Ch.5 carbs, lipids
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Transcript of Ch.5 carbs, lipids
Carbohydrates & Lipids
KEY WORDSDehydration Synthesis (Condensation)PolymerMonomerCarbohydrateSimple sugarComplex carbohydrateStarchGlycogenCelluloseLipidTriglycerideSaturated fatty acidUnsaturated fatty acidSteroidCholesterol
The synthesis and breakdown of polymers
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrate Types
• Hexose = 6 carbons Glucose –cell energy Fructose - honey Galactose – milk
• Pentose = 5 carbons Ribose - RNA Deoxyribose - DNA
1. SIMPLE SUGARSMonosaccharides - one sugar molecule
Linear and ring forms of glucose
Sucrose (sugar)Glucose + Fructose
Lactose (milk)Glucose + Galactose
Maltose (grains)Glucose + Glucose
Carbohydrate Types
2. SIMPLE SUGARSDisaccharides - two sugar molecule
How are disaccharides made?
Dehydration synthesis:
Examples of disaccharide synthesis
POLYSACCHARIDES:Long chains of monosaccharides
EXAMPLESStarch (amylose)GlycogenFiber (cellulose)Chitin
Carbohydrate Types
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
Starch
• Long-term energy storage of glucose for plants (roots, seeds)
• < 500,000 glucoses
Glycogen
Short term storagepolysaccharide for animals
• ~300g stored carbo in body
• 72g liver (glycogen)• 245g muscle (glycogen)• 10g blood (glucose)
Storage polysaccharides
ChitinString of modified glucose
Structural component of:Insects, Arthropods, fungi
Cellulose•Polymer of glucose•Structural material in plants - Fiber
•Cellulose
•Starch
•Monomers linked together differently than in starch•Why indigestible?
Starch verses Cellulose
• Glucose linked differently • Cellulose is not recognized by our digestive
enzymes• Some organisms (microbes) in the guts of
cows and termites do make enzymes that can digest cellulose
Starch and cellulose structures
Starch and cellulose structures
QUESTION
When you eat a starchy food, an enzyme in your mouth breaks it down into maltose. Maltose enters your small intestine, where it is broken down into glucose. The starch is a _________, the maltose is a ________, and the glucose is a(n):_________.
a) Protein dipeptide amino acidb) Monosaccharide disaccharide
polysaccharidec) Triglyceride fatty acid glycerold) Amino acid dipeptide proteine) Polysaccharide disaccharide
monosaccharide
Question
• Which of the following terms includes all others in the list?
A. MonosaccharideB. DisaccharideC. StarchD. CarbohydrateE. Polysaccharide
Question
• The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for 10 glucoses linked together?
LIPIDS
Three Major Groups of Lipids
• Oils, Fats, and Waxes
• Phospholipids
• Steroids (Cholesterol, Estrogen, Testosterone, etc…)
Similarities of Fats and Oils
• All contain C, H, and O
• Usually no ring structures
• Made up of fatty acid subunits (long chain of carbons and hydrogen with a carboxyl end)
Triglycerides
• Fats and Oils have 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol (condensation)
The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol
Fatty Acid Subunits: FATS vs. OILS
• Solid at room temperature• From animal sources,
coco & palm• Saturated with hydrogens
• Liquid at room temp.• From plants• Unsaturated
Unsaturated
Polyunsaturated
Saturated
Types of Fatty acids
SaturatedUnsaturated
Unsaturated Fats
• Monounsaturated: One C=C – olive, canola, nut oils
• Polyunsaturated: More than one C=C– corn safflower, soy oils
• Hydrogenated: Oils made solid by breaking C=C bonds and replacing with H (Hydrogenation) – Partially hydrogenated - margarine
Phospholipids• One fatty acid chain (non-polar,
hydrophobic) of triglyceride replaced with a phosphate group (charged, hydrophilic)
• chief component of lipid bilayer, outer membrane of all cells
Phospholipids
Steroids
• Four fused rings of carbon
• steroid hormones: estrogen,
testosterone
• cholesterol: vital component of cell membranes
Cholesterol, a steroid
Cholesterol•Body will make if not enough in diet•Part of lipid membrane around cells•Helps stabilize, strengthen membrane
The structure of a phospholipid
Phospholipid
Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments
Question
• What is the difference between the two ring forms of glucose (alpha & beta)?
Question
• Human sex hormones belong to what family of lipids?
Question
• How many water molecules are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 100 monomers long?
Question
Unsaturated fats:
A. Are more common in animals than plantsB. Have double bonds in their carbon chainsC. Solidify at room temperatureD. Contain more H than saturated fats
having the same # of CE. Have fewer fatty acid chains
Next Time:
Macromolecules, Part Two
Proteins and Nucleic Acids