ABSTRACT - upm.pps.ipdn.ac.idupm.pps.ipdn.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Bureaucracy-Reform... ·...

Journal of New Government Paradigm Volume 2, 2014

40

BUREAUCRACY REFORM ON POPULATION ADMINISTRATION

I r m a n1

ABSTRACT

Bureaucratic reform on population administration in Indonesia just have been

started since 2006 inline with implementation of Law Number 23/2006

concerning population administration. Implementationa of the regulation, then

followed up with the implementation of 3 (three) National Strategic Programs

namely: updating population data at national scale, Issuing National Population

Registration Number (NIK) and Implementation of National Electronic Identity

Card (KTP-el) equipped with fingerprint and iris images recording. By finishing

the programs, Indonesian Government enables to create an accurate population

database and have been used for both business and government institutions. Up

to now, 32 (thirty two) Institutions-Users has been using Population Database

from Ministry of Home Affairs. These 32 (thirty-two) Institutions-Users become

the populations of this study. It means all population is being use as sample. This

research aims to find out the impact of the effectiveness, efficiency and strategy

of population-database’s utilization on the quality of public service in Indonesia.

The study observes that the effectiveness and efficiency in using population

database has significant correlation with the improvement of public services.

Effectiveness in utilizing population database (X1) contributed 14.8%, while the

efficiency in utilizing population database (X2) contributed 13,9% to variable

quality of public serves (Y) respectively. It means that the more effective and

efficient population database utilization, the higher improvement of public

service quality. In line with the utilization of population database as mention

above, it has found strategy formulation or ‘Model’ in improving quality of

public service.

Key Words : Population database, effective, efficiency, public service and

bureaucratic reform

INTRODUCTION

Background

The beginning of bureaucratic reform in Indonesia indicated by

implementation of Law Number 17/2007 regarding The National Long-Term

1 The author is a General Director of Population and Civil Registration, Ministry of Home Affair

of Indonesia. Can be contacted by email : [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


41

Development Plan (RPJPN 2005-2025), which giving mandate to reform

government apparatus through bureaucratic reform in increasing professionalism

of government employee, implementation of good governance and also create

clean government apparatus at the cental and local governement to be able to

support the successful development program on the other sectors. This regulation

then follows by implementation of Government Regulation Number 81/2010

regarding Grand Design of Bureaucratic Reform 2010-2025.

Meanwhile, bureaucratic reform on population administration based on

enactment of Law Number 23/2006 concerning population administration, which

has been followed up with its implementing regulations such as Government

Regulation Number 37/2007 regarding implementation of Law Number 23/2006

and Presidential regulation Nomor 25/2008 regarding Requirements and

Procedures of Population Registration and Civil Registration. Law Number

23/2006 concerning population administration has been amended to Law Number

24/2013.

There are some fundamental changes regulated in Law No. 24/2013. First,

registration on population admistration which is originally based on stelsel active

from residents in reporting any vital events occured by residents, become mobile

registration which is based on stelsel active from government official in recording

any vital events occured by residents. Second, National Electronic Identity Card

(KTP-el) which was valid for five years becomes valid for lifetime. Third, free

registration cost for documents processing not only for National Electronic

Identity Card (KTP-el) but also for any others population administration

documents processing.

Some set of reglations that regulates population administration aspects

such as Law, Government Regulation and Presidential Regulation just have been

implemented by Ministry of Home Affairs since 2010 through implementation of

3 (three) National Strategic Programs namely:


42

1. Updating population data at national scale;

2. Issuing National Population Registration Number (NIK);

3. Implementation of National Electronic Identity Card (KTP-el) equipped with

fingerprint and iris images recording.

Due to hard working from Minister of Home Affairs collaborate with

Provincial and City/Regency government supporting by House of Representatives

of the Republic of Indonesia, ministries and related institutions such as Agency

for Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), the National Encryption

Agency (Lemsaneg), Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Computer Science

and Informatics Higher Educational Institutions Association (APTIKOM),

Ministry of Communication and Information, Ministry of Research and

Technology, State Intelligence Agency, The Indonesian Police’s Automatic

Fingerprint Identification System (Inafis) and Board of Supervisors Finance and

Development (BPKP) has completed that 3 (three) National Strategic Programs at

the end of 2013. By finishing the programs, Indonesian Government enables to

create an accurate population database, Issuing National Population Registration

Number (NIK) and Issuing National Electronic Identity Card (KTP-el) which

impossible to create false and multiple identity cards.

LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Bureaucratic reform

According Bendictus de Spinosa, F. Hegel and Adam Muller, the

integralistic theory states that a state is a societal structure that is integral. All of

its groups, all of its components, all of its members are closely linked to each

other and constitute a unified societal entity that is organic. Integralistic country

is a country that attempts to address the interests of individual and group and

prioritizes the interests of public as a whole.

The term ‘government’ originated from the word ‘governor’ with

adopted from the Greece word with similar meaning to the phrase


43

“cybernetics”or “steering steersman”, so in general, government is a term used

to refer to institutions that manage people's lives2. The term government has a

wide range of meanings and frequently interchangeable with words such as the

public sector, public service, public administration and state. Some people

consider government and executive as the same thing and some people believe

that government and executive as something different3. People who consider that

government and executive as the same thing because there are formal separation

of power in state organisation as considered in state constitution. Furthermore, the

opinion that define "government" in general and in the specific is actually not

much different from the opinion consider government and executive as difference

or the opinion consider government and executive as similar.

Bureaucracy theory has 3 (three) different definition, namely (1)

bureaucracy define as ‘government by bureaus’ which means government bureau

by official who are appointed by the formal authority, government or top

management in an formal organisation both public or private; bureaucratic

government is a government without the participation of the governed; (2)

Bureaucracy bureaucracy is defined as government behaviour such as inflexible,

slow, badly manage and all negative image related to the authority or in simple

can be called bureau-pathology. Bureaucracy in this definition is written by many

people; (3) Bureaucracy as an ideal type of organization. Ussualy bureaucracy in

this definition considered as contribution of Max Weber’s theory regarding

concept of sosiologic rationalization of collective activity4.

Bureaucratic reform in developing countries mainly enabled by 3 (three)

factors namely: globalization, democratization and economic crisis. Similar to

bureaucratic reform in Indonesia was also anabled by the economic crisis that

2 Senge cited in Rahardiansah, Trubus. 2010. Sistem Pemerintahan Indonesia : teori dan praktik

dalam perspektif politik dan hukum. Jakarta : Trisakti University.p.38 3 Ibid.p.9 4 Ndraha, Talizidhu. 2003. Kybernology (Ilmu Pemerintahan Baru) 1. Jakarta : PT. Rineka

Cipta.p.513


44

occurred in Indonesiase in 1997. It can be seen clearly from formulation of Grand

Design regarding Bureaucratic Reform 2010-2025 from Ministry of State

Apparatus Empowerment/Bureaucratic Reform which states that:

“The economic crisis experienced by Indonesia in 1997, then has

change become a multi-dimensional crisis in 1998. These conditions

led to strong demands from all levels of society against the

government for implementing reform on government management.

Since then, there have been important changes that become

milestones as beginning of reform in some aspect such as in the

political, legal, economic and bureaucratic, and popularly known as

the first wave of reform era in Indonesia. The changes are based on

the desire of most people to realize the democratic government and

accelerate the realization of the people’s welfare based on basic

values as expressed in the Preamble of the 1945 National

Constitution.”

Academic discussions regarding bureaucratic reform is popularly known

as administrative reform, where in the early development of administration theory,

some experts emphasized the importance of efficiency in administration. An

administration is a rational process that involves human and other elements as a

system to achieve its intended purpose5. The power of government in a broad

sense can be divided into two (2) principles, namely the principle of expertise in

the form of higher institutions, department, tribunal/court, commissions and other

agency of expertise, and the principle of regionalism in the form of

deconcentration and decentralization6.

