45243551 Folio Chemistry

8/13/2019 45243551 Folio Chemistry

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CHAPTER 9 :

MANUFACTURED

SUBSTANCES IN

INDUSTRY

NAME : SITI KHADIJAH ATIKAH BT

SHAMSUDDIN

CLASS : 4 EXCELLENT


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TEACHER : MR. ZAFRI

CONTENT

Content PageIntroduction 39.1 Sulphuric acid

9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid 4 9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid 5 9.1.3 The industrial process in manufacture of sulphuric acid 9 9.1.4 Environmental pollution b sulphuric acid 129.2 !mmonia and its salt 9.2.1 Properties of ammonia 13 9.2.2 The uses of ammonia 1" 9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia 1#9.3 !llo s

9.3.1 Ph sical properties of pure metals 1$ 9.3.2 %eanin& and purpose of ma'in& allo s 2(

9.4 S nthetic pol mers 9.4.1 The meanin& and t pes of pol mers 21 9.4.2 !dvanta&es of s nthetic pol mers 23 9.4.3 Environmental pollution caused b s nthetic pol mers 23 9.4.4 %ethods to overcome the environmental pollution caused

b s nthetic pol mers

23

9.5 )lass and ceramics 249." *omposite material 2$*onclusion 3(+eferences 31

INTRODUCTION

2


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All the objects that exist around us are made up of chemical substances. These

objects exist an element, compound or mixture. All these objects contribute benefit to

humankind. As time goes on, human has done many researches to ensure all thesechemical substances will be enough for the use of themselves.

Chapter 9 of orm ! syllabus introduces the students with manufactured

substances in industry. This is important for the students to appreciate the knowledge of

chemistry that is still new for themselves. "ersonally, # think that this chapter is an

interesting chapter as it revealed the way of scientist produces the material around me. #t

also gives me new knowledges of the uses of chemical substances that # usually found in

the laboratories.

# hope, by learning this chapter, # will be more interested in learning chemistry as

it will help me in the future. All the e$uations from this chapter make me more

understand of the previous chapters.

9.1 SULPHURIC ACID

3,i&ure 9.1 A molecule ofsulphuric acid.


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9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid

%. &ulphuric acid is a strong mineral acid .'. #ts molecular formula is ( ' &) ! .

*. #t is soluble in water .

!. &ulphuric acid is a non+volatile diprotic acid.

. #t is a highly corrosive, dense and oily li$uid.

-. Concentrated sulphuric acid is a viscous colourless li$uid.

,i&ure 9.2 "roperties of sulphuric acid

9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid

4

"roperties ofsulphuric acid

on+volatileacid

/iproticacid

&oluble inwater

(ighlycorrosive

)ilyli$uid

0iscouscolourless

li$uid

/ense
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1) To manufacture fertilizers

There are many fertili1ers that can be made of sulphuric acid. &ome of them are2

a3 Calcium dihydrogen phosphate 4superphosphate3

b3 Ammonium sulphate

c3 "otassium sulphate

2) To manufacture detergents

5

' (' &) !

5 Ca*4")

!3

'6 Ca4(

' ")

!3

' 5 'Ca&)

!

sulphuric acid 5 tricalcium phosphate 6 calcium dihydrogen phosphate

( ' &) ! 5' (

*6 4 (

!3

'&)

!

sulphuric acid 5 a$ueous ammonia 6 ammonium sulphate

( ' &) ! 5' (

*6 4 (

!3

'&)

!

sulphuric acid 5 a$ueous ammonia 6 ammonium sulphate
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&ulphuric acid reacts with hydrocarbon to produce sulphonic acid. &ulphonic acid is then

neutrali1ed with sodium hydroxide to produce detergents. 7xamples of hydrocarbon

3) To manufacture synthetic fibres

&ynthetic fibres are polymers 4 long chain molecules3. 8ayon is an example of a synthetic

fibre that is produced from the action of sulphuric acid on cellulose.

