Form 5 Chemistry Folio - Medicine

SEKOLAH MENENGAH

KEBANGSAAN ？？？

CHEMISTRY FOLIO ( 20？？ )

CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMER

MEDICINE

NAME :

CLASS :

IC NUMBER :

TEACHER’S NAME :

Heon—[email protected]

Content1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 OBJECTIVE

3.0 INTRODUCTION3.1 Traditional medicines

3.2 Modern medicines

3.2.1 Analgesics

3.2.2 Antibiotics

3.2.3 Psychotherapeutic medicine

3.3 Drug abuse

4.0 Discussion

5.0 Conclusion

6.0 References


1.0 INTRODUCTION OF MEDICINES

Medicines are chemicals that help to cure infection and maintain

our health and well being. Medicines can be obtained from natural

sources or synthetic chemicals. Any chemical that is used as

medicine is called a drug. Medicines that are obtained from plants

and animals are called traditional medicines. Medicines can be

classified as traditional medicines and modern medicines.


2.0 OBJECTIVE

State examples of traditional medicines, their sources and

uses

State the types of modern medicines and their examples

State the functions of each type of modern medicines

Describe the possible side effects of using modern and

traditional medicines

Decribe the correct usage of modern and traditional

medicines


3.0 INFORMATION AND DATA

3.1 Traditional medicineTraditional medicines are derived from plants or animals.

Traditional medicines are usually not processed. Any

medicinal plant containing alkaloid is potentially toxic to the

liver. Traditional medicines can cause serious side effects.

More research on the toxic and adverse effects of traditional

medicines should be carried out in order to ensure the safety

of these medicines to the public.

3.1.1 Some common medicinal plants and their

functionTraditional medicine Uses

Aloe vera (lidah buaya) To treat skin wounds

Centella asiatica (pegaga) To treat depression and for

longevity

Eurycoma longifolia (tongkat

ali)

To increse the male libido

Orthosiphon aristatus (misai

kucing)

To treat gout, diabetes and

rheumatism

Andrographis paniculata

(hempedu bumi)

To treat diarrrhoea, fever and

diabetes

Ocimum basilicum (selasih) To treat coughs, colds and

bronchitis


3.1.2 Animals that have medicinal propertiesMedicinal animal FuntionsSea cucumber (gamat) To treat Japanese encephalitis

and hole in the heart

Centipede To treat lockjaw and convulsions

Ant To treat hepatitis B

Side effects of traditional medicines

1. It is generally believed that traditional medicines have little side

effects compared to modern medicines. In fact, traditional medicines

are sometimes used to counteract the side effects of some modern

medicines.

2. However, taking high doses of quinine for a prolonged period may

cause hearing loss. German health officials recently reported 40

cases of liver damage which were linked to the herbal medicine

containing kava-kava.

3. While the use of traditional medicine is rising globally, health

experts have insufficient data about how it affects patients.

4. The World Health Organisation( WHO) hopes to set up a global

monitoring system to monitor the adverse side effects of traditional

medicines.


3.2 Modern medicineBefore the 20th century, most medicines were extracted

from plants (herbal medicines). Since 1900. Thousands of

modern drugs have been synthesised from organic compound.

Modern medicines can be classified as follows based on their

effects on the human body. Some examples of modern

medicines are analgesics, antibiotics, psychotherapeutic drugs.

Modern drugs have a trade name and a generic name. For

example, the analgesic aspirin (generic name) is sold under

different brand names such as Caprin and Disprin. Similarly,

paracetamol (generic name) is sold under the trade name of

Panadol. Modern medicines usually contain a mixture of

active ingredients prepared in different forms, such as

capsules, pills, solutions or suspensions. For example, Alka-

Seltzer (used as an antacid) contains sodium bicarbonate

(NaHCO3), citric acid and aspirin. It is the sodium bicarbonate

then neutralizes the excess stomach acid.Modern medicines

can be classified into a few categories according to their effects

on body:( a ) Analgesics

( b ) Antibiotics

( c ) Psychotherapeutic medicines


3.2.1 Analgesics Analgesics is to relieve pain without causing

numbness or affecting consciousness. Analgesics

relive pain but do not cure the disease. Example of

common analgesics are aspirin, paracetamol and

codeine.

(a) Aspirin

Aspirin is used for relief, particularly where there is

inflammation involved, such as arthritic pain and

dental pain. The active ingredient in aspirin is

acetylsalicylic acid. Aspirin has the following

structural formula.