Further development showed that the discussion on bureaucratic reform

is not limited to the issue of efficiency alone. One of the opinion supporting this

idea that stated administrative reform is directed to perform administrative

transformation towards high performance standards, even though there are many

challenges in the implementation7. Furthermore, its needed 3 (three) things to

achieve high performance namely moral, transformation and resistance. The

5 Suradinata, Ermaya.2014. Etika Pemerintahan dan Geopolitik Indonesia. Bandung : Pustaka

Ramadhan.p.72 6 Ibid.p.82 7 Caiden, Gerald E. 1969. Administrative Reform. Chicago, Illinois : Aldine Publishing

Company.p.65


45

biggest challenge for the transformation is how to win heart and minds of

organisation members at various levels to minimize rejection of the reforms

undertaken8.

2. Demography

Geography is not just limited to the land, water, and climate, or

‘physiography’ but also contains a much broader sense that may include the

existence of the relationship and dependency of the three elements of territory,

people, natural resources and political system, socio-cultural system, economic

system, circulatory system, legal system and defense and security systems9.

Demography learns composition and process of population in one area.

Population structure consists of number, distribution and composition of the

population10. Population structures are changing from time to time and it’s

affected by population process namely birth, death rates and migration of resident.

3. Public Services

Meanwhile, indicators of customer satisfactions consist of 5 (five)

dimensions: Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance and Empathy11.

The Service Triangle Model states that the output of a good quality service is

dependent on three elements of human resources (people), system and service

strategy12. Efficiency is the best ratio between the input and output of services.

Ideally, the service will be efficient if the bureaucracy of service can provide

service inputs such as cost and service time that facilitate the public and users13.

8 Ibid 9 Suradinata, Ermaya.2014. Etika Pemerintahan dan Geopolitik Indonesia. Bandung : Pustaka

Ramadhan.p.14 10 Mantra, Ida Bagoes. 2013. Demografi Umum (Edisi Kedua). Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar.p.3 11 Zeithaml, Valerie A., Parasuraman, A., Berry, Leonard L. 1990. Delivering Quality Service :

balancing customer perceptions and expectations. Newyork : The Free Press.p.34. 12 Albrecht & Zemke cited by Agus Dwiyanto (ed). 2008. Mewujudkan Good Governance Melalui

Pelayanan Publik. Yogyakarta : Gadjah Mada University Press.p.67. 13 Agus Dwiyanto (ed). 2008. Mewujudkan Good Governance Melalui Pelayanan Publik.

Yogyakarta : Gadjah Mada University Press.p.76.


46

The effectiveness is the ability to choose the right targets14. Effectiveness

means the achievement of the goals as expected by the organization. Efficiency is

the ability to minimize the use of resources in achieving goals of the

organization15. In essence, a strategy is associated with goal setting (i.e. strategic

objectives) and the achievement of strategic compliance by allocating or adjusting

resources with existing opportunities (resource-based strategy)16. Strategic

management is a set of decisions and actions where the priority will determine

long-term performance of various institutions in a variety of scales, in both

business and government institutions.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Based on the literature review and theories as described above, it can be

made the following conceptual framework. Indonesian with a very enormous

population, the world’s fourth largest after China, India and the United States and

spreaded out in 17.508 islands, really need management of population data using

advanced computer technology in providing accurate population database and its

also need to be integrated in every level of government with administrators and

institution-users.

Ministry of Home Affairs as organisations responsible in managing

population administration in Indonesia has main function and responsibility to

manage population administration and provide population database. Meanwhile,

other institutions such as government and business institutions has main function

as user so called institution-users.

Improvement of public service quality can be implemented by utilizing

population database effectively and efficiently and also using strategy model in

14 Stoner, James A.F. 1982. Manajemen, second edition. Jakarta : Erlangga. 15 Stoner, James A.F. 1996. Manajemen Jilid 1. Penerjemah Sindoro, Alexander. Jakarta :

Prenhallindo.p.9 16 Armstrong, Michael. 2006. Strategic Human Resource Management : a guide to action. 3rd ed.

Philadelphia : Thomson-Shore, Inc.p.11


47

improving quality of public service. The conceptual framework of population

database ustilization in increasing public service quality can be seen as figure 1

below

Figure 1

Conceptual Framework

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Population and Sample

Population in this research consists of 32 (thirty two) Institutions-Users

of Population Database. Sample in this research is total sample (saturated sample),

it means all members of population are used as sample, namely 32 institutions-

users of population database.

