NOTES: 2.3, part 1 - Macromolecules, Carbs & Lipids.

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NOTES : 2.3, part 1 - Macromolecules, Carbs & Lipids

Transcript of NOTES: 2.3, part 1 - Macromolecules, Carbs & Lipids.

Page 1: NOTES: 2.3, part 1 - Macromolecules, Carbs & Lipids.

NOTES: 2.3, part 1 - Macromolecules, Carbs &

Lipids

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The Chemistry of Carbon• Why is CARBON so important to life?• Living things are made up of molecules

that contain CARBON and other elements (H, O, P, S, and N)

• Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons, allowing them to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements

• Carbon has the ability to form millions of different large and complex structures!

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Carbon’s 4 valence electrons:

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Polymer Principles

• POLYMER: large molecule consisting of many identical or similar subunits connected together

• MONOMER: subunit or building block molecule of a polymer

• MACROMOLECULE: large organic polymer *Examples: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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• POLYMERIZATION REACTIONS: chemical reactions that link 2 or more small molecules (monomers) to form larger molecules (polymers)

• DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS REACTIONS (or CONDENSATION): reactions during which monomers are linked together; an –H and and –OH are removed, producing net removal of a water molecule for each covalent linkage

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OH HO

O

H2O

Glucose C6H12O6 Fructose C6H12O6

Sucrose C12H22O11 Water

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• HYDROLYSIS: process that breaks the covalent bonds between monomers by the addition of water molecules

*Example: DIGESTION

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OH2O

Sucrose C12H22O11Water

OH HO

Glucose C6H12O6 Fructose C6H12O6

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Monosaccharides = single sugars

• are major nutrients for cells

• glucose is most common

*examples: glucose, ribose, galactose, fructose

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Disaccharides = double sugars

• Also a source of energy• Formed when 2 monosaccharides

combine in a dehydration reaction;• Examples:

lactose (milk sugar): glucose + galactose sucrose (table sugar): glucose + fructose

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Polysaccharides = hundreds or thousands of

monosaccharides

• formed by linking monomers in DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS REACTIONS.

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Disaccharide

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Examples of energy storage polysaccharides:

• starch = glucose polymer in plants used for energy storage (in roots, tubers, etc.)

• glycogen = glucose polymer in animals stored in skeletal muscles and liver of humans & other vertebrates

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Examples of structural support polysaccharides:

• cellulose = structural component of plant cell walls that cannot be digested by most organisms

• chitin = forms exoskeletons of arthropods

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LIPIDS

insoluble in water (because they are NONPOLAR, or HYDROPHOBIC)

include: 1. Fats

2. Phospholipids

3. Steroids

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1. FATS

• Composed of:

A large proportion of C-H bonds and less oxygen than carbohydrates

(the nonpolar C-H bonds make the chain hydrophobic and insoluble in water)

Example: C57H110O6

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• during formation of a fat, dehydration synthesis reactions link fatty acids to glycerol

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• Fatty acids may vary in # of carbon atoms (usually even #)

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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

SATURATED FAT UNSATURATED FAT

no C-C double bonds in fatty acid tail usually solid at room temp. most animal fats e.g., bacon grease, lard, butter

one or more C-C double bonds in fatty acid tail usually a liquid at room temp. most plant fats e.g., corn, peanut, olive oils

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Functions of FatsFunctions of Fats • energy storage (1 g of fat stores 2x as

much energy as 1 g of carbohydrate)• cushions vital organs in mammals (e.g.

kidney)

• insulates against heat loss (e.g. whales, seals)

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2. PHOSPHOLIPIDS

• Important component of cell membranes

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3. STEROIDS

• Important component of some hormones

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Cholesterol …Cholesterol …

• is used to make many other steroids (including sex hormones in vertebrates)

• common

component

of cell

membranes

• can cause atherosclerosis (if have too much)