4) To manufacture paint pigments

The white pigment in paint is usually barium sulphate, a&) !. The neutrali1ation ofsulphuric acid and barium hydroxide produces barium sulphate.

5) As an electrolyte in lead-acid accumulators

6) To remo e metal o!ides from metal surfaces before electroplating

") To manufacture pesticides

#) The uses of sulphuric acid in school laboratories are$

a. As a strong acid

b. As a drying or dehydrating agent

c. As an oxidi1ing agent

d. As a sulphonating agent

e. As a catalyst

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,i&ure 9.3 :ses of sulphuric acid

"

:ses of sulphuric acid

;anufacture pesticides

8emovemetal oxidesfrom metal

surfaces before

electroplating

As anelectrolyte in

lead+acidaccumulators

;anufacture paint

pigments

;anufacturesynthetic

fibres

;anufacturedetergents

;anufacturefertili1ers


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As an acid'C to =>C.

c3 A pressure of one atmosphere

%

&ulphur 6 &ulphur dioxide 6 &ulphur trioxide 6 &ulphuricacid

# ## ###

& 5 )' 6

&)'

'?n& 5 * )' 6 ' &)' 5'?n)

' &)' 5 )

' 6

' &)*
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-. Sta&e III 2 "roduction of sulphuric acid

a3 &ulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid, ( ' &) ! to produce oleum,

( ' &' ) @

b3 )leum is reacted with water to form concentrated ( ' &) ! .

@. #n stage ##, sulphur dioxide is dried first before being added to dry air to produce sulphur trioxide . This is2

a3 To remove water vapour

b3 To remove contaminants

. #n stage ###,sulphur trioxide is not dissolved directly in water to produce sulphuric

acid. This is because2

a3 sulphur trioxide has low solubility in water

b3 sulphur trioxide reacts violently and mists are formed instead of

a li$uid

1&

('&)

!5 &)

* 6

('&

')

@5 (

') 6 '

( ' &) !
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9.1.4 Environmental pollution b sulphuric acid

%. &ulphur dioxide is the main byproduct produced when sulfur+containing fuels

such as coal or oil are burned.

'. &ulphuric acid is formed by atmospheric oxidation of sulphur dioxide in the

presence of water . #t also produces sulphurous acid.

*. &ulphuric acid and sulphurous acid are constituents of acid rain.

!. Acid rain can cause many effects such as2

i. Corrodes concrete buildings and metal structure

ii. /estroys trees and plants

iii. /ecrease the p( of th soil and make it become acidic

iv. Acid rain flows into the rivers and increases the acidity of water and kill

a$uatic living things.

. (ence, we must reduce the sulphur dioxide from the atmosphere by2

i. :se low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaust

gases

ii. 8emove sulphur dioxide from waste air by treating it with calcium

carbonated before it is released

12
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9.2 AMMONIA AND ITS SALT

9.2.1 Properties of ammonia

%. A colorless, pungent gas.

'. #ts molecular formula is ( *

*. #t is extremely soluble in water.

!. #t is a weak alkali.

. #t is about one half as dense as air

-. #t reacts with hydrogen chloride gas to produce

white fumes of ammonium chloride.

@. Ammonia is alkaline in property and reacts with dilute acids in neutrali1ation

to produce salts . or examples2

. A$ueous solutions of ammonia produces )( B ions 4except a 5 ion, 5 ion,

and Ca '5 ion3 forming metal hydroxides precipitate.

13

(* 5 (Cl 6 (!Cl

' ( * 5 ( ' &) ! 6 4 ( ! 3 ' &) !

(* 5 ( )

*6 (

! )

*

,i&ure 9." A molecule ofammonia.
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9. &ome metal hydroxides such as 1inc hydroxide and copper 4##3 hydroxide

dissolves in excess a$ueous ammonia to form complexes.

