabiT yvelaze naklebad fasoben~ StabiT yvelaze naklebad fasoben~ politikur sferoSi,ra Tqma unda, am gansxvavebas yvelaze naTlad adasturebs aSS-isa da dasavleTis sxva did saxelmwifoTa mcdelobani, ̀ sxve-bic aziaron~ demokratiisa da pirovnebebis uflebaTa dasav-lur ideebs. aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi ki, wers avtori, is andasavleTis kolonializmis nayofia, an iZulebis (saqarTveloSiamas iZulebis xasiaTi aqvs, radgan dasavleTi da aSS sxvadasx-va berketebiT aiZulebs xelisuflebaSi myof yofil nomen-klaturas da nacionalur moZraobas gaataros e.w. demokrati-uli reformebi, romlis arsi xelisuflebas arc esmis _ v.S.).

bis saxe unda misces. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisasaerTaSoriso savaluto fondisasaerTaSoriso savaluto fondisasaerTaSoriso savaluto fondisasaerTaSoriso savaluto fondisada sxva saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri institutebis meS-da sxva saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri institutebis meS-da sxva saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri institutebis meS-da sxva saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri institutebis meS-da sxva saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri institutebis meS-veobiT, wers s. hanTingtoni, dasavleTi Tavis ekonomikurveobiT, wers s. hanTingtoni, dasavleTi Tavis ekonomikurveobiT, wers s. hanTingtoni, dasavleTi Tavis ekonomikurveobiT, wers s. hanTingtoni, dasavleTi Tavis ekonomikurveobiT, wers s. hanTingtoni, dasavleTi Tavis ekonomikurpotencials afarToebs da im ekonomikur politikaspotencials afarToebs da im ekonomikur politikaspotencials afarToebs da im ekonomikur politikaspotencials afarToebs da im ekonomikur politikaspotencials afarToebs da im ekonomikur politikasaxvevs Tavze sxva erebs, romelic TviTon miaCniaT sa-axvevs Tavze sxva erebs, romelic TviTon miaCniaT sa-axvevs Tavze sxva erebs, romelic TviTon miaCniaT sa-axvevs Tavze sxva erebs, romelic TviTon miaCniaT sa-axvevs Tavze sxva erebs, romelic TviTon miaCniaT sa-survelad. survelad. survelad. survelad. survelad. Tu yovelive amas saqarTvelos prizmiT SevxedavT,suraTi aqac TvalsaCinoa: faqtia, rom saerTaSoriso savalu-to fondis e.w. `rekomendaciebi~ (sinamdvileSi macri moTx-ovnebi) aq erovnuli warmoebis ganviTarebas ar uwyobs xelsda saqarTvelos dasavleTis sanedleulo danamatad aqcevs.saqme iqamde mivida, rom saqarTveloSi aRar iwarmoeba tomat-pastac ki, aRarafers vambobT sxva produqciaze. qveyanaSi gaba-tonebulia ̀ importis lobi~, romelTac xels aZlevs yvelaf-ris ucxoeTidan Semotana kontrabandis gziT da SemdgomSigadasaxadebis gadauxdelad gamdidreba.

strategiuli nedleulis (jarTi, xe-tye, oqrouloba, in-teleqtis gadineba) ucxoeTSi gatanam qveyana gaaCanaga daekologiuri da socialuri katastrofis piras miiyvana. savalu-to fondisa da sxva ekonomikuri organizaciebis mier ̀ lobi-rebuli~ umaRlesi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, cxadia,winaaRmdegobas ver uweven am `rekomendaciebis~ momcemT.ekonomikur da politikur wreebSic saeWvod momravldnen e.w.`lobistebi~, romlebic savaluto fondsa da ucxour firmebsxSirad antierovnul saqmeebSic uWeren mxars, cxadia, garkveu-li sazRauris nacvlad (e.w. ̀ troas cxenis sindromi~).

aradasavluri qveynebis nebismier saarCevno siaSi, ga-nagrZobs s. hanTingtoni, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi namd-vilad moipovebda finansTa ministrebisa da zogierTi sxvapiris mxardaWeras, magram amomrCevlis ZiriTadi masa albaTsaerTaSoriso savaluto fondis oficialuri pirebis giorgiarbatoviseul daxasiaTebas ufro gaiziarebda: `eseni arianneobolSevikebi, Zalian rom uyvarT sxvisi fulis eqspropri-acia; arademokratiuli, ucxo ekonomikuri wesebisa da poli-tikuri sistemebis Tavs moxveva da ekonomikuri TavisuflebisCaxSoba~.

uSiSroebis sabWosa da mis gadawyvetilebebze dasavle-Tis lamis erTpirovnulma dominirebam, rasac drodadro Cine-Ti Tu ewinaaRmdegeboda, SesaZlebeli gaxada Zalis gamoyene-bac kuveitidan erayis gamosadevnad, erayis mier ukve gamocdiliiaraRis ganadgurebac da SemdgomSi amgvari iaraRis warmoeb-

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leTidan da Tundac ruseTidan. leTidan da Tundac ruseTidan. leTidan da Tundac ruseTidan. leTidan da Tundac ruseTidan. leTidan da Tundac ruseTidan. es iqneboda Cveni winaprebistradiciebis gagrZeleba. gamoCenili qarTveli moazrovnenixazs usvamdnen, rom qarTvelobis misia iyo da isev unda iyosdasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis kulturaTa sinTezi. aqedanSeiZleba aseTi devizi Camoyalibdes politikuri da samxedroTvalsazrisiT _ `TanamSromloba yvela ZalasTan, ma-_ `TanamSromloba yvela ZalasTan, ma-_ `TanamSromloba yvela ZalasTan, ma-_ `TanamSromloba yvela ZalasTan, ma-_ `TanamSromloba yvela ZalasTan, ma-gram arSesvla aSkarad arc erT samxedro blokSi, arcgram arSesvla aSkarad arc erT samxedro blokSi, arcgram arSesvla aSkarad arc erT samxedro blokSi, arcgram arSesvla aSkarad arc erT samxedro blokSi, arcgram arSesvla aSkarad arc erT samxedro blokSi, arcnatoSi da arc ruseTis mier Seqmnil raime gaerTianeba-natoSi da arc ruseTis mier Seqmnil raime gaerTianeba-natoSi da arc ruseTis mier Seqmnil raime gaerTianeba-natoSi da arc ruseTis mier Seqmnil raime gaerTianeba-natoSi da arc ruseTis mier Seqmnil raime gaerTianeba-Si~. Si~. Si~. Si~. Si~. arc natos qveynebi da arc ruseTi patara saqarTvelosgulisaTvis erTmaneTs Tavs ar daesxmian maTi wesdebidangamomdinare. es sakuTar Tavze gamovcadeT 2008 wlis agvisto-Si ruseTTan samxedro konfliqtis dros. susts aravin an-susts aravin an-susts aravin an-susts aravin an-susts aravin an-gariSs ar uwevs, gariSs ar uwevs, gariSs ar uwevs, gariSs ar uwevs, gariSs ar uwevs, arc aSS-i da arc TiTqos dasustebuliruseTi. `Cvens droSi miRebuli ar aris angariSis gawevasustebisaTvis _ angariSs uweven mxolod Zlierebs~ (i. stali-(i. stali-(i. stali-(i. stali-(i. stali-ni). ni). ni). ni). ni). Tavis mxriv ruseTi dRes mkacri alternativis winaSedgas: Tu mas unda, rom SeinarCunos teritoriuli mTlianobadRes arsebul sazRvrebSi, maSin is aRmosavluri tipis av-toritarul saxelmwifod unda darCes. Tu ruseTis namdvilivesternizacia daiwyo, maSin misi daSla gardauvalia. ruseTidRes pirvel variants irCevs teritoriuli mTlianobis Sesa-narCuneblad. dasavleTidan natos da aRmosavleTidan CineT-iaponiis mier Seviwrovebuli ruseTis agresiuli energiaumciresi winaaRmdegobis zonaSi, anu axlo da Sua aRmosavle-Tisaken, maT Soris kavkasiisken miiltvis, romelic maxlobeliaRmosavleTis karibWea. dasustebis miuxedavad yvela ufrTxisruseTs misi birTvuli potencialis gamo. ruseTi arc aras-dros iyo ayvavebuli ekonomikis qveyana, magram samxedro Tval-sazrisiT is angariSgasawevi Zala iyo da dResac rCeba. dRevan-delma xelmZRvanelobam ekonomikas jerjerobiT iseTi ve-raferi mouxerxa, magram samxedro Zlierebis sakiTxs maincjerovan yuradRebas aqcevs da ambiciebs arasodes daTmobs,gansakuTrebiT kavkasiaSi, sadac natos Semosvlas is albaT arSeurigdeba.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebam bevrjer gaakeTa gancxadebanatoSi da evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos gasawevrianeblad, ramacZalze gaaRiziana ruseTi. es Soreuli perspeqtivaa da isicunda gvaxsovdes, rom Cven iq sixaruliT aravin gvelodeba.saqarTvelom, albaT am etapze dabalansebuli, garkveu-saqarTvelom, albaT am etapze dabalansebuli, garkveu-saqarTvelom, albaT am etapze dabalansebuli, garkveu-saqarTvelom, albaT am etapze dabalansebuli, garkveu-saqarTvelom, albaT am etapze dabalansebuli, garkveu-li neitraliteti unda SeinarCunos, ganaviTaros Tavisili neitraliteti unda SeinarCunos, ganaviTaros Tavisili neitraliteti unda SeinarCunos, ganaviTaros Tavisili neitraliteti unda SeinarCunos, ganaviTaros Tavisili neitraliteti unda SeinarCunos, ganaviTaros Tavisi

s. hanTingtoni aRniSnavs, rom momavalSi msoflio poli-tikis centraluri RerZi, rogorc Cans, iqneba konfliqti ̀ dasav-leTsa da danarCenebs Soris~ da aradasavluri civilizacie-bis sapasuxo reaqcia dasavleTis Zlierebasa da Rirebulebe-bze (s. hanTingtonis es Tezisi kargad daadastura 2002 wlis11 seqtembers amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi momxdarma uZlieresmateraqtebma, romlebmac aTasobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwirada romelmac dasabami misca musulmanuri da qristianulicivilizaciebis faqtiur dapirispirebas, agreTve ruseT-saqarTve-los saomarma konfliqtma 2008 wels).