ADMINISTRATOR USERS

POPULATION DATABASE MANAGEMENT

GOOD QUALITY SERVICE

(Zeithaml et al., 1990) :

Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance,

Emphaty, dan Tangibles

POPULATION ADMINISTRATION

LIFE VITAL REGISTRATION

POPULATION DATABASE

UTILIZATION

EFFECTIVENESS (Stoner, 1995) :

1. Completeness

2. Accuracy

AND

EFFICIENCY

(Stoner et al, 1996) :

1. Time

2. Cost

3. Energy

STRATEGY

(Wheelen &

Hunger, in

Suradinata, 2012):

1. Environmental

Mapping

2. Strategy

Formulation

3. Strategy

Implementatio

n

4. Evaluation

and Control


48

2. Methodology

Methodology used in this research is the combination of quantitative and

qualitative (Embedded Concurrent). Collection of quantitative and qualitative data

is conducted in one stage. Quantitative method is used to identify and to analyze

influence of effectiveness and the efficiency of population database utilization on

the quality of public services in Indonesia, either separately or together.

Meanwhile, qualitative method is only used to complete the research in

formulating the strategic model of public service quality improvement in

Indonesia.

3. Data Analysis

Analysis of the data was used to determine the relationship, contribution

and influence of the effectiveness (X1) and the efficiency of population database

(X2) utilization, either separately or jointly on the quality of public services (Y).

To identify correlation between effectiveness of population database

utilization (X1) or efficiency of population database utilization (X2) against public

service quality (Y) is by using simple correlation coefficient formula, meanwhile

to identify the relationship between the effectiveness of population database

utilization (X1) and efficiency of population database utilization (X2) against

public service quality (Y) by using multiple correlation coefficient formula.

To identify the significance of contribution of effectiveness of population

database utilization (X1) and/or efficiency of population database utilization (X2)

against public service quality (Y), is use determination coefficient formula.

To identify the effect of effectiveness of population database utilization

(X1) or efficiency of population database utilization (X2) against public service

quality (Y) is use simple linier regression formula, meanwhile to identify the

effect of effectiveness of population database utilization (X1) and efficiency of


49

population database utilization (X2) against public service quality (Y) is use

multiple linier regression formula.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

1. Structure and Composition of Indonesia Population

Indonesian population on 31st of December 2013 were 253.602.815

residents, the world’s fourth largest after China, India and the United States.

Registration of the population data in Indonesian is family-based and stored in the

database, both at the regional and national levels with the structure and

composition based on sex group, age group, occupation, religion, marital status,

education and region (provincial, district or city, sub-district and urban village or

village).

Of the 34 provinces, 33 provinces of which already have codes of

administrative area, where province with the largest population is West Java,

while the smallest population is West Papua. Detail of Indonesian population can

be seen in the following table.

