Carbs & LipidsCarbs & Lipids

Also Known As…Also Known As…

The stuff that tastes so good The stuff that tastes so good but don’t help much with your but don’t help much with your

looks.looks.

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Also Known As…Also Known As…

The arch nemesis of Dr. Atkins and The arch nemesis of Dr. Atkins and his army of bread and cereal his army of bread and cereal

haters!haters!

Carbs – Basic InfoCarbs – Basic Info

We think of carbs as the body’s primary source of We think of carbs as the body’s primary source of energy but they can also act as structural energy but they can also act as structural components of cells as well as cell surface components of cells as well as cell surface markers.markers.

Carbs are composed of carbon, hydrogen and Carbs are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

They are categorized into three groups:They are categorized into three groups: Monosaccharides – One sugar unit.Monosaccharides – One sugar unit. Disaccharides – Two sugar units bonded together.Disaccharides – Two sugar units bonded together. Polysaccharides – Many sugar units bonded together.Polysaccharides – Many sugar units bonded together.

Carbs are made originally as straight chains by Carbs are made originally as straight chains by plants and then assume their ring structures plants and then assume their ring structures when they are immersed in the water of the cell.when they are immersed in the water of the cell.

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

Monosaccharides are single sugar units.Monosaccharides are single sugar units. The most common (and important) one is The most common (and important) one is

glucose (Cglucose (C66HH1212OO66) which is the main ) which is the main product of photosynthesis and the main product of photosynthesis and the main fuel for cellular respiration.fuel for cellular respiration.

Other common monosaccharides include Other common monosaccharides include galactose and fructose which are isomers galactose and fructose which are isomers of glucose – same formula with a different of glucose – same formula with a different structural arrangement.structural arrangement.

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

DisaccharidesDisaccharides

Disaccharides are sugars composed of two Disaccharides are sugars composed of two monosaccharides bonded together by a monosaccharides bonded together by a dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis reaction to form reaction to form glycosidic linkagesglycosidic linkages..

Common disaccharides include:Common disaccharides include: Maltose = Glucose + GlucoseMaltose = Glucose + Glucose Sucrose = Glucose + FructoseSucrose = Glucose + Fructose Lactose = Glucose + GalactoseLactose = Glucose + Galactose

Both mono & disaccharides are called “sugars” Both mono & disaccharides are called “sugars” because they are smaller and taste sweet.because they are smaller and taste sweet.

Another term, Another term, oligosaccharidesoligosaccharides is used to is used to describes carbs made of two or three simple sugars describes carbs made of two or three simple sugars bonded.bonded.

Disaccharide FormationDisaccharide Formation

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

Polysaccharides are very large Polysaccharides are very large polymers made of many polymers made of many monosaccharides linked together.monosaccharides linked together.

The bonds can be identified by using The bonds can be identified by using the numbers of the carbons that are the numbers of the carbons that are joined by the bond. (Example: 1-4 & joined by the bond. (Example: 1-4 & 1-6 linkages.)1-6 linkages.)

Polysaccharides are used for both Polysaccharides are used for both energy and structural purposes.energy and structural purposes.

Common PolysaccharidesCommon Polysaccharides

Starch = Energy storage molecule of plants.Starch = Energy storage molecule of plants. Cellulose = Structural component of plant cell Cellulose = Structural component of plant cell

wall.wall. Glycogen = Energy storage molecule of Glycogen = Energy storage molecule of

animals.animals. Chitin = Structural component of animal cell Chitin = Structural component of animal cell

wall. (Example would be a lobster)wall. (Example would be a lobster)

Starch can be linear (Starch can be linear (amyloseamylose) and branched ) and branched ((amylopectinamylopectin). (Due to 1-4 or 1-6 linkages)). (Due to 1-4 or 1-6 linkages)

LipidsLipids

Also Known As…Also Known As…

Fat…Fat…

Yeah that’s it – just fat. That’s all I Yeah that’s it – just fat. That’s all I got.got.

