Chemistry Folio f5 Repaired)

8/14/2019 Chemistry Folio f5 Repaired)

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Pokok sena science secondary school

06400,pokok sena,

Kedah darul aman

Chemistry folio

Manufactured substances in

industry &

Chemicals for consumers

Prepared by: nor hatika binti abd halim

9.1 SULPHURIC ACID


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1 The manufacture of sulphuric acid is one of the most

important chemical industries at the present time.

2 Sulphuric acid, H SO is a non-volatile diprotic acid.

3 Concentrated sulphuric acid is a viscous colourless

liquid.

THE USES OF SULPHURIC ACID

1 Sulphuric acid is one of the most important industrial

chemicals. About 140 million tones are manufactured in

the world every year.

2 The uses of sulphuric acid are;

a) To manufacture fertilizersb) To manufacture detergents

c) To manufacture pesticides

d) To manufacture synthetic fibres

e) To manufacture paint pigments

f) As an electrolytein lead-acid accumulators

g) To remove metal oxides from metal surfaces

before electroplating


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THE INDUSTRIAL PROCESS IN THE MANUFACTURE

OF SULPHURIC ACID

1 Sulphuric acid is manufacture by the Contact process inindustry.

2 The raw material used in the Contact process aresulphur,air and water.

3


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9.2 AMMONIA AND ITS SALTS

1 Ammonia,NH is a very important compound in industry.

2 The main uses of ammonia:

a) To manufacture nitrogenous fertilizers such asammonium sulphate,

ammonium sulphate,ammonium nitrate and urea.

b) The liquid form is used as coolingagent(refrigerant)in refrigerators.

c) As an raw material for the manufacture of nitric

acid in the Ostwaldprocess

d) To be converted into nitric acid used for makingexplosives.

e) As an alkali to prevent coagulation of latex so thatlatex can remain in

the liquid formf) As a cleaning agent to remove grease.

g) Used in the manufacture of synthetic fibres suchas nylon.


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.

Properties of ammonia

1 colourless gas

2 very soluble in water

3 less dense than air

4 pungent smell

5 has characteristics of weak alkali when dissolved inwater,h 20

6 produces thick white fumes with hydrogenchloride,hci,gas

MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA

1 Ammonia,NH ,is manufactured on a large scale in factoriesthrough Haber process

2 In the Haber process,nitrogen,N ,and hydrogen ,gases aremixed in the ratio of 1:3 volumes(or moles)


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3 The hydrogen, H ,gas is obtained from methane CH ,a type ofnatural gas,while nitrogen,N ,gas is obtained from air byfractional distillation of liquefied air

4 The gas mixed is passed over iron(catalyst) at a temperature of

450-550 C and compressed under a pressure of 200-500atmosphere

5 The ammonia,NH ,gas obtained is cooled(temperature of -50 C)to become liquid ammonia,NH

Synthesis of ammonia in industry.


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PREPARATION OF AMMONIUM FERTILISERS IN THELABORATORY

1 Ammonium fertilizers are nitrogenous fertilizers that canprovide nitrogen elements to plants

2 Examples of ammonium salts usedas fertilizers are ammoniumnitrate,NH NO , ammonium sulphate,and aluminium phosphate.

3 Ammonia dissolves in water to form ammonia solution

4 Neutralisation reaction between ammonia solution and acidsolution produces ammonium salt which is used as fertilizer

Neutralisation reaction Ammonium salt(fertiliser)

Ammonia solution+phosphoric

acid

Ammonium phosphate

Ammonia solution+nitric acid Ammonium nitrate


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Ammonia solution+sulphuric

acid

Ammonium sulphate

ALLOYS

Arrangement of atoms in pure metal

1 Pure metal is soft and not very strong

2 Atoms of pure metals have similar size and shape and arearranged closely but there still space between the atoms

3 When force is applied to pure metal,the atoms slide along oneanother easily

4 This property causes pure metal to be ductile, that is, it can bestretched into a wire


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5 When knocked or hammered,metal atoms slide along oneanother to fill spaces between the metal atoms