14

e*5 5 * ) ( B 6 e4 ) (3

*

rown precipitate

;g'5

5 ' ) (B

6 ;g4 ) (3 'Dhite precipitate

?n4)(3' 5 ! (

*6 E?n4 (

*3

!F '5 5

' ) (

B

Cu4)(3' 5 ! (

*6 ECu4 (

*3

!F '5

5

' ) (

B
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"roperties of ammonia

Colorless "ungentsmell

7xtremelysoluble in

water Deak alkali

,i&ure 9.# "roperties of ammonia

15


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9.2.2 The uses of ammonia

%.The major use of ammonia and its compounds is as fertili1ers.

'.Ammonia is also used for the synthesis of nitric acid.

*.Ammonium fertili1ers contain ammonium ions, ( ! 5, that can be converted into

nitrate ions by bacteria living in the soil.!. itrogen is absorbed by plants to produce protein in the form of nitrates, ) *B,

which are soluble in water.

.The effectiveness of ammonium fertili1ers is determined by the percentage of

nitrogen by mass in them. The fertili1er with a higher percentage of nitrogen is

more effective.

-.The percentage of nitrogen by mass can be calculated using this formula2

16

;ass

of nitrogen

- %==<

;olar mass of fertili1ers
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9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia

%. (aber process is the industrial method of producing ammonia.

'. #t needs direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen under high pressure in the

presence of a catalyst, often iron.*. itrogen gas used in (aber process is obtained from the frictional distillation of

li$uid air.

!. (ydrogen gas used in (aber process can be obtained by two methods2

a3 The reaction between steam and heated coke 4carbon3

b3 The reaction between steam and natural gas 4 consisting mainly of

methane3

. #n the (aber process2

a3 A mixture consisting of one volume of nitrogen gas and three volume of

hydrogen gas is compressed to a pressure between '== G == atmospheres.

b3 The gas mixture is passed through a catalyst of powdered iron at a

temperature of ! = + =>C.

c3 At this optimum temperature and pressure, ammonia gas is produced.

1"

C 5 (

') 6 C) 5

('

C(

! 5 '(

') 6 C)

' 5

!('

'5 *(

' 6 ' (

*


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9.3 ALLOYS

9.3.1 Ph sical properties of pure metals

%."ure metals have the following physical properties

a3Hood conductor of electricity b3;alleable

c3/uctile

d3(igh melting and boiling point

e3(igh density

'. "ure metals are weak and soft because the arrangement of atoms in pyre

metals make them ductile and malleable.

a3 A pure metal contains atoms of the same si1e arranged in a regular and

organi1ed closed+packed structure.

b3 "ure metals are soft because the orderly arrangement of atoms enables

the layers of atoms to slide over each other easily when an external force

is applied on them. This makes the matels ductile and metals can be

drawn to form long wires.

c3 There are imperfections in the natural arrangements of metal

atoms. 7mpty space exist in the structures of pure metals. Dhen

hammered or pressed, groups of metal atoms may slide into new

positions in the empty spaces. This makes metals malleable, able to be

made into different shapes or pressed into thin sheets.

1#


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"roperties ofmetals

Hood conductor of electricity

/uctile

(igh melting and boiling point

;alleable

(igh density

*. The strong forces of attraction between metal atoms re$uires high energy to

overcome it. (ence, most metals have high melting points.

!.The close+packed arrangement of metal atoms results in the high density of

metals.

1%


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,i&ure 9.$ "roperties of metals

9.3.2 %eanin& and purpose of ma'in& allo s

%. An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain composition

in which the major component is a metal.

'. in the process of alloying, one or more foreign elements are added to a

molten metal. Dhen the alloy hardens, the positions of some of the metalatoms are replaced by the atoms of foreign elements, which si1e may be

bigger or smaller than the original metal atoms.

2&
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*. #n an alloy, these atoms of foreign elements disrupt the orderly

arrangement of the metal atoms and also fill up any empty space in the

metal crystal structure.

