UNDERSTANDING RISK AND RISK REDUCTION FOR THE EBOLA VIRUS UNDERSTANDING RISK AND RISK REDUCTION FOR...

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UNDERSTANDING RISK AND UNDERSTANDING RISK AND RISK REDUCTION FOR THE RISK REDUCTION FOR THE

EBOLA VIRUSEBOLA VIRUS

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Disaster Reduction, Vienna,

Virginia, USA Virginia, USA 

APPLYING WHAT WE KNOW APPLYING WHAT WE KNOW INNOVATIVELY AND INNOVATIVELY AND

STRATEGICALLY TO ACHIEVE STRATEGICALLY TO ACHIEVE SOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITYSOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITY

A FRAMEWORK FOR LIVING WITH THE A FRAMEWORK FOR LIVING WITH THE INSTABILITIES CAUSED BY THE ONSET OF INSTABILITIES CAUSED BY THE ONSET OF

INFECTIOUS DISEASES,INFECTIOUS DISEASES,

ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES, AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES, AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE

THE VISION THE VISION IS IS

SUSTAINABLE URBAN SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY OF DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY OF

LIFE LIFE IN EVERY COMMUNITYIN EVERY COMMUNITY

THE VISION THE VISION IS IS

SUSTAINABLE URBAN SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY OF DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY OF

LIFE LIFE IN EVERY COMMUNITYIN EVERY COMMUNITY

BOOKS OF

BOOKS OF

KNOWLEDGE

KNOWLEDGE

- Perspectives

- Perspectives

On Science, Policy,

On Science, Policy,

And Change

And Change

EDUCATION

UNDER-STANDUNDER-STAND

IDENT-IFY

IDENT-IFY

HEARHEAR

PERSON-ALIZE

PERSON-ALIZE ACTACT

PERIOD OF PERIOD OF INTEGRATIONINTEGRATION

WINDOW OF WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITYOPPORTUNITY

PERIOD OF PERIOD OF IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION

EDUCATION EDUCATION

GOAL: GOAL: SOCIETAL SOCIETAL

SUSTANABILITYSUSTANABILITY

PRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR

PUBLIC SECTOR

ACADEMIAACADEMIA

FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL NETWORKING NETWORKING

CHANNELSCHANNELS

INFORMATION INFORMATION NETWORKING NETWORKING

CHANNELSCHANNELSORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION NETWORKING NETWORKING

CHANNELSCHANNELS

INNOVATIONINNOVATION

COMMUNITY COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERSSTAKEHOLDERS

YOUR YOUR COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY

YOUR YOUR COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYDATA BASES DATA BASES

AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

•HAZARD MAPS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

RISK REDUCTIONRISK REDUCTION

•PREVENTION-MITIGATION•PREPAREDNESS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY•ADAPTATION

POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS

EVERY COMMUNITY IS AT RISK EVERY COMMUNITY IS AT RISK AND HAS AN URGENT NEED AND HAS AN URGENT NEED FOR PUBLIC POLICIES AND FOR PUBLIC POLICIES AND

STRATEGIC PLANS TO STRATEGIC PLANS TO MONITOR, PREVENT, MITIGATE, MONITOR, PREVENT, MITIGATE,

AND PREPARE FOR THE AND PREPARE FOR THE INEVITABLEINEVITABLE

ALL PUBLIC POLICIES SHOULD BE ALL PUBLIC POLICIES SHOULD BE BASED ON AN UNDERSTANDING OF BASED ON AN UNDERSTANDING OF

WHAT CAN HAPPEN AND AN WHAT CAN HAPPEN AND AN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO KEEP IT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO KEEP IT FROM HAPPENING AND CAUSING A FROM HAPPENING AND CAUSING A

DISASTERDISASTER. .

ALL PUBLIC POLICIES SHOULD BE ALL PUBLIC POLICIES SHOULD BE BASED ON AN UNDERSTANDING OF BASED ON AN UNDERSTANDING OF

WHAT CAN HAPPEN AND AN WHAT CAN HAPPEN AND AN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO KEEP IT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO KEEP IT FROM HAPPENING AND CAUSING A FROM HAPPENING AND CAUSING A

DISASTERDISASTER. .