amgvari reaqcia, rogorc wesi, erTgvarovania an sami sxva-dasxva formis kombinacias warmoadgens. erTi ukiduresobaa,roca aradasavlur saxelmwifoebs, birmisa da CrdiloeT kor-eis msgavsad, SeuZliaT bolomde izolaciis gatarebas Seeca-don, sakuTari sazogadoebani dasavleTis ̀ gamryvneli zegav-lenisagan~ daicvan da amis Sedegad dasavleTis mier marTu-li globaluri sazogadoebisagan gariyulni darCnen. Tumcamsgavsi kursis sazRauri Zalian mZimea da cota qveyana Tumiscems Tavs amgvari fufunebis nebas. meore meore meore meore meore alternativaigivea, rac ̀ gamarjvebulis mimxrobis~ taqtika saerTaSorisourTierTobebis TeoriaSi: dasavleTTan SeerTebis mcdelobada misi Rirebulebebisa da wesrigis ̀ gaTaviseba~ (saqarTveloSies modelia dRes damkvidrebuli _ Cven gamarjvebul dasav-leTs vemxrobiT).

mesame alternativaa mesame alternativaa mesame alternativaa mesame alternativaa mesame alternativaa dasavleTis ̀ gawonasworebis~ cdasakuTari ekonomikuri da samxedro ganviTarebis gziT, sxvaaradasavlur saxelmwifoebTan dasavleTis winaaRmdeg Tanam-SromlobiT da tradiciuli Rirebulebebis, cxovrebis wesisdacviTa da SenarCunebiT, mokled modernizacia, magram vest-ernizaciis gareSe (s. hanTingtoni).

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Cveni Zveli winaprebisTu gaviTvaliswinebT Cveni Zveli winaprebisTu gaviTvaliswinebT Cveni Zveli winaprebisTu gaviTvaliswinebT Cveni Zveli winaprebisTu gaviTvaliswinebT Cveni Zveli winaprebisgamocdilebas XV saukunemde, swored es mesame alter-gamocdilebas XV saukunemde, swored es mesame alter-gamocdilebas XV saukunemde, swored es mesame alter-gamocdilebas XV saukunemde, swored es mesame alter-gamocdilebas XV saukunemde, swored es mesame alter-nativaa dReisaTvis yvelaze misaRebi saqarTvelosaTvis,nativaa dReisaTvis yvelaze misaRebi saqarTvelosaTvis,nativaa dReisaTvis yvelaze misaRebi saqarTvelosaTvis,nativaa dReisaTvis yvelaze misaRebi saqarTvelosaTvis,nativaa dReisaTvis yvelaze misaRebi saqarTvelosaTvis,erTis gamoklebiT _ dasavleTis winaaRmdeg vinmesTanerTis gamoklebiT _ dasavleTis winaaRmdeg vinmesTanerTis gamoklebiT _ dasavleTis winaaRmdeg vinmesTanerTis gamoklebiT _ dasavleTis winaaRmdeg vinmesTanerTis gamoklebiT _ dasavleTis winaaRmdeg vinmesTanTanamSromloba ar Rirs, arc Riad, arc farulad, dan-TanamSromloba ar Rirs, arc Riad, arc farulad, dan-TanamSromloba ar Rirs, arc Riad, arc farulad, dan-TanamSromloba ar Rirs, arc Riad, arc farulad, dan-TanamSromloba ar Rirs, arc Riad, arc farulad, dan-arCeni ueWvelad gasakeTebelia _ ekonomikuri daarCeni ueWvelad gasakeTebelia _ ekonomikuri daarCeni ueWvelad gasakeTebelia _ ekonomikuri daarCeni ueWvelad gasakeTebelia _ ekonomikuri daarCeni ueWvelad gasakeTebelia _ ekonomikuri dasamxedro gaZliereba, teritoriuli mTlianobis aRd-samxedro gaZliereba, teritoriuli mTlianobis aRd-samxedro gaZliereba, teritoriuli mTlianobis aRd-samxedro gaZliereba, teritoriuli mTlianobis aRd-samxedro gaZliereba, teritoriuli mTlianobis aRd-gena, tradiciuli Rirebulebebis, cxovrebis wesis dacvagena, tradiciuli Rirebulebebis, cxovrebis wesis dacvagena, tradiciuli Rirebulebebis, cxovrebis wesis dacvagena, tradiciuli Rirebulebebis, cxovrebis wesis dacvagena, tradiciuli Rirebulebebis, cxovrebis wesis dacvada SenarCuneba, yovelive kargis gadmoReba xangrZlivida SenarCuneba, yovelive kargis gadmoReba xangrZlivida SenarCuneba, yovelive kargis gadmoReba xangrZlivida SenarCuneba, yovelive kargis gadmoReba xangrZlivida SenarCuneba, yovelive kargis gadmoReba xangrZlivigansjis Sedegad rogorc dasavleTidan, aseve aRmosav-gansjis Sedegad rogorc dasavleTidan, aseve aRmosav-gansjis Sedegad rogorc dasavleTidan, aseve aRmosav-gansjis Sedegad rogorc dasavleTidan, aseve aRmosav-gansjis Sedegad rogorc dasavleTidan, aseve aRmosav-

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operaciebis uzrunvelsayofad)6. erovnuli xasiaTi 6. erovnuli xasiaTi 6. erovnuli xasiaTi 6. erovnuli xasiaTi 6. erovnuli xasiaTi (kulturuli Rirebulebebis Skala,

mosaxleobis simpatiebi da antipatiebi: unari, didxans daSupovrad iswrafodes dasaxuli miznisaken, da iTminos gaWirvebada droebiTi warumateblobani an piriqiT, pirvelive serio-zuli barieris SexvedrisTanave Caiqnios xeli, omSi mobili-zebis unari)

7. `nacionaluri morali~ 7. `nacionaluri morali~ 7. `nacionaluri morali~ 7. `nacionaluri morali~ 7. `nacionaluri morali~ (uWers Tu ara xalxi TavismTavrobas mxars, gansakuTrebiT omis dros)

8. di8. di8. di8. di8. diplomatiis xarplomatiis xarplomatiis xarplomatiis xarplomatiis xarisxi isxi isxi isxi isxi (imgvarad warmarTon saxelm-wifos urTierToba sxva qveynebTan, rom uzrunvelyon misTvissakuTari nacionaluri Zalis Sesabamisi adgili msoflioSi)

9. marTvis xarisxi 9. marTvis xarisxi 9. marTvis xarisxi 9. marTvis xarisxi 9. marTvis xarisxi (gulisxmobs mTavrobis, xelisu-flebis mier sazogadoebrivi azris imgvar xelmZRvanelobas,warmarTvas, rogoric am xelisuflebas gatarebuli politikurikursisadmi xalxis srul mxardaWeras moutanda).

am 9 parametridan pirvelis garda (geografiuli adgil-samyofeli), 8 parametris centrSi arsebiTad adamiani8 parametris centrSi arsebiTad adamiani8 parametris centrSi arsebiTad adamiani8 parametris centrSi arsebiTad adamiani8 parametris centrSi arsebiTad adamianidgas, adamianis moqmedebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. es imasniSnavs, rom Cveni geopolitikuri mdgomareoba, CveniCveni geopolitikuri mdgomareoba, CveniCveni geopolitikuri mdgomareoba, CveniCveni geopolitikuri mdgomareoba, CveniCveni geopolitikuri mdgomareoba, Cveninacionaluri interesebis damakmayofilebeli nacio-nacionaluri interesebis damakmayofilebeli nacio-nacionaluri interesebis damakmayofilebeli nacio-nacionaluri interesebis damakmayofilebeli nacio-nacionaluri interesebis damakmayofilebeli nacio-naluri Zala isev Cvenze yofila damokidebuli. naluri Zala isev Cvenze yofila damokidebuli. naluri Zala isev Cvenze yofila damokidebuli. naluri Zala isev Cvenze yofila damokidebuli. naluri Zala isev Cvenze yofila damokidebuli. ararsebobs am rvidan romelime parametri, romlis gaumjobese-bac ar SeiZlebodes, Tu ki saamisod sakmarisi saerTo nebagagvaCnia. am saerTo nebis CamoyalibebaSi didi mniSvnelobaaqvs qveynis xelisuflebas, romelic Rrmad erovnulixelisuflebas, romelic Rrmad erovnulixelisuflebas, romelic Rrmad erovnulixelisuflebas, romelic Rrmad erovnulixelisuflebas, romelic Rrmad erovnuliunda iyosunda iyosunda iyosunda iyosunda iyos.

