Bio 12 Unit C: Biological Molecules Bio'Mol Star:

Ch 3: Molecules of CellsStandards:By the end of the unit you should be able to:

Model synthesis and hydrolysis reactions and relate the reactions to the human body Recognize carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids in formula & skeleton form, chemical structure and describe

their function in the human body Recognize monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides and relate the molecules to how they function in

the body Recognize, describe the location of, and explain the importance of the following in the human body: neutral fats,

steroids and phospholipids I can list the major functions of nucleic acids (RNA & DNA), describe their structure with accurate detail and

compare these 2 molecules I can compare the following pairs: saturated and unsaturated fats, DNA & RNA I can differentiate among the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins and explain how

these levels of structure relate to protein functions I can relate protein structure to protein specific examples from the human body I ca draw the general structure of the ATP molecule in its role as the “energy currency” of cells

Biological Molecules: 3.1 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the_____________________of carbon

A ____________atom can form ________ ____________________bonds allowing it to build large and diverse organic compounds

Organic Molecules – contain ______________ atom and a ________________ atom C can bond with up to 4 other atoms

Carbon chains vary in many ways ______________________ are composed of only ________________ and _______________ Some carbon compounds are ________________________: molecules with the same molecular

__________________ but different __________________

1 2

3 4

3.2 Functional groups help determine the properties of organic compounds

Some examples of functional groups: Functional groups are particular groupings of atoms that

give organic molecules particular properties

Basic Vocab ______________________ –is a small molecule that may become chemically

bonded to other monomers to form a polymer. ______________________ – a large molecule that is made of several monomers

bonded to each other

Reactions that form polymers & monomers ________________ and ______________ Reactions Reactions we will see for all _________________ molecules Cells make most of their __________molecules by joining ____________ organic molecules into chains

called ___________________ Cells link _______________ to form polymers by a _______________ reaction ______________ are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, ____________________

3.3 Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules The four main classes of biological molecules are ________________________, ____________,

_____________________ and __________________________________ Many of the molecules are gigantic and are called __________________________________

CARBOHYDRATES 3.4 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates

The carbohydrate monomers are __________________________ A monosaccharide has a formula that is a multiple of ________________ and contains

_______________ groups and a _________________ group

Carb Info Function of carbs for humans– source of__________________ for the cell (__________________

________________________) CARBS contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio of ________________. (empirical formula) The monosaccharides glucose and fructose are isomers that contain the same atoms but in different

arrangements Monosaccharides can also occur as ring structures

3.5 Cells link two single sugars to form _________________________ Monosaccharides can join to form disaccharides such as __________________ (table sugar)

and ________________ (brewing sugar)

Hydr

HO OH

O

H

H

Fructose

Glucose

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

HO H

H

H

HO

H

H

H

HH

H

H

H

H

H

H

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

CONNECTION 3.6 How sweet is sweet?

Various types of molecules, including ________________ taste sweet because they bind to “sweet” ______________ on the tongue

3.7 Polysaccharides are _________ ____________ of sugar units Polysaccharides are _______________ of monosaccharides linked together by

____________________reactions ____________ and ______________ are polysaccharides that store sugar for later use ____________________________ is a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls

LIPIDS 3.8 ____________ are lipids that are mostly _____________________________________ molecules

Lipids are diverse compounds that consist mainly of __________ and _____________ atoms linked by ______________________ ______________________ bonds

Lipids are grouped together because they are ___________________________

Fats, also called ________________________ (________________fats) are lipids whose main function is ______________storage

Consist of _______________ linked to _______________ ______________ ____________

3.9 __________________________, __________, and _______________ are lipids with a variety of functions

Phospholipids are a major component of cell ______________

Waxes form waterproof _________ Steroids are often ______________

CONNECTION 3.10 Anabolic steroids pose health risks

Anabolic steroids are synthetic variants of testosterone that can cause serious health problems

H

CCC

O O OCCC

CH3

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

OOO

CH2

HH

H HH

____________

__________________

CCC

OC

HO

H

OHOH OH

H H

HH

H2O

CH3

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

3rd group of Bio'Cules - Proteins

Proteins 3.11 Proteins are essential to the structures and activities of life

A protein is a __________________ constructed from _______________ ________ monomers Proteins are involved in almost all of a cell’s activities As ______________ they regulate chemical reactions.

