Aquaculture and Aquaculture and GovernmentGovernment

Introduction: Aquaculture & Gov’tIntroduction: Aquaculture & Gov’t

• 1856 Massechusetts—First State Fish 1856 Massechusetts—First State Fish Commission, 15 yrs. before Federal Commission, 15 yrs. before Federal intervention in fish culture.intervention in fish culture.

• 1870 CT, NH, NJ, NY, Penn, RI, VT all 1870 CT, NH, NJ, NY, Penn, RI, VT all had fish commissions—primary roll, stock had fish commissions—primary roll, stock enhancement, spawning, hatching, local enhancement, spawning, hatching, local fisheries managment. Also...soliciation of fisheries managment. Also...soliciation of local culturists to help.local culturists to help.

Introduction: Aquaculture & Gov’tIntroduction: Aquaculture & Gov’t

• 1871 1871 Spencer BairdSpencer Baird, lobbied for U.S. Fish and , lobbied for U.S. Fish and Fisheries Commission, Pres. Grant signed it into law Fisheries Commission, Pres. Grant signed it into law with Baird as its commissioner. with Baird as its commissioner.

• Baird created a research organization (now Woods Baird created a research organization (now Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, WHOI)Hole Oceanographic Institution, WHOI)

• During his tenure trillions of fish were stocked During his tenure trillions of fish were stocked across the U.S.!across the U.S.!

• Baird’s greatest success may have been his ultimate Baird’s greatest success may have been his ultimate downfall as introduction of many non-native species downfall as introduction of many non-native species were established into new waters, a practice today were established into new waters, a practice today which would be in violation of many laws.which would be in violation of many laws.

More history...More history...

• 1904 USFFC became the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries (in 1904 USFFC became the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries (in Dept. of Commerce)Dept. of Commerce)

• 1950 USBF divided into Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 1950 USBF divided into Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (BCF) and Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife....this (BCF) and Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife....this latter agency is now known as the USFWS in the Dept. latter agency is now known as the USFWS in the Dept. of Interior.of Interior.

• 1971 BCF renamed National Marine Fisheries Service 1971 BCF renamed National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) a division within National Oceanic and (NMFS) a division within National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)....in USDC.Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)....in USDC.

Still more...Still more...

• 1977-78 US Farm Bill acknowledges 1977-78 US Farm Bill acknowledges aquaculture’s roll in meeting the goals of aquaculture’s roll in meeting the goals of the USDA.the USDA.

• US Aquaculture Plan is formed!US Aquaculture Plan is formed!

Trouble on the horizon?Trouble on the horizon?

• During Pres. Carter’s tenure, the US Joint Subcommittee During Pres. Carter’s tenure, the US Joint Subcommittee on Aquaculture is formed (many agencies involved on Aquaculture is formed (many agencies involved here).here).

• Aquaculture regulation under a menage Aquaculture regulation under a menage àà trois of trois of regulation between the USDI (fresh to marine), USDC regulation between the USDI (fresh to marine), USDC (marine aquaculture), and USDA (the remaining spp.)!?(marine aquaculture), and USDA (the remaining spp.)!?

• 1980 National Aquaculture Act, and development of a 1980 National Aquaculture Act, and development of a national aquaculture plan (revised in 1987)...didn’t we national aquaculture plan (revised in 1987)...didn’t we just do that??just do that??

• Since then, control waivers between USDA and USDC. Since then, control waivers between USDA and USDC.

National Aquaculture Act of 1980 and National National Aquaculture Act of 1980 and National Aquaculture Improvement Act of 1985 Aquaculture Improvement Act of 1985

National Policy (from the National Aquaculture Act National Policy (from the National Aquaculture Act of 1980):of 1980):

"Congress declares that aquaculture has the potential "Congress declares that aquaculture has the potential for reducing the United States trade deficit in fisheries for reducing the United States trade deficit in fisheries products, for augmenting existing commercial and products, for augmenting existing commercial and recreational fisheries, and for producing other recreational fisheries, and for producing other renewable resources, thereby assisting the United renewable resources, thereby assisting the United States in meeting its future food needs and contributing States in meeting its future food needs and contributing to the solution of world resource problems. It is, to the solution of world resource problems. It is, therefore, in the national interest, and it is the national therefore, in the national interest, and it is the national policy, to encourage the development of aquaculture in policy, to encourage the development of aquaculture in the United States." the United States."

Aquaculture Act of 1980Aquaculture Act of 1980

(1)(1) The The harvestharvest of certain species of fish and shellfish of certain species of fish and shellfish exceedsexceeds levels levels of optimum of optimum sustainable yieldsustainable yield, thereby making it more difficult to , thereby making it more difficult to meet the increasing demand for aquatic food.meet the increasing demand for aquatic food.

(2) To satisfy the domestic market for aquatic food, the (2) To satisfy the domestic market for aquatic food, the United StatesUnited States imports more than 50 per centumimports more than 50 per centum of its fish and shellfish, but this of its fish and shellfish, but this dependence on imports adversely affects the national balance of dependence on imports adversely affects the national balance of payments and contributes to the uncertainty of supplies.payments and contributes to the uncertainty of supplies.

(3) Although aquaculture currently contributes approximately 13 (3) Although aquaculture currently contributes approximately 13 percent of world seafood production, percent of world seafood production, less than 6 percent of less than 6 percent of current United States seafood production results from current United States seafood production results from aquacultureaquaculture. Domestic aquaculture production, therefore, has the . Domestic aquaculture production, therefore, has the potential for significant growth.potential for significant growth.

