The Road to World War IThe Road to World War IChapter 16 Section 1Chapter 16 Section 1

Main Ideas

• Militarism, nationalism, and a crisis in the Balkans led to World War I

• Serbia’s determination to become a large, independent state angered Austria-Hungary and initiated hostilities

Key Terms

• Conscription–A military draft, compulsory enrollment

• Mobilization–The process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war

Causes of WWI

Did the growth of nationalism in the first half of the nineteenth century lead to increased competition or increased cooperation among European nations?

Increased competition

According to some historians, how might internal disorder have been one of the causes of WWI?

• Conservative leaders feared that their countries were on the verge of revolution; the desire to suppress internal disorder may have encouraged them to plunge into war.

What was the effect of conscription on the events leading up to WWI?

• European armies doubled in size between 1890 and 1914.

What was the Schlieffen Plan and how did it complicate the events leading to WWI?

• It called for a two front war with France and Russia. By declaring war on France, Germany brought Great Britain into the war.

Explain why GB became involved in the war.

• Germany violated Belgian neutrality

• Britain was concerned about own power–Germany’s “invasion” of Belgium gave Britain a good excuse to become involved in conflict with Germany, and maintain their power position

Ethnic groups w/o nations after the nationalist movements of the 19th century

• Slavic minorities in Balkans and Hapsburg Empire

• Irish in British Empire• Poles in Russian Empire

How did the creation of military plans help draw the nations of Europe into WWI?

• Countries could not partially mobilize or limit war fronts

• Mobilization (assembling troops and supplies and readying for battle) was considered an act of war

Series of events that led directly to war: all based on

ALLIANCESSerbia accused of the assassination of

Archduke Francis FerdinandAustria-Hungary punishes SerbiaGermany helps A-HRussia (allied w/ Serbia) against A-H and

GermanyGermany war against Russia and FranceBritain declares war on Germany

AQ C16S2 04/25/2008

1. Which country switched from the Central Powers to the Allied?

2. Which country withdrew from WWI?3. Ideas spread to influence public opinion

for or against a cause 4. Based on wearing the other side down

by constant attacks and heavy losses5. Complete mobilization of resources and

people

AQ C16S2 cont…

6. And7. List two occupations of women

during WWI8. And9. List two areas where government

powers increased10.What does the picture on page 505

depict?

The PowersAllied

• Great Britain• France• United States• Italy• Russia

– Withdrew

Central

• Germany• Austria-

Hungary• Bulgaria• Ottoman

Empire

Changed from Central to Allies

Propaganda

• Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause–Used to stir national hatreds before war and to inspire nationalism in home countries

Trench Warfare

• Fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire

• Resulted in a stalemate during WWI–Neither side advanced

War of attrition

• A war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses

Total War

• Complete mobilization of resources and people

• All resources applied to war effort

Planned economies

•Systems directed by government agencies

• WWI required total warfare because masses of men had to be organized and supplies had to be manufactured and purchased for years of combat, which led to measures that affected the lives of all citizens in the warring countries

Occupations of women during WWI

• Chimney sweeps• Truck drivers• Farm laborers• Factory workers in heavy industry

Methods used to counter the loss of enthusiasm and opposition to war at home:

• Propaganda• Expanded police powers• Protesters arrested• censorship

Propaganda Examples

Why?

• Each of the nations which participated in World War One from 1914-18 used propaganda posters not only as a means of justifying involvement to their own populace, but also as a means of procuring men, money and resources to sustain the military campaign.

• http://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/index.htm

USA

We teach you to run!

From Germany to American soldiers

It is interesting to note that the Germans feel

that the American

soldier has the Constitutional right to refuse

to fight. www.psywarrior.com/GermanWWIPSYOP.html

Military Action

• Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia

• Murdered by a conspiracy of Serbian nationalist youths who were convinced that the assassination would somehow encourage Austria to abandon its Serb-populated possessions.– It only served to anger Austria.

The Assassination

The Reaction of Austria

• Presented the government of Serbia with a 48 hour ultimatum

• Acceptance would mean the surrender of Serbian independence

• Refusal would mean war

• Serbia chose war.

The Result?