ekonomika, gaZlierdes samxedro TvalsazrisiT da Tuekonomika, gaZlierdes samxedro TvalsazrisiT da Tuekonomika, gaZlierdes samxedro TvalsazrisiT da Tuekonomika, gaZlierdes samxedro TvalsazrisiT da Tuekonomika, gaZlierdes samxedro TvalsazrisiT da TuSemdgom mas daudga ukiduresi aucilebloba, mxolodSemdgom mas daudga ukiduresi aucilebloba, mxolodSemdgom mas daudga ukiduresi aucilebloba, mxolodSemdgom mas daudga ukiduresi aucilebloba, mxolodSemdgom mas daudga ukiduresi aucilebloba, mxolodmaSin unda gaakeTos arCevani ama Tu im mxares. manamdemaSin unda gaakeTos arCevani ama Tu im mxares. manamdemaSin unda gaakeTos arCevani ama Tu im mxares. manamdemaSin unda gaakeTos arCevani ama Tu im mxares. manamdemaSin unda gaakeTos arCevani ama Tu im mxares. manamdeki viaroT Cveni gziT, gavataroT damoukidebeli saSi-ki viaroT Cveni gziT, gavataroT damoukidebeli saSi-ki viaroT Cveni gziT, gavataroT damoukidebeli saSi-ki viaroT Cveni gziT, gavataroT damoukidebeli saSi-ki viaroT Cveni gziT, gavataroT damoukidebeli saSi-nao da sagareo politika. nu viqnebiT mxolod sxvisinao da sagareo politika. nu viqnebiT mxolod sxvisinao da sagareo politika. nu viqnebiT mxolod sxvisinao da sagareo politika. nu viqnebiT mxolod sxvisinao da sagareo politika. nu viqnebiT mxolod sxvisidaxmarebis imedze, Cvens satkivars mxolod Cven Tudaxmarebis imedze, Cvens satkivars mxolod Cven Tudaxmarebis imedze, Cvens satkivars mxolod Cven Tudaxmarebis imedze, Cvens satkivars mxolod Cven Tudaxmarebis imedze, Cvens satkivars mxolod Cven TuvumkurnalebT. vumkurnalebT. vumkurnalebT. vumkurnalebT. vumkurnalebT. amas jer kidev erTi saukunis win gvaswavl-ida niko nikolaZe: `jer arsad, arc erT qveyanaSi ma-niko nikolaZe: `jer arsad, arc erT qveyanaSi ma-niko nikolaZe: `jer arsad, arc erT qveyanaSi ma-niko nikolaZe: `jer arsad, arc erT qveyanaSi ma-niko nikolaZe: `jer arsad, arc erT qveyanaSi ma-galiTi ar unaxavs kacs, rom romelime xalxi an sa-galiTi ar unaxavs kacs, rom romelime xalxi an sa-galiTi ar unaxavs kacs, rom romelime xalxi an sa-galiTi ar unaxavs kacs, rom romelime xalxi an sa-galiTi ar unaxavs kacs, rom romelime xalxi an sa-zogadoeba amaRlebuliyos sxvisi daxmarebiT, Tu arazogadoeba amaRlebuliyos sxvisi daxmarebiT, Tu arazogadoeba amaRlebuliyos sxvisi daxmarebiT, Tu arazogadoeba amaRlebuliyos sxvisi daxmarebiT, Tu arazogadoeba amaRlebuliyos sxvisi daxmarebiT, Tu arasakuTari SromiT da janiT... droa Tvali gamovaxiloTsakuTari SromiT da janiT... droa Tvali gamovaxiloTsakuTari SromiT da janiT... droa Tvali gamovaxiloTsakuTari SromiT da janiT... droa Tvali gamovaxiloTsakuTari SromiT da janiT... droa Tvali gamovaxiloTda davrwmundeT, rom damxmarebeli da gamkeTebli Cvensda davrwmundeT, rom damxmarebeli da gamkeTebli Cvensda davrwmundeT, rom damxmarebeli da gamkeTebli Cvensda davrwmundeT, rom damxmarebeli da gamkeTebli Cvensda davrwmundeT, rom damxmarebeli da gamkeTebli CvensTavze ukeTesi arasodes ar gveRirseba~.Tavze ukeTesi arasodes ar gveRirseba~.Tavze ukeTesi arasodes ar gveRirseba~.Tavze ukeTesi arasodes ar gveRirseba~.Tavze ukeTesi arasodes ar gveRirseba~.

ZiriTadi faqtori saxelmwifoTaSoris, erTaSorisZiriTadi faqtori saxelmwifoTaSoris, erTaSorisZiriTadi faqtori saxelmwifoTaSoris, erTaSorisZiriTadi faqtori saxelmwifoTaSoris, erTaSorisZiriTadi faqtori saxelmwifoTaSoris, erTaSorisurTierTobebSi sakuTari nacionaluri interesebisaTvisurTierTobebSi sakuTari nacionaluri interesebisaTvisurTierTobebSi sakuTari nacionaluri interesebisaTvisurTierTobebSi sakuTari nacionaluri interesebisaTvisurTierTobebSi sakuTari nacionaluri interesebisaTvisbrZolaa. brZolaa. brZolaa. brZolaa. brZolaa. aseTia realoba. nacionaluri interesebisaTvis kiTavis mxriv gnmsazRvrelia:

a) eris Tavisufali da damoukidebeli saxiT arseboba;b) samxedro xifaTisa da suverenitetis dakargvis (an

SezRudvis) Tavidan acileba;g) qveynis ekonomikuri potencialis da mosaxleobis

keTildReobis zrdis uzrunvelyofa;d) saerTaSoriso sarbielze sakuTari politikuri sta-

tusis SenarCuneba;e) mokavSireebis SenarCuneba.ama Tu im sakuTari nacionaluri interesebis uzrunve-

lyofa damokidebulia am qveynis nacionalur Zalaze.nacionalur Zalaze.nacionalur Zalaze.nacionalur Zalaze.nacionalur Zalaze.nacionaluri Zalis daxasiaTebisas morgentaumorgentaumorgentaumorgentaumorgentau gamohy-

ofs 9 ZiriTad parametrs:1. qveynis geografiuli adgimsamyofeli 1. qveynis geografiuli adgimsamyofeli 1. qveynis geografiuli adgimsamyofeli 1. qveynis geografiuli adgimsamyofeli 1. qveynis geografiuli adgimsamyofeli (xelsayre-

lia Tu ara geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT)2. qveynis bunebrivi resursebi 2. qveynis bunebrivi resursebi 2. qveynis bunebrivi resursebi 2. qveynis bunebrivi resursebi 2. qveynis bunebrivi resursebi (SeuZlia Tu ara

sakuTari Tavis uzrunvelyofa omis pirobebSi sursaTisa dasicocxlisunarianobisaTvis aucilebeli nedleuliT)

3. sawarmoo SesaZleblobebi 3. sawarmoo SesaZleblobebi 3. sawarmoo SesaZleblobebi 3. sawarmoo SesaZleblobebi 3. sawarmoo SesaZleblobebi (axali teqnologiebi,rogoraa aTvisebuli bunebrivi resursebi)

4. samxedro potenciali 4. samxedro potenciali 4. samxedro potenciali 4. samxedro potenciali 4. samxedro potenciali (samxedro xelmZRvanelobisxarisxi, jaris odenoba, SeiaraReba, samxedro-samrewvelo ko-mpleqsi, zurgis uzrunvelyofis done)

5. mosaxleoba 5. mosaxleoba 5. mosaxleoba 5. mosaxleoba 5. mosaxleoba (misi odenoba saomari da samSvidobo

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bbbbb

biheviorizmi biheviorizmi biheviorizmi biheviorizmi biheviorizmi _ rwmena, rom socialuri Teoriebi undaaigos im xelmisawvdom qcevebze, rac kvlevisaTvis aRnusxvadmonacemebs iZleva.

bonapartizmibonapartizmibonapartizmibonapartizmibonapartizmi _ mmarTvelobis stili, rodesacpirovnuli lideroba konservatiul nacionalizmTanaa Ser-wymuli.

balkanizaciabalkanizaciabalkanizaciabalkanizaciabalkanizacia _ ama Tu im politikuri organizmisurTierTdsapirispirebul nawilebad daxleCa, risi magaliTe-bic xSirad gvxvdeba balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze.

birTvuli gauvrceleblobabirTvuli gauvrceleblobabirTvuli gauvrceleblobabirTvuli gauvrceleblobabirTvuli gauvrcelebloba (ing.: nuclear nonprolifera-tion) _ birTvuli iaraRis an misi warmoebis teqnologiisSeuqmneloba, agreTve, am iaraRis miuwodebloba saxelmwifoeb-isaTvis, romlebsac is ar gaaCniaT.

bibibibibi polaruli sistemapolaruli sistemapolaruli sistemapolaruli sistemapolaruli sistema (ing.: bipolar system) _ saerTa-Soriso urTierTobebis sistema Zalis ori centriT. saerTa-Soriso urTierTobebSi bipolaruli sistemis magaliTi iyocivi omi.