(4) Aquacultural production of (4) Aquacultural production of aquatic plantsaquatic plants can provide sources of can provide sources of food, industrial materials, pharmaceuticals, and energy, and can food, industrial materials, pharmaceuticals, and energy, and can assist in the control and abatement of pollution.assist in the control and abatement of pollution.

Aquaculture Act of 1980Aquaculture Act of 1980

(5) The (5) The rehabilitationrehabilitation and enhancement and enhancement ofof fish and shellfish fish and shellfish resources resources are desirable applications of are desirable applications of aquacultural technologyaquacultural technology..

(6) The principal responsibility for the (6) The principal responsibility for the development of aquaculturedevelopment of aquaculture in in the United States must rest with the the United States must rest with the private sectorprivate sector..

(7) Despite its potential, the (7) Despite its potential, the development of aquaculturedevelopment of aquaculture in the in the United States has been United States has been inhibitedinhibited by many scientific, economic, by many scientific, economic, legal, and production factors, such as inadequate credit, diffused legal, and production factors, such as inadequate credit, diffused legal jurisdiction, the lack of management information, the lack of legal jurisdiction, the lack of management information, the lack of supportive Government policies, and the lack of reliable supplies of supportive Government policies, and the lack of reliable supplies of seed stock.seed stock.

(8) Many (8) Many areasareas of the United States are of the United States are suitablesuitable for aquaculture, for aquaculture, butbut are are subject to land-use or water-use management policiessubject to land-use or water-use management policies that that do not adequately consider the potential for aquaculture and may do not adequately consider the potential for aquaculture and may inhibitinhibit thethe developmentdevelopment of aquaculture.of aquaculture.

PURPOSE.--PURPOSE.--It is the purpose of the Act to promote aquaculture in the It is the purpose of the Act to promote aquaculture in the United States by-United States by-

(1)(1) declaring a national aquaculture policy;declaring a national aquaculture policy;

(2) establishing and implementing a national aquaculture development (2) establishing and implementing a national aquaculture development plan;plan;

(3) establishing the Department of Agriculture as the lead Federal (3) establishing the Department of Agriculture as the lead Federal agency with respect to the coordination and dissemination of agency with respect to the coordination and dissemination of national aquaculture information by designating the Secretary of national aquaculture information by designating the Secretary of Agriculture as the permanent chairman of the coordinating group Agriculture as the permanent chairman of the coordinating group and by establishing a National Aquaculture Information Center and by establishing a National Aquaculture Information Center within the Department of Agriculture; andwithin the Department of Agriculture; and

(4) encouraging aquaculture activities and programs in both the public (4) encouraging aquaculture activities and programs in both the public and private sectors of the economy; that will result in increased and private sectors of the economy; that will result in increased aquacultural production, the coordination of domestic aquaculture aquacultural production, the coordination of domestic aquaculture efforts, the conservation and enhancement of aquatic resources, efforts, the conservation and enhancement of aquatic resources, the creation of new industries and job opportunities, and other the creation of new industries and job opportunities, and other national benefits.national benefits.

Federal Department Index Federal Department Index • United States Department of Agriculture: United States Department of Agriculture: enforcement of a standard enforcement of a standard

identity, inspection of products.identity, inspection of products.• Agricultural Research Service Agricultural Research Service • Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service • Regional Aquaculture Centers Regional Aquaculture Centers • Farm Service Agency Farm Service Agency • Agricultural Marketing Service Agricultural Marketing Service • National Agricultural Statistics Service National Agricultural Statistics Service • Foreign Agricultural Service Foreign Agricultural Service • Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) • Federal Crop Insurance Information Federal Crop Insurance Information • National Agricultural Library National Agricultural Library • Alternative Farming Systems Information Center Alternative Farming Systems Information Center • Current Research Information System Current Research Information System

Federal Department IndexFederal Department Index

• United States Department of Commerce: regulation of United States Department of Commerce: regulation of catch imports, and processing of fish.catch imports, and processing of fish.

• National Marine Fisheries Service National Marine Fisheries Service • National Sea Grant College Program National Sea Grant College Program • Economics and Statistics Administration Economics and Statistics Administration • Economic Development Administration Economic Development Administration • National Weather Service National Weather Service • National Environmental Satellite Data and Information National Environmental Satellite Data and Information

Service Service

Federal Department IndexFederal Department Index

• United States Department of Interior • U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service • U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey

Federal Department IndexFederal Department Index

• United States Department of Health and Human United States Department of Health and Human Services: enforcement of food legislation Services: enforcement of food legislation regardign food quality, human health and regardign food quality, human health and sanitation. sanitation.

• Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) -Center for Veterinary Medicine -Center for Veterinary Medicine -Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition -Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) (CFSAN)

National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation

Environmental Protection Agency: control and enforcement Environmental Protection Agency: control and enforcement of food processes resulting in pollution of waters, land, air. of food processes resulting in pollution of waters, land, air. Control of pesticide application and water supplies. Control of pesticide application and water supplies.

Tennessee Valley AuthorityTennessee Valley Authority

National Research Support Project No. 7 National Research Support Project No. 7

United States Agency for International DevelopmentUnited States Agency for International Development

Federal Department IndexFederal Department Index

More...More...• National Sea Grant Program (1960-) (under NOAA): conducts National Sea Grant Program (1960-) (under NOAA): conducts

research, extension, education at the college level. research, extension, education at the college level.

• Regional Aquaculture Centers: authorized by USDA to conduct Regional Aquaculture Centers: authorized by USDA to conduct research, extension and enhance profitable aquaculture. research, extension and enhance profitable aquaculture. – North EasternNorth Eastern– North CentralNorth Central– SouthernSouthern– WesternWestern– Tropical PacificTropical Pacific

• 1993 USDA given control of most commercial 1993 USDA given control of most commercial aquaculture...aquaculture...