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Transcript of Arivaran - Chemistry Folio
CHAPTER 9 :
NAME: Arivaran a/l Ravichantar
CLASS: 4 Amanah
SCHOOL: SMK Puchong
SUBJECT : Chemistry
2
BIODATA
Name : Arivaran a/l Ravichantar
Class : 4 Amanah
I.C. Number : 930228-14-5101
Address : No. 9, Jalan Indah 2/8, Taman Puchong Indah, 47100 Puchong,
Selangor Darul Ehsan.
Phone No. : 017-6817601
E-mail : [email protected]
3
CONTENT
Content Page
Biodata 2
9.1 Sulphuric acid
9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid 4
9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid 5
9.1.3 The industrial process in manufacture of sulphuric acid 9
9.1.4 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid 13
9.2 Ammonia and its salt
9.2.1 Properties of ammonia 14
9.2.2 The uses of ammonia 16
9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia 17
9.3 Alloys
9.3.1 Arrangement of Atoms in Metals 19
9.3.2 What are Alloys 20
9.3.3 Composition, Properties, Uses of Alloys 21
9.4 Synthetic polymers
9.4.1 What are Polymer, Properties of Polymers 23
9.4.2 Monomers in synthetic Polymers 24
9.4.3 Examples of Synthetic Polymers & Their Uses 25
9.5 Glass and ceramics 26
9.5.1 Glass 27
9.5.2 Ceramics 29
9.6 Composite material 31
Conclusion of Topic 33
Acknowledgment 34
References 35
4
9.1 SULPHURIC ACID
9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid
1. Sulphuric acid is a strong mineral acid.
2. Its molecular formula is H2SO4.
3. It is soluble in water.
4. Sulphuric acid is a non-volatile diprotic acid.
5. It is a highly corrosive, dense and oily liquid.
6. Concentrated sulphuric acid is a viscous colourless liquid.
Figure 9.2 Properties of sulphuric acid
Figure 9.1 A molecule of
sulphuric acid.
Properties of
sulphuric acid
Non-volatile
acid
Diprotic
acid
Soluble in
water
Highly
corrosive
Oily
liquid Viscous
colourless
liquid
Dense
5
9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid
1) To manufacture fertilizers
There are many fertilizers that can be made of sulphuric acid. Some of them are:
a) Calcium dihydrogen phosphate (superphosphate)
b) Ammonium sulphate
c) Potassium sulphate
2 H2SO4 + Ca3(PO4) 2 → Ca(H2 PO4) 2 + 2CaSO4
sulphuric acid + tricalcium phosphate → calcium dihydrogen phosphate
H2SO4 +2NH3 → (NH4) 2SO4
sulphuric acid + aqueous ammonia → ammonium sulphate
H2SO4 +2NH3 → (NH4) 2SO4
sulphuric acid + aqueous ammonia → ammonium sulphate
6
2) To manufacture detergents
Sulphuric acid reacts with hydrocarbon to produce sulphonic acid. Sulphonic acid is then
neutralized with sodium hydroxide to produce detergents. Examples of hydrocarbon
3) To manufacture synthetic fibres
Synthetic fibres are polymers ( long chain molecules). Rayon is an example of a synthetic
fibre that is produced from the action of sulphuric acid on cellulose.
4) To manufacture paint pigments
The white pigment in paint is usually barium sulphate, BaSO4. The neutralization of
sulphuric acid and barium hydroxide produces barium sulphate.
