Do Now/Catalyst Question

• What are the six types of synovial joints we learned yesterday?

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Review: Synovial Joints

• Contain synovial fluid• Allow considerable movement• Most joints that unite bones of

appendicular skeleton reflecting greater mobility of appendicular skeleton compared to axial

• Complex

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Synovial Joints

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Types of Synovial joints

• Uniaxial: occurring around one axis

• Biaxial: occurring around two axes at right angles to each other

• Multiaxial: occurring around several axes

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Plane and Saddle Joints

• Plane or gliding joints– Uniaxial. some rotation

possible but limited by surrounding structures

– Example: intervertebral, intercarpal, acromioclavicular, carpometacarpal, costovertebral, intertarsal, sacroiliac, tarsometatarsal

• Saddle joints– Biaxial– Example: thumb

(carpometacarpal pollicis), intercarpal, sternoclavicular

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Hinge and Pivot Joints• Hinge joints

– Uniaxial– Convex cylinder in one bone;

corresponding concavity in the other

– Example: elbow, ankle, interphalangeal

• Pivot joints– Uniaxial. Rotation around a

single axis.– Cylindrical bony process

rotating within a circle of bone and ligament

– Example: articulation between dens of axis and atlas (atlantoaxial), proximal radioulnar, distal radioulnar

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Ball-and-Socket and Ellipsoid Joints

• Ball-and-socket– Multiaxial– Examples: shoulder and hip

joints

• Condyloid– Modified ball-and-socket;

articular surfaces are ellipsoid

– Biaxial– Example: atlantooccipital,

Today’s Objective:

• SWBAT communicate the different types of movements done by the human body.

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Intro

• In physical therapy, kinesiology, and other medical and scientific fields specific terms are used to describe the movements of Synovial joints.

• We will need to command these terms to understand many of the muscle actions we are going to learn about in our next unit.

• For easier study, they’re grouped by contrasting movements.

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Types of Movement

• Gliding: in plane joints; slight movement• Angular

– Flexion and Extension• Hyperextension• Plantar and Dorsiflexion

– Abduction and Adduction

• Circular– Rotation– Pronation and Supination– Circumduction

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Flexion and Extension

• Flexion: movement of a body part anterior to the coronal plane

• Extension: movement of a body part posterior to the coronal plane

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Flexion and Extension

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Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

• Exceptions to definition– Plantar flexion:

standing on the toes

– Dorsiflexion: foot lifted toward the shin

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Abduction and Adduction

• Abduction: movement away from the median plane

• Adduction: movement toward the median plane

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Circular Movements

• Rotation: turning of a structure on its long axis– Examples: rotation of the

head, humerus, entire body– Medial and lateral rotation;

example, the rotation of the arm

• Pronation/Supination: refer to unique rotation of the forearm– Pronation: palm faces

posteriorly– Supination: palm faces

anteriorly

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Circular Movement

• Circumduction– Combination of flexion,

extension, abduction, adduction

– Appendage describes a cone

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Special Movements

• Unique to only one or two joints

• Types– Elevation and Depression– Protraction and Retraction– Opposition and Reposition– Inversion and Eversion

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Elevation and Depression• Elevation: moves a structure superior• Depression: moves a structure inferior• Examples: shrugging the shoulders, opening and closing the

mouth

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Protraction and Retraction

• Protraction: gliding motion anteriorly

• Retraction: moves structure back to anatomic position or even further posteriorly

• Examples: scapulae and mandibles

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Opposition and Reposition

• Opposition: movement of thumb and little finger toward each other

• Reposition: return to anatomical position

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Inversion and Eversion

• Inversion: turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces medially

• Eversion: turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces laterally

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Range of Motion

• Amount of mobility demonstrated at a given joint

• Types– Active: amount of movement accomplished by muscle contraction

– Passive: amount of movement accomplished by some outside force

• Both active and passive can be influenced by1. Shape of articular surfaces forming joint

2. Amount and shape of cartilage covering surfaces

3. Strength and location of ligaments and tendons

4. Location of muscles associated with joint

5. Amount of fluid in and around joint

6. Amount of pain in and around joint

7. Amount of use/disuse of joint

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In focus: Knee Joint• Condyloid: allowing flexion/extension, small amount of rotation

• Menisci: fibrocartilage articular disks that build up the margins of the tibia and deepen articular surface

• Cruciate ligaments: extend between intercondylar eminence of tibia and fossa of the femur– Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Prevents anterior displacement of

tibia

– Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Prevents posterior displacement of tibia

• Collateral and popliteal ligaments: along with tendons of thigh muscles strengthen the joint

• Bursae: may result in slow accumulation of fluid in the joint (water on the knee)

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Knee

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Knee Injuries and Disorders• Football injuries: often

tear the tibial collateral ligament, the anterior cruciate ligament, and damage the medial meniscus

• Bursitis• Chondromalacia:

softening of cartilage due to abnormal movement of the patella or to accumulation of fluid in fat pad posterior to patella

• Hemarthrosis: acute accumulation of blood in joint

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Effects of Aging on Joints

• Tissue repair slows; rate of new blood vessel development decreases

• Articular cartilages wear down and matrix becomes more rigid

• Production of synovial fluid declines• Ligaments and tendons become shorter and less

flexible: decrease in range of motion (ROM)• Muscles around joints weaken• A decrease in activity causes less flexibility and

decreased ROM

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Joint Disorders• Arthritis

– Osteoarthritis: wear and tear– Rheumatoid: caused by transient infection or autoimmune

disease

• Joint infections. Lyme disease (with ticks as vector), suppurative arthritis, tuberculous arthritis

• Gout. Metabolic disorders of unknown cause (idiopathic). Increase in uric acid in blood results in deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints and kidneys

• Hallux valgus and bunion. Caused by ill-fitting shoes• Joint replacement. Prosthetic joint used to eliminate

excruciating pain, usually due to arthritis

Be Prepared

• For you next Biomedical terms quiz next time…

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