AQUACULTURE IN MYANMAR: FISH FARM TECHNOLOGY, … · 2018. 7. 16. · AQUACULTURE IN MYANMAR: FISH...
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AQUACULTURE IN MYANMAR: FISH FARM TECHNOLOGY, PRODUCTION ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT Ben Belton 1 , Mateusz Filipski 2 , Chaoran Hu 1 ( 1 Michigan State University, 2 International Food Policy Research Institute) Myanmar Aquaculture-Agriculture Survey: Results Dissemination Workshop Sedona Hotel, Yangon 30 th June 2017
Transcript of AQUACULTURE IN MYANMAR: FISH FARM TECHNOLOGY, … · 2018. 7. 16. · AQUACULTURE IN MYANMAR: FISH...
AQUACULTUREINMYANMAR:FISHFARMTECHNOLOGY,
PRODUCTIONECONOMICSANDMANAGEMENT
BenBelton1,MateuszFilipski2,ChaoranHu1(1MichiganStateUniversity,2InternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute)
MyanmarAquaculture-AgricultureSurvey:ResultsDisseminationWorkshopSedonaHotel,Yangon
30th June2017
Outline
• MyanmarAquaculture-AgricultureSurvey(MAAS)Objectives&Methodology• Surveylocations• Land• Speciesfarmed• Yields• Inputuse• Grossmargins• Conclusions&recommendations
TheMyanmarAquaculture-AgricultureSurvey(MAAS)
Aims• Baselineofinformationonfishandcropfarmingsectors(P1&P4)• Quantifyandcomparespillovers&trade-offsbetweenthese(P2)• Exploremechanization (P3),credit,ruralnon-farmeconomy
Methodology• Purposivelyselected2clustersof‘villagetracts’forcomparison,basedonconcentrationoffishponds(fromsatelliteimages)andprevailingcropfarmingsystems
• Randomlyselectedcommunitiesandhouseholdstorepresententirepopulationofbothclusters(includingnon-farmhouseholds)
• Totalsample=1102HHsin40villagetracts
• Communitysurvey(in73villageswhereHHsurveyimplemented)• Surveyofagriculturalmachinerysupplybusinesses
Fishpond&aquacultureclusterlocations
Aquacultureandagricultureclusters
Aqua-farmsizedistribution
Shareoffarms(frequencyandarea),byfarmsizecategory
Farmownership,bysize
9581
59
41
8
5
17
25
43
44
216 16
48
<10acres 10-50acres 50-100acres 100-500acres >500acres
Shareofpon
darea(%
)Localowner Absenteeowner Company
Shareofpondareabyfarmsizecategoryandownershiptype
Aquaculturesamplecharacteristics
• 41%specializednurseries,59%growoutfarms• Amonggrowoutfarms:• <10acres=51%;• 10-40acres=28%;• >40acres=21%
• NurseryHH:mean3.1acreslandowned;median2acres
• GrowoutHH:28.7acreslandowned;median10acres.
• AgriculturalHH:9.8acreslandowned;median6.1acres.
Rapidgrowthofgrowout&nurseryponds
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
1969
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
2013
Num
bero
fpon
ds
SpecializednurserypondVerticallyintegratednurserypondGrowoutpond
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1969
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
2013
Cumulativearea(acres)
SpecializednurserypondsVerticallyintegratednurserypondsGrowoutponds
Cumulativenumberofpondsconstructed,1969-2015
Cumulativeareaofpondsconstructed,1969-2015
Useofpondlandattimeofacquisition,byfarmtype
Pondspurchased,orconstructedonagriculturalland
6021
1 11
7
GrowoutfarmPondPaddyfieldOrchardPasture/uncultivatedOther
47
15
18
8
11
NurseryPondPaddyfieldOrchardPasture/uncultivatedOther
Proportionoffarmsharvestingkeyspecies
Shareoffishspeciesbyquantityharvested
Farmingdominatedbycarps
94
72
55
2816
10 8 8%offarmsh
arvesting
Rohu,60%
Mrigal,12%
Catla,9%
Pangasius,8%
Pacu,4%
Tilapia,2%
Others,5%
But,somespeciesdiversificationtakingplacegradually
Cumulativenumberofrespondentsfarmingspecies,byspeciesandyear
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
50019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
0720
0820
0920
1020
1120
1220
1320