Table 1

List of Indonesian Population in every Province per 31st of December 2013

NO. CITY/REGENCY NUMBER OF POPULATION

1 ACEH 5.046.182

2 SUMATERA UTARA 14.510.668

3 SUMATERA BARAT 5.366.763

4 RIAU 5.831.888

5 JAMBI 3.375.079

6 SUMATERA SELATAN 7.975.149

7 BENGKULU 1.909.986

8 LAMPUNG 9.499.116

9 KEPULAUAN BANGKA BELITUNG 1.269.381

10 KEPULAUAN RIAU 1.802.229

11 DKI JAKARTA 9.768.250

12 JAWA BARAT 42.223.484

13 JAWA TENGAH 34.798.486


50

14 DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA 3.535.644

15 JAWA TIMUR 38.999.837

16 BANTEN 9.916.848

17 BALI 4.151.630

18 NUSA TENGGARA BARAT 5.128.563

19 NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR 5.240.337

20 KALIMANTAN BARAT 5.281.941

21 KALIMANTAN TENGAH 2.425.226

22 KALIMANTAN SELATAN 3.805.002

23 KALIMANTAN TIMUR 3.908.560

24 SULAWESI UTARA 2.559.223

25 SULAWESI TENGAH 2.795.470

26 SULAWESI SELATAN 9.414.387

27 SULAWESI TENGGARA 2.482.921

28 GORONTALO 1.132.510

29 SULAWESI BARAT 1.514.837

30 MALUKU 1.785.652

31 MALUKU UTARA 1.239.677

32 PAPUA 3.847.747

33 PAPUA BARAT 1.060.142

TOTAL 253.602.815

Source: Directorate General of Population and Civil Registration, December 2013

Based on demographic composition according to the age group

proportion, it can be identified that the biggest number of population based on age

group is between 30 to 34 years old, meanwhile the smallest number of population

base on age group is 75 years old or more. List of Indonesian population based on

the age group can be seen in the table 2 below:

Table 2

List of Indonesian Population based on the Age Group

AGE GROUP

NUMBER OF POPULATION

00-04 11.396.704

05-09 18.720.081

10-14 20.263.081

15-19 21.090.244

20-24 23.875.868

25-29 24.129.396

30-34 25.315.605


51

35-39 22.313.205

40-44 20.499.846

45-49 17.400.005

50-54 14.679.645

55-59 11.265.885

60-64 8.260.826

65-69 5.357.557

70-74 4.269.841

> 75 4.765.026

TOTAL 253.602.815

Source: Directorate General of Population and Civil Registration, December 2013

According to the demographic data based on proportion age group,

population data of productive or working age group (between 15 and 64 year old)

is 188.830.525 people (74.46 % of all population). It means that Indonesia will

face what so called, “Demographic Bonus”, a condition when the number of

productive age will reach the highest level compare to elderly and children people.

This condition is predicted will occure by many experts in 2020-2030.

Demographic bonus on one hand could be opportunities and on the other hand

could be threats. Huge number of productive age group could be an advantage for

development, however it could also be a disaster if it not anticipates with huge

number of job opportunities or if that huge human resources have no

competitiveness. Therefore, this golden opportunity should be prepared as good as

possible. In related to population database utilization that would increase labor

efficiency, it is very necessary to anticipate with more employment opportunities

in other sectors with purpose to optimize demographic bonus and at the same

time, provide workforce as consequence of workforce efficiency due to utilization

of population database by institution-users

2. Research Results

a. From analysis and examination of variable “Effectiveness of Population

database utilization (X1)” and variable “Public Service Quality (Y)”, it can

be concluded as follow:


52

1) There is a correlation between Effectiveness of population database

utilization (X1) and Public Service Quality (Y).

2) Effectiveness of Population database utilization (X1) gives

contribution as much as 14. 8 % against Public Service Quality (Y)

3) Effectiveness of Population database utilization (X1) gives significant

effect against Public Service Quality (Y). The Effect of Effectiveness

on Population database utilization (X1) against Public Service Quality

(Y) shall be positive effect, therefore, when the effectiveness of the

database population utilization is higher, the quality of public services

will be higher accordingly.

The testing results of the effects were consistent with the opinion of

Zeithaml et al (1990) that one of the indicators of customer satisfaction is

responsiveness where one of its elements is accuracy. In this study, the

effectiveness (accuracy) produced positive effect on the quality of public

services.

b. From analysis and examination of variable “Efficiency of Population

database utilization (X2)” and variable “Public Service Quality (Y)”, it can

be concluded as follow:

1) Efficiency of Population database utilization (X2) has correlation

Public Service Quality (Y) variable.

2) Efficiency of Population Database (X2) Utilization gives a

contribution of 13.9% to Quality of Public Services (Y).

3) Efficiency of Population database utilization (X2) gives significant

effect against Public Service Quality (Y). The Effect of Efficiency on

Population database utilization (X2) against Public Service Quality (Y)

shall be positive effect, therefore, when the Efficiency of the database

population utilization is higher, the quality of public services will be

higher accordingly.

