Literature Review Intan 2005

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Literature Reviews: Why it is

important?

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yuserrie Zainuddin

School of Management

Universiti Sains Malaysia



Issues related to Literature

Review Candidates unable to differentiate what

to write in literature review and the

chapter of theoretical framework andhypotheses development.

Candidate tends to summarise article in

literature review.



Issues related to Literature

Review Candidate fails to conceptualize the

concepts clearly and critically.

Candidate fails to relate concepts withtheory underlying the study.

Candidate fails to explain in detail

about other concepts used in previousstudy.



What is Concept?

A mental image that has no meaning to

someone else except for the one who

conceptualize. It is mere what you think – not something

that you can describe.



What is Concept?

Why we need to know “concept”?

Examples of concepts - house, beautiful,

dark, love, - in management -commitment, organization, culture, budget,

return on investment, quality etc.



What’s Concept in your research?

The variables? Independent, dependent,

moderator and intervening.

The variables come from concept that youhave identify – from literature review,

opinion, experience or observation.



What’s Concept in your research?

Why do you choose this concept? Give

reasons.

How do you know you concept issomething that what you would like to

examine?

- by definition – operationalisation – thatyou can visualize or feel or perceive.



Concepts

ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY

CORPORATE BUSINESS OPERATIONAL

STRATEGY STRATEGY STRATEGY

MARKETING STRATEGIC

MANAGEMENT

ACCOUNTING

OPERATIONSTRATEGY

MANUFACTURING

STRATEGY

CUSTOMER FOCUSCOST LEADERSHIP

PRODUCT

DIFFERENTIATION



CONCEPTS

ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY

BUSINESS

STRATEGY

MANUFACTURING

STRATEGY

CUSTOMER FOCUSPRODUCT

DIFFERENTIATION



Relationship between Literature

Review and Problem Statement What is problem statement?




Review and Problem Statement

Something researcher has an interest/ real

problem/or filling gaps about phenomenon.

A phenomenon – for example – management accounting systems (MAS) –

how it can enhance managerial

performance. Two concepts – are MAS &Managerial performance.




Review and Problem Statement Stated in a statement:

How the design of management accountingsystems (timeliness, integration, broad scope

and aggregation) can enhance managerialperformance?



What are the concepts need to be

discussed in literature review?

The concept of MAS with four dimensions,

namely timeliness, broad scope,

aggregation and integration. Managerial performance – specifically

what performance are you looking at.

Perhaps: Moderator if any.



What is a review of the literature?

As a piece of writing, the literature review

must be defined by a guiding concept

(e.g., your research objective, the problemor issue you are discussing, or your

argumentative thesis).

It is not just a descriptive list of thematerial available, or a set of summaries.



What you gain from literature

review? Information seeking: the ability to scan

the literature efficiently, using manual or

computerized methods, to identify a setof useful articles and books

Critical appraisal: the ability to apply

principles of analysis to identify unbiasedand valid studies



A literature review must do

these things

be organized around and relateddirectly to the thesis or research

question you are developing synthesize results into a summary of

what is and is not known – a-state-of-the-art



A literature review must do

these things

identify areas of controversy in theliterature

formulate questions that need further research



Questions to ask about your literature review.

You need to answer these questions:

What is the specif ic thesis , problem, or

research quest ion that my literature review

helps to define? What type of literature review am I conducting?

Am I looking at issues of theory? methodology?

policy? quantitative research (e.g. on the

effectiveness of a new procedure)? qualitative

research (e.g., studies)?



Questions to ask about your

literature review. What is the scope of my literature review?

What types of publications am I using (e.g., journals, books, government documents,popular media)?

What discipline am I working in (e.g.,accounting, organizational behaviour,sociology, medicine)?




How good was my information seeking?Has my search been wide enough to ensureI've found all the relevant material?

Has it been narrow enough to excludeirrelevant material?

Is the number of sources I've used

appropriate for the length of my paper?



Questions to ask about your

literature review. Have I cri t ical ly analysed the literature I use?

Do I follow through a set of concepts andquestions, comparing items to each other inthe ways they deal with them?

Instead of just listing and summarizing items,do I assess them, discussing strengths andweaknesses?




Have I cited and discussed studies contrary tomy perspective?

Will the reader find my literature reviewrelevant , app ropr iate, and usefu l ?



What is a review of the

literature? A literature review is a review of

reading materials of what has been

published on a topic by previousscholars and researchers



What is a review of the literature?

The purpose is to convey to the

reader what knowledge and ideas

have been established on a topic,and what their strengths and

weaknesses are.



Writing the literature

It is a purposeful kind of writing which is to

be

well argued;well supported by evidence;




well documented

A straightforward style - Use clear and

simple English appropriate for your audience.

You are not writing for your supervisor or

examiners but to anyone interested at your

work




You also need to think about what it is you

are actually doing;

are you describing something, analysing something,




explaining something,

arguing the point,

giving examples, evaluating or assessing the value of other

arguments or the sufficiency of evidence?




Verbs such as 'judges', 'postulates',

'excludes', 'convinces', 'confuses',

'questions', 'advances (the argument)','verifies', provide a stronger interpretation

of your reading, understanding, and

opinion of the research.




Active or passive voice

Both active and passive voice should be

used - where appropriate. (Or…Youshould use, where appropriate, both active

and passive voice!) As a general rule, use

active voice unless there is good reasonnot to




Tenses

The tense that suits your purpose is the tenseyou use. Clearly, an event, be it a survey, anexperiment, a study of some kind, done by other researchers or by you, has to be in the past andit is usual to use the past tense to describe it.

However discussing about research findings,evaluations, recommendations and conclusions

– present.




Brownell (1985) reports a study conducted

on managers which used Milani’s (1976)

budgetary participation measure to

measure the degree of participation. This

measure is still the most convincing to

support Merchant (1996) hypothesis that

managers would participate highly inbudgetary process particularly in

manufacturing.



Final Thoughts A literature review is a piece of disc urs ive (a ser ies o f logical disucss ion) wri t ing sty le , nota list describing or summarizing one piece of literature after another.

It's usually a bad sign to see every paragraphbeginning with the name of a researcher.



Final Thoughts Organize the literature review into sections that

present themes or identify trends, includingrelevant theory.

You are not trying to list all the material

published, but to synthesize and evaluate itaccording to the guiding concept of your thesis or research question.



What do you want to achieve

next? After literature review…. Argument about concepts use in your

study (why do you used it and how do you

used it).



What do you want to achieve

next? After literature review…. To develop a sound theoretical framework

– identify all the dimensions of the concept

(label and state it) Having a precise definition of each of the

variables identified in the study.

Literature Review Intan 2005

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