PRELIMINARY HSC PDHPE - Byron Bay High School PDHPE...Synovial Joints These joints are enclosed in a...
Transcript of PRELIMINARY HSC PDHPE - Byron Bay High School PDHPE...Synovial Joints These joints are enclosed in a...
PRELIMINARY HSC PDHPECQ1DP1 – How do the musculoskeletal andcardiorespiratory systems of the bodyinfluence and respond to movement?
How do the musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory systems of the body influence and respond to movement?
Students learn about:
skeletal system − major bones involved in
movement− structure and function of
synovial joints− joint actions, eg extension and
flexion
Students learn to:
• identify the location and type ofmajor bones involved in movement,eg long bones articulate at hingejoints for flexion and extension
SKELETAL SYSTEM– watch video 1
Function of the skeletal system- watch video 2
The skeletal system consists of bone tissue, bonemarrow, cartilage and the periosteum (the membranearound bones). The functions of the skeleton and bonetissue include:
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral storage — eg calcium and phosphorus
Blood cell production
Storage of energy
Types of bones
Axial skeleton
The axial skeleton provides the main structure ofthe overall skeleton.
The axial skeleton includes the cranium, vertebralcolumn and rib cage.
Axial skeleton
Cranium (skull)
Vertebral column (spine)
Cervical vertebrae—7
Thoracic vertebrae—12
Lumbar vertebrae—5
Sacrum—5
Coccyx—4
Rib cage
The sternum and 12 pairs of ribs make up the rib cage.
Axialskeleton
The appendicular skeleton
Shoulder girdle consists of two bones: the clavicle (also known as the
collarbone) and scapula (also known as the shoulder blade).
Upper limbs Thirty bones comprise the upper limbs, also known as the
arm, forearm and hand.
Pelvic girdle (hip)
Lower limbs Three segments make up the lower limb: the thigh, leg
and foot.
Skeletal system activity/task
Complete the following diagram below correctly labelling each of the major bones of the body.
Complete the following table on the anatomicterms and definitions
Anatomical term
Definition Example
Anterior To the front The sternum is anterior to the cervical vertebrae
Posterior To the back The scapula is posterior to the clavicle
Superior Towards the top or above The cranium is superior to the clavicle
Inferior Towards the bottom or below
The tarsal are inferior to the patella
Medial Towards the inside or midline of theBody
The big toes (in the anatomical position) are medial to the rest of the toes
Lateral To the outside or away from the midline of the body
The thumbs (in the anatomical position) are lateral to the index fingers
Proximal Nearer the trunk or body mass
The pelvis is at the proximal end of the femur
Distal Away from the trunk or body mass
The fingers are distal to the wrist
Fibrous Joints
Little fibres that fuse bones together and makemovement difficult.
E.g…………………
Cartilaginous Joints
These joints are characterised by cartilage joining theends or parts of bones together. They contain no jointcavity and, therefore, allow only slight movement.
Synovial Joints
These joints are enclosed in a capsule and covered withcartilage and a synovial membrane to allow free movement.
• Synovial cavity — a space where two bones meet• Synovial fluid — a rich viscous fluid that acts as lubrication to the
bones in the synovial cavity. It also plays a role in the clean-up oftissue debris from daily wear and tear on the joint
• Articular cartilage — covers the end of the bones, providescushioning and reduces friction between the bones in the joint
• Joint capsule — encloses the cavity and keeps the fluid contained• Fibrous capsule — encloses the bones, tissues and fluid• Synovial membrane — secretes the fluid into the joint• Meniscus — cartilage that grows inwards from the joint capsules
to absorb shock, reduce pressure and enhance stability.
Synovial joints
Types of Synovial joints (six types)- watch videos 3, 4 and 5
gliding joint — side-to-side or back-and-forth movement ispermitted across these simple, usually flat surfaces; forexample, between the carpals and the tarsals
hinge joint — the convex surface of one bone fits into theconcave surface of another, and movement occurs in oneplane. Examples are the elbow joint and knee joint
pivot joint — the primary movement is rotation, wherethe rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulateswith the depression or opening of another; for example,between the atlas and axis, or at the proximal end of theradius and ulna
Types of Synovial joints (six types)- watch videos 3, 4 and 5
ellipsoid (or condyloid) joint — an oval-shaped condyle ofone bone fits into the elliptical depression of another, andmovement can occur in two planes. Examples are thejoints between the metacarpals and the phalanges
saddle joint — the articular surface of one bone is saddleshaped and the other bone sits on it like a rider. This is amodified ellipsoid joint; for example, between the carpaland the metacarpal of the thumb
ball and socket joint — a rounded ball-like surface of onebone fits into a cup-like depression of another. These arevery movable joints. Examples are the shoulder joint andhip joint.
Label, describe and link the following synovial joints correctlyto the skeletal system diagram below.
