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EE 330
Lecture 33
Basic amplifier architectures• Common Emitter/Source
• Common Collector/Drain
• Common Base/Gate
Basic Amplifiers
• Analysis, Operation, and Design
Exam 3 Friday April 13
V1 V2
I1 I2RIN ROUT
AVV1AVRV2
Two Port (Thevenin)
y11A y22A
y12AV2A
y21AV1A
V1A V2A
i1Ai2A
R1
RB
V1B V2B
I1B I2B
g22B
g21BV2B g12BV1B
g11B
Two Port (Norton)
i1C
Linear Two Port
v1C
i2C
v2C
H-parameters
(Hybrid Parameters)
1 11 1 12 2C C C C Ch h V i v
2 21 1 22 2C C C C Ch h i i v
RXX
V1
i1
V2
i2
Two-Port Equivalents of Interconnected Two-ports
Review Previous Lecture
Apply V1, open V2 to get AV but short V2 to get RIN
Apply V2, open V1 to get AVR but short V1 to get ROUT
Circuit analysis steps• Large signal Q-point analysis
– Open cap, short inductors
– Assume operation regions for active devices
– Replace each nonlinear device by its simplified
piecewise linear model
– Compute Q-point: node voltages and device currents
– Verify assumed region
• Small signal DC analysis
– Short DC V-source, open DC I-source
– Short coupling caps
– Replace each nonlinear device by its ss model
– Perform standard linear analysis as in 201
Review Previous Lecture
Basic Amplifier Structures
Common Source or Common Emitter
Common Gate or Common Base
Common Drain or Common Collector
Common Input Output Common Input Output
S G D E B C
G S D B E C
D G S C B E
MOS BJT
D
S
G B
E
C
Small Signal Transistor Models
as 3-terminal Devices
Review Previous Lecture
Objectives in Study of Basic Amplifier Structures
1. Obtain key properties of each basic amplifier
2. Develop method of designing amplifiers with specific
characteristics using basic amplifier structures
The three basic amplifier types for both
MOS and bipolar processes
Common Emitter
Common Base
Common Collector
Common Source
Common Gate
Common Drain
Will focus on the performance of the bipolar structures and then obtain
performance of the MOS structures by observation
Revie
w P
revio
us L
ectu
re
Methods of Obtaining Amplifier Two-Port Network
1. VTEST : iTEST Method (considered in last lecture)
2. Write V1 : V2 equations in standard form
3. Thevenin-Norton Transformations
4. Ad Hoc Approaches
Ro
V1
i1
v0 1A V V2
Rin
i2
vR 2A V
VR 2 1 1 IN
2 2 O V0 1
= R
= R +
A
A
+ V i V
V i V
Two-Port Models of Basic Amplifiers widely used for
Analysis and Design of Amplifier Circuits
Any of these methods can be used to obtain the two-port model
testin
test
R V
i
Ro
V1
i1
v0 1A VV2
Rin
i2
vR 2A VVtestVout-test
out-testVR
test
A V
V
test0
test
R V
i
out-testV0
test
A V
V
Ro
V1
i1
v0 1A V V2
Rin
i2
vR 2A VVtest
iTEST
Ro
V1
i1
v0 1A V V2
Rin
i2
vR 2A VVtest
Vout-test
Ro
V1
i1
v0 1A V V2
Rin
i2
vR 2A VVtest
iTEST
test test: V i Method for Obtaining Two-Port Amplifier Parameters
SUMMARY from PREVIOUS LECTURE
If Unila
tera
l A V
R =
0
Common Emitter
Common Base
Common Collector
Common Source
Common Gate
Common Drain
Will now develop two-port model for each of the three basic
amplifiers and look at one widely used application of each
Consider Common Emitter/Common Source
Two-port Models
Common Emitter
Common Base
Common Collector
Common Source
Common Gate
Common Drain
Will focus on Bipolar Circuit since MOS counterpart is a special case obtained by setting gπ=0
Basic CE/CS Amplifier Structures
R1
VIN
VOUT
RM1
VIN
VOUT
The CE and CS amplifiers are themselves two-ports !