A DISASTER IMPACTS ALL A DISASTER IMPACTS ALL SOCIETAL ELEMENTSSOCIETAL ELEMENTS

INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF SOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITYSOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITYINSTITUTIONALIZATION OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF SOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITYSOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITY

GOAL: TO FIND THE COMMON AGENDAGOAL: TO FIND THE COMMON AGENDA(CA) OF TECHNICAL (CA) OF TECHNICAL

AND POLITICAL SOLUTIONSAND POLITICAL SOLUTIONS

GOAL: TO FIND THE COMMON AGENDAGOAL: TO FIND THE COMMON AGENDA(CA) OF TECHNICAL (CA) OF TECHNICAL

AND POLITICAL SOLUTIONSAND POLITICAL SOLUTIONS

TECHNICAL TECHNICAL SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONSTECHNICAL TECHNICAL SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS POLITICAL POLITICAL

SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONSPOLITICAL POLITICAL

SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONSCACA

OUR WORLD IS AT RISK FROM OUR WORLD IS AT RISK FROM INFECTIOUS DISEASESINFECTIOUS DISEASES

WATER-BORNE WATER-BORNE DISEASESDISEASESAIR-BORNE AIR-BORNE DISEASES DISEASES PEOPLE-BORNE PEOPLE-BORNE DISEASESDISEASESETC.ETC.

SURPRISE!SURPRISE!THE EBOLA VIRUS IS ONE OF THE EBOLA VIRUS IS ONE OF

THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES THAT THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES THAT THE WORLD IS NOW URGENTLY THE WORLD IS NOW URGENTLY

CONCERNED ABOUTCONCERNED ABOUT

AT PRESENT, NO KNOWN AT PRESENT, NO KNOWN CURE EXISTSCURE EXISTS

ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OFTHE ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OFTHE EBOLA-ZAIRE VIRUSEBOLA-ZAIRE VIRUS

SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMSSYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS

ELEMENTS OF RISKELEMENTS OF RISKELEMENTS OF RISKELEMENTS OF RISK

EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE

VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION

RISKRISKRISKRISK

FLU-LIKE SYMPTOMS OF THE 5 FLU-LIKE SYMPTOMS OF THE 5 FORMS OF THE EBOLA VIRUSFORMS OF THE EBOLA VIRUS

Fever, Vomiting, Muscle pain, Bleeding.

LOCATION: AFRICA WITH ITS LOCATION: AFRICA WITH ITS PROBLEMS AND HAZARDSPROBLEMS AND HAZARDS

LOCATION: AFRICA WITH ITS LOCATION: AFRICA WITH ITS PROBLEMS AND HAZARDSPROBLEMS AND HAZARDS

POLITICAL POLITICAL INSTABILITYINSTABILITY

FLOODSFLOODS DROUGHTSDROUGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS ON AIR, IMPACTS ON AIR, WATER, AND SOILWATER, AND SOIL

ENDANGERED ENDANGERED SPECIESSPECIES

HEALTH CONCERNSHEALTH CONCERNS

POLITICAL POLITICAL INSTABILITYINSTABILITY

FLOODSFLOODS DROUGHTSDROUGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS ON AIR, IMPACTS ON AIR, WATER, AND SOILWATER, AND SOIL

ENDANGERED ENDANGERED SPECIESSPECIES

HEALTH CONCERNSHEALTH CONCERNS

Ebola emerged in Guinea in March and has since spread to Sierra Leone and Liberia, with a suspected cluster in Nigeria.

EBOLA LOCATIONEBOLA LOCATION

The current Ebola outbreak is the largest and longest ever

recorded for the disease, which has a death rate of

about 50 percent and has so far killed at least 961 people, according to the U.N. health

agency.

Scientists say the disease can only be spread through direct

contact with bodily fluids.

VULNERABILITIESVULNERABILITIES

The virus is spread by contact The virus is spread by contact with a stricken person’s fluids: with a stricken person’s fluids: blood, sweat, tears, and blood, sweat, tears, and diarrhea. diarrhea.