Side effects: Can cause bleeding in the stomach

because aspirin is vey acidic. Can cause allergic

reactions, skin rashes and asthmatic attacks

(b) Paracetamol

Paracetamol have the following structural formula.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspirin-skeletal.svg

Thus, unlike aspirin, paracetamol is neutral in

nature. Paracetamol is similar to aspirin in its

effects (that is, reduces fever and relieves pain) but

it does not reduce inflammation. Paracetamol also

reduces or relieves flu symptoms such as fever,

bone aches and runny nose. An overdose of

paracetamol can cause liver damage.

(c) Codeine

Codeine is an analgesic used in headache tables

and in cough medicines. Most codeine is

synthesized from morphine. Codeine may cause

drowsiness when it taken. Abuse of this medicine

may lead to addition, depression and nausea.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paracetamol-skeletal.svg

3.2.2 AntibiotiesAntibiotics are chemicals that destroy or prevent the

growth of infectious microorganism. Two examples

of antibiotics are penicillin and streptomycin.

Antibiotics are used to treat diseases caused by

bacteria. Antibiotics are not effective against diseases

caused by viral infections such as influenza, measles,

or small pox. Examples of antibiotics are

(a) Penicillin

Penicillin is derived from the mould Penicillium notatum.

Penicillin are used to treat diseases, caused by bacteria,

such as pneumonia, gonorrhea and syphilis. Penicillin is

only effective on certain bacteria. For example, it cannot be

used to treat tuberculosis.

(b) Streptomycin

Streptomycin is an antibiotic produced by soil bacteria of

the genus Streptomyces. It is used to treat tuberculosis,

whooping cough and some forms of pneumonia.

Both penicillin and streptomycin are broken down by

the acid in the stomach. Therefore, these antibiotics

are usually given by injection and are not taken orally.

Patient take full course of the antibiotics tomake sure

that all the bacteria are killed. Otherwise, he may

become ill again and the bacteria may become more Heon—[email protected]

resistant to the antibiotic. The side effects of

antibiotics are headache, allergic reaction, diarrhea.

3.2.3 psychotherapeutic medicineGood metal health is fundamental and essential to

personal wellbeing and the ability to lead a healthy,

balanced and productive life. People with mental

illness are not in control of their thoughts, feeling and

behaviours. These conditions can be helped with the

use of psychotherapeutic medications.

Psychotherapeutic medicines are used to alter

abnormal thinking, feeling or behaviours. These

medicines do not cure mental illness. However, they

can reduce many of the symptoms of mental illness

and help a person to get on with life.

Psychotherapeutic medicines are divided into three

categories based on the symptoms for which they are

primarily used as shown below.


The example and side effects of some

psychotherapeutic medicines.

(a) Stimulant

Example Side effectsMethylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, amphetamine

High dose or excessive use of stimulants over long periods of time can lead to anxiety, hallucinations, severe depression, or physical and psychological dependence.

(b) Antidepressant

Example Side effectsTranquilisers Tranquilisers cause drowsiness, poor

coordinationor lightheadadness. Overdose of these drugs can lead to respiratory difficulties, sleeplessness, coma and even death

Barbiturates Barbiturates cause addition. People who rely on barbiturates to fight against insomnia sometimes kill themselves accidentally by taking an overdose


psychotherapeutic medicine

stimulant-to reduce fatigue

Antidepressent-to reduce

tension and anxiety

Antipsychotic-to treat

psychiatric illness

(c) Antipsychotic

Example Side effectsChlorpromazine, haloperidol and clozapine

Antisphychotic medicines cause drowsiness, rapid heartbeat and dizziness.

3.3 Drug Abuse

Taking drugs excessively and without a doctor prescription s

called drug abuse. The use of certain drugs like ecstacy causes

depression which can last for weeks after it s consumed. The

other examples of drug is ice causes stroke and injuries to the

liver and kidneys.

Any natural or artificially made chemical which is used as a

medicines is called drug. Without the drug, a rug addict shoes

withdrawal symptoms. Common withdrawal symptoms

include nervousness, depression, stomach cramps, cold,

sweat, teary eyes, vomiting and diarrhea.


Abuse potential

Depending on the actual compound, drug abuse may lead to

health problems, social problems, physical dependences or

psychological addiction.

Some drugs that are subject to abuse have central nervous

system ( CNS ) effects, which produce changes n mood, levels

of awareness or perceptions and sensations. Most of these

drugs also alter systems other than the CNS. But not all the

centrally acting drugs are subject to abuse, which suggests

that altering consciousness is not sufficient for a drug to have

abuse potential. Among drugs that are abused, some appear

to be more likely to lead to uncontrolled use than others

suggesting a possible hierarchy of drug-induced effects


relative to abuse potential.

