PRELIMINARY HSC PDHPE - Byron Bay High School PDHPE...Synovial Joints These joints are enclosed in a...

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PRELIMINARY HSC PDHPE CQ1DP1 – How do the musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory systems of the body influence and respond to movement?

Transcript of PRELIMINARY HSC PDHPE - Byron Bay High School PDHPE...Synovial Joints These joints are enclosed in a...

Page 1: PRELIMINARY HSC PDHPE - Byron Bay High School PDHPE...Synovial Joints These joints are enclosed in a capsule and covered with cartilage and a synovial membrane to allow free movement.

PRELIMINARY HSC PDHPECQ1DP1 – How do the musculoskeletal andcardiorespiratory systems of the bodyinfluence and respond to movement?

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How do the musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory systems of the body influence and respond to movement?

Students learn about:

skeletal system − major bones involved in

movement− structure and function of

synovial joints− joint actions, eg extension and

flexion

Students learn to:

• identify the location and type ofmajor bones involved in movement,eg long bones articulate at hingejoints for flexion and extension

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SKELETAL SYSTEM– watch video 1

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Function of the skeletal system- watch video 2

The skeletal system consists of bone tissue, bonemarrow, cartilage and the periosteum (the membranearound bones). The functions of the skeleton and bonetissue include:

Support

Protection

Movement

Mineral storage — eg calcium and phosphorus

Blood cell production

Storage of energy

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Types of bones

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Axial skeleton

The axial skeleton provides the main structure ofthe overall skeleton.

The axial skeleton includes the cranium, vertebralcolumn and rib cage.

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Axial skeleton

Cranium (skull)

Vertebral column (spine)

Cervical vertebrae—7

Thoracic vertebrae—12

Lumbar vertebrae—5

Sacrum—5

Coccyx—4

Rib cage

The sternum and 12 pairs of ribs make up the rib cage.

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Axialskeleton

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The appendicular skeleton

Shoulder girdle consists of two bones: the clavicle (also known as the

collarbone) and scapula (also known as the shoulder blade).

Upper limbs Thirty bones comprise the upper limbs, also known as the

arm, forearm and hand.

Pelvic girdle (hip)

Lower limbs Three segments make up the lower limb: the thigh, leg

and foot.

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Skeletal system activity/task

Complete the following diagram below correctly labelling each of the major bones of the body.

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Complete the following table on the anatomicterms and definitions

Anatomical term

Definition Example

Anterior To the front The sternum is anterior to the cervical vertebrae

Posterior To the back The scapula is posterior to the clavicle

Superior Towards the top or above The cranium is superior to the clavicle

Inferior Towards the bottom or below

The tarsal are inferior to the patella

Medial Towards the inside or midline of theBody

The big toes (in the anatomical position) are medial to the rest of the toes

Lateral To the outside or away from the midline of the body

The thumbs (in the anatomical position) are lateral to the index fingers

Proximal Nearer the trunk or body mass

The pelvis is at the proximal end of the femur

Distal Away from the trunk or body mass

The fingers are distal to the wrist

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Fibrous Joints

Little fibres that fuse bones together and makemovement difficult.

E.g…………………

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Cartilaginous Joints

These joints are characterised by cartilage joining theends or parts of bones together. They contain no jointcavity and, therefore, allow only slight movement.

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Synovial Joints

These joints are enclosed in a capsule and covered withcartilage and a synovial membrane to allow free movement.

• Synovial cavity — a space where two bones meet• Synovial fluid — a rich viscous fluid that acts as lubrication to the

bones in the synovial cavity. It also plays a role in the clean-up oftissue debris from daily wear and tear on the joint

• Articular cartilage — covers the end of the bones, providescushioning and reduces friction between the bones in the joint

• Joint capsule — encloses the cavity and keeps the fluid contained• Fibrous capsule — encloses the bones, tissues and fluid• Synovial membrane — secretes the fluid into the joint• Meniscus — cartilage that grows inwards from the joint capsules

to absorb shock, reduce pressure and enhance stability.

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Synovial joints

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Types of Synovial joints (six types)- watch videos 3, 4 and 5

gliding joint — side-to-side or back-and-forth movement ispermitted across these simple, usually flat surfaces; forexample, between the carpals and the tarsals

hinge joint — the convex surface of one bone fits into theconcave surface of another, and movement occurs in oneplane. Examples are the elbow joint and knee joint

pivot joint — the primary movement is rotation, wherethe rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulateswith the depression or opening of another; for example,between the atlas and axis, or at the proximal end of theradius and ulna

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Types of Synovial joints (six types)- watch videos 3, 4 and 5

ellipsoid (or condyloid) joint — an oval-shaped condyle ofone bone fits into the elliptical depression of another, andmovement can occur in two planes. Examples are thejoints between the metacarpals and the phalanges

saddle joint — the articular surface of one bone is saddleshaped and the other bone sits on it like a rider. This is amodified ellipsoid joint; for example, between the carpaland the metacarpal of the thumb

ball and socket joint — a rounded ball-like surface of onebone fits into a cup-like depression of another. These arevery movable joints. Examples are the shoulder joint andhip joint.