5) As an electrolyte in lead-acid accumulators
6) To remove metal oxides from metal surfaces before electroplating
7) To manufacture pesticides
8) The uses of sulphuric acid in school laboratories are:
a. As a strong acid
b. As a drying or dehydrating agent
c. As an oxidizing agent
d. As a sulphonating agent
e. As a catalyst
7
Figure 9.3 Uses of sulphuric acid
Uses of sulphuric acid
Manufacture
pesticides Remove metal
oxides from
metal surfaces
before
electroplating
As an
electrolyte in
lead-acid
accumulators
Manufacture
paint
pigments
Manufacture
synthetic
fibres
Manufacture
detergents
Manufacture
fertilizers
8
38%
13%18%
12%
1%
18%
making fertiliser
paints
chemicals
detergents
removing dust from steel
other uses
Figure 9.4 Uses of sulphuric acid in industry
9
9.1.2 The industrial process in manufacture sulphuric acid
1. Sulphuric acid is manufactured by the Contact process.
2. Sulphuric acid is produced from sulfur, oxygen and water via the contact
process.
3. The Contact process involves three stages.
4. Stage I: Production of sulphur dioxide gas, SO2.
This can be done by two methods,
a) Burning of sulphur in dry air.
b) Burning of metal sulphide such as zinc sulphide in dry air.
5. Stage II: Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide SO3.
This is then oxidised to sulfur trioxide under the following conditions:
a) The presence of a vanadium(V) oxide as a catalyst.
b) A temperature of between 450°C to 550°C.
c) A pressure of one atmosphere
Sulphur → Sulphur dioxide → Sulphur trioxide → Sulphuric acid
I II III
S + O2 → SO2
2ZnS + 3O2 → 2SO2 + 2ZnO
2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3
10
6. Stage III: Production of sulphuric acid
a) Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 to produce oleum,
H2S2O7
b) Oleum is reacted with water to form concentrated H2SO4.
7. In stage II, sulphur dioxide is dried first before being added to dry air to
produce sulphur trioxide. This is:
a) To remove water vapour
b) To remove contaminants
8. In stage III, sulphur trioxide is not dissolved directly in water to produce sulphuric
acid. This is because:
a) sulphur trioxide has low solubility in water
b) sulphur trioxide reacts violently and mists are formed instead of
a liquid
H2SO4+ SO3 → H2S2O7
H2S2O7+ H2O → 2 H2SO4
11
\
The Contact Process
In the converter
Sulphur Oxygen
S(s) + O2(g)SO2(g)
SO2 (g) + H2SO4 (aq)H2S2O7(l)
H2S2O7 (l) + H2O (l)2H2SO4(aq)
2SO(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
Temperature: 450-500°C
Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres
Catalyst: Vanadium (V) oxide
Oxygen
Unreacted
2%so2 is
flowed back
to converter
together with
oxygen
Outline Of Contact process
12
burned in air
a) the presence of a vanadium(V) oxide as a catalyst.
b) a temperature of between 450°C to 550°C.
c) a pressure of one atmosphere
dissolved in sulphuric acid, H2SO4
diluted with equal volume of water H2O
Figure 9.5 Flowchart of Contact process
Sulphur or metal sulphide
Sulphur dioxide, SO2
Sulphur trioxide, SO3
Oleum, H2S2O7
Concentrated sulphuric acid H2SO4
13
9.1.3 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid
1. Sulphur dioxide is the main byproduct produced when sulfur-containing fuels
such as coal or oil are burned.
2. Sulphuric acid is formed by atmospheric oxidation of sulphur dioxide in the
presence of water. It also produces sulphurous acid.
3. Sulphuric acid and sulphurous acid are constituents of acid rain.
4. Acid rain can cause many effects such as:
i. Corrodes concrete buildings and metal structure
ii. Destroys trees and plants
iii. Decrease the pH of th soil and make it become acidic
iv. Acid rain flows into the rivers and increases the acidity of water and kill
aquatic living things.
5. Hence, we must reduce the sulphur dioxide from the atmosphere by:
i. Use low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaust
gases
ii. Remove sulphur dioxide from waste air by treating it with calcium
carbonated before it is released
14
9.2 AMMONIA AND ITS SALT
9.2.1 Properties of ammonia
1. A colorless, pungent gas.
2. Its molecular formula is NH3
3. It is extremely soluble in water.
4. It is a weak alkali.
5. It is about one half as dense as air
6. It reacts with hydrogen chloride gas to produce
white fumes of ammonium chloride.
