BIOCHEMISTRY

Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

Primary source of energy

Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

1:2:1 Ratio of C:H:O

Carbohydrates

The building blocks (monomers) of carbs are called monosaccharides

Monosaccharides are the most simple sugars.

The include Glucose “blood sugar” Galactose “milk

sugar” Fructose “fruit sugar”

Carbohydrates

Joining two monosaccharides forms a disaccharide

Example: Sucrose “table

sugar”

Carbohydrates

Another disaccharide is lactose Some people are

lactose intolerant -lack the enzyme to break lactose into glucose and galactose

Carbohydrates

Long chains of monosaccharides are called

polysaccharides

Example:

Starch- many glucoses!! Function:Energy Storage

Carbohydrates

More polysaccharides

Example:

Cellulose- glucose that we cannot digestFunction:

Strength & Rigidity

Carbohydrates

More Polysacharides:Cellulose-Also called “fiber”• You can’t digest it• Ends up as feces• Cleans the colon

Carbohydrates

More Polysaccharides:

Glycogen“animal starch”- highly branched glucose Function:

Energy storage

Carbohydrates

MorePolysaccharides Example:

Chitin Function: forms

exoskeletons and fungi cell walls

Lipids

Examples: Fats, Steroids, and Phospholipids

Non-polar Insoluble in water Functions

Long term energy storage Insulation & cushion Cell membranes Hormones

Lipids

Solid @ room temp No double bonds

@ least one double bon

Liquid @ room temp

BAD fats!

“GOOD” fats

Lipids

Triglycerides AKA “body fat” Made of 3 fatty acid chains + glycerol

molecule

Function:Energy storage, insulation

Lipids

Ringed carbon structures

Often hormones Included as lipids

b/c they are insoluble in water

Steroids

Lipids

Steroid Examples:Chlorophyll Light absorbing

pigment Ringed

structure Lipid b/c of

insolubility

Lipids

Phospholipids Main component

of cell membranes (Phospholipid bilayer) Hydrophilic heads hydrophobic lipid

tails

Proteins

Monomer (building block) is the amino acid

20 different amino acids

Peptide bonds-Hold amino acids together

Polypeptide-Long chain of amino acids

Proteins

Example:

Hemoglobin:iron containing protein - transports oxygen through the blood

Proteins

Example:Collagen

Structural Protein found in skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones

Protein

Example:Contractile proteins Make up muscles Allow for

movement

Proteins

Example:Enzymes-

Speed up rate of chemical reactions

Lower activation energy

Proteins

Enzymes: end in “ase” Enzymes are never

used up, just recycled!

Denatured enzymes – have lost their shape This happens due to:

Temperature Too much salt pH

Proteins

ENZYME EXAMPLE: At what

temperature does the enzyme represented in this graph work best?

What is the independent variable?

What is the dependent variable?

Nucleic Acids

DNADeoxyribonucleic acid(double strand)

RNARibonucleic acid(single strand)

Hereditary molecules

Nucleic Acid

Monomers (building blocks) of Nucleic acids are called:

NucleotidesThey’re made of:

Sugar (either deoxyribose or ribose)

Phosphate group nitrogen base

Nucleic Acid

ATP aka

Adenosine Triphosphate

Special nucleotide for energy storage and release