The testing results of the effects were also consistent with the opinion of

Zeithaml et al (1990) that one of the indicators of customer satisfaction is

responsiveness where one of its elements is speed. In this study, the time


53

efficiency (speed) produced positive effect on the quality of public

services.

c. From analysis and examination of variable “Effectiveness of Population

database utilization (X1)” and variable “Efficiency of Population database

utilization (X2) and variable “Public Service Quality (Y)”, it can be

concluded as follow:

1) Effectiveness of Population Database Utilization (X1) and Efficiency

of Population Database Utilization (X2) have correlation

simultaneously to the quality of public services (Y).


of Population Database Utilization (X2) simultaneously give

contribution as much as 23.8% to the Quality of Public Service (Y).


of Population Database Utilization (X2) simultaneously gives

significant contribution to the the Quality of Public Service (Y).

The Influence of “Effectiveness of Population database utilization (X1)”

and “Efficiency of Population database utilization (X2)” contribute

positive correlation simultaneously to the Public Service Quality (Y),

therefore, the more effective and efficient of population database

utilization, the higher increasing of public service quality.

The testing results of the effects of the effectiveness and efficiency were

consistent with the opinion of Zeithaml et al (1990) that one of the

indicators of customer satisfaction is responsiveness where the elements

are accuracy and speed. In this study, the effectiveness (accuracy) and the

time efficiency (speed) simultaneously generated positive effect on the

quality of public services.

d. Referring to the Strategy Managemen Model (Wheelen & Hunger cited in

Suradinata, 2012), and concerning to the unswer as well as point of views

of respondents plus concerning condition from institution-user of

population database, then the writer could create a strategy model in


54

increasing public service quality by population database utilization as

shown below.

Figure 2 Strategy Model of Population Database Utilization

CONCLUSION

From the research, “The Influence of Effectiveness, Efficiency and

Population Database Utilization Strategy on Quality of Public Service in

Indonesia”, it can be concluded as below:

External : Users

Comitment

Advanced IT system

HRD

Facility &

infrastructure

ENVIRONMENTAL

MAPPING: Information Gathering

STRATEGY FORMULATION : Developing a long-term plan

STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION:

Putting Strategy

Into Activity

EVALUATION

AND CONTROL: Performance

Monitoring

Internal : Administrator

Comitment Accurate population

data Advanced IT

system HRD

Facility &

Infrastructure

Feedback/Learning : Perform necessary improvement

Mision

Service

quality Effectiveness

Efficiency

Objective

Strategy

Utilizatio

n of

populatio

n

database

with

SIAK by

administr

ators and

system

integrated

with

SIAK by

users

Policy

Law No.23 of 2006, Law No.24 of 2013, presidential regulation & regulation of ministry of home affairs

Program

Update of

population

data, NIN, e-IC,

Fingerprints,

Eye iris,

System, HRD, Facility &

Infrastructure

s

Administr

ator

budget,

Users’

budget,

Population

Data

Utilization

Budget

MoU, PKS & Internal

and Exter-

nal

Technic

al Team

Procedure

perfor

mance

STRATEGY MODEL IN IMPROVING PUBLIC SERVICES QUALITY

THROUGH UTILIZATION OF POPULATION DATABASE

Effectiveness and

Efficiency

Service

Quality


55

1. The effectiveness of population database utilization (X1) has correlation and

effect on quality of public services with contribution 14.8 % improvement on

quality of public services (Y).

2. The efficiency of population database utilization (X2) has correlation and

effect on quality of public services with contribution 13.9 % improvement on

quality of public services (Y).

3. The effectiveness and efficiency of population database utilization has

correlation and effect on quality of public services with contribution 23.8 %

improvement on quality of public services.

4. Strategy Model has been develoved and confirmable from this research is

Strategy Model of Population Database Utilization in Increasing Quality of

Public Services as describe in figure 3.

REFERENCE

A. BOOKS

Armstrong, Michael. 2006. Strategic Human Resource Management : a guide to

action. 3rd ed. Philadelphia : Thomson-Shore, Inc.

Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia. _______ . Risalah Sidang BPUPKI. Jakarta :

Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia.

Caiden, Gerald E. 1969. Administrative Reform. Chicago, Illinois : Aldine

Publishing Company.