6 This property causes pure metal to be malleable,that is , it canbe knocked or pressed into various desired shapes

ALLOY

1 An alloy is a compound formed from a mixture of metal andother elements.

2 An impurity atom may be atoms of other metals of non-metalssuch as carbon

3 The process of mixing atoms of impurities with atoms of puremetal by melting is called alloying

4 The aims of alloying are to :

a)increase the strength and hardness of the metal

b)prevent corrosion of the metal

c)improve the appearance of the metal so that it is moreattractive

ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN ALLOYS

1 Impurity atoms which are mixed may be larger or smaller thanatoms of pure metal

2 Impurity atom fill the empty spaces between the atoms in puremetal

3 Impurity atoms can prevent the layers of metal atoms fromsliding along one another easily

4 Due to this, an alloy is harder nad stronger than pure metal


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5 For examples, steel is harder than iron

USES OF ALLOY

1 STEEL

-To make bridges,vehicles,building skeleton and train tracks

-Properties:strong,hard,withstands corrosion

2 BRONZE

-To make medals,statue and bells

-Properties:same as steel

3 BRASS

-To make keys, musical instruments and ornaments

-Properties:strong and shiny

4 PEWTER

-To make ornamental items such as picture frames and trophies

-Properties:withstands corrosion,smooth and shiny surface

5 STAINLESS STEEL

-To make kitchen utensils such as spoons,forks,pots,pans andknives

-Properties:strong,withstands corrosion,shiny


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6 DURALUMIN

-To make the body of aeroplanes and racing bicycles

-Properties:strong,light ang withstands corrosion

7 COPPER NICKEL

-To make coins

-Properties:strong,shinysilver colour

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

The meaning of Polymers

1 The word polymer originated from the Greekpolumeros whichmeans having many parts

2 Polymers are large molecules made up of many smaller andidentical repeating units joined together by covalent bonds.

3 These small molecules that are joined together into chains arecalled monomers


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4 Polymerisation is the chemical process by which the monomersare joined tog

USES OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

Uses of Polymers

Polymer Properties Applications

neoprene very chemical

resistant,

rubbery

shoe soles, hoses,

radiator hoses,

wetsuits

polyamide

(nylon)

fibrous, strong,

durable,

parachutes, carpet,

ropes, form-fitting
http://www.alliancepoly.com/nylon.asphttp://www.alliancepoly.com/nylon.asp


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moisture

resistant

skiwear, hosiery,

swimware, boat sails

polyacrylon

itrile

resinous,

fibrous, orrubbery,

combines with

butadiene and

styrene to form

hard, tough

ABS copolymer

ABS plumbing pipe,

structural panels,kettle handles,

housewares; Orlon

fabric

polychloro-trifluoroeth

ylene

can be moldedby extrusion,

chemically

resistant

gaskets, linings forcontainers, parts for

valves and pumps

polyester fibers recover

quickly after

extension and

absorb very

little moisture.

filters, conveyor belts,

sleeping bag

insulation, coat

insulation, tire cords.

Brand name polymers

include: Dacron ,

Fortrel , Terylene ;

Mylar & Lexan .

polyethylen

e

(high-

density )HDPE

can be easily

formed into

lightweight

containers

milk, water, and juice

containers; toys,

liquid detergent

bottles

polyethylen

e

(low-

can be

stretched into

fine, tough,

bread bags, frozen

food bags, grocery
http://www.alliancepoly.com/ABS.asphttp://www.alliancepoly.com/ABS.asp


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density)

LDPE

films. bags

polyethylen

eterephthala

te

(PET, PETE)

strong, easily

moldable,chemically

resistant, light-

weight

soft drink bottles,

peanut butter jars,salad dressing bottles,

nonbreakable bottles

polyolefin fiber composed

of at least 85%

polyethylene or

polypropylene

hosiery, sportswear,

undergarments, pile

fabrics, upholstery,

outdoor furniture,indoor carpeting,

indoor-outdoor rugs

and carpets, filters,

marine cordage,

automobile seat

covers, electrical

insulation, carpet

backing

polystyrene thermoplastic;

resists attack

by acids,

alkalis, and

many solvents,

does not

absorb water;

excellent

electrical

insulator.

Styrofoam cups,

grocery store meat

trays, fast-food

sandwich containers,

video cassette cases,

compact disk jackets,

cafeteria trays,

refrigerator insulation

polysulfone tough, strong, household and
http://www.alliancepoly.com/ca-ag-film.asphttp://www.alliancepoly.com/ca-ag-film.asp


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stiff,

chemically and

thermally

resistant

plumbing items,

various automotive

parts, wire coatings

polytetraflu

oro-

ethylene

(PTFE)

strong, tough,

waxy,

nonflammable,

chemically

resistant,

slippery

surface,

thermallystable

Viton : gaskets,

bearings, linings for

containers and pipes.