7. Ammonia is alkaline in property and reacts with dilute acids in neutralization
to produce salts. For examples:
8. Aqueous solutions of ammonia produces OH −
ions (except Na+ ion, K
+ ion,
and Ca 2+
ion) forming metal hydroxides precipitate.
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl
2NH3 + H2SO4 → (NH4) 2SO4
NH3 + HNO 3 → NH4NO 3
Fe3+
+ 3OH−
→ Fe(OH) 3
Brown precipitate
Mg
2+ + 2OH
− → Mg(OH) 2
White precipitate
Figure 9.6 A molecule of
ammonia.
15
Properties of ammonia
Colorless
Pungent
smell
Extremely
soluble in
water
Weak
alkali
9. Some metal hydroxides such as zinc hydroxide and copper (II) hydroxide
dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to form complexes.
Figure 9.7 Properties of ammonia
Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3→ [Zn(NH3)4] 2+
+ 2OH−
Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3→ [Cu(NH3)4] 2+
+ 2OH−
16
To manufacture nitrogenous
fertilisers
As a cooling agent
To prevent the coagulation of
latex in the rubber industry
To manufacture nitric acid in
industry
To manufacture explosive
USES OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY:
Examples are ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and
urea. The first two are prepare through neuralisation but urea is
produced by the reaction of ammonia with carbon dioxide. The
reaction involved are as the following:
a) 2NH3 (g) + H2SO4 (aq) (NH4)2SO4 (s) ammonium
sulphate b) NH3 (g) + HNO3 (aq)
NH4NO3 (aq) ammonium nitrate c)
2NH3 (g) + CO2 (g) (NH2)2CO (s) + H2O (l) urea
Having a low melting point,
liquefied ammonia makes a
good cooling agent in
refrigerators and air
conditioners.
It neutralizes the organic acids
formed by microorganisms in latex,
thereby preventing coagulation and
preserving the latex in liquid form.
Ammonia is converted to nitric acid in the Ostwald
process: 1) ammonia is first oxidised to nitrogen monoxide, NO, by
oxygen in the presence of platinum as catalyst at 900˚C.
4NH3 (g) + 5O2 (g) Pt/900˚C 4NO (aq) + 6H2O (l) 2) nitrogen monoxide is further oxidised to nitrogen
dioxide.
2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g) 3) Nitrogen dioxide and oxygen are dissolved in water to
produced nitric acid.
4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) + H2O (l) 4HNO3 (aq)
a) Nitric acid is manufactured from ammonia before
being used to make explosive like trinitrotoluene
(TNT).
b) Nitric acid, in this case, is reacted with organic
substances like toluene.
17
9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia
1. Haber process is the industrial method of producing ammonia.
2. It needs direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen under high pressure in the
presence of a catalyst, often iron.
3. Nitrogen gas used in Haber process is obtained from the frictional distillation of
liquid air.
4. Hydrogen gas used in Haber process can be obtained by two methods:
a) The reaction between steam and heated coke (carbon)
b) The reaction between steam and natural gas ( consisting mainly of
methane)
5. In the Haber process:
a) A mixture consisting of one volume of nitrogen gas and three volume of
hydrogen gas is compressed to a pressure between 200 – 500 atmospheres.
b) The gas mixture is passed through a catalyst of powdered iron at a
temperature of 450 - 550°C.
c) At this optimum temperature and pressure, ammonia gas is produced.
C + H2O → CO + H2
CH4 + 2H2O → CO2 +
4H2
N2+ 3H2 → 2NH3
18
The Haber process
Nitrogen Hydrogen
N2 and H2 are mixed in the proportion of 1:3
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Temperature: 450-500°C
Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres
Catalyst used: Iron fillings
Liquid ammonia
In cooling chamber
Unreacted N2
and H2 gases
In the reactor chamber
Outline of Haber process
19
9.3 ALLOYS
9.3.1 ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN METALS
1. The atom of pure metals are packed together closely. This causes the metal to have a
hight density
2. The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic bonds) are strong. More heat
energy is needed to overcome the metallic bond so that the atoms are further apart
during the melting. This is why metals usually have hight melting point.
3. Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to the next by vibration. This
make metal good conduct of heat.
4. The freely moving outermost electrons within the metal’s structure are able to
conduct electricity. Metal are, therefore, good electrical conductors.
5. Since atoms of pure metal are of the same size, they are arranged orderly in a regular
layered pattern. When a force is applied to metal, layer of atom slide easily over one
another. This make pure metals soft, malleable and ductile.
Force
Layer of atom slide
Metals are ductile
Force
The shape of the
metal change
Matel are malleable
20
9.3.2 WHAT ARE ALLOYS
1. Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low resistance to
corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily.
2. To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another element
(usually metal) is added to form another an alloy.
3. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a specific
proportion. For example:
a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin)
b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)
4. The purposes of making alloys include the following:
a) Increase the strength
i. Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of carbon is added
to iron, an alloy, steal is formed. The more carbon is added, the stronger the
steel becomes.
ii. Pure aluminium is light but not strong. With a small amount of copper and
magnesium are added to aluminium, a strong, light and durable alloy call
duralumin is produced.
b) Improving the resistance to corrosion
i. Iron rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4% of
carbon, 18% of chromium and 1% of nickel does not rush. These properties
make stainless steel suitable for making surgical instrument and cutlery.
ii. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the yellow alloy which
is known as brass develops a high resistance to corrosion.
c) Enhancing the appearance
i. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is not only hard but also
has a more beautiful white silvery appearance.
ii. When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy that has an
attractive silvery, bright appearance is formed which is suitable for making
coins.
21
9.3.3 Composition, Properties, Uses of Alloy
Alloy Composition Properties Uses
Cupronickel Cu 75% Ni 25%
Hard, strong, resist corrosion
Coins
Duralumin Al 95% Cu 4% Mg 1%
Light, strong
Aeroplane part, electric cables racing bicycles
Steel Fe 99%
C 1%
Hard, strong, cheap
Vehicles, bridges, buildings
Stainless steel
Fe 73% Cr 18% Ni 8% C 1%
Hard, rust resistant
Kitchen appliance, watches, knifes, fork, spoons, machine parts
bronze Cu 90% Sn 10%
Hard, strong, shining
Decorative items, medals, artwork, pots & pans
Brass Cu 70% Zn 30%
Harder and cheaper than Cu
Musical instrument, bell, nails, screw, and pots
Solder Pb 50% Sn 50%
Low melting point, strong
Welding, soldering work
Pewter Sn 91% Sb 7% Cu 2%
Malleable, ductile, rust resistant
Decorative items,souvenirs
Magnalium Al 70%
Mg 30%
Light, strong Tyre rim of racing car, skeletal
body of aeroplane
The formation of alloy
22
Examples Of Alloys
EXAMPLE OF ALLOY
Brass
Stainless Steel
Manganese steel
Manganese Steel
Bronze
Bronze Steel
Stainless steel Pewter
23
9.4 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
9.4.1 WHAT ARE POLYMER
1. Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units joined
together repeatedly are called polymer.
2. The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are caller
monomer.
3. The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long chain
polymer is called polymerisation.
4. Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural polymer are
found in plant and in animals for example of natural polymers are starch cellulose,
protein and rubber.
5. Two type of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additional
polymerisation.
6. Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerisation.
Properties of
Polymers
large molicule that is in the form of long
chain with high RMM
made up of many monomers which
join together through process
called polymerisation
two types:-
- natural polymer
- syntetic polymer
24
9.4.2 Monomers and repeat units
The identity of the monomer residues (repeat units) comprising a polymer is its
first and most important attribute.
Polymer nomenclature is generally based upon the type of monomer residues
comprising the polymer.