blokebiblokebiblokebiblokebiblokebi (ing.: blocs) _ saxelmwifoebis jgufebi, rom-lebic erTiandebian da qmnian asociaciebs ama Tu im mizneb-isaTvis. magaliTisaTvis samxedro-politikuri bloki _ nato,varSavis xelSekrulebis organizacia da sxv.B

breton-vudsis sistema (ing.: Bretton Woods System, BWS) _sistema moicavs politikur da ekonomikur urTierTobebs.Seiqmna breton-vudsSi niu-hempSiris StatSi 1944 w. ivlisSi.Sexvedris monawileebi gamodiodnen aucileblobidan moexdi-naT valutis gacvliTi kursebis stabilizeba, saerTaSorisovaWrobis aqtivizireba, aRmoeCinaT daxmareba im qveynebisaTvis,romelTa ekonomikac sagrZnoblad dazaralda meore msoflioomis Sedegad. maSin Seiqmna iseTi institutebi, rogoricaa,gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (ing.: United National, UN), _universaluri samTavroboTaSorisi organo, Seqmnili 1945 w.mSvidobisa da saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis SenarCunebis mizniT,agreTve ekonomikur da socialur sferoebSi TanamSromlobi-saTvis.

politikur sityvaTa politikur sityvaTa politikur sityvaTa politikur sityvaTa politikur sityvaTa leqsikonileqsikonileqsikonileqsikonileqsikoni

aaaaa

antiantiantiantiantipolitikapolitikapolitikapolitikapolitika _ oficialuri politikiTa da poli-tikuri meqanizmebiT gamowveuli imedgacrueba, gamoxatulisistemis opoziciuri partiebis mxardaWeriT an politikurprocesebSi monawileobis uaris TqmiT.

anTropocentrizmianTropocentrizmianTropocentrizmianTropocentrizmianTropocentrizmi _ Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxma-dac adamianis sasicocxlo moTxovnilebasa da survilebs,rogorc zneobrivi, aseve filosofiuri TvalsazrisiTacumTavresi mniSvneloba eniWeba. ekocentrizmis sapirispiropozicia.

anarqiaanarqiaanarqiaanarqiaanarqia _ sityva-sityviT mmarTvelobis gareSe. igixSirad gamoiyeneba uaryofiT konteqstSi destabilizaciisada qaosis aRsaniSnavad.

avTarkiaavTarkiaavTarkiaavTarkiaavTarkia _ sityva-sityviT TviTmmarTveloba.ekonomikuri TviTmmarTveloba, romelic koloniuri dapyro-biT an saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze uaris TqmiT miiRweva.

asimilaciaasimilaciaasimilaciaasimilaciaasimilacia _ procesi, romlis drosac imigranti sa-zogadoeba faseulobebTan da cxovrebis wesTan SewyobiTa damisdami loialobiT, sakuTar kulturul TviTmyofadobas kar-gavs.

altruizmialtruizmialtruizmialtruizmialtruizmi _ sxvaTa keTildReobaze zrunva, rac saerTosikeTis gaazrebazea damokidebuli.

arCevnebiarCevnebiarCevnebiarCevnebiarCevnebi _ arCeviTi Tanamdebobebis dakavebis saSu-aleba mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilis _ amomrCevlis gadaw-yvetilebis Tanaxmad.

asociaciaasociaciaasociaciaasociaciaasociacia _ nebayoflobiTi, wevrTa saerTo interese-bisa Tu miznebis gamomxatveli organizacia.

adamianis uflebebiadamianis uflebebiadamianis uflebebiadamianis uflebebiadamianis uflebebi (ing.: human rights) _ politikuriuflebebi da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi, aRiarebuli saerTa-Soriso sazogadoebis mier, romlebic gansazRvrulia sxva-dasxva saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebasa da deklaraciaSi.

arasaxelmwifo aqtoriarasaxelmwifo aqtoriarasaxelmwifo aqtoriarasaxelmwifo aqtoriarasaxelmwifo aqtori (ing.: nonstate actor) _ saerTa-Soriso urTierTqmedebis monawile. am kuTxiT SeiZleba gam-ovidnen transnacionaluri korporaciebi, arasamTavrobo or-ganizaciebi, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi regionebi da sxva.

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obs. TviTon termini ̀ geopolitika~ aqtiurad gamoiyenebodagermaniaSi mesame raixis agresiuli miznebisaTvis.

globalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizacia _ (ing.: Globalization) _ procesi, risSedegadac nacionalur saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebi, sxvadasxvasferoebSi _ ekonomikaSi, socialur urTierTqmedebebSi daa.S. sul ufro gamWvirvalea.

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determinizmideterminizmideterminizmideterminizmideterminizmi _ rwmena imisa, rom adamianis qmedebaTu arCevani gare faqtorebis zemoqmedebiTaa gamowveuli da,amdenad, Tavisufali neba-fiqciaa.

demagogidemagogidemagogidemagogidemagogi _ politikuri lideri, romelic xalxisgarkveul masas isteriuli enTuziazmis agorebis meSveobiTakontrolebs.

diasporadiasporadiasporadiasporadiaspora _ ebrauli sityvaa da gabnevas niSnavs. xalxisZaliT gadasaxleba, gafantva.

diqtaturadiqtaturadiqtaturadiqtaturadiqtatura _ mmarTvelobis imgvari forma, rodesacabsoluturi Zalaufleba erTi pirovnebis xelSia Tavmoyrilida am gagebiT diqtatura avtokratiis sinonimia.

dabali donis politikadabali donis politikadabali donis politikadabali donis politikadabali donis politika (ing.: dependency theory) _neomarqsizmis TeoriebSi saerTaSoriso ekonomikisa da poli-tikis modeli, damyarebuli im mtkicebulebaze, rom naklebgan-viTarebuli mrewvelobis mqone qveynebis ekonomika eqsploat-irdeba ganviTarebuli mrewvelobis mqone qveynebis mier. ampirobebSi naklebganviTarebuli qveynebi damokidebuli xde-bian ganviTarebuli qveynebis kapitalze, teqnologiebsa dasaqonelze.

dididididiplomatiaplomatiaplomatiaplomatiaplomatia (ing.: diplomacy) _ meTodebi da praqtika,romelTa daxmarebiTac saxelmwifo atarebs sagareo politi-kas.

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eTnocentrizmieTnocentrizmieTnocentrizmieTnocentrizmieTnocentrizmi _ sakuTar kulturaSi arsebuli mzaRirebulebebisa da Teoriebis morgeba sxva sazogadoebrivjgufebsa da eTnosebze.

eTnosieTnosieTnosieTnosieTnosi _ saerTo istoriuli da kulturuli meobis

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genocidigenocidigenocidigenocidigenocidi _ masobrivi mkvlelobebis, iZulebiTi gada-saxlebebis, xelovnurad Tu sterilizaciis gziT xalxis ga-nadgureba erovnuli, rasobrivi, eTnikuri an religiuri niS-niT.

genderigenderigenderigenderigenderi _ socialur da politikur TeoriebSi mamaka-cebsa da qalebs Soris arsebuli socio-kulturul sxvaobe-bi.

genderuli uTanasworobagenderuli uTanasworobagenderuli uTanasworobagenderuli uTanasworobagenderuli uTanasworoba (ing.: gender inequality) _uTanasworoba mamakacTa da qalTa Soris ekonomikur, social-ur da politikur sferoebSi, rac gamoixateba araTabari anazRau-rebiT erTnair samuSaoze, ganaTlebis miRebis naklebi Sesa-ZleblobebiT, politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis SezRud-viT da a.S.

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia ganaTlebis,gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia ganaTlebis,gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia ganaTlebis,gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia ganaTlebis,gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia ganaTlebis,mecnierebis da kulturis sakiTxebze, iuneskomecnierebis da kulturis sakiTxebze, iuneskomecnierebis da kulturis sakiTxebze, iuneskomecnierebis da kulturis sakiTxebze, iuneskomecnierebis da kulturis sakiTxebze, iunesko (ing.: Unit-ed National Edication, Scihtific and Cultural Organization, Unesco) _ gaerosspecializirebuli dawesebuleba, Seqmnilia naklebganviTare-buli qveynebis mosaxleobis wera-kiTxvis donis amaRlebi-sTvis xelSewyobis, samecniero da kulturuli gacvlebisintensifikaciisa da informaciis gavrcelebis mizniT.

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ekonomikurigaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ekonomikurigaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ekonomikurigaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ekonomikurigaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ekonomikurida socialuri sabWoda socialuri sabWoda socialuri sabWoda socialuri sabWoda socialuri sabWo (ing.: Economic and Social Council, Ecosoc) _gaeros organo, romelic amzadebs rekomendaciebs, moxsenebebssaerTaSoriso sakiTxebze ekonomikis, socialuri urTierTo-bebis, jandacvisa da sxva sferoebSi.

gaerTianebuli erebis generaluri asambleagaerTianebuli erebis generaluri asambleagaerTianebuli erebis generaluri asambleagaerTianebuli erebis generaluri asambleagaerTianebuli erebis generaluri asamblea (ing.:General Assembly) _ gaeros mTavari saTaTbiro organo, gaerosyvela wevriT warmodgenili da wesdebiT uflebamosili _gadawyvitos politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri sakiTx-ebis farTo wre.

geopolitikageopolitikageopolitikageopolitikageopolitika (ing.: Geopolitic) _ ganaTleba rogorc erT-erTi mimarTuleba realizmis ZiriTadi debulebebidan gamom-dinare.

geopolitikaSi saxelmwifos Zliereba ganixileba misiteritoriebidan, geografiuli mdebareobidan, klimatidan, ti-pografiidan, demografiidan, resursebidan, zRvaze gasasvlel-idan gamomdinare. geopolitikosTa azriT, saxelmwifos mTa-vari amocana swored am resursebis gafarToebaSi mdgomare-

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vestministeris modelivestministeris modelivestministeris modelivestministeris modelivestministeris modeli _ marTvis sistema, sadacaRmasrulebeli xelisufali sakanonmdeblo organos mieraadamtkicebuli da (Teoriulad mainc) angariSvaldebulia miswinaSe.

vestfaliis mSvidobavestfaliis mSvidobavestfaliis mSvidobavestfaliis mSvidobavestfaliis mSvidoba (ing.: Peace of Westpfalia) _ SeT-anxmeba xelmowerili 1648 w. evropaSi 30-wliani omis damTavre-bis Semdeg. man sawyisi daudo nacionaluri saxelmwifoebissistemasa da msoflio saxelmwifo-centristuli modelisformirebas.