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Label, describe and link the following synovial joints correctlyto the skeletal system diagram below.

Pivot joint

Gliding / plane joint

saddle joint

Ball and socket joint

hinge joint

Condyloid / ellipsoidal joint

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Joint actions

The majority of joints in the body are synovial joints.

They are very mobile, and permit a great deal of movement

All our muscles are attached to bones or other connectivetissue in at least two places.

The origin of the muscle is attached to the less movablebone, and the insertion is attached to the movable bone.

The types of movements that can occur at joints depend onthe type of joint.

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Activity/task – Complete the following table and define each joint action with examples.

Joint action example Description

Flexionis the bending movement that causes adecrease in the angle between the bonesat the joint.

Extensionis the straightening movement thatcauses an increase in the angle betweenthe bones at the joint.

Hyperextensionexcessive extension of a body part.

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Joint actionsJoint action example Description

PronationPronation is the movement that occurswhen the radius rotates around the ulna

SupinationSupination is the movement that occurswhen the radius rotates around the ulna

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Joint action example Description

InversionInversion is the rotation of the foot sothat the sole turns inwards.

EversionEversion is the rotation of the foot sothat the sole turns outwards.

Joint actions

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Joint action example Description

AbductionAbduction is moving the body part in thelateral plane away from the mid-line ofthe body.

AdductionAdduction is moving the body part in thelateral plane back towards the midline ofthe body.

Joint actions

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Joint action example Description

Dorsi FlexionDorsi flexion is simply the flexion of the ankle.

Plantar FlexionPlantar flexion is actually the extension of the foot at the ankle joint and is the opposite of dorsiflexion.

Joint actions

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Joint action example Description

Circumductionis the combination of other movementsthat results in a circular or cone-likepattern.

RotationRotation is the movement of a boneturning on a central axis.

Joint actions

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Joint action example Description

Elevationraising of a body part

Depressionlowering of a body part

Joint actions

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Joint action example Description

ProtractionPushing forward of a body part. A Headbutt in soccer.

RetractionWithdrawing of a body part. Avoiding apunch in the head in boxing.

Joint actions

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Revision/Homework task – Answer / complete the following statements/questions:

Identify the six different types of synovial joint. Describe the function of synovial fluid. Compare the structures and functions of the elbow and

knee joints. Explain how the joint movements of flexion and extension

differ from those of abduction and adduction. Explain how rotation differs from circumduction. Demonstrate with a partner and then list the kinds of

movements that can occur in the neck, jaw, hip, wrist,knee, shoulder and ankle.

Explain how issues such as arthritis that can affect jointmobility.

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In pairs, use the following skills to identify thejoint actions that occur throughout themovement. Sitting on a chair

Bowling a cricket ball

Jumping over a hurdle

Kicking a soccer ball

Hitting a tennis ball with a racquet

Writing on a page

Performing a forward roll

Revision/Homework taskAnswer/complete the following statements/questions:

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Complete the tableBone Location Joint actions(s) Example of how it is

used in movement

HumerusInferior to clavicle, superior to ulna /

radius

Flexion and extension (elbow)

Circumduction, Bicep curl

Clavicle

Tibia

Tarsals

Phalanges

Vertebrae

Cranium

Ulna

Femur

Scapula

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Bone Location Joint actions(s) Example of how it is used in movement

HumerusInferior to clavicle,

superior to ulna / radius

Flexion and extension (elbow)

Circumduction, Bicep curl

Clavicle Superior to clavicle Abduction, adduction and

circumductionThrowing a ball

Tibia Inferior to patellaFlexion and extension, inversion and eversion

Running

TarsalsInferior to tibia and

fibula (foot)Flexion and extension, inversion and eversion

Running, jumping

PhalangesDistal to carpals and

tarsals (fingers / toes)Flexion and extension,

Flicking water at someone

Vertebrae Spinal column Rotation Avoiding a touchCranium Superior to mandible No real action

UlnaInferior to humerus, superior to carpals

Pronation and supinationHigh five, slapping

someone

FemurInferior to pelvis,

superior to patella

Circumduction, abduction, adduction, flexion,

extensionSquat jump

Scapula Inferior to clavicle, posterior to ribs

Elevation and depression Shoulder raise

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Summary- watch videos 6 and 7

The shape and length of bones and how they join other bones influences themovements those bones can make.

Bones can be classified as long, flat, short or irregular bones.

The interface between bones (the joints) play a significant role in humanmovement.

There are three categories of joints: immoveable, cartilaginous and synovial joints.

Synovial joints have common features that influence their efficiency of movement;these include hyaline cartilage, synovial membranes, joint capsules and synovialfluid.

There are six types of synovial joints in the body: ball and socket, hinge, condyloid,saddle, gliding and pivot.

The bones of the axial skeleton (cranium, vertebral column, rib, sacrum and coccyx)provide bases of attachment for the bones of the appendicular skeleton (bones ofthe pelvis, legs, shoulder girdle and arms).

The major bones of the body articulate at synovial (movable) joints and allowmovement to occur.