1420
15
Respon
dentsstocking(cum
ulative)
Rohu CatlaMrigal PangasiusPacu Tilapia
93%
77%
Smallfarmsspecializemoreintheproductionofnon-carpspecies
Averageyieldbyspeciesandfarmsize(harvestingfarmsonly)
-
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
-
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Viss/acre
t/ha
small medium large
Averageyield,byyieldquintile
4.9
3.8
5.5
6.1
4.4
4.2
5.2
6.2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Allfarms
<10acres
10-40acres
>40acres
Viss/acre
t/ha
MeanyieldMedianyield
0.6
2.1
4.1
5.9
6.9
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1
Viss/acre
t/ha
Averageyield,byfarmsize
Yieldsaremodest,highlyvariable,&correlatedwithfarmsize
Growoutfarmoperatingcostsbyyieldquintile
Shareoffeedcosts(%)byfeedtypeandfarmyieldquintile
Yieldscloselyrelatedtofeeduse
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
$'00
0/ha
FeedSeedNon-feedinputsMarketingLaborHarvestingInterestPonddrainage&refillTax&legalcosts
175 11 18
279
10 57
1642 63 70
63488
610 8 6
25 16
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Sinkingpellet FloatingpelletRicebran PeanutoilcakeOther
Useofpelletedfeedslimited,butincreasing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
Cumulativenu
mbe
rofa
dopters Sinkingfeed
Floatingfeed
86
44
148 12 10 6
63
14 10 83 0 0
-102030405060708090100
%offarmsusingfeed%offeedcosts
Shareoffarmsusingfeedinputs,byfeedtype,andshareoffeedtypeintotalvalueoffeedinputs(%)
Cumulativeadoptionofpelletedfeed,byyearandfeedtype(2000-2015)
Useofnon-feedinputslimited
Shareoffarmsusingnon-feedinputs,byinputtype,andshareofinputtypeintotalvalueofnon-feedinputs
• Littleuseoffertilizers,especiallybysmallerfarms
• Fuelismainnon-feedinputcost
• Useoflimewidespread
• Useofantibioticsandothermedicineslimited
83
6256
30 2824
6 6 613
32
43
51 2 1 2 1
%offarmsusinginput%ofnon-feedinputcosts
Averagegrossmarginsforaquacultureandagriculturein'aquaculturecluster'villagetracts
1596
209317 369 429 379
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Aquaculture(growout)
Monsoonpaddy
Irrigatedpaddy
Greengram Blackgram Annualincome(allfieldcrops)
Grossm
argin($/ha)
Aquaculturegenerates4timeshigherearningsperhectarethancropfarming
Averageannualexpenditurepercapita,byhouseholdtype
Fishfarminghouseholdsaretwiceaswell-offasthegeneralpopulation
718971
1525
931
1509
2980
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
All
househ
olds
Nurserie
s
Allgrowou
t
Grow
out
<10acres
Grow
out
10-40acres
Grow
out
>40acres
Annu
alexpen
ditureperca
pita(U
SD)
Conclusions
• Verylargefarmsdominantbutmanymoresmallandmediumcommercialfarmsthanwidelyrecognized• Carpdominated,bysomegradualspeciesdiversificationoccurring• Tilapiaandprawnperformbestinsmallerfarms• Verylowlevelsoffertilizeruse• Useofpelletedfeedslowbutincreasing• Verywidevariationinyields,butlow-moderateonaverageandmuchscopeforimprovement• Smallerfarmsobtainloweryieldsonaverage• Yieldcloselycorrelatedwithsizeoftotalinvestmentanduseofpelletedfeed
Implicationsforpolicy&programming
• Fishfarmingshouldberecognizedandpromotedasamechanismforgeneratingruralgrowth• Smallfarms(sized10acresorless)andnurseriesshouldbetheprincipaltargetofpolicyandtechnicalinterventions• Smallerfarmshaveacompetitiveadvantageintheproductionofnon-carpspecies,butadisadvantageinaccesstocapital/credit– needtofindwaystoredress• Identifymechanismsforprovidingcommercialloans,tailoredtotheneedssmallfarmsandSMEsinaquaculturevaluechains(“meso-credit”)• Prioritizeresearchandoutreachonfertilizeruse• Encourageprivateinvestmentinthefeedsectortoincreasecompetitionandreducecostsofpelletedfeed