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TeokratiaTeokratiaTeokratiaTeokratiaTeokratia _ sityva-sityviT `RvTis mmarTveloba~.principi, romlis mixedviTac sasuliero xelisufleba saerozemaRla unda idges. reJimi, sadac saxelisuflebo Tanamdebobaimisda mixedviT nawildeba, Tu ra adgili ukavia pirovnebassasuliero ierarqiaSi.

TorizmiTorizmiTorizmiTorizmiTorizmi _ konservatizmis doqtrina, romlisTvisacierarqiis rwmena, tradiciis mniSvneloba, movaleobisa daorganicizmis mxardaWeraa damaxasiaTebeli.

TofosnobaTofosnobaTofosnobaTofosnobaTofosnoba _ (uorlordizmi); mdgomareoba, romlisdrosac suverenuli saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi, adgi-lobrivi SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebi gauTaveblad ibrZvianZalauflebisaTvis.

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indigenizaciaindigenizaciaindigenizaciaindigenizaciaindigenizacia _ SeTviseba; procesi, romlis Sedega-dac ucxouri nawarmi Tu cxovrebis wesi gaTavisdeba adgilo-briv moTxovnilebebsa Tu garemoebebze morgebis mizniT.

inicirebainicirebainicirebainicirebainicireba _ referendumis erT-erTi saxeoba, rodesacsazogadoebas SeuZlia sakanonmdeblo iniciativiT gamosvla.

interesiinteresiinteresiinteresiinteresi _ pirovnebisa Tu jgufis sargebeli, romel-sac ubralo survilisagan gansxvavebiT obieqturi anu `re-aluri~ safuZveli gaaCnia.

intervencionizmiintervencionizmiintervencionizmiintervencionizmiintervencionizmi _ xelisuflebis politika, mima-

mqone adamianTa jgufi, rasac saerTo warmomavlobis rwmenaudevs safuZvlad.

eqspansionizmieqspansionizmieqspansionizmieqspansionizmieqspansionizmi _ teritoriuli gafarToebis mizniTganxorcielebuli samxedro agresia.

evrocentrizmievrocentrizmievrocentrizmievrocentrizmievrocentrizmi _ kulturis TvalsazrisiT miker-Zoebuli midgoma, romlis Tanaxmadac evropuli, Tu zogadad,dasavluri ideebi, faseulobebi da imTaviTve ̀ WeSmaritad~miiCneva.

evroskepticizmievroskepticizmievroskepticizmievroskepticizmievroskepticizmi _ evropasTan Semdgomi integraciiswinaaRmdegoba _ ZiriTadad, damoukideblobasa da erovnulTviTmyofadobaze aqcentirebiT.

evropuli koncernievropuli koncernievropuli koncernievropuli koncernievropuli koncerni (ing.: Concert of Europe) _ napole-onis omebis Semdeg 1815 w. venaSi Seqmnili saerTaSorisourTierTobaTa sistema ruseTis, didi britaneTis, prusiisa dasxvaTa evropuli qveynebis mier, romelic mimarTuli iyo saer-TaSoriso problemebis gadaWrisaken da davebis omSi gadazr-dis SeCerebisken.

evropis kavSirievropis kavSirievropis kavSirievropis kavSirievropis kavSiri (ing.: European Union, Eu) _ evrogaer-Tianebis memkvidre organizacia, rogorc mastrixtis 1992 w.xelmoweril SeTanxmebaSia naTqvami.

evropuli gaerTainebaevropuli gaerTainebaevropuli gaerTainebaevropuli gaerTainebaevropuli gaerTaineba (ing.: uropean community, ec) _Seqmnilia dasavleT evropis qveynebis mier romis 1957 w.SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. warmoadgens integraciuli procese-bis etapebs.

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebisekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebisekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebisekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebisekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebisorganizaciaorganizaciaorganizaciaorganizaciaorganizacia (ing.: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Devel-opment, DECD) _ ekonomikis dargSi yvelaze ganviTarebuliqveynebis gaerTianeba. ZiriTadi mizani _ ekonomikuri urT-ierTTanamSromlobisaTvis xelis Sewyoba.

ekonomikurekonomikurekonomikurekonomikurekonomikuri i i i i liberalizmiliberalizmiliberalizmiliberalizmiliberalizmi (ing.: economic liberalism)_ midgoma, romlis Tanaxmad qveynebi ukeT viTardebianekonomikur cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos mxridan minimaluriCarevis pirobebSi.

embargoembargoembargoembargoembargo (ing.: embargo) _ saxelmwifos gadawyvetile-ba garkveul saxelmwifosTan komerciuli kavSiris akrZal-vaze.

eTnikuri wmendaeTnikuri wmendaeTnikuri wmendaeTnikuri wmendaeTnikuri wmenda (ing.: ethnic cleansing) _ eTnikur darasobriv niadagze moqalaqeTa devna, gadasaxleba an mkvlelo-ba.

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ciativebi muSavdeba maT oficialur procesualur ganxilvam-de.

koaliciakoaliciakoaliciakoaliciakoalicia _ politikur konkurentTa imgvari dajgufeba,rasac an saerTo safrTxis gancda an cal-calke moqmedebisuperspeqtivoba iwvevs.

konvenciakonvenciakonvenciakonvenciakonvencia _ oficialuri politikuri Tavyriloba ankamaTisa da molaparakebebis Sedegad miRweuli SeTanxmeba.sakonstitucio konvencia _ esaa qmedebebisa da qcevis wesebi,romlebic ara kanons, aramed Cveulebasa da precedents emyare-ba.

kanonmdeblobakanonmdeblobakanonmdeblobakanonmdeblobakanonmdebloba _ saxelmwifos mTel politikursivrceSi gamoyenebul sajaro da savaldebulo wesTa er-Toblioba.

koleqtiuri usafrTxoebakoleqtiuri usafrTxoebakoleqtiuri usafrTxoebakoleqtiuri usafrTxoebakoleqtiuri usafrTxoeba (ing.: collective security) _msoflio wyobis sistema, romlis drosac msoflio Tanamego-broba koleqtiurad gamodis agresori saxelmwifos winaaRm-deg.

krizisi krizisi krizisi krizisi krizisi (ing.: crisis) _ mwvave politikuri situacia,romelic saSiSroebis qveS ayenebs mTavar interesebs. kriz-isisTvis damaxasiaTebelia movlenebis zvaviseburi ganvi-Tareba, rac qmnis pirobebs politikuri gadawyvetilebebismisaRebad.

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liberalizacialiberalizacialiberalizacialiberalizacialiberalizacia _ saxelmwifo Zalauflebis Sida dagare kontroli da kerZo mewarmeobisa da Tavisufali ba-zrisaken aRebuli kursi.

lobi,lobi,lobi,lobi,lobi, lobirlobirlobirlobirlobirebaebaebaebaeba _ niSnavs sakuTari warmomadgenlismeSveobiT miawodon politikoss sakuTari mosazrebebi TumoTxovnebi. Tavad cneba `lobi~ igive interes-jgufia, ram-denadac isic sajaro politikaze zemoqmedebas isaxavs miznad.

libertarianizmilibertarianizmilibertarianizmilibertarianizmilibertarianizmi _ rwmena, rom pirovnuli Tavisu-flebis sfero maqsimalurad unda gafarTovdes, rac, Tavismxriv, xSirad sazogadoebrivi gavlenis Semcirebis mcdelobebT-anac asocirdeba.

liberalizmiliberalizmiliberalizmiliberalizmiliberalizmi (ing.: liberalism) _ erT-erTii ZiriTadiskola saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevebSi. gamomdinare-obs adamianis miswrafebebidan TanamSromlobisaken, mSvidobisak-

rTuli ekonomikis maqsimaluri kontrolirebisa da marTvi-saTvis; ufro zogadad ki ̀ sxvis saqmeSi~ Carevis politika.

impiCmentiimpiCmentiimpiCmentiimpiCmentiimpiCmenti _ Tanamdebobis piris gadayenebis oficial-uri procedura pirovnuli Tu profesiuli gadacdomis mo-tiviT.

inkrementalizmi inkrementalizmi inkrementalizmi inkrementalizmi inkrementalizmi _ Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad gadaw-yvetilebebi miiReba ara winaswar gamokveTili miznis Sesa-bamisad, aramed cvalebadi viTarebis kvaldakval.

idealizmiidealizmiidealizmiidealizmiidealizmi _ (ing.: idedalism) -skola saerTaSorisourTierTobebSi, romelmac gavrceleba hpova me-20 s. pirvelnaxevarSi. saerTaSoriso saqmeebSi mTavar rols aniWebs saer-TaSoriso samarTals, saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, agreTvemorals.

izolacionizmiizolacionizmiizolacionizmiizolacionizmiizolacionizmi _ (ing.: isolationism) _ saxelmwifopolitika, romelic orientirebulia sxva qveynebTan urTier-Tobebis (politikur, ekonomikur da sxv.) SezRudvaze.

integraciaintegraciaintegraciaintegraciaintegracia (ing.: integration) _ daaxloebisa da gaer-Tianebis procesi saxelmwifoTa doneze.

intervenciaintervenciaintervenciaintervenciaintervencia (ing.: intervention) _ erTi qveynis miermeore qveynis Sida saqmeebSi samxedro, ekonomikuri da diplo-matiuri Careva, agreTve, mis teritoriaze SeWra.

integraciis Teoriebiintegraciis Teoriebiintegraciis Teoriebiintegraciis Teoriebiintegraciis Teoriebi (ing.: integration theory) _ gvix-snian, Tu rogor erTiandebian qveynebi da gadascemen Tavisisuverenitetis nawils zenacionalur warmonaqmnebs.