FIGHTING EBOLAFIGHTING EBOLA

FIGHTING NATURAL FIGHTING NATURAL HAZARDSHAZARDS

COMMON AGENDA FOR COMMON AGENDA FOR SOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITY SOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITY

COMMON AGENDA FOR COMMON AGENDA FOR SOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITY SOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITY

MONITOR MONITOR (REAL-TIME (REAL-TIME KNOWEDGE OF WHAT KNOWEDGE OF WHAT IS HAPPENING IN IS HAPPENING IN SPACE AND TIMESPACE AND TIME) )

PREVENTION PREVENTION (CONTROL THE (CONTROL THE SOURCE)SOURCE)

MONITOR MONITOR (REAL-TIME (REAL-TIME KNOWEDGE OF WHAT KNOWEDGE OF WHAT IS HAPPENING IN IS HAPPENING IN SPACE AND TIMESPACE AND TIME) )

PREVENTION PREVENTION (CONTROL THE (CONTROL THE SOURCE)SOURCE)

COMMON AGENDA FOR COMMON AGENDA FOR SOCIETAL SUSTAUNABILITYSOCIETAL SUSTAUNABILITY

COMMON AGENDA FOR COMMON AGENDA FOR SOCIETAL SUSTAUNABILITYSOCIETAL SUSTAUNABILITY

MITIGATION MITIGATION (REDUCE (REDUCE SOCIETAL SOCIETAL IMPACTS)IMPACTS)

PREPAREDNESS PREPAREDNESS (BE READY FOR (BE READY FOR THE INEVITABLE THE INEVITABLE AND THE UN-AND THE UN-THINKABLE)THINKABLE)

MITIGATION MITIGATION (REDUCE (REDUCE SOCIETAL SOCIETAL IMPACTS)IMPACTS)

PREPAREDNESS PREPAREDNESS (BE READY FOR (BE READY FOR THE INEVITABLE THE INEVITABLE AND THE UN-AND THE UN-THINKABLE)THINKABLE)

OUR WORLD IS AT RISK FROM OUR WORLD IS AT RISK FROM ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMESENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES

FLOODSFLOODS SEVERE SEVERE

WINDSTORMSWINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS

BUILDING IN FLOOD PLAIN

FLOODSFLOODS

INUNDATION AND SCOUR

INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

EFFECTS OF WATER ON STRUCTURE & CONTENTS

INCREASED POTENTIAL FOR HEALTH PROBLEMS, INJURIES,

AND DEATH

LOSS OF FUNCTION OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

VULNERABILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

WIND AND WATER PENETRATE BUILDING ENVELOPE

SEVERE

WINDSTORMS

SEVERE

WINDSTORMS

UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM

FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES WINDOWS

STORM SURGE AND HEAVY PRECIPITATION

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN

POOR WORKMANSHIP

IGNORING NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE FAULTING )

IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS

FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE

POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM

IGNORING NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES

TSUNAMIS TSUNAMIS

INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP

VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS

FLOODING

NO WARNING, OR INADEQUATE WARNING

PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

OUR WORLD IS AT RISK FROM OUR WORLD IS AT RISK FROM ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMESENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES

DROUGHTSDROUGHTSVOLCANIC VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSERUPTIONSLANDSLIDESLANDSLIDESWILDFIRESWILDFIRES

PROLONGED LACK OF PRECIPITATION

DROUGHTS DROUGHTS

LOSS OF SOIL MOSTURE

LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY

DEPLETION/POLLUTION OF GROUND WATER

LOSS OF VEGETATION

INSECT INFESTATION

PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF LAND BY DESERTIFICATION

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

PROXIMITY TO LATERAL BLAST

VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONS

VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONS

IN PATH OF PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

IN PATH OF FLYING DEBRIS (TEPHRA)

IN PATH OF VOLCANIC ASH (AVIATION)

IN PATH OF LAVA FLOWS

IN PATH OF LAHARS

IGNORING WARNING TO EVACUATE

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES

LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES

SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS

SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES

SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS

SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS

EXCESSIVE PRECIPITATION OR GROUND SHAKING

BARE, OVERSTEEPENED SLOPES

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

LIGHTNING STRIKES

WILDFIRESWILDFIRES

MANMADE FIRES

PROXIMITY OF URBAN-WILDLANDS INTERFACE

WIND DIRECTION AND SPEED

DEFORESTATION

DENUDED SLOPES

HOT, DRY WEATHER

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

MEDITERRANEAN REGION’S MEDITERRANEAN REGION’S HAZARDSHAZARDS

MEDITERRANEAN REGION’S MEDITERRANEAN REGION’S HAZARDSHAZARDS

EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES FLOODSFLOODS DROUGHTSDROUGHTS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS VOLCANIC VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL

DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION

EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES FLOODSFLOODS DROUGHTSDROUGHTS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS VOLCANIC VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL

DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION

EUROPE’S HAZARDSEUROPE’S HAZARDS EUROPE’S HAZARDSEUROPE’S HAZARDS

FLOODSFLOODS GLOBAL CHANGEGLOBAL CHANGE SEVERE SEVERE

WINDSTORMSWINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL

DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION

FLOODSFLOODS GLOBAL CHANGEGLOBAL CHANGE SEVERE SEVERE

WINDSTORMSWINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL

DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION

LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN BASIN’S HAZARDSBASIN’S HAZARDS

LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN BASIN’S HAZARDSBASIN’S HAZARDS

HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKES/EARTHQUAKES/TSU-TSU-

NAMISNAMIS FLOODSFLOODS GLOBAL CHANGEGLOBAL CHANGE LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES VOLCANIC VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTSIMPACTS

HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKES/EARTHQUAKES/TSU-TSU-

NAMISNAMIS FLOODSFLOODS GLOBAL CHANGEGLOBAL CHANGE LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES VOLCANIC VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTSIMPACTS

SOUTH AMERICA/CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA/CARIBBEAN BASIN’S HAZARDSBASIN’S HAZARDS

SOUTH AMERICA/CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA/CARIBBEAN BASIN’S HAZARDSBASIN’S HAZARDS

HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKES/EARTHQUAKES/TSU-TSU-

NAMISNAMIS FLOODSFLOODS GLOBAL CHANGEGLOBAL CHANGE LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES VOLCANIC VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTSIMPACTS

HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKES/EARTHQUAKES/TSU-TSU-

NAMISNAMIS FLOODSFLOODS GLOBAL CHANGEGLOBAL CHANGE LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES VOLCANIC VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTSIMPACTS

PACIFIC REGION’S HAZARDSPACIFIC REGION’S HAZARDSPACIFIC REGION’S HAZARDSPACIFIC REGION’S HAZARDS

SEVERE SEVERE WINDSTORMSWINDSTORMS

FLOODSFLOODS EARTHQUAKES/EARTHQUAKES/TSU-TSU-

NAMISNAMIS WILDFIRESWILDFIRES

SEVERE SEVERE WINDSTORMSWINDSTORMS

FLOODSFLOODS EARTHQUAKES/EARTHQUAKES/TSU-TSU-

NAMISNAMIS WILDFIRESWILDFIRES

ASIA’S HAZARDSASIA’S HAZARDS ASIA’S HAZARDSASIA’S HAZARDS

FLOODSFLOODS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS CYCLONES/TYPHOONSCYCLONES/TYPHOONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSVOLCANIC ERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES DROUGHTSDROUGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL

DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION

FLOODSFLOODS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS CYCLONES/TYPHOONSCYCLONES/TYPHOONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSVOLCANIC ERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES DROUGHTSDROUGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL

DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION

INDIAN OCEAN AREA’S INDIAN OCEAN AREA’S HAZARDSHAZARDS

INDIAN OCEAN AREA’S INDIAN OCEAN AREA’S HAZARDSHAZARDS

FLOODSFLOODS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS CYCLONES/TYPHOONSCYCLONES/TYPHOONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSVOLCANIC ERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES DROUGHTSDROUGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL

DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION

FLOODSFLOODS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS CYCLONES/TYPHOONSCYCLONES/TYPHOONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSVOLCANIC ERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES DROUGHTSDROUGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL

DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION

INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI: 26 INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI: 26 DECEMBER 2004DECEMBER 2004

NORTH AMERICA’S HAZARDSNORTH AMERICA’S HAZARDS NORTH AMERICA’S HAZARDSNORTH AMERICA’S HAZARDS

FLOODSFLOODS HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TORNADOESTORNADOES ICE STORMS ICE STORMS VOLCANIC VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES

FLOODSFLOODS HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TORNADOESTORNADOES ICE STORMS ICE STORMS VOLCANIC VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES

EASTERN NORTH AMERICA’S EASTERN NORTH AMERICA’S HAZARDSHAZARDS

EASTERN NORTH AMERICA’S EASTERN NORTH AMERICA’S HAZARDSHAZARDS

FLOODSFLOODS HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TORNADOESTORNADOES ICE STORMS ICE STORMS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES

FLOODSFLOODS HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TORNADOESTORNADOES ICE STORMS ICE STORMS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES

OUR WORLD IS AT RISK FROM OUR WORLD IS AT RISK FROM GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGEGLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

UNNATURAL UNNATURAL GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE EFFECTSEFFECTS