Common Emitter AmplifierCommon Source Amplifier
R1
VIN
VOUT
RM1
VOUT
VIN
Common Emitter
Amplifier
Common Source
Amplifier
Can include or exclude R and R1 in two-port models (of course they are different circuits)
Two-port model for Common Emitter Configuration
Common Emitter
VbegOgmVbe
gπ
B
E
C
Ro
V1
i1
v0 1A V V2Rin
i2
{Ri, AV0 and R0}
?
Methods of Obtaining Amplifier Two-Port Network
1. VTEST : iTEST Method
2. Write V1 : V2 equations in standard form
3. Thevenin-Norton Transformations
4. Ad Hoc Approaches
Ro
V1
i1
v0 1A V V2
Rin
i2
vR 2A V
VR 2 1 1 IN
2 2 O V0 1
= R
= R +
A
A
+ V i V
V i V
Two-Port Models of Basic Amplifiers widely used for
Analysis and Design of Amplifier Circuits
Two-port model for Common Emitter Configuration
Common EmitterVbe
gOgmVbegπ
B
E
C
Ro
V1
i1
v0 1A V V2Rin
i2
By Thevenin : Norton Transformations
in1
Rg
mV0
0
gA
g 0
0
1R
g 0VRA
Methods of Obtaining Amplifier Two-Port Network
1. VTEST : iTEST method
2. Write V1 : V2 equations in standard form
3. Thevenin-Norton Transformations
4. Ad Hoc Approaches
Ro
V1
i1
v0 1A V V2
Rin
i2
vR 2A V
VR 2 1 1 IN
2 2 O V0 1
= R
= R +
A
A
+ V i V
V i V
Two-Port Models of Basic Amplifiers widely used for
Analysis and Design of Amplifier Circuits
Two-port model for Common Emitter Configuration
Common Emitter
Ro
V1
i1
v0 1A V V2Rin
i2
{Rin, AV0 and R0}
itest
Vtest VbegOgmVbe
gπ
testin
test
R V
i
in1
Rg
To obtain Rin
Alternately, by VTEST : iTEST Method
Two-port model for Common Emitter Configuration
Common Emitter
Ro
V1
i1
v0 1A V V2Rin
i2
{Rin, AV0 and R0}
To obtain AV0
Vout-testVtest Vbe
gOgmVbegπ
out-testV0
test
A V
V
0
mout test test
g
g
V V
mV0
0
gA
g
Alternately, by VTEST : iTEST Method
Two-port model for Common Emitter Configuration
Common Emitter
Ro
V1
i1
v0 1A V V2Rin
i2
{Rin, AV0 and R0}
To obtain g0
0test testi gV
VbegOgmVbe
gπ
itest
Vtest
test0
test
R V
i
00
1R
g
Alternately, by VTEST : iTEST Method
Two-port model for Common Emitter Configuration
Common Emitter
Ro
V1
i1
v0 1A V V2Rin
i2
00
1R
gm
V00
gA
g in
1R
g
• Input impedance is mid-range
• Voltage Gain is Large and Inverting
• Output impedance is large
• Unilateral
• Widely used to build voltage amplifiers
ti
CQ
VR
I
AF
V0t
VA
V AF
0CQ
VR
I
In terms of operating point and model parameters:
In terms of small signal model parameters:
Characteristics:
0VRA
0VRA
Common Emitter Configuration
Consider the following CE application
B
E
C
VDD
Vin
RC
Vout
VEE
Ro
V1 v0 1A VRin
C
B
E
RC
Vout
Vin
CE Two-Port Model
0 0 V0 inAout Cg g g V V0
0
0 0
ouC
tV
V0
in
AA
Cg g
m
C C
m C
gR
g
g g gg
g
V
V
iinC πn= RR = r
outC o CR = R //R0
0
1ou o CtC CR = R //R R
C
g
C
g
g g
CE Two-port including RC
(this will also generate a two-port model for
this CE application)
Common Emitter inc RC
RC
0VRA