Polymers that contain only a single type of repeat unit are known as
homopolymers, while polymers containing a mixture of repeat units are known as
copolymers.
Poly(styrene), for example, is composed only of styrene monomer residues, and is
therefore classified as a homopolymer.
Ethylene-vinyl acetate, on the other hand, contains more than one variety of
repeat unit and is thus a copolymer.
Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally
related monomer residues;
for example, polynucleotides such as DNA are composed of a variety of
nucleotide subunits.
A polymer molecule containing ionizable subunits is known as a polyelectrolyte
or ionomer
25
Some Common Addition Polymers
Name(s) Formula Monomer Properties Uses
Polyethylene low density
(LDPE)
–(CH2-
CH2)n–
ethylene
CH2=CH2 soft, waxy solid
film wrap,
plastic bags
Polyethylene high density
(HDPE)
–(CH2-
CH2)n–
ethylene
CH2=CH2
rigid, translucent
solid
electrical
insulation
bottles, toys
Polypropylene (PP) different
grades
–[CH2-
CH(CH3)]n–
propylene
CH2=CHCH3
atactic: soft,
elastic solid
isotactic: hard,
strong solid
similar to
LDPE
carpet,
upholstery
Poly(vinyl
chloride) (PVC)
–(CH2-
CHCl)n–
vinyl chloride
CH2=CHCl strong rigid solid
pipes, siding,
flooring
Poly(vinylidene
chloride) (Saran A)
–(CH2-
CCl2)n–
vinylidene
chloride
CH2=CCl2
dense, high-
melting solid
seat covers,
films
Polystyrene (PS)
–[CH2-
CH(C6H5)]n–
styrene
CH2=CHC6H5
hard, rigid, clear
solid
soluble in organic
solvents
toys, cabinets
packaging
(foamed)
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN, Orlon,
Acrilan)
–(CH2-
CHCN)n–
acrylonitrile
CH2=CHCN
high-melting solid
soluble in organic
solvents
rugs, blankets
clothing
Polytetrafluoroet
hylene (PTFE, Teflon)
–(CF2-
CF2)n–
tetrafluoroethy
lene
CF2=CF2
resistant, smooth
solid
non-stick
surfaces
electrical
insulation
Poly(methyl
methacrylate) (PMMA, Lucite,
Plexiglas)
–[CH2-
C(CH3)CO2
CH3]n–
methyl
methacrylate
CH2=C(CH3)C
O2CH3
hard, transparent
solid
lighting covers,
signs
skylights
Poly(vinyl
acetate) (PVAc)
–(CH2-
CHOCOCH3
)n–
vinyl acetate
CH2=CHOCO
CH3
soft, sticky solid latex paints,
adhesives
Uses of synthetic polymer
26
9.5 GLASS AND CERAMICS
1. The main component of both glass and ceramic is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2.
2. Both glass and ceramic have the same properties as follow
a) Hard and brittle
b) Inert to chemical reactions
c) Insulators or poor conductors of heat and electricity
d) Withstand compression but not stretching
e) Can be easily cleaned
f) Low cost of production
3. Differences between glass and cerement are, glass is transparent, while ceramic is
opaque. Ceramic can withstand a higher temperature than normal glass.
4. Types of glass are
a) Fused glass
It is consist mainly of silica or silicon dioxide
It has high heat resistance
b) Soda lime glass
It cannot withstand high temperatures
c) Borosilicate glass
It can withstand high temperature
d) Lead glass
High refractive index
5. Uses of improved glass for specific purpose
a) Photochromic glass
It is sensitive to light intensity
b) Conducting glass
It conducts electricity
6. Ceramic is a manufactured substances made from clay, with the main constituent of
aluminosilicate with small quantity of sand and feldspar.
7. Superconductor is one improved ceramics for specific purposes.
27
GLASS
Glass:-
The major component of glass is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2 which found in
sand.
