AQUACULTUREINMYANMAR:FISHFARMTECHNOLOGY,

PRODUCTIONECONOMICSANDMANAGEMENT

BenBelton1,MateuszFilipski2,ChaoranHu1(1MichiganStateUniversity,2InternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute)

MyanmarAquaculture-AgricultureSurvey:ResultsDisseminationWorkshopSedonaHotel,Yangon

30th June2017

Outline

• MyanmarAquaculture-AgricultureSurvey(MAAS)Objectives&Methodology• Surveylocations• Land• Speciesfarmed• Yields• Inputuse• Grossmargins• Conclusions&recommendations

TheMyanmarAquaculture-AgricultureSurvey(MAAS)

Aims• Baselineofinformationonfishandcropfarmingsectors(P1&P4)• Quantifyandcomparespillovers&trade-offsbetweenthese(P2)• Exploremechanization (P3),credit,ruralnon-farmeconomy

Methodology• Purposivelyselected2clustersof‘villagetracts’forcomparison,basedonconcentrationoffishponds(fromsatelliteimages)andprevailingcropfarmingsystems

• Randomlyselectedcommunitiesandhouseholdstorepresententirepopulationofbothclusters(includingnon-farmhouseholds)

• Totalsample=1102HHsin40villagetracts

• Communitysurvey(in73villageswhereHHsurveyimplemented)• Surveyofagriculturalmachinerysupplybusinesses

Fishpond&aquacultureclusterlocations

Aquacultureandagricultureclusters

Aqua-farmsizedistribution

Shareoffarms(frequencyandarea),byfarmsizecategory

Farmownership,bysize

9581

59

41

8

5

17

25

43

44

216 16

48

<10acres 10-50acres 50-100acres 100-500acres >500acres

Shareofpon

darea(%

)Localowner Absenteeowner Company

Shareofpondareabyfarmsizecategoryandownershiptype

Aquaculturesamplecharacteristics

• 41%specializednurseries,59%growoutfarms• Amonggrowoutfarms:• <10acres=51%;• 10-40acres=28%;• >40acres=21%

• NurseryHH:mean3.1acreslandowned;median2acres

• GrowoutHH:28.7acreslandowned;median10acres.

• AgriculturalHH:9.8acreslandowned;median6.1acres.

Rapidgrowthofgrowout&nurseryponds

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1969

1973

1977

1981

1985

1989

1993

1997

2001

2005

2009

2013

Num

bero

fpon

ds

SpecializednurserypondVerticallyintegratednurserypondGrowoutpond

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1969

1973

1977

1981

1985

1989

1993

1997

2001

2005

2009

2013

Cumulativearea(acres)

SpecializednurserypondsVerticallyintegratednurserypondsGrowoutponds

Cumulativenumberofpondsconstructed,1969-2015

Cumulativeareaofpondsconstructed,1969-2015

Useofpondlandattimeofacquisition,byfarmtype

Pondspurchased,orconstructedonagriculturalland

6021

1 11

7

GrowoutfarmPondPaddyfieldOrchardPasture/uncultivatedOther

47

15

18

8

11

NurseryPondPaddyfieldOrchardPasture/uncultivatedOther

Proportionoffarmsharvestingkeyspecies

Shareoffishspeciesbyquantityharvested

Farmingdominatedbycarps

94

72

55

2816

10 8 8%offarmsh

arvesting

Rohu,60%

Mrigal,12%

Catla,9%

Pangasius,8%

Pacu,4%

Tilapia,2%

Others,5%

But,somespeciesdiversificationtakingplacegradually

Cumulativenumberofrespondentsfarmingspecies,byspeciesandyear

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

50019

9519

9619

9719

9819

9920

0020

0120

0220

0320

0420

0520

0620

0720

0820

0920

1020

1120

1220

1320

1420

15

Respon

dentsstocking(cum

ulative)

Rohu CatlaMrigal PangasiusPacu Tilapia

93%

77%

Smallfarmsspecializemoreintheproductionofnon-carpspecies

Averageyieldbyspeciesandfarmsize(harvestingfarmsonly)