Teflon : non-stickcookware, cookingutensils, pump valves,plumbing tape.

polyuretha

ne

flexible foams,

highly elastic

quick drying

fibers, or hard-

drying films

flexible foams:

upholstery material,

mattresses

rigid foams: coresfor airplane wings

fibers: spandexclothing fiber, supporthosiery; Lycra ,Numa ,Spandelle , andVyrene. hard films:polyurethanevarnishes

polyvinylalcohol

colorless,water-soluble,

flammable

resin

component in:adhesives,

emulsifiers, lacquers,

coatings, and films

polyvinyl rigid when unplasticized form:


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chloride unplasticized;

flexible when

plasticized

water pipe, plumbing

fittings, phonograph

records, synthetic

floor tiles, credit cards

plasticized form:raincoats, showercurtains, andpackaging films.

polyvinyl

fluoride

resistant to

attack by

chemicals or

by weathering

protective films for:

building sidings,

pipes, corrosive

chemical containers

polyvinylac

etate

water-insoluble

resin

carpet backings; film-

forming ingredient of

water-based (latex)

paints, adhesives,

lacquers, and

cements


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THE USES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

1 In this modern world,the demand for items with specificproperties is high.

2 Compounds with specific properties are combined to produce acomposite material that meets the requirements of industry,construction and transportation

3 Several uses of composite material are

(a)Reinforced concrete*Made from a mixture of cement,gravel,sand,water,iron or steel toproduce nets,rods or bars

*Strong,high tensile strength and cheap

*Construction material for buildings,bridges,highways and dams


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(b)Superconductor

*Made from various components such as the mixture ofniobium and germanium

*Compound that has no electrical resistans (zeroresistance)

*Can function only under extremely low temperatures

*Used in the transportation ,telecommunications andastronomy industries and in the medical field

(c)Fibres glass

*Made from silica,SiO ,sodium carbonate,Na CO ,andcalium carbonate

*Good insulator of heat and electricity

(d) Fibre optic

*Made from glass,copper and aluminium

*Enables information to be transmitted in light form at

high speeds

*Used in the field of communications to make electricalcables and in the field of medicine to observe internalorgans without performing surgery

(e) Photochromic glass

*Produced from molten silica that is mixed with a little

silver chloride,AgCl*Dark in colour when exposed to bright light and brightwhen in the dark


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FORM 5

CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

5.1 SOAPS AND DETERGENTS

SOAPS

1 Soap is a salt that is formed the reaction between an alkali anda fatty acid, RCOOH.

2 Soap is

a) sodium salt fatty acid if the alkali used is sodium hydroxide.

b) potassium salt fatty acid if the alkali used is potassium

hydroxide.

Alkali + fatty acid sodium/potassium salt fatty acid + water

(salt)

3) The general formula of soap is RCOONa or RCOOK. R is a

long-chained alkyl group.

4) Examples of soap include

a) sodium palmitate,CH (CH ) COO Na

b) sodium stearate,CH (CH ) COO Na

c) sodium laurate, CH (CH ) COO Na

d) sodium oleate, CH (CH ) CH(CH ) COO K

5) For examples, sodium palmitate soap, CH (CH ) Na ,is a

sodium salt of palmitic acid, CHCOOH,that is derived from palm oil.

CH (CH ) COO Na


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Source found in Source found in an alkali,

palmitic acid,a type acid that is sodium hydroxide

that comes from palm oil

the types of soap that is produced depends on the type of

fatty acid and alkali that is used

Types of soap Num.of carbon

atom

Type of fatty acid Type of alkali

Sodium

stearate

18 Stearic acid Sodium hydroxide

Sodiumpalmitate

16 Palmitic acid Sodium hydroxide

Potassium

oleate

18 Oleic acid Potassiumhydroxide

Sodium

laurate

12 Lauric acid Sodium hydroxide

Sodiumlinoleate

17 Linoleic acid Sodium hydroxide

There are 2 types of soap:

a) Solid soap

b) Liquid soap

SOLID SOAP(HARD SOAP) LIQUID SOAP

*Made from sodium hydroxide and *Made from potassium hydroxide and


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saturated carboxylic acid that is

found in animal fat.

*Used for bathing and washing

clothes.

unsaturated carboxylic acid that is

found in plant oil such as cotton seed

oil

*Used as liquid soap and shaving

cream

USAGE OF FOOD ADDITIVES

Food Additives

1 Various food additives are added into food,in the food

industry,for the purpose of;

(a) preserving food

(b) improving the taste of food

(c) making food look more attractive

(d) enriching food with certain nutrients

2 Table 14.6 displays several types of food additives in food,their

functions, and examples of chemicals as well as the food that

they are added to.