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konsensusikonsensusikonsensusikonsensusikonsensusi _ gansakuTrebuli yaidis Tanxmoba. igigamoiyeneba ori mniSvnelobiT: proceduruli konsensusi _konsultaciebisa da garigebis gziT gadawyvetilebis miRebissurvili politikur partiebs an mTavrobasa da ZiriTad in-teres-jgufebs Soris; da arsebiTi konsensusi _ ori an metipartiis ideologiuri poziciebis Tanxvdoma politikurmiznebTan dakavSirebiT.

konfederaciakonfederaciakonfederaciakonfederaciakonfederacia _ saxelmwifoTa garkveuli tipis kav-Siri, roca yoveli subieqti sakuTari damoukideblobis xarisxsinarCunebs winaswari urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze.

kokusikokusikokusikokusikokusi _ daxuruli, Sidapartiuli Tavyrilobebi, sa-dac saarCevno kandidaturebi dgindeba an sakanonmdeblo ini-

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didi britaneTi, germania, saberZneTi, dania, irlandia, espaneTi,italia, luqsemburgi, niderlandebi, portugalia, safrangeTi)q. maastrixtSi (niderlandebi), rac gaxda evrokavSiris Seqm-nis safuZveli. SeTanxmeba ratificirebulia 1993 w.

maRali donis politikamaRali donis politikamaRali donis politikamaRali donis politikamaRali donis politika (ing.: high politics) _ miekuTvne-ba nacionalur usafrTxoebas.

modernistebimodernistebimodernistebimodernistebimodernistebi (ing.: modernists) _ saerTaSoriso urT-ierTobaTa mkvlevarebi, romlebic analizs afuZneben sabuneb-ismetyvelo mecnierebaTa principebze agebul meTodebze.

mravalpolaruli sistemamravalpolaruli sistemamravalpolaruli sistemamravalpolaruli sistemamravalpolaruli sistema (ing.: bipolar system) _ saer-TaSoriso urTierTobebis sistema, romelic xasiaTdeba Zaliscentrebis simravliT.

msoflios saxelmwifoebriv-centristuli mode-msoflios saxelmwifoebriv-centristuli mode-msoflios saxelmwifoebriv-centristuli mode-msoflios saxelmwifoebriv-centristuli mode-msoflios saxelmwifoebriv-centristuli mode-lilililili (ing.: state-centric model) _ msoflio politikuri sistema,romelic Seiqmna vestfaliis mSvidobis Sedegad (aqedanaa misimeore saxelwodeba _ msoflios vestfaliis modeli) da rom-lis centraluri rgolia saxelmwifo.

msoflio-sistemuri Teoria msoflio-sistemuri Teoria msoflio-sistemuri Teoria msoflio-sistemuri Teoria msoflio-sistemuri Teoria (ing.: world-system theory)_ neomarqsizmis yvelaze cnobili varianti, gamomdinareobswarmodgenidan, rom msoflio iyofa ara mxolod saxelmwifoe-bad, aramed ufro mniSvnelovan struqturul erTeulebad _klasebad: kapitalizmis ganviTarebis Sedegad moxda qveynebisdayofa sam nawilad ekonomikuri maCveneblebidan gamomdinare.esenia: centri (birTvi), periferia da naxevrad periferia. qvey-nebi, romlebic aRmoCndnen centrSi, gaaCniaT cxovrebis maRalidone da dominireben danarCenebs Soris. birTvis ganviTarebaxorcieldeba sxva qveynebis xarjze, rasac mivyavarT konfliqtamde.

mSvidobis SenarCunebamSvidobis SenarCunebamSvidobis SenarCunebamSvidobis SenarCunebamSvidobis SenarCuneba (ing.: peacekeeping) _ sxvadasx-va qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier Seiar-aRebuli Zalebis Seyvana dapirispirebuli mxareebis gaTiSvismizniT. xorcieldeba mxolod im qveynis Tanxmobis SemTxveva-Si, romlis teritoriazec SehyavT Zalebi.

mSvidobis aRdgenamSvidobis aRdgenamSvidobis aRdgenamSvidobis aRdgenamSvidobis aRdgena (ing.: peacebuilding) _ mSvidobisganmtkicebisaTvis xelSemwyobi pirobebis, maT Soris, samo-qalaqo sazogadoebis institutebis Seqmna.

mSvidobis iZulebamSvidobis iZulebamSvidobis iZulebamSvidobis iZulebamSvidobis iZuleba (ing.: peace enforcement) _ samxedromoqmedebebi mimarTuli mSvidobiani daregulirebisaken anmeomari mxareebis Cabarebis Sesaxeb winadadebebis miRebisakenadre dawyebuli omis Sesawyvetad.

en, samarTlianobasa da moralze orientaciisaken, XX saukunisI naxevarSi cnobili iyo, rogorc ̀ idealizmi~.

liberaluri institucionalizmiliberaluri institucionalizmiliberaluri institucionalizmiliberaluri institucionalizmiliberaluri institucionalizmi (ing.: liberal institu-tionalism) _ saerTaSoriso kvlevebSi neoliberaluri midgoma.aqcenti gakeTebulia Tanamedrove msoflioSi globaluriinstitutebis formirebis Seswavlaze.

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metaideologia metaideologia metaideologia metaideologia metaideologia _ zeideologia, safuZveli msjelobi-saTvis ufro kerZo ideologiuri problemebis garSemo.

mermermermermeritokratiaitokratiaitokratiaitokratiaitokratia _ unarianTa mmarTveloba; principi,romlis Tanaxmad, jildoca da sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobacadamians pirovnuli Rirsebis mixedviT ergeba.

multilateralizmimultilateralizmimultilateralizmimultilateralizmimultilateralizmi _ mravalmxrivoba; SeTanxmebulurTierTobaTa sistema sam an met saxelmwifos Soris, racxelSekrulebebsa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis wesdebe-biT ganmsazRvreli qcevis normebs emyareba.

merkantilizmimerkantilizmimerkantilizmimerkantilizmimerkantilizmi _ ekonomikuri Teoria, romelic gan-sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs saxelmwifos rols saer-TaSoriso vaWrobisa da qveynis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi.

mas-mediamas-mediamas-mediamas-mediamas-media _ sazogadoebrivi institutebis erToblio-ba, romlebic dakavebulni arian faqtebis, informaciebisa damovlenebis Sekreba-gavrcelebiT.

manifestimanifestimanifestimanifestimanifesti _ dokumenti, sadac detaluradaa Camoyali-bebuli, ra politikas gaatarebs esa Tu is partia xelisufle-baSi mosvlis SemTxvevaSi.

mandatimandatimandatimandatimandati _ zemdgomi miTiTeba an davaleba, romlisSesrulebac savaldebuloa.

makkartizmimakkartizmimakkartizmimakkartizmimakkartizmi _ ̀ kudianebze nadiroba~. es termini 1950-ian wlebSi amerikaSi senator makkartis mier komunistebisdevnis periodidan iRebs saTaves.

militarizmimilitarizmimilitarizmimilitarizmimilitarizmi _ miznis miRweva SeiaraRebuli ZalisgamoyenebiT da zogadad problemaTa samxedro ZaliT gadaw-yveta. farTo gagebiT ki imgvari kulturuli Tu ideologiurimovlena, roca samxedro prioritetebi, idealebi da Rirebule-bebi sazogadoebis farTo fenebs moicavs.

maastrixtis SeTanxmebamaastrixtis SeTanxmebamaastrixtis SeTanxmebamaastrixtis SeTanxmebamaastrixtis SeTanxmeba (ing.: Maastricht Treaty) xel-mowerilia 1992 w. 12 evropuli saxelmwifos mier (belgia,

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ekonomikuri parametrebiT fenebad daSlas, romelic mimdinar-eobs ara nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis sazvrebis gaswvriv,aramed ZiriTadad RerZze ̀ CrdiloeTi-samxreTi~.

neorealizmineorealizmineorealizmineorealizmineorealizmi (ing.: neorealism) _ realizmis Tanamed-rove mimdinareoba, romlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebi rCebiansaerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa analizis erTaderT erTeulad.Tumca, gaTvaliswinebulia is struqturebic, romelTac qmniankavSirebisa da samTavrobaTaSoriso organizaciebis saxiT.

neofunqcionalizmineofunqcionalizmineofunqcionalizmineofunqcionalizmineofunqcionalizmi (ing.: neofunctionalism) _ efuZnebafunqcionalizmis ZiriTad gzavnilebs. prioriteti eZelva imdargebs, romlebic xels uwyoben saxelmwifoebs Soris Tanam-Sromlobas: janmrTelobis dacvas, axal teqnologiebs da sxv.,amasTanave xazi esmeva politikuri gadawyvetilebebis mniS-vnelobas.