Common Emitter Configuration
Consider the following CE application
This circuit can also be analyzed directly without using 2-port
model for CE configuration
VbegOgmVbe
gπ RCVin
B
E
CVout
0
1out m in
C
gg g
V V
0
0
CA R
C
out m
in C
g g
mgg
g gV
V=
V
in πR = r
0
0
1out CR = R
Cg
C
g
g g
(this will also generate a two-port model for this CE application)
Common Emitter inc RC
RC
0VRA
Common Emitter Configuration
Consider the following CE application
0
CA R
C
g g
mgV
in πR = r
• Input impedance is mid-range
• Voltage Gain is large and Inverting
• Output impedance is mid-range
• Unilateral
• Widely used as a voltage amplifier
0
0
1out CR R
Cg g
Cg g
0
CQ C
t
I RA
V
C
g g
V
0
out CR R
C
g g
tin
CQ
VR =
I
(this is also a two-port model for this CE application)
Common Emitter inc RC
RC
Small signal parameter domainOperating point and model parameter domain
Characteristics:
0VRA
Common Source/ Common Emitter Configurations
Common Emitter
Common Source
00
1R
gm
V00
gA
g in
1R
g
tin
CQ
VR
I
AF
V0t
VA
V AF
0CQ
VR
I
In terms of operating point and model parameters:
00
1R
gm
V00
gA
g
inR
inR
22 AF
V0EBQ EBQ
VA
V V
AF0
DQ DQ
V1R
I I
• Input impedance is mid-range (infinite for MOS)
• Voltage Gain is Large and Inverting
• Output impedance is large
• Unilateral
• Widely used to build voltage amplifiers
Characteristics:
0VRA 0VRA
Common Source/Common Emitter Configuration
0
CA R
C
g g
mgV
in πR = r
• Input impedance is mid-range (infinite for MOS)
• Voltage Gain is Large and Inverting
• Output impedance is mid-range
• Unilateral
• Widely used as a voltage amplifier
0
0
1out DR R
Dg g
Dg g
0
CQ C
t
I RA
V
C
g g
V
0
out CR R
C
g g
tin
CQ
VR =
I
Common Emitter inc RC
RC
Common Source inc RD
RD
In terms of operating point and model parameters:
0
0
1out CR R
Cg g
Cg g0
DA R
D
g g
mgV
inR
inR
0 2 D
EBQ
RA
V
D
g gDQI
V
0
out DR R
D
g g
Characteristics:
0VRA 0VRA
Consider Common Collector/Common Drain
Two-port Models
Common Emitter
Common Base
Common Collector
Common Source
Common Gate
Common Drain
Will focus on Bipolar Circuit since MOS counterpart is a special case obtained by setting gπ=0
Two-port model for Common Collector Configuration
{RiX, AV0, AV0r and R0X}
?
VbegOgmVbe
gπ
Common Collector
RoX
V1v0 1A V V2
RiXi2i1
v0r 2A V
B
C
E
Methods of Obtaining Amplifier Two-Port Network
1. VTEST : iTEST Method
2. Write V1 : V2 equations in standard form
3. Thevenin-Norton Transformations
4. Ad Hoc Approaches
Ro
V1
i1
v0 1A V V2
Rin
i2
vR 2A V
VR 2 1 1 IN
2 2 O V0 1
= R
= R +
A
A
+ V i V
V i V
Two-Port Models of Basic Amplifiers widely used for
Analysis and Design of Amplifier Circuits
Two-port model for Common Collector Configuration
1 1 2i g V V
Common Collector
VbegOgmVbe
gπV1
i1
V2
i2
2 2 1m o mi g g g g g V V