Properties of glass
Impermeable to liquid
Electrical insulator
Heat insulator
Chemically inert
hard but brittle
Transparent
28
TYPES, COMPOSITION,
PROPERTIES, AND USES OF
GLASS
GLASS COMPOSITION PROPERTIES USES
Soda lime glass
SiO2 – 70%
Na2O – 15%
CaO – 10%
Others – 4%
Low melting point
Mouldable into shapes
Cheap
Breakable
Can withstand high
heat
Glass container
Glass panes
Mirror
Lamps and bulbs
Plates and bowls
Bottles
Lead glass (crystal)
SiO2 – 70%
Na2O – 20%
PbO – 10%
High density and
refractive index
Glittering surface
Soft
Low melting point
(600˚C)
Containers for drinks
and food
Decorative glass
Crystal glassware
Lens for spectacles
Borosilicate glass
(Pyrex)
SiO2 – 80%
B2O3 – 13%
Na2O – 4%
Al2O3 – 2%
Resistant to high heat
&chemical reaction
Does not break easily
Allow infra-red rays
but no ultra-violet rays
Glass apparatus in lab
Cooking utensils
Fused silicate glass SiO2 – 99%
B2O3 – 1%
High melting point
(1700˚C)
Expensive
Allow ultraviolet to
pass through
Difficult to melt or
mould into shape
Scientific apparatus
like lens on
spectrometer
Optical lens
Lab apparatus
29
CERAMICS
Ceramics:-
Ceramic is manufactured substances made from clay that is dried, and heated in a
kiln at a very high temperature
The main component of clay is aluminosilicate (aluminum oxide and silicon
dioxide) with small quantities of sand and feldspar. Unlike glass, ceramic cannot
be recycled.
Kaolinite is a high quality white clay that contains hydrated aluminosilicate,
Al2O3•2SiO2•2H2O.
Properties of
ceramics
extremely hard &
strong but brittle
has a very high
melting point
inert to chemicals
good insulator of electricity and heat
able to withstand and resist corrosion
30
THE DIFFERENT CLASES OF
CERAMIC
GROUP COMPOSITION
Mineral Quartz – SiO2
Calcite – CaCO3
Cement material Mixture of CaSiO3 and ammonium silicate
Oxide of ceramic Aluminium oxide – Al2O3
Silicon dioxide – SiO2
Magnesium oxide – MgO
Non-oxides of ceramic Silicon nitride – Si3N4
Silicon carbide – SiC
Boron nitride – BN
Boron carbide – B4C3
THE USES OF IMPROVED GLASS AND CERAMICS FOR
SPECIFIC PURPOSES
GLASS OPTICAL FIBRE
•A pure silica glass thread that conducts light.
•this fibres can transmit messages modulated onto light waves.
•used inmedical instrument, LAN
CONDUCTING GLASS
•a type of glass that can conduct electricity.
•produce by embedding a thin layer of conducting material in glass.
•adding a layer of indium tin(iv) oxide (ITO) acts as an electrical conductor.
•used in the making of LCD
GLASS-CERAMIC
•Rearrange its atoms into regular patterns by heating glass to form strong material
•it can withstand high temperature, chemical attacks
•used in tile, cookware, rockets, engine blocks
CERAMIC SUPERCONUCTOR
•superconductor can conduct electricity at low temoerature without resistance, loss of electrical energy as heat
•used to make light magnet, electric motors, electrical generators
PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS
•sensitive to light intensity
•the glass darken when exposed to sunlight but became clear when light intensity decresase.
•used in windows, sunglasses ad instrument control
31
9.6 COMPOSITE MATERIAL
9.6.1 WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS
1. A composite materials (or composite) is a structure of materials that is formed by two
or more different substances such as metal, glass, ceramic and polymer.