3.12 Proteins are made from amino acids linked by _______________ bonds Protein diversity is based on different arrangements of a common set of _____ amino acid

monomers Each amino acid contains

An __________ group A ___________ group An ____ group, which distinguishes each of the 20 different amino acids

Each amino acid has specific properties based on its structure

Cells link amino acids together by ________________________ ______________________ The bonds between amino acid monomers are called _______________ bonds

Peptide Bonds The ____ of one a.a. bonds to ____ of carboxyl of another a.a. Dipeptide – has ___ peptide bond & ____ a.a. Tripeptide – has _____ bonds & ___ a.a Polypeptides – many amino acids

3.13 A protein’s specific ____________ determines its ________________ A protein consists of one or more ___________________________ chains folded into a unique

shape that determines the protein’s function

3.14 A protein’s shape (and therefore its function!) depends on _______ levels of structure Primary Structure

A protein’s primary structure is the ____________________ of amino acids forming its polypeptide chains

Secondary structure A protein’s secondary structure is the ____________________ or ____________ of the chain,

stabilized by _____________bonding between a.a. on different parts of the strand

HOH

Amino acid

R

reaction

Dipeptide

O

OHRHR

CCNCCNH

H

OH

OC

R

+NH

H

Groov

Groove

ArgPhe

Amino acids

ValHisValAla

ValAsnIle

AlaProSerGlyArgValAlaAspLeu

ValLys

ValMetLeu

ProCys

LysSerGluGlyThrGlyPrimary

Levels of Protein Structure

Amino acids

Pleated sheetC

NH

OCC

HN

OCC

HN

OCC

HN

OCC

HN

OCC

HN

OCC

HN

OCC

HNC

CO

OC

HNCC

O

HNC

OC

HNCC

O

HN

OCC

HNCC

O

HN

OCCR

NO HH

CCHNC

Alpha helix

N HRCH

O CHN

H

CO C

HNCCO

HNC

CONC

HNC

CO

HNO C

CHNCO

HydrogenbondH

CCOHN

CCON

C

Secondary structure

Figure 3.14B

Tertiary Structure A protein’s tertiary structure is the overall _________________________________ shape of a

polypeptide This 3D shape is the result of _____________________ between the ______ groups of the a.a.s

Quaternary Structure A protein’s quaternary structure results from the _______________________ of two or more

polypeptide chains EX: __________________________

TALKING ABOUT SCIENCE 3.19 ______________ ______________ contributed to our understanding of the

chemistry of life Linus Pauling made important contributions to our understanding of

______________ structure and function Discovered the __________ _____________ structure in proteins

(secondary level) and also the ________________ in the _______________ of hemoglobin in regular blood vs ____________ __________ ___________ blood

Polypeptide

(single

Tertiary structure

Nucleic Acids 3.20 Nucleic acids are ___________________________________ or ______________ carrying

polymers of ______________________ There are 3 ex: __________, _________, _________

Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA serve as the _________________ for proteins and thus control the life of a cell

ATP serves as the ______________ currency of the cell The monomers of nucleic acids are _________________

Composed of a ________________________, __________________, and __________________base (ATCGU)

______________ Nucleotides: Note ___________ basic shape!

The ____________________ and ______________ form the backbone for the nucleic acid or polynucleotide

DNA consists of ________ polynucleotides _____________ around each other in a ____________ __________, the two strands run ___________________________ to each other

Stretches of a DNA molecule called ________________ program the ___________ _________ _______________________ of proteins

RNA, by contrast is a __________________________________ polynucleotide RNA, when compared to DNA, is:

___________________ _______________ stranded Has a ___ base (uracil) instead of a _____ base (thymine) Has _________ more types/jobs, ex: messenger, transfer,

ribosomal etc

ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate Produced by ________________ ____________________ ___________ + _________ _________________ + _________ + ____ ATP – needed for _____________ transport Notice – ____ high energy bonds Synthesis of ADP + Pi → ATP + H2O

Nucleic Acid ComparisonMolecule DNA RNA ATPStructure

SugarBASESUses