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poliarqiapoliarqiapoliarqiapoliarqiapoliarqia _ sityva-sityviT _ `bevris mmarTveloba~,rogorc wesi, Tanamedrove warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiisinstitutebTan da politikur procesebTanaa dakavSirebuli.

paternalizmipaternalizmipaternalizmipaternalizmipaternalizmi _ urTierToba, an marTvis imgvari wesi,romlis principic maTze zrunvaa, visac damoukideblad saku-Tari Tavis gatana uWirs.

pluralizmipluralizmipluralizmipluralizmipluralizmi _ farTo gagebiT mravalferovnebisa dasxvadasxvagvarobis aRiareba (mravlis arseboba).

rogorc termini ixmareba partiebs Soris arsebulikonkurenciis (politikur pluralizmi), zneobriv faseuloba-Ta sxvadasxvaobis (zneobrivi pluralizmi) da kulturulnormaTa gansxvavebulobis (kulturuli pluralizmi) aRsani-Snavad.

pan-nacionalizmipan-nacionalizmipan-nacionalizmipan-nacionalizmipan-nacionalizmi _ nacionalizmis ukiduresi gamoxat-uleba, romelSic yvelaferi erT mizans emsaxureba Seakav-Siros monaTesave xalxebi eqspansiis an politikuri gamTlianeb-isaken mowodebebis gziT.

proteqcionizmiproteqcionizmiproteqcionizmiproteqcionizmiproteqcionizmi _ adgilobriv mewarmeTa dacvis mizniTimportis SezRudva qvotebisa Tu tarifebis dawesebis meSveo-biT.

partikularizmipartikularizmipartikularizmipartikularizmipartikularizmi _ Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad, meobakerZo da ara zogad maxasiaTebelSia fesvgadgmuli. aRniSnul

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normativinormativinormativinormativinormativi _ faseulobaTa da qcevis wesebis ganm-sazRvreli kategoria _ ̀ is, rac sasurvelia iyos~ da ara ̀ is,rac aris~.

neokorporativizmineokorporativizmineokorporativizmineokorporativizmineokorporativizmi _ tendencia, romelic dasavlurpoliarqiebSi SeiniSneba: gulisxmobs organizebul interes-jgufTaTvis privilegiebis miniWebasa da politikur cxovre-baSi instituciur monawileobas.

neo-idealizmineo-idealizmineo-idealizmineo-idealizmineo-idealizmi _ saerTaSoriso politikis imgvarixedva, romelic gansakuTrebulad zneobriv faseulobebze, ker-Zod, adamianis uflebebisa da erovnuli damoukideblobis pa-tiviscemaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.

nacionalizmi nacionalizmi nacionalizmi nacionalizmi nacionalizmi (ing.: nationalism) _ ideologia, romelicerovnebas ganixilavs, rogorc politikuri identifikaciissafuZvels. xSirad gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove msoflioSi poli-tikuri brZolis dros, maT Soris, SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi.

nacionaluri interesebinacionaluri interesebinacionaluri interesebinacionaluri interesebinacionaluri interesebi (ing.: national interest) _ neo-realizmis erT-erTi ZiriTadi cneba. interesebi ganisazRvre-ba saxelmwifos mier da maT misaRwevad gamoiyeneba sagareopolitika. cneba, Cveulebriv, moicavs usafrTxoebis, damoukide-blobis, da agreTve, ekonomikuri keTildReobis dacvas.

nacionaluri suverenitetinacionaluri suverenitetinacionaluri suverenitetinacionaluri suverenitetinacionaluri suvereniteti (ing.: national sovereignty)_ saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriasa da saerTaSorisosamarTalSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi cneba. is gulisxmobs, romsaxelmwifo flobs Zalauflebriv uflebamosilebebs mis kuTv-nil teritoriaze da rom is damoukidebelia saerTaSorisosakiTxebSi. amasTan suvereniteti ar aTavisuflebs saxelmwi-fos pasuxismgeblobisagan ganxorcielebul moqmedebebze.

neitralitetineitralitetineitralitetineitralitetineitraliteti (ing.: neitralitet) _ saxelmwifos ofi-cialuri pozicia, romelic dakavSirebulia saxelmwifos uar-Tan gaerTiandes sxvadasxva samxedro-politikur kavSirebsada organizaciebSi.

neokolonializmineokolonializmineokolonializmineokolonializmineokolonializmi (ing.: neocolonialism) _ Teoriulimidgoma, romlis Tanaxmad ganviTarebuli qveynebi agrZelebenganviTarebadi qveynebis eqspluatacias ekonomikuri saSuale-bebiT.

neomarqsizmineomarqsizmineomarqsizmineomarqsizmineomarqsizmi (ing.: neomarxism) _ erT-erTi wamyvaniskola saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. xazs usvams ekonomikuruTanasworobas Tanamedrove msoflioSi da mosaxleobis

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realpolitikarealpolitikarealpolitikarealpolitikarealpolitika (ing.: realpolitic) _ saerTaSoriso urT-ierTobebSi Teoriuli midgoma. eyrdnoba winapirobas, romqveynebi emzadebodnen omisaTvis mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad.ufro rbil variantSi gulisxmobs politikuri moRvaweobisprincips, romlis Tanaxmadac umTavresi yuradReba unda daeT-mos mowinaaRmdegis realur interesebze orientirebas da araimas, rasac is deklarirebs; aseve mzadyofnas Zalis gamoyeneb-isaTvis mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu zemoqmedebis yvela sxvasaSualeba amowurulia.

sssss

sekularizmisekularizmisekularizmisekularizmisekularizmi _ Tvalsazrisi, rom religia saero saqmi-anobaSi ar unda ereodes; rogorc wesi, eklesiisa da saxelm-wifos gamijvnis mcdeloba.

stetizmistetizmistetizmistetizmistetizmi _ franguli sityvaa da niSnavs saxelmwi-foebriobas. igi emyareba mosazrebas, rom saxelmwifo Carevayvelaze upriani gzaa politikuri problemebis gadasawyvetadda ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis xelSesawyobad.

separatizmiseparatizmiseparatizmiseparatizmiseparatizmi _ arsebuli politikuri wesrigidan gamoy-ofis survili damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnis mizniT.

sionizmisionizmisionizmisionizmisionizmi _ `ebrauli samSoblos~ dafuZnebisaken mi-marTuli moZraoba. dResdReobiT israelis saxelmwifo in-teresebisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvasTanaa dakav-Sirebuli.

sagareo politikasagareo politikasagareo politikasagareo politikasagareo politika (ing.: foreign policy) _ prioriteteb-is, principebisa da moqmedebebis sistema, romelTa realiza-cias axdens saxelmwifo msofliosTan urTierTobebSi _ sax-elmwifo sazRvrebs miRma.

sagareo politikis SedarebiTi analizisagareo politikis SedarebiTi analizisagareo politikis SedarebiTi analizisagareo politikis SedarebiTi analizisagareo politikis SedarebiTi analizi (ing.: com-parative foreign policy analysis) _ gamokvlevis erT-erTi mimarTule-ba, romelic Seiswavlis saxelmwifoTa sagareo politikuriqcevis models.

saerTaSoriso da Sida politikasaerTaSoriso da Sida politikasaerTaSoriso da Sida politikasaerTaSoriso da Sida politikasaerTaSoriso da Sida politika (ing.: intermesticpoliticy) _ termini SemoRebulia samecniero brunvaSi im sax-elmwifos politikis gansazRvris mizniT, romelsac imavdrou-lad gaaCnia rogorc Sida, aseve saerTaSoriso aspeqti.

saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiasaerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiasaerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiasaerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiasaerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomia (ing.: interna-tional political economy) _ kvlevebis dargi, romelic swavlobs

TeoriaSi iseT faqtorebs esmeba xazi, rogorebicaa warmomav-loba, kultura, eTnikuroba.

populizmipopulizmipopulizmipopulizmipopulizmi _ laTinuri sityvaa, niSnavs xalxs. estermini ixmareba, rogorc garkveuli politikuri mimarTule-ba, aseve politikuri azrovnebis garkveuli wyobis aRsaniSna-vad, rodesac moZraobebi da partiebi sakuTar Tavs xalxisnebis gamomxatvelebad saxaven.

privatizaciaprivatizaciaprivatizaciaprivatizaciaprivatizacia _ saxelmwifo sakuTrebis sazogado-brividan kerZo seqtorisaTvis gadacema, rac saxelmwifo pa-suxismgeblobaTa Semcirebis gamoxatulebaa.

pacifizmipacifizmipacifizmipacifizmipacifizmi (ing.: pacifism) _ msoflmxedveloba, romelicuaryofs sicocxlis xelyofis uflebas da mimarTulia kon-fliqtebis usisxlod mogvarebis gzebis Ziebisaken.

periferiaperiferiaperiferiaperiferiaperiferia (ing.: periphery) _ terini, romelic neomarq-sizmSi aRniSnavs ganviTarebad qveynebs. periferiuli qveynebidamokidebulni arian `centrze~ da nakleb ganviTarebulniarian uTanasworo damokidebulebis gamo.

postmodernizmipostmodernizmipostmodernizmipostmodernizmipostmodernizmi (ing.: postmodernism) _ midgoma saerTa-Soriso urTierTobebSi formirebuli 1980 wlebSi, erTis mxriv,rogorc reaqcia klasikur Teoriaze (neoliberalizmsa da, up-irveles yovlisa, neorealizmze), meores mxriv, neomarqsizmisgavleniT sxva Teoriuli alternativebis Ziebis procesi.