2. Some common composite materials are:
a. Reinforces concrete
b. Superconductor
c. Fibre optic
d. Fibre glass
e. Photochromic glass
Uses of composite material
in the medical field: to replace organs in the form of plastic composite organ
sronger buildings are built by using
reinforce concrete
car part now use composite material
instead iron and steel. this increase
the speed of the car and fuel saver
32
COMPOSITE MATERIAL
COMPONENT PROPERTIES OF COMPONENT
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE
USES
Reinforced concrete
concrete hard but brittle
low tensile strengh
stronger
higher tensile strength
does not corrode easily
cheaper
can be moulded into shape
can withstand very high applied force
can support very heavy load
construction of road
rocket launching pads
high-rise buildings
steel strong in tensile strength
expensive
can corrode
Superconductor
Cooper(ll) oxide
Yttrium oxide
Barium oxide
Insulator of electricity
Conducts electricity without resistance when cooled by liquid nitrogen
Magnetically levitated train
Transformer
Electric cable
Computer parts
Photochromic glass
Glass Transparent
Not sensitive to light
Reduce refraction of light
Control the amount of light passed through it auto.
Has the ability to change colour and become darker when exposed to ultraviolet light
Information display panels
Light detector device
Car windshields
Optical lens
Silver chloride or silver bromide
Sensitive to light
Fibre optics
Glass with low refraction index
Transparent
Does not reflect light rays
Low material cost
Reflect light rays and allow to travel along the fibre
Can transmit electronic data or signal, voice and image
Transmit data using light waves in telecommunications
Glass with higher refractive index
Fibre glass
glass high density
strong but brittle
non-flexible
high tensile strength
moulded and shaped
inert to chemicals
light, strong, tough
non-flammable
impermeable to water
resilient
flexible
car bodies
helmets
skies
rackets
furniture polyester
plastic light
flexible
inflammable
elastic but weak
33
CONCLUSION OF TOPIC
We must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. One of the way is by
doing continuous research and development ( R & D ) to produce better materials used to
improve our standard of living. As we live in a changing world, our society is getting
more complex. New materials are required to overcome new challenges and problems we
face in our daily lives. Synthetic material are developed constantly due to the limitation
and shortage of natural materials. New technological developments are used by scientists
to make new discoveries.
New materials for clothing, shelter, tools and communication to improve our daily
life are developed continuously for the well-being of mankind. New needs and new
problem will stimulate the development of new synthetic materials. For example, the new
use of plastic composite material will replace metal in the making of a stronger and
lighter car body. This will save fuel and improve speed. Plastic composite materials may
one day used to make organs for organ transplant in human bodies. This will become
necessity with the shortage of human organ donors.
The understanding of the interaction between different chemicals is important for
both the development of new synthetic materials and the disposal of such synthetic
materials as waste. A responsible and systemic method of handling the waste of synthetic
materials and their by-product is important to prevent environmental pollution. The
recycling and development of environmental friendly synthetic material should be
enforced.
34
Acknowledgment
First of all, I wish to express my sincere thanks to GOD for his
care and generosity throughout of my life.
I would like to express my sincere appreciation and my deep
gratitude to Puan Ng Pek Lan, Form 4 Amanah Chemistry Teacher,
SMK Puchong Batu 14 who assigned the work, and kindly supplied me
with all necessary facilities for its success and helped me to complete
this work.
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere thanks to
all my family members especially my parents who gave me not only
financial support but also moral support and motivation to fine the
solutions to all the questions given.
I am also deeply indebted to my school mates Mathiarasi a/p
Bernabas, Sivaselvan a/l Subramaniam, Uberesh a/l Machap,
Kavitha a/p Kasturi, Logeswary a/p Painaidu of SMK Puchong Batu
14 for their great support throughout the whole work.
35
REFERENCES
1. Tan Yin Toon, Loh Wai Leng, Tan On Tin, 2008, SUCCESS Chemistry SPM,
Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd.
2. Website http://www.answers.com
3. Website http://www.wikipedia.com
4. Eng Nguan Hong, Lim Eng Wah, Lim Yean Ching, 2009, FOCUS ACE SPM,
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn.Bhd.