-

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

-

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Viss/acre

t/ha

small medium large

Averageyield,byyieldquintile

4.9

3.8

5.5

6.1

4.4

4.2

5.2

6.2

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

Allfarms

<10acres

10-40acres

>40acres

Viss/acre

t/ha

MeanyieldMedianyield

0.6

2.1

4.1

5.9

6.9

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1

Viss/acre

t/ha

Averageyield,byfarmsize

Yieldsaremodest,highlyvariable,&correlatedwithfarmsize

Growoutfarmoperatingcostsbyyieldquintile

Shareoffeedcosts(%)byfeedtypeandfarmyieldquintile

Yieldscloselyrelatedtofeeduse

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

$'00

0/ha

FeedSeedNon-feedinputsMarketingLaborHarvestingInterestPonddrainage&refillTax&legalcosts

175 11 18

279

10 57

1642 63 70

63488

610 8 6

25 16

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

Sinkingpellet FloatingpelletRicebran PeanutoilcakeOther

Useofpelletedfeedslimited,butincreasing

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

Cumulativenu

mbe

rofa

dopters Sinkingfeed

Floatingfeed

86

44

148 12 10 6

63

14 10 83 0 0

-102030405060708090100

%offarmsusingfeed%offeedcosts

Shareoffarmsusingfeedinputs,byfeedtype,andshareoffeedtypeintotalvalueoffeedinputs(%)

Cumulativeadoptionofpelletedfeed,byyearandfeedtype(2000-2015)

Useofnon-feedinputslimited

Shareoffarmsusingnon-feedinputs,byinputtype,andshareofinputtypeintotalvalueofnon-feedinputs

• Littleuseoffertilizers,especiallybysmallerfarms

• Fuelismainnon-feedinputcost

• Useoflimewidespread

• Useofantibioticsandothermedicineslimited

83

6256

30 2824

6 6 613

32

43

51 2 1 2 1

%offarmsusinginput%ofnon-feedinputcosts

Averagegrossmarginsforaquacultureandagriculturein'aquaculturecluster'villagetracts

1596

209317 369 429 379

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Aquaculture(growout)

Monsoonpaddy

Irrigatedpaddy

Greengram Blackgram Annualincome(allfieldcrops)

Grossm

argin($/ha)

Aquaculturegenerates4timeshigherearningsperhectarethancropfarming

Averageannualexpenditurepercapita,byhouseholdtype

Fishfarminghouseholdsaretwiceaswell-offasthegeneralpopulation

718971

1525

931

1509

2980

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

All

househ

olds

Nurserie

s

Allgrowou

t

Grow

out

<10acres

Grow

out

10-40acres

Grow

out

>40acres

Annu

alexpen

ditureperca

pita(U

SD)

Conclusions

• Verylargefarmsdominantbutmanymoresmallandmediumcommercialfarmsthanwidelyrecognized• Carpdominated,bysomegradualspeciesdiversificationoccurring• Tilapiaandprawnperformbestinsmallerfarms• Verylowlevelsoffertilizeruse• Useofpelletedfeedslowbutincreasing• Verywidevariationinyields,butlow-moderateonaverageandmuchscopeforimprovement• Smallerfarmsobtainloweryieldsonaverage• Yieldcloselycorrelatedwithsizeoftotalinvestmentanduseofpelletedfeed

Implicationsforpolicy&programming

• Fishfarmingshouldberecognizedandpromotedasamechanismforgeneratingruralgrowth• Smallfarms(sized10acresorless)andnurseriesshouldbetheprincipaltargetofpolicyandtechnicalinterventions• Smallerfarmshaveacompetitiveadvantageintheproductionofnon-carpspecies,butadisadvantageinaccesstocapital/credit– needtofindwaystoredress• Identifymechanismsforprovidingcommercialloans,tailoredtotheneedssmallfarmsandSMEsinaquaculturevaluechains(“meso-credit”)• Prioritizeresearchandoutreachonfertilizeruse• Encourageprivateinvestmentinthefeedsectortoincreasecompetitionandreducecostsofpelletedfeed