Food additives Functions Examples of

chemicals

Examples of

food

Preservatives Prevents or

slows down the

growth of

*Benzoic acid

*Sodium

Sausage

Canned food


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bacteria or

fungi,so that

food can be

kept longer

benzoate

*Tartrazine

*Sulphur

dioxide

*Sodium

nitrate

Antioxidants *Slows down

the oxidation

of fat in food

*Prevents ouly

or fatty food

from

becoming

rancid

*Ascorbic acid

*Citric acid

Margarine

Cooking oil

Flavouring

agents

Adds taste or

fragrant smells

to make food

more edible

*MSG

*Aspartame

(sweetener)

Ice cream

Soft drinks

Stabilisers *Mixes two

liquids that

usually do not

mixed together

*Provides a

smooth and

uniform

texture

*Lecithin

*Gelatin

*Acacia gum

Chili sauce

Ice cream

Thickening

agents

*Tickens liquid

such as soup

and sauce

*Gelatin(agar)

Starch

Thick ketchup

sauce

Oyster sauce


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Colouring

agents

*Colours food

to make it look

more

attractive

*Metanil yellow

*Caramel

*Azo

compounds

*Triphenyl

compounds

Ice cream

Soft drink

The Food Act only allows certain quantity of chemicals to be

added to food.

Food additives Maximum quantity that isallowed per kilogram of food

Benzoic acid (preservative) 350 mg

Ascorbic acid (antioxidant) 2000 mg

Sulphur dioxide (preservative) 20 mg

THE EFFECTS ON HEALTH DUE TO ADDITIVES IN FOOD

THE EXISTENCE OF CHEMICALS

#Chemical have improved the quality of life.

#Many chemical products improve the lives of consumers.

#Chemicals also created side effects in humans and

environments.


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#Scientists usuallt have common traits such as curious, patient,

meticulous and are able to preservere in the face of failures.

#Life without chemicals make life difficult.

PROPER MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS

1 Chemicals by themselves are neither good nor bad.

2 Improper use or storage of chemicals can be a danger to life

and the environment.

3 Proper management of chemicals used includes proper handling

and control of their use.

MEDICINE USED IN MALAYSIA

Introduction


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"Tumbuhan Ubatan" are plants of medicinal value.

The malay word "Ubat" simply means medicine. Many ofthese plants include a large number of Local MalaysianSpices.

White Costus (Setawar Putih)

There are various species and varietiesof White Costus. However for traditionalMalay medicine the wild variety Costusspeciosus Smith is used. The picture onthe left shows the wild variety of whitecostus flower. Traditionally it has manymedicinal uses, for example therhizomes is used for making a form ofhealth tonic and the stem is use for skinproblems. It is also a source of st

The picture (leftt) shows a young White Costus plant in the wild.

Lemon Grass (Serai)

The Lemon Grass or Cymbopogon citratusis a very popular plant and is frequently


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grown at home. It main use is as a spice in curries as wellas an ingredient for enhencing taste and fragrance. Theleaves are used for making Lemon Grass Tea. It variousmedicinal uses are for curing head ache, stomach ache,

and as a mosquitoe repelent.The picture shows clump of lemon grass.

Mint (Pudina)

Mint or

Mentha

arvensis

Linn. is

a

creeping

herb that can be used for food flavouring, food dressing

and also has medicinal value. Mint is used to treat sore

throat. It is used in the production of peppermint oil which

contains a high percentage of mentol. This oil is used in

medicine mixtures, as flavouring for sweets, mentol

cigrettes and various other types of flavouring.


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Red Basil (Selasih Merah)

Basils of various types are common all over the world. InMalaysia, three species are commonly found in home

gardens and the local markets. One of the three commonbasils is the Red or Holy Basil commonly called "SelasihMerah" or Ocimum sanctum Linn. (pictured left). Medicallyred basils are used for curing coughs, breathingdifficulties due to blocked nose, malaria, and back ache.

Sweet Basil (Selasih Hijau)

Sweet Basils or Ocinum basilicum Linn. is also verycommon in Malaysia. Medically sweet basils areused for curing coughs, irrigular menstral, toothache, iching throat, insect bites and skin disease.

Chemistry Folio f5 Repaired)

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