Applying KCL at the input and output node, obtain
These can be rewritten as
1 1 2πri V V
2 2 1
1 m
m o m o
g g
g g g g g g
V i V
RiX=rπ AVOr=11
0XRm og g g
V0A m
m o
g g
g g g
It thus follows that
RoX
V1
i1
v0 1A VV2
RiX
i2
vR 2A V
V1 : V2 equations in standard form
1 1 2
2 2 1
iX
oX
R
R
VR
V
i A
i A
V V
V V
Standard Two-Port Amplifier Representation
Two-port model for Common Collector Configuration
Common Collector
VbegOgmVbe
gπV1
i1
V2
i2
RiX=rπ
AVOr=1
10XR
m og g g
V0A m
m o
g g
g g g
RoX
V1v0 1A V
V2
Rixi2i1
v0r 2A V
B
C
E
Two-port Common Collector Model
1
mg
1
Common Collector Configuration
Consider the following CC application
B
E
C
VSS
VDD
Vin
RE
Vout
RoX
V1v0 1A V V2
Rixi2i1
v0r 2A V
VinRE
Vout
B
C
E
1V V0A = A =
m Eif g g
ox m m o m m
ox E m o m o E m o E m E
g g g g g g g g g
g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g
0X in 1 ix v0r v0 in
0X E
g= R A A
g +gV i V
1E0
m E 0 π m E m E
R1 1R = =
g +g +g +g g +g 1+g R
m E
g g
mg
Determine Rin, R0, and A V
(this is not asking for a two-port model for the CC
application – Rin and AV defined for no additional load
on output, Ro defined for short-circuit input)
1in π π E
rR = r r +βR
E og g
m o E
m o E
m o E
g g g g
g g g g
g g g g
Common Collector
REVIN
VOUT
Common Collector Configuration
Consider the following CC applicationB
E
C
VSS
VDD
Vin
RE
Vout
Alternately, this circuit can also be analyzed directly
V1gOgmV1
gπ
RE
Vin
VOUT
iin
0 1out E in mg g g g g V V V
1in out V V V0
CQ EV
CQ E t
I RA
I R +V
m m
m E m E
g g g
g g g g g g
0out m E in mg g g g g g V V
0out m E in mg g g g g g V V
in in outg i V V 0 0in m E in Eg g g g g g g i V
in π EπR r += βR r
E og g
m o E
o E
g g g g
g g
(this is not asking for a two-port model for the CC
application, – Rin and AV defined for no additional
load on output, Ro defined for short-circuit input -) Common Collector
REVIN
VOUT
Common Collector Configuration
Consider the following CC applicationB
E
C
VSS
VDD
Vin
RE
Vout
V1gOgmV1
gπ
RE
Vin
VOUT
iin
0 out out E m outg g g gi V V
1 1out= R
E og g
m o E mg g g g g
(this is not asking for a two-port model for the CC
application, – Rin and AV defined for no additional
load on output, Ro defined for short-circuit input -) Common Collector
REVIN
VOUT
To obtain R0, set 0inV
V1gOgmV1
gπ
RE
VOUT
iout
Common Collector Configuration
Consider the following CC applicationB
E
C
VSS
VDD
Vin
RE
Vout
1 1out= R
E og g
m o E mg g g g g
(this is not asking for a two-port model for the CC
application, – Rin and AV defined for no additional
load on output, Ro defined for short-circuit input -)
0
1CQ EV
CQ E t
I RA
I R +V
m m
m E m E
g g g
g g g g g g
in π EπR r += βR r
E og g
m o E
o E
g g g g
g g
Question: Why are
these not the two-port
parameters of this
circuit?