!. (ence, the layers of metal atoms are prevented from sliding over eachother easily. This makes the alloy harder and stronger, less ductile and less

malleable than its pure metals.

. The properties of a pure metal are thus improved by making them into

alloys. There are three aims of alloying a pure metal2

a3 To increase the hardness and strength of a metal

b3 To prevent corrosion or rusting

c3 To improve the appearance of the metal surface

9.4 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

9.4.1 The meanin& of pol mers

%. "olymers can be defined as large molecules composed of numerous smaller,

repeating units known as monomers which are joined by covalent bonds.

'. "olymerisation is the chemical process by which the monomers are joinedtogether to form the big molecule known as the polymers.

*. There are two types of polymeri1ation process2

a3Addition polymeri1ation

b3Condensation polymeri1ation

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!. A polymer is a very big molecule 4macromolecule3. (ence, the relative

molecular mass of a polymer is large.

. The properties of polymer are different from its monomers.

-. "olymers can be divided into two types2

a3 aturally occurring polymers

%. This type of polymer exists in living things in nature like the plants and

animals.

'. 7xamples of naturally occuring polymers are2

a3 "rotein

b3 Carbohydrate

c3 atural rubber*. aturally occuring polymers are formed by the joining of monomers by

polymeri1ation.

!. "rotein is formed by the joining of monomers known as amino acid.

. Carbohydrate is formed by the joining of monomers known as glucose.

-. atural rubber is formed by the joining of monomers known as isoprene.

b3&ynthetic polymers

%. This type of polymer are man+made by chemical process in the

laboratories.

'.The raw material for synthetic polymers are obtained frompetroleum.

*.The types of synthetic polymers include2

a3 "lastics

b3 ibres

c3 7lastomers

!. 7xamples of plastics are polythene4polyethylene3,polyvinylchloride4"0C3,

polypropene 4polypropylene3, polystyrene , "erspex and bakelite.

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."olythene and "0C are produced by addition polymeri1ation

-. 7xamples of synthetics fibres are nylon and terylene. They are produced

by condensation polymeri1ation.

9.4.2 !dvanta&es of s nthetic pol mers

a3 &trong and light

b3 Cheap

c3 Able to resist corrosion

d3 #nert to chemical reactions

e3 7asily moulded or shaped and be coloured

f3 Can be made to have special properties

9.4.3 Environmental pollution caused b s nthetic pol mers

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a3 As most of polymers are non+biodegradable, they will not

decay like other organic garbage.

b3 urning of polymers release harmful and poisonous gases.

9.4.4 %ethods to overcome the environmental pollution caused

b s nthetic pol mers

a3 8educe, reuse and recycle synthetic polymers

b3 /evelop biodegradable polymers

9.5 GLASS AND CERAMICS

%. The main component of both glass and ceramic is silica or silicon dioxide, &i) ' .

'. oth glass and ceramic have the same properties as follow

a3 (ard and brittle

b3 #nert to chemical reactions

c3 #nsulators or poor conductors of heat and electricity

d3 Dithstand compression but not stretching

e3 Can be easily cleaned

f3 Iow cost of production

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*. /ifferences between glass and cerement are, glass is transparent, while

ceramic is opa$ue. Ceramic can withstand a higher temperature than normal glass.

!. Types of glass are

a3 used glass

#t is consist mainly of silica or silicon dioxide

#t has high heat resistance

b3 &oda lime glass

#t cannot withstand high temperatures

c3 orosilicate glass

#t can withstand high temperature

d3 Iead glass

(igh refractive index

. :ses of improved glass for specific purpose

a3 "hotochromic glass

#t is sensitive to light intensity

b3 Conducting glass

#t conducts electricity

-. Ceramic is a manufactured substances made from clay, with the

main constituent of aluminosilicate with small $uantity of sand and feldspar.@. &uperconductor is one improved ceramics for specific purposes.