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revizionizmirevizionizmirevizionizmirevizionizmirevizionizmi _ fuZemdebluri ideebis gadasinjva;termini adrindeli principebisa da mosazrebebis uaryofasacgulisxmobs.

revoluciarevoluciarevoluciarevoluciarevolucia _ sityva-sityviT brunva-triali. igi cik-lur cvlilebebs niSnavs, arsebuli wesrigis msxvrevisa daaxliT Secvlas gulisxmobs.

relativizmirelativizmirelativizmirelativizmirelativizmi _ filosofiuri Sexeduleba, romelicobieqturi _ `absoluturi~ sazomis arsebobas uaryofs daamtkicebs, rom ̀ yvelaferi SefardebiTia~ da nebismieri msjelobaazrs iZens mxolod sakuTar konteqstTan mimarTebaSi.

realizmirealizmirealizmirealizmirealizmi (ing.: realism) _saerTaSoriso urTierTobeb-is erT-erTi ZiriTadi skola. saxelmwifoebi gamodian, rogorcanarqiuli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis erTaderTi aqtore-bi.

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saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferoSi politikisa daekonomikis urTierTobas.

saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebisaerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebisaerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebisaerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebisaerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi (ing.:international nongovermental organizations, INGO’s) _ dafuZnebulni ararian saxelmwifoTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze da mo-qmedeben ara mxolod erTi qveynis sazRvrebSi (amitom maTzogjer uwodeben transnacionalurs). amasTan, maTi moRvaweo-ba ar aris mimarTuli mogebis miRebaze.

saerTaSoriso reJimebisaerTaSoriso reJimebisaerTaSoriso reJimebisaerTaSoriso reJimebisaerTaSoriso reJimebi (ing.: international regimes) _gadawyvetilebebis miRebis principebi, normebi, wesebi da pro-cedurebi.

samTavrobaTaSoriso organizaciebisamTavrobaTaSoriso organizaciebisamTavrobaTaSoriso organizaciebisamTavrobaTaSoriso organizaciebisamTavrobaTaSoriso organizaciebi (ing.: intergov-ernmental organizations, IGO’s) _ institutebi, romlebic dafuZneb-ulia maTi wevri saxelmwifoebis mier saerTaSoriso SeT-anxmebebis safuZvelze.

samxedro intervenciasamxedro intervenciasamxedro intervenciasamxedro intervenciasamxedro intervencia (ing.: military intervention) _ erTiqveynis SeiaraRebuli jarebis gamoyeneba sxva qveynis, anuintervenciis obieqtis, xelisuflebaze gavlenis mosaxdenad.

`samSvidobo dividendi~`samSvidobo dividendi~`samSvidobo dividendi~`samSvidobo dividendi~`samSvidobo dividendi~ (ing.: peace dividend) _ dana-zogi SeiaraRebis Semcirebidan, romelic SesaZlebeli gaxdacivi omis damTavrebis wyalobiT.

samSvidobo operaciebisamSvidobo operaciebisamSvidobo operaciebisamSvidobo operaciebisamSvidobo operaciebi (ing.: peace operations) _ far-To cneba, romelic moicavs sxvadasxva qmedebebs, maT Sorissamxedroebis monawileobas konfliqtis daregulirebaSi.

saxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifo (ing.: state) _ politikuri warmonaqmni,romelic moicavs xalxiT dasaxlebul teritorias da sxvasaxelmwifoebis mier aRiarebul legitimur xelisuflebas.

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traibalizmitraibalizmitraibalizmitraibalizmitraibalizmi _ jgufuri cxovrebis wesi, romelickarCaketilobiTa da gaucxoebiT xasiaTdeba. igi Cveulebrivmtruladaa ganwyobili sxva jgufebis mimarT.

terorizmiterorizmiterorizmiterorizmiterorizmi (ing.: terorism) _ Zaladobis gamoyeneba; mu-qara mSvidobiani mosaxleobis mimarT politikuri gamomZa-lvelobis, iZulebis an propagandis mizniT.

transnacionaluri korporaciatransnacionaluri korporaciatransnacionaluri korporaciatransnacionaluri korporaciatransnacionaluri korporacia (ing.: multinational cor-poration TNC) _ mravalnacionaluri korporacia, romelsac aqvssawarmoebi erTi saxelmwifos sazRvrebs gareT msoflio arenaze.

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utopia, utopizmiutopia, utopizmiutopia, utopizmiutopia, utopizmiutopia, utopizmi _ berZnuli sityvaa, ̀ outopia~ niS-navs `arsad~, xolo `eutopia~ _ karg adgils. sityvasityviTigi idealur an srulyofil sazogadoebas niSnavs. utopizmiTeoriuli politikuri azrovnebis formaa, romelic arsebulwyobas akritikebs da idealuri da srulyofili alterna-tivis mxolod warmosaxviT models gvTavazobs.

utilitarulobautilitarulobautilitarulobautilitarulobautilitaruloba _ gamarTlebuli xarji, raime mate-rialuri moxmarebiT gamowveuli dakmayofileba.

universalizmiuniversalizmiuniversalizmiuniversalizmiuniversalizmi _ Teoria, romlis mixedviT arsebobsadamianTa meobis ganmsazRvruli zogadi sawyisi, romelicyvelasaTvis erTia.

utilitarizmiutilitarizmiutilitarizmiutilitarizmiutilitarizmi _ eTikuri mimarTuleba, romlis mixed-viTac adamianebs siamovnebis miRebis bunebrivi surviliamoZravebT. siamovneba `sikeTea~, xolo tanjva `boroteba~.amis mixedviT siamovneba SeiZleba sasargeblomde daviyvanoT.politikur sferoSi utilitarizmi mWidrod ukavSirdebaklasikur liberalizmisa da Tavisufali bazris ideolo-gias.

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qsenofobiaqsenofobiaqsenofobiaqsenofobiaqsenofobia _ SiSi an siZulvili ucxotomelTa mima-rT; paTologiuri saxiT gamovlenili eTnocentrizmi.

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SariaTiSariaTiSariaTiSariaTiSariaTi _ RvTaebriv gamocxadebaze dafuZnebuli is-lamuri kanoni, romlis ZiriTadi wyaroebic yurani da hadi-Tia (e.w. ̀ muhamedis Segonebani~).

SuamavlobaSuamavlobaSuamavlobaSuamavlobaSuamavloba (ing.: mediation) _ konfliqtis daregulire-bis procedura, romlis farglebSi mesame mxare agvarebs mo-laparakebis process da monawileobs problemis mSvidobi-anad daregulirebaSi.

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xuntaxuntaxuntaxuntaxunta _ sityva-sityviT _ sabWo. rogorc wesi, xuntaswarmoadgens samxedroTa jgufi, romelic Zalauflebas rev-oluciis an SeiaraRebuli gadatrialebis gziT igdebs xel-Si.

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jihadijihadijihadijihadijihadi _ ̀ wminda omi~, ufro zustad, ̀ saRvTo brZola~an ̀ Zalisxmeva~, rac niSnavs islamuri idealebisadmi usazRvro,yovlismomcvel erTgulebas.

jingoizmijingoizmijingoizmijingoizmijingoizmi _ ukiduresi enTuziazmis gamoxatuleba,romelic samxedro gamarjvebebsa da axali teritoriebis Semo-erTebas mosdevs.

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homogenizaciahomogenizaciahomogenizaciahomogenizaciahomogenizacia _ gaerTgvarovneba; yvela mxarisa TuSemadgeneli nawilis (qveynebis) tendencia daemgvanon angaigivdnen erTmaneTTan.

hegemoniahegemoniahegemoniahegemoniahegemonia _ berZnuli sityvaa da winamZRols niSnavs.rogorc politikuri termini gulisxmobs ama Tu im sistemiserT-erTi elementis upiratesobas yvela danarCenTan Sedare-biT.

hibridulobahibridulobahibridulobahibridulobahibriduloba _ socialuri da kulturuli, aRrevismdgomareoba~.

hegemonialuri stabilurobis Teoriahegemonialuri stabilurobis Teoriahegemonialuri stabilurobis Teoriahegemonialuri stabilurobis Teoriahegemonialuri stabilurobis Teoria (ing.: theoryof hegemonic stability) _ ris Tanaxmad hegemoni saxelmwifos arse-bobis SemTxvevaSi myardeba stabiluri ekonomikuri reJimi(wyobileba), vinaidan igi SeimuSavebs qcevis im wesebsa danormebs, romlebic misaRebia sxva monawileTaTvis.

ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 28.05.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad

24.07.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 20.

tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,

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