Dwiyanto, Agus (ed). 2008. Mewujudkan Good Governance Melalui Pelayanan

Publik. Yogyakarta : Gadjah Mada University Press.

Mantra, Ida Bagoes. 2013. Demografi Umum (Edisi Kedua). Yogyakarta : Pustaka

Pelajar.

Muhidin, Sambas Ali dan Abdurahman, Maman. 2011. Analisis Korelasi, Regresi

dan Jalur Dalam Penelitian. Bandung : Pustaka Setia.

Ndraha, Talizidhu. 2003. Kybernology (Ilmu Pemerintahan Baru) 1. Jakarta : PT. Rineka Cipta.


56

Rahardiansah, Trubus. 2010. Sistem Pemerintahan Indonesia : teori dan praktik

dalam perspektif politik dan hukum. Jakarta : Penerbit Universitas

Trisakti.

Soepomo. 1945. Risalah Sidang BPUPKI. Jakarta : Arsip Nasional Republik

Indonesia.

Steers, Richard M. 1985. Efektivitas Organisasi : kaidah perilaku; Seri

Manajemen No. 47. Penerjemah Jamin, Magdalena. Jakarta : Penerbit

Erlangga.

Stoner, James A.F. 1982. Manajemen, second edition. Jakarta : Erlangga.

Stoner, James A.F, et. all.1995. Management 6th Edition. New Jersey : Prentice

Hall

______________. 1996. Manajemen Jilid 1. Penerjemah Sindoro, Alexander.

Jakarta : Prenhallindo.

Sudjana. 1996. Metoda Statstika. Bandung : Penerbit Tarsito.

Sugiyono. 2009. Metode Penelitian Administratif. Bandung : Penerbit Alfabeta.

________. 2011. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan (Pendekatan Kuantitatif,

Kualitatif, dan R&D). Bandung : Penerbit Alfabeta.

________. 2013. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan (Pendekatan Kuantitatif,

Kualitatif, dan R&D). Bandung : Penerbit Alfabeta.

Suradinata, Ermaya.2014. Etika Pemerintahan dan Geopolitik Indonesia.

Bandung : Pustaka Ramadhan.

____________. 2005. Hukum Dasar Geopolitik dan Geostrategi dalam Kerangka

Keutuhan NKRI. Jakarta : Suara Bebas.

____________. 2008. Kepemimpinan Daerah dan Nasional : membangun daerah

menuju Indonesia Bangkit. Jakarta : PT. Elex Media Komputindo.

____________. 2013. Leadership : how to build a nation, reformasi organisasi

dan administrasi pemerintahan. Jakarta : Lembaga Ketahanan Nasional

Republik Indonesia.

____________ . 2012. Strategic Leaders and Management of Changes. Jakarta :

Lembaga Ketahanan Nasional RI.


57

Wheelen, Thomas L dan Hunger, J. David. 2012. Strategic Management and

business Policy : toward global sustainability. New Jersey : Pearson

Education, Inc.

Zeithaml, Valerie A., Parasuraman, A., Berry, Leonard L. 1990. Delivering

Quality Service : balancing customer perceptions and expectations.

Newyork : The Free Press.

B. GOVERNMENT LAWS AND REGULATIONS:

Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2007 tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka

Panjang Nasional Tahun 2005 Sampai 2025.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2013 tentang Perubahan

Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi

Kependudukan.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi

Kependudukan.

Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 102 Tahun 2012 tentang

Perubahan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 37 Tahun 2007 tentang

Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi

Kependudukan.

Peraturan Presiden Nomor 25 Tahun 2008 tentang Persyaratan dan Tata Cara

Pendaftaran Penduduk dan Pencatatan Sipil.

Peraturan Presiden Nomor 81 Tahun 2010 tentang Grand Design Reformasi

Birokrasi 2010 – 2025.

ABSTRACT - upm.pps.ipdn.ac.idupm.pps.ipdn.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Bureaucracy-Reform... ·...

Documents

Transcript of ABSTRACT - upm.pps.ipdn.ac.idupm.pps.ipdn.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Bureaucracy-Reform... ·...