Lipids – Basic InfoLipids – Basic Info

Lipids have several functions within the Lipids have several functions within the body:body: Energy storage – secondary source of energy.Energy storage – secondary source of energy. Cell Membranes – Phospholipid bilayer.Cell Membranes – Phospholipid bilayer. Hormones & Steroids – Chemical regulation of Hormones & Steroids – Chemical regulation of

the body.the body. Protection & Insulation of Organs – Brain and Protection & Insulation of Organs – Brain and

Kidneys can tell you all about this.Kidneys can tell you all about this. Vitamins storage – there are fat-soluble vitamins Vitamins storage – there are fat-soluble vitamins

that only stay within the fat of the body.that only stay within the fat of the body. Lipids contain C, H & O, just like the carbs, Lipids contain C, H & O, just like the carbs,

but with no specific ratio.but with no specific ratio.

The Fatty AcidThe Fatty Acid

Lipids do not have a true monomer Lipids do not have a true monomer polymer relationship. polymer relationship. The fatty acid is the closest thing that lipids do have to a The fatty acid is the closest thing that lipids do have to a monomer is the fatty acid.monomer is the fatty acid.

Fatty Acid = Carboxyl group + Hydrocarbon tail.Fatty Acid = Carboxyl group + Hydrocarbon tail.

Fatty acids can be categorized as saturated or unsaturated Fatty acids can be categorized as saturated or unsaturated fatty acids based on the make-up of the hydrocarbon tail.fatty acids based on the make-up of the hydrocarbon tail.

Saturated Fatty AcidsSaturated Fatty Acids = All single bonds between = All single bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail.carbons in the hydrocarbon tail.

Unsaturated Fatty AcidsUnsaturated Fatty Acids = At least one double or single = At least one double or single bond between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail.bond between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail.

Polyunsaturated Fatty AcidsPolyunsaturated Fatty Acids = Multiple double or triple = Multiple double or triple bonds in their hydrocarbon tails.bonds in their hydrocarbon tails.

Fatty Acid StructureFatty Acid Structure

TriglyceridesTriglycerides

Triglycerides are the “fat” we talk about Triglycerides are the “fat” we talk about when we talk about foods being full of fat.when we talk about foods being full of fat.

Triglycerides = Glycerol + 3 Fatty AcidsTriglycerides = Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids GlycerolGlycerol is a 3-carbon molecule that acts is a 3-carbon molecule that acts

as the backbone of the triglyceride.as the backbone of the triglyceride. Triglycerides can be saturated, Triglycerides can be saturated,

unsaturated or polyunsaturated based on unsaturated or polyunsaturated based on the types of fatty acids that attach to the the types of fatty acids that attach to the glycerol molecule.glycerol molecule.

Triglyceride FormationTriglyceride Formation

PhospholipidsPhospholipids

Phospholipids are very similar to Phospholipids are very similar to triglycerides in that they involve triglycerides in that they involve glycerol and fatty acids.glycerol and fatty acids.

A phospholipid is formed when one of A phospholipid is formed when one of the triglycerides on the triglyceride is the triglycerides on the triglyceride is replaced by a phosphate group.replaced by a phosphate group.

Phospholipids are a major component Phospholipids are a major component of the cell membrane.of the cell membrane.

PhospholipidsPhospholipids

SteroidsSteroids

Steroids are a group of lipids that act as Steroids are a group of lipids that act as hormoneshormones – molecules that are made in – molecules that are made in one area of the body and work in another.one area of the body and work in another.

Steroids have a characteristic shape that Steroids have a characteristic shape that is made of 17 carbons and four rings.is made of 17 carbons and four rings.

Steroids have different functional groups Steroids have different functional groups and side-chains that make them unique and side-chains that make them unique and give them their different properties.and give them their different properties.

Examples of steroids are cholesterol, Examples of steroids are cholesterol, testosterone and estrogen. testosterone and estrogen.

Steroid AbuseSteroid Abuse

Many young people contemplate Many young people contemplate taking steroids to give them the edge taking steroids to give them the edge – maybe make them stand out from – maybe make them stand out from the crowd.the crowd.

This is not always a good idea – you This is not always a good idea – you may stand out but not always in a may stand out but not always in a good way.good way.

FINFIN