Pivot joint
Gliding / plane joint
saddle joint
Ball and socket joint
hinge joint
Condyloid / ellipsoidal joint
Joint actions
The majority of joints in the body are synovial joints.
They are very mobile, and permit a great deal of movement
All our muscles are attached to bones or other connectivetissue in at least two places.
The origin of the muscle is attached to the less movablebone, and the insertion is attached to the movable bone.
The types of movements that can occur at joints depend onthe type of joint.
Activity/task – Complete the following table and define each joint action with examples.
Joint action example Description
Flexionis the bending movement that causes adecrease in the angle between the bonesat the joint.
Extensionis the straightening movement thatcauses an increase in the angle betweenthe bones at the joint.
Hyperextensionexcessive extension of a body part.
Joint actionsJoint action example Description
PronationPronation is the movement that occurswhen the radius rotates around the ulna
SupinationSupination is the movement that occurswhen the radius rotates around the ulna
Joint action example Description
InversionInversion is the rotation of the foot sothat the sole turns inwards.
EversionEversion is the rotation of the foot sothat the sole turns outwards.
Joint actions
Joint action example Description
AbductionAbduction is moving the body part in thelateral plane away from the mid-line ofthe body.
AdductionAdduction is moving the body part in thelateral plane back towards the midline ofthe body.
Joint actions
Joint action example Description
Dorsi FlexionDorsi flexion is simply the flexion of the ankle.
Plantar FlexionPlantar flexion is actually the extension of the foot at the ankle joint and is the opposite of dorsiflexion.
Joint actions
Joint action example Description
Circumductionis the combination of other movementsthat results in a circular or cone-likepattern.
RotationRotation is the movement of a boneturning on a central axis.
Joint actions
Joint action example Description
Elevationraising of a body part
Depressionlowering of a body part
Joint actions
Joint action example Description
ProtractionPushing forward of a body part. A Headbutt in soccer.
RetractionWithdrawing of a body part. Avoiding apunch in the head in boxing.
Joint actions
Revision/Homework task – Answer / complete the following statements/questions:
Identify the six different types of synovial joint. Describe the function of synovial fluid. Compare the structures and functions of the elbow and
knee joints. Explain how the joint movements of flexion and extension
differ from those of abduction and adduction. Explain how rotation differs from circumduction. Demonstrate with a partner and then list the kinds of
movements that can occur in the neck, jaw, hip, wrist,knee, shoulder and ankle.
Explain how issues such as arthritis that can affect jointmobility.
In pairs, use the following skills to identify thejoint actions that occur throughout themovement. Sitting on a chair
Bowling a cricket ball
Jumping over a hurdle
Kicking a soccer ball
Hitting a tennis ball with a racquet
Writing on a page
Performing a forward roll
Revision/Homework taskAnswer/complete the following statements/questions:
Complete the tableBone Location Joint actions(s) Example of how it is
used in movement
HumerusInferior to clavicle, superior to ulna /
radius
Flexion and extension (elbow)
Circumduction, Bicep curl
Clavicle
Tibia
Tarsals
Phalanges
Vertebrae
Cranium
Ulna
Femur
Scapula
Bone Location Joint actions(s) Example of how it is used in movement
HumerusInferior to clavicle,
superior to ulna / radius
Flexion and extension (elbow)
Circumduction, Bicep curl
Clavicle Superior to clavicle Abduction, adduction and
circumductionThrowing a ball
Tibia Inferior to patellaFlexion and extension, inversion and eversion
Running
TarsalsInferior to tibia and
fibula (foot)Flexion and extension, inversion and eversion
Running, jumping
PhalangesDistal to carpals and
tarsals (fingers / toes)Flexion and extension,
Flicking water at someone
Vertebrae Spinal column Rotation Avoiding a touchCranium Superior to mandible No real action
UlnaInferior to humerus, superior to carpals
Pronation and supinationHigh five, slapping
someone
FemurInferior to pelvis,
superior to patella
Circumduction, abduction, adduction, flexion,
extensionSquat jump
Scapula Inferior to clavicle, posterior to ribs
Elevation and depression Shoulder raise
Summary- watch videos 6 and 7
The shape and length of bones and how they join other bones influences themovements those bones can make.
Bones can be classified as long, flat, short or irregular bones.
The interface between bones (the joints) play a significant role in humanmovement.
There are three categories of joints: immoveable, cartilaginous and synovial joints.
Synovial joints have common features that influence their efficiency of movement;these include hyaline cartilage, synovial membranes, joint capsules and synovialfluid.
There are six types of synovial joints in the body: ball and socket, hinge, condyloid,saddle, gliding and pivot.
The bones of the axial skeleton (cranium, vertebral column, rib, sacrum and coccyx)provide bases of attachment for the bones of the appendicular skeleton (bones ofthe pelvis, legs, shoulder girdle and arms).
The major bones of the body articulate at synovial (movable) joints and allowmovement to occur.