'lass

%. Hlass is made up from sand.

'. The major component of glass is &i) '.

*. There are four types of glass which are as follows2

used glass &oda+lime glass

orosilicate glass

Iead crystal glass

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Name of glass Properties Chemical

composition

Examples of uses

,used &lass0ery high softening

point 4%@== >C3hence, highly heat

resistant

Transparent to

ultraviolet and

infrared light

/ifficult to be made

into different shapes

/oes not crack when

temperature changes

4very low thermal

expansion

coefficient3

0ery resistant to

chemical reactions

&i) ' 499


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orosilicate

&lass(igh softening point

4 ==>C3. Thus it is

heat resistant

/oes not crack easily

with sudden

temperature changes

Transparent to

ultraviolet light

;ore resistant tochemical reactions

/oes not break easily

&i) ' 4 =


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!. 8ed clay contains iron 4###3 oxide which gives the red colour .

. Heneral uses ceramics are as follows of 2

very hard and strong but brittle

inert to chemical reaction

has a very high melting point

good electric and heat insulator

able to withstand compression

9.6 COMPOSITE MATERIAL

%. A composite material is a structural material formed by

combining two or more materials with different physical properties, producing a

complex mixture.

'. The composite material produced will have different properties

far more superior to the original materials.

*. The composite material produced are harder, stronger, lighter,

more resistant to heat and corrosion and also for specific purposes.

!. Dhen composite material is formed, the weakness of the

components will not exist anymore.

2#


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*omposite

material

*omponent Properties of

component

Properties of

composite

+einforced

concrete

Concrete (ard but brittle,

Dith low tensile

strength

Stron&er0 hi&her

tensile stren&th0

not so brittle0 does

not corrode easil 0

can ithstand

hi&her applied

forces and loads0

relativel cheaper

&teel (ard with high

tensile strength but

expensive and can

corrode

,ibre optics

Hlass of low

refractive index

Transparent, does

not reflect light

rays.

+eflect li&ht ra s

and allo li&ht

ra s to travel alon&

the fibreHlass of high

refractive index

(eavy, strong but

brittle and non+

flexible

,ibre&lass

Hlass (eavy, strong but

brittle and non+

flexible

/i&ht0 stron&0

tou&h0 resilient and

fle ible0 ith hi&h

tensile stren&th and

not flammable

"olyester plastic Iight, flexible,

elastic but weak and

2%


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inflammable

Photochromic &lass

Hlass Transparent and not

sensitive to light

Sensitive to li&ht

dar'ness hen

li&ht intensit is

hi&h0 becomes clear

hen li&ht intensit

is loSilver chloride0 or

silver bromide

Sensitive to li&ht

,i&ure 9.9 Composite material and their new properties

CONCLUSION

De must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. )ne of the way is by

doing continuous research and development 4 8 J / 3 to produce better materials used to

improve our standard of living. As we live in a changing world, our society is getting

more complex. ew materials are re$uired to overcome new challenges and problems we

face in our daily lives. &ynthetic material are developed constantly due to the limitation

and shortage of natural materials. ew technological developments are used by scientists

to make new discoveries.

ew materials for clothing, shelter, tools and communication to improve our daily

life are developed continuously for the well+being of mankind. ew needs and new

problem will stimulate the development of new synthetic materials. or example, the new

use of plastic composite material will replace metal in the making of a stronger and

lighter car body. This will save fuel and improve speed. "lastic composite materials may

one day used to make organs for organ transplant in human bodies. This will become

necessity with the shortage of human organ donors.

3&


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The understanding of the interaction between different chemicals is important for

both the development of new synthetic materials and the disposal of such synthetic

materials as waste. A responsible and systemic method of handling the waste of synthetic

materials and their by+product is important to prevent environmental pollution. The

recycling and development of environmental friendly synthetic material should be

enforced.

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