• Early August• Within a week all but one of the

members of the two blocs formed were also at war

• Italy was the exception–Bargained with both sides for

several months

The Players

Central Powers• Austria-Hungary• Germany• Turkey• Bulgaria

Allied Powers• Serbia• Russia• France• Britain• Italy• Romania (1916)• United States (1917)• Greece (1917)

Europe WWI

Fought on 3 Fronts

• Western Front– Decisive front in France and Belgium

• Eastern or Russian Front– Reached from the Baltic Sea to the

Aegean

• Alpine Front– Involved only Italy and Austria-Hungary

and had no major influence on the course of the conflict

The Western Front

• BBC Animated Map

“It will be over quick”

• Military experts thought this would be a quick war with whichever side gaining the advantage at the beginning winning.

• Why? All the new technology

• Defense proved to be better than offense and WWI lasted 4 and ¼ LONG years.

Why did the US enter WWI?

• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and the Lusitania

• Economics• Politics• Ideology• Zimmerman Telegram

U.S. Entered World War I April 6, 1917

• On April 6, 1917, the U.S. joined its allies--Britain, France, and Russia--to fight in World War I. Under the command of Major General John J. Pershing, more than 2 million U.S. soldiers fought on battlefields in France. Many Americans were not in favor of the U.S. entering the war and wanted to remain neutral. However, the U.S. eventually did enter the war.

The LusitaniaAmerican neutrality was put to the test in May 1915, when the German submarine U-20 sank the British luxury liner Lusitania, which was carrying 1200 passengers and a cargo of ammunition for British rifles. The German embassy had warned Americans that Allied vessels in the war zone were fair targets, but 128 Americans had ignored the warning and met their deaths. Wilson accused the Germans of brutality, demanded that they stop submarine warfare, and refused to ban American passengers from sailing on Allied vessels.

Wilson did not want to enter a war while trying to get re-elected…

• In March 1916, after another passenger vessel, the Sussex, was torpedoed, Germany finally agreed to apologize, pay damages and promise not to attack passenger vessels. This promise was known as the “Sussex PledgeSussex Pledge”.

• Wilson won the election of 1916 with the campaign slogan “He kept us out of war”.

• By 1917, Wilson asked Congress to join the war in Europe. Most Americans did not support U.S. involvement in the war.

Wilson delivering his War Message.

The final break with Germany came in the wake of two incidents. (1) The Germans announced early in 1917 that they would resume unrestricted submarine warfare. At first, horrified that his policy of "strict accountability" seemed now to demand war, Wilson did nothing.

Zimmerman Telegram

(2) In February, the British revealed the contents of the "Zimmermann Telegraph," proposing a German-Mexican alliance under which Mexico would recover all the territory it had lost to the U.S. in the 1840s. Wilson began arming merchant ships, and on April 2, 1917, Wilson appeared before the Congress asking for a declaration of war against Germany.

In the trenches

• By the time the American troops arrived in substantial numbers in the spring of 1918, British and French units had endured more than three years of increasingly costly trench warfare. These British troops are shown on the front line in the Somme area in August 1916. The Battle of the Somme, in the summer and fall of 1916, achieved almost no changes in the positions of the German and Allied armies, but 420,000 British, 200,000 French, and 450,000 Germans lost their lives, and the area was almost totally destroyed.

War Declaration“The world must be made safe for democracy” Woodrow T. Wilson

The Home FrontInformation for this section obtained from: http://powayusd.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/online/virtualcivics/Experiencing%20WWI,%20Part%20II.htm

Remin

der

VICTORY AT THE FRONT DEPENDED ON ECONOMIC AND EMOTIONAL MOBILIZATION AT HOME.

MobilizationThe process of assembling troops

and supplies and making them ready for war

• Wilson moved quickly in 1917 and 1918 to organize war production and distribution.  He also recognized the need to enlist American emotions.  To him, the war for people's minds, the "conquest of their convictions," was as vital as events on the battlefield.

How?

Propaganda: Wilson formed the Committee on

Public Information (CPI).What do

these posters

say about Germany?

Again I ask…does propaganda exist in the 21st century?