Approaches to managing drug abuse

In addition to being a major public health problem, some

consider drug abuse to be a social problem with far-reaching

implications. Stress, poverty, domestics and societal violence

and various diseases ( i.e. , injecting drug users as a source for

HIV/AIDS ) are sometimes thought to be spread by drug use.

Studies have also shown that individuals dependent on illicit

drugs experience higher rates of comorbid psychiatric

syndromes.


4.0 Discussion

Differences between traditional medicines and modern medicines

Traditional medicines Modern medicines

-they are usually not processed -they are usually processed in laboratories

-they are derived from plant or animals -they are synthesized based on substances

found in nature

Correct ways of using medicines

In taking any medicine, we should know why the medicine is prescribed, how the medicine

should be used, what special precautions should be followed, what special diet should be

followed, what are the side effects, and what storage conditions are needed. In addition, we

should note the following points :

1. Self-medication

Do not prescribe medicines for yourself (self-medication) or for other people. Discuss

with your doctor and listen to him concerning the medicine to be taken.

2. Follow the instructions given

Follow the instructions given by your doctor or pharmacist concerning the dosage and

method of taking the medicine.

3. Medicines for adult and children

Medicines for adult should not be given to children and vice versa.

4. Side effects

Visit the doctor immediately if there are symptoms of allergy or other effects of the

drugs.

5. Expiry date

Like foods, medicines also have expiry date. Do not take medicines after their expiry


Modern medicines

Psychotherapeutic medicinesAntibiotics

Stimulant Antidepressant Antipsychotic

Penicillin Streptomycin

dates.


Medicine

Traditional medicines

Analgesics

Aspirin Paracetamol Codeine

Drug abuse

5.0 Conclusion

A medicine is used to prevent or cure diseases or to relieve pain.

Medicines can be classified as traditional medicines and modern

medicines. Traditional medicines are medicines which are obtained from

natural sources without being processed chemically. Traditional

medicines also refers to health practices, approaches, knowledge and

beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines,

spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly

or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain

well-being. Since the olden days, man has used plants, animals and

minerals to treat diseases. The traditional medicines include ginger, aloe

vera, mint leaves, garlic, lemon grass, quinine and cocoa.

Modern medicines are produced chemically and often involve drugs.


Modern medicines are produced in the form of pills, capsules, emulsion,

paste and solution. Modern medicines include analgesics, antibiotics,

psychoterapeutic drugs, hormones and steroids. Analgesics are

medicines that relieve pain by acting on receptors on the nerve cells of

the spinal cord or brain. Examples of analgesics include aspirin,

paracetamol and codeine. Antibiotics are obtained from mold or other

microorganisms. It used to treat infection due to bacteria. Examples of

antibiotics include penicillin and streptomycin.

Psychotherapeutic drugs are used to treat psychiatric patients by altering

the emotions as well as the behaviour and thoughts of the patient.

Therefore, this category of medicine should not consumed

indiscriminately and without prescription from the doctor.

Psychotherapeutic drugs can be categorized into stimulants,

antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs. Stimulants are used to enhance


or stimulate the mental activity, emotions as well as the activity of the

body of the patients. Examples of stimulants are amphetamine and

caffeine. Antidepressants are used to control depression, grim feelings,

worry, anxiety and panic in patients. Some examples of antidepressants

in the market today are tranquilizers and barbiturates. Antipsychotic

drugs are used to treat symptoms of a type of psychotic illness or mental

disorder known as schizophrenia. Common antipsychotic medicines are

chlorpromazine, haloperidol and clozapine.

Besides this, taking drugs excessively and without a doctor’s prescription

is called drug abuse. The use of certain drugs like ecstasy and ice

produce harmful side effects. In addition, some types of medicines may

cause harmful side effects if being misused without a doctor’s

instructions. The harmful side effects posed by medicines should be

seriously attended to and the doctor’s advice and instructions should be


strictly followed.


6.0 References

1 ) Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng Nguan Hong and

Umi Kaithom Binti Ahmad, 2006. Chemistry Form 5. Runz Creative

Sdn. Bhd.

2 ) Vijaya Viswanathan B.Sc. , Catherine Lee B.Sc.Ed.( Hons. ), 2007. New

Vision Chemistry SPM. Marshall Cavendish ( Malaysia ) Sdn. Bhd.

3 ) Jess Tan Bsc ( Hons ) Ed, MED : COMPLETE Text & Guide SPM ARAHAN

PENDIDIKAN

4 ) Traditional medicine,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine

Modern medicine,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_medicine


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_medicine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine

5 ) Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng Nguan Hong, 2007.

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.


Form 5 Chemistry Folio - Medicine

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