RoX
V1v0 1A V
V2
Rixi2i1
v0r 2A V
B
C
E
Common Collector
REVIN
VOUT
• Rin defined for open-circuit
on output instead of short-
circuit (see previous slide : -2
slides)
• AV0r ≠0
Common Collector Configuration
For this CC application B
E
C
VSS
VDD
Vin
RE
Vout
0
VA m
m E
g g
g g g g
in π ER r +βR
E o
g g
1 1E0
m E
RR
1+g R
m E
g R
mg
• Output impedance is low
• AV0 is positive and near 1
• Input impedance is very large
• Widely used as a buffer
• Not completely unilateral but output-input transconductance (or AVr)
is small and effects are generally negligible though magnitude same as AV
CQ EV
CQ E t
I RA
I R +V
CQ E tI R V
in ER βR
CQ E tI R V
t0
CQ
VR
I
(this is not a two-port model for this CC application)
1
m E
if g g
1CQ E tI R V
Common Collector
REVIN
VOUT
Small signal parameter domain Operating point and model parameter domain
Characteristics:
Common Collector/Common Drain ConfigurationsFor these CC/CD applications
B
E
C
VEE
VCC
Vin
RE
Vout
0
VA m
m E
g g
g g g g
in π ER r +βR
E o
g g
1 1E0
m E
RR
1+g R
m E
g R
mg
• Output impedance is low
• AV0 is positive and near 1
• Input impedance is very large
CQ EV
CQ E t
I RA
I R +V
CQ E tI R V
in ER βR
CQ E tI R V
t0
CQ
VR
I
(not two-port models for these applications)
1
m E
if g g
1CQ E tI R V
Common Collector
REVIN
VOUT
Common Drain
RDVIN
VOUT
G
S
D
VSS
Vin
RS
Vout
VDD
0
VA m
m S
g
g g g
1
m S
if g g
inR
1 1S0
m S
RR
1+g R
m S
g R
mg
In terms of operating point and model parameters:
• Widely used as a buffer
• Not completely unilateral but output-input
transconductance is small
DQ SV
DQ S EBQ
2I RA
2I R +V
1DQ EBQ
2I R V
S
if
DQ S EBQ2I R V
EBQ S EBQ0
EBQ DQ S DQ
V R VR
V +2I R 2I
inR
Consider Common Base/Common Gate
Two-port Models
Common Emitter
Common Base
Common Collector
Common Source
Common Gate
Common Drain
Will focus on Bipolar Circuit since MOS counterpart is a special case obtained by setting gπ=0
Two-port model for Common Base Configuration
?
VbegOgmVbe
gπ
Common Base
RoX
V1v0 1A V V2
RiXi2i1
v0r 2A V
B
E C
{RiX, AV0, AV0r and R0X}
Methods of Obtaining Amplifier Two-Port Network
1. VTEST : iTEST Method
2. Write V1 : V2 equations in standard form
3. Thevenin-Norton Transformations
4. Ad Hoc Approaches
Ro
V1
i1
v0 1A V V2
Rin
i2
vR 2A V
VR 2 1 1 IN
2 2 O V0 1
= R
= R +
A
A
+ V i V
V i V
Two-Port Models of Basic Amplifiers widely used for
Analysis and Design of Amplifier Circuits
Two-port model for Common Base Configuration
Common Base
1 1 1 2 0 1mg g g i V V V V
2 2 1 0 1mg g i V V V
From KCL
VbegOgmVbe
gπV1
i1
V2
i2
01 1 2
0 0
1
m m
g
g g g g g g
V i V
2 2 1
0 0
11 mg
g g
V i V
0
1 1iXR
m mg g g g
These can be rewritten as
It thus follows that:0
0
VOrAm
g
g g g
0 0
1V0A m mg g
g g 0
1oXR
g
V1 : V2 equations in standard form
VR 2 1 1 IN
2 2 O V0 1
= R
= R +
A
A
+ V i V
V i V
Standard Form for Amplifier Two-Port
Ro
V1
i1
v0 1A V V2
Rin
i2
vR 2A V
Two-port model for Common Base Configuration
Common Base
VbegOgmVbe
gπV1
i1
V2
i2
0
1 1iXR
m mg g g g
0 0
0
VOrA
m m
g g
g g g g
0 0
1V0A m mg g
g g
0
1oXR
g
RoX
v0 1A VV2
Rini2
v0r 2A V
B
E C
i1
V1
Two-port Common Base Model
Common Base Configuration
Consider the following CB application
B
E
C
VBB
VDD
Vin
RC
Vout
RoX
V1v0 1A V V2
RiXi2i1
v0r 2A V
B
E CVin
RC
Vout
0 0 0
0 0 0
CV V0
C 0X
RA = A
R +R
m mm
C
C
C
g g g g g
g g gg
gR
g
1 iX V0r out inin
1 1
R +AR = =
i VV
i i 0
0 0
1in
iX
V0r V
R=
1-A AR
C
C mm
g g