WASHINGTON (CNN) -- The cafeteria menus in the three House office buildings changed the name of "french fries" to "freedom fries," in a culinary rebuke of France stemming from anger over the country's refusal to support the U.S. position on Iraq. http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/03/11/sprj.irq.fries/

Examples of Anti-German Propaganda:

• Many American schools stopped offering instruction in the German language.  California's stated education board called German a language of "autocracy, brutality, and hatred.“

• Sauerkraut became "liberty cabbage“• Saloonkeepers removed pretzels from the bar • Orchestral works by Bach, Beethoven, and

Brahms vanished from music programs, including that of the New York Philharmonic

• German Americans were badgered, beaten, and sometimes killed.

p500

Home Front cont…

• Wilson turned to conscription, which he felt was both efficient and democratic.  In May, 1917, Congress passed the Selective Service Act, providing for the registration of all men between 21 - 30 (later changed to 18 - 45).  Early in June, 9.5 million men registered for the draft.

Registration Card

Industrial Controls

• To create order, President Wilson established the War Industries Board (WIB) to increase industrial output and coordinate industries. 

• The government took over all factories and ran them like one big factory.  The board instructed the factories on what to produce, how much to produce, and the cost of the items.

To keep workers working…

What did factories produce?

• Women's blouse factories made signal flags

• Radiator manufacturers made guns

• Automobile factories made airplane engines

• Piano companies made airplane wings.

President Wilson created the National War Labor Board

(WLB) to unify labor policies.• He wanted to insure that

management and workers cooperated during the war to prevent strikes.  It was absolutely essential that the workers were kept satisfied so that industries could produce good for war. 

• The WLB also worked to improve working conditions

Propaganda was extensively used to influence public opinion.

President Wilson established the Fuel Administration to control

America's use of fuel.• Americans were asked to

voluntarily conserve their use of fuel.

• Lightless nights and gasless days were observed. 

• Daylight Savings Time was observed for the first time in the US's history in order to cut back on the use of fuel and electricity.

Don’t waste propaganda posters

Women

Up  to 30,000 American women served on the front during WWI. At home, women filled the gap left by the millions of men training and fighting in the war. 

The End of “The Great War”

The final Allied push towards the German border began on October 17,

1918.

• As the British, French and American armies advanced, the alliance between the Central Powers began to collapse.

• Turkey signed an armistice at the end of October, Austria-Hungary followed on November 3.– Armistice: Truce, an agreement to end

fighting

Wilson proposed a plan• Fourteen Points (p523)

– Open Diplomacy– Freedom of Navigation– Free trade– Disarmament– Self-determination– Evacuation of all Russian Territory– Belgium must be evacuated and restored (from German occup.)– Freeing of French territory (Alsace-Lorraine)– Readjustment of Italian borders– Autonomous dev. for the peoples of A.H.– Independence for the Balkan states– Securing of Turkish territory/sovereignty / the Dardanelles as a free

passage– The establishment of an independent Poland– The creation of the League of Nations

Wilson’s proposals p.523

• Included:– Reaching agreements openly rather

than through secret diplomacy– Reducing armaments (military and

weapons)

– Domestic safety– Self determination

• The right of each people to have its own nation.

Other ideas

• Delegates met in Paris 1919 to determine the peace settlement

• Secret treaties and agreements had been made –Conflicted with hopes of self-determination put forth by Wilson

Paris Peace Conference

• David Lloyd George: PM of GB• Platform: Make Germany Pay for the

war• George Clemenceau: French Premier• Desired revenge and security• Wanted Germany stripped of all

weapons and vast German payments (reparations)

• Most important decisions of the Paris Peace Conference were made by Wilson, Lloyd George, and Clemenceau.

• Germany was not invited.• Russia was too involved in

civil war

• Wilson wanted to create the League of Nations to prevent future wars

• Clemenceau and Lloyd George wanted to punish Germany

Treaty of VersaillesJune 28, 1919

• Germany had to claim responsibility• Germany had to pay reparations to

Allied governments• Germany had to reduce its army, cut

back navy, and eliminate its air force• Alsace and Lorraine were returned to

France

14 Points vs. Treaty of Versailles

Legacy of WWI

• Changed the way wars were fought

• Power of government increased

• Opened the door for great insecurity

• “normalcy” was over