g g g g g g g
Cout
0 C
RR
1+g R
out C 0XR R //R
(this is not asking for a two-port model for this CB
application - – Rin and AV defined for no load on
output, Ro defined for short-circuit input ) VIN
Common Base
RC
VOUT
Common Base Configuration
Consider the following CB application
B
E
C
VBB
VDD
Vin
RC
Vout
Cout C
0 C
RR R
1+g R
Alternately, this circuit can also be analyzed directly
VbegOgmVbe
gπV1
i1
V2
i2
RCVin
B
E
CVout
By KCL at the output node, obtain
C 0 0 m 0 ing +g = g +gV V 0
0
VA =
mm
C
C
g g
gg R
gBy KCL at the emitter node, obtain
01 m 0 in out= g +g +g g i V V
0 C
C m π 0 π 0in
m
g +g=
g g +g +g +g g
1R
g
out C 0R R //r
(this is not asking for a two-port model for this CB
application – Rin and AV defined for no load on output,
Ro defined for short-circuit input ) VIN
Common Base
RC
VOUT
Common Base Application
B
E
C
VBB
VDD
Vin
RC
Vout
C 0R <<r
out CR R
VA m Cg R
inm
1R
g
CQ CV
t
I RA
V
tin
CQ
VR
I
C 0R <<r
out CR R
• Output impedance is mid-range
• AV0 is large and positive (equal in mag to that to CE)
• Input impedance is very low
• Not completely unilateral but output-input
transconductance is small
(this is not a two-port model for this CB application) VIN
Common Base
RC
VOUT
Characteristics:
Common Base/Common Gate Application
B
E
C
VBB
VDD
Vin
RC
Vout
D 0R <<r
out DR RVA m Cg R
inm
1R
g
DQ DV
EBQ
2I RA
Vt
inCQ
VR
I
CQ C AFI R <<V
out CR R
• Output impedance is mid-range
• AV0 is large and positive (equal in mag to that to CE)
• Input impedance is very low
• Not completely unilateral but output-input
transconductance is small
(these are not a two-port models)
VIN
Common Base
RC
VOUT
In terms of operating point and model parameters:
Common Gate
VIN RD
VOUT
G
S
D
VGG
VDD
Vin
RD
VOUT
V DA R mg
C 0R <<r
out CR Rin
m
1R
g
CQ CV
t
I RA
V
EBQin
DQ
VR
2I
DQ D
1I R <<
out DR R
Characteristics:
Common Emitter with Emitter Resistor Configuration
B
E
C
VDD
Vin
RC
Vout
RE
VEE
VbegOgmVbe
gπVin
RC
RE
Vout
VE
By KCL at two non-grounded nodes
0 0in E E-out C mg g g g V V V V
0 0E E in E out in- mg g g g g g V V V V V
out m E 0 π C
Vin C m C 0 π E 0 π E E
-g g +g g RA = -
g g +g g +g +g +g g +g R
V
V
Common Emitter with Emitter Resistor Configuration
B
E
C
VDD
Vin
RC
Vout
RE
VEE
VbegOgmVbe
gπVin
RC
RE
Vout
VE
CV
E
RA -
R
It can also be shown that
out CR R
in π ER r +βR
Nearly unilateral (is unilateral if go=0)
Common Emitter with Emitter Resistor Configuration
B
E
C
VDD
Vin
RC
Vout
RE
VEE
CV
E
RA -
R
out CR R
in π ER r +βR
• Analysis would simplify if g0 were set to 0 in model
• Gain can be accurately controlled with resistor ratios
• Useful for reasonably accurate low gains
• Input impedance is high
(this is not a two-port model)
Characteristics:
(not two-port models for the four basic structures)
Can use these equations only when small signal circuit is EXACTLY like that shown !!
Basic Amplifier Structures
1. Common Emitter/Common Source
2. Common Collector/Common Drain
3. Common Base/Common Gate
4. Common Emitter with RE/ Common Source with RS
5. Cascode (actually CE:CB or CS:CG cascade)
6. Darlington (special CC:CE or CD:CS cascade)
The first 4 are most popular
Will be discussed later
Why are we focusing on these basic circuits?
1. So that we can develop analytical skills
2. So that we can design a circuit
3. So that we can get the insight needed to design a circuit
Which is the most important?
End of Lecture 33