US History Week 5 PacketTeacher: Givens or Monty

Name:_________________Class Period:_____Ch. 16- Toward Civil War

Hardly anyone in America would have predicted in the 1820s that the nation would fight in a divisive civil war between 1861 and 1865. The Missouri Compromise defined a geographical boundary between slave and free states, and established a set of conditions for whether future states admitted to the Union would permit slavery. By the 1850s, in the wake of the Mexican War, the vast expansion of new American territory had reopened the slavery debate. The Compromise of 1850 represented the last great compromise of the pre-Civil War era, an ambitious attempt to keep the peace. -Albert Broussard

In this chapter you will read and learn about what compromises involving issues of slavery and the admission of new states were made or attempted and why they failed, how slavery contributed to the division of the nation, and other events that lead to the Civil War.

Standards: SS.8.A.1.2, SS.8.A.1.7, SS.8.A.4.1, SS.8.A.4.8, SS.8.A.4.11, SS.8.A.5.1, SS.8.A.5.2, SS.8.A.5.3, SS.8.A.5.4, SS.8.A.5.6, SS.8.A.5.7, LAFS.8.SL.1.2, LAFS.68.RH.1.1, LAFS.68.RH.2.4, LAFS.68.RH.3.7

Learning Goal:What: Evaluate attempts to compromise between different regions in the US prior to the US

Civil War.

How: Using informational texts, primary & secondary sources.

Why: To see the impact of how differences between the North and South (politically and geographically) lead to the outbreak of the US Civil War.

During this week’s lessons you will see what motivated people to act certain ways and believe certain ideas during the period leading up to the Civil War. People’s actions were shaped by specific ideas which would lead to the way they voted, protested, or maybe why did not react certain ways.

DIRECTIONS: Read the pages provided and fill out At the end of the lesson, complete the Quizizz (code: I’ll provide on Thursday) you get 4 attempts.Day 1 & 2: do vocab lesson 1 (Monday & Tuesday)Day 3: do lesson 2 (Wednesday)Day 4: lesson 3 (Thursday) ALL WORK IS DUE Sunday 5/3 including the quizizz!

Read the pages provided and answer the RED questions!

Chapter 16 Vocabulary Reinforcement: (Monday & Tuesday) Directions: Synonyms are words with similar meanings. Read the word at the beginning of each row, and then circle or highlight al the terms in that row that are synonyms of the first word.

Regulate manage disorganize control relinquishNetwork group metallic Interconnected system item

Rigid flexible firm Unbending stiffTopic theme issue subject negativeJustify condemn Give reasons for criticize defendReject Choose allow refuse Turn down

Directions: Read each clue and match each word or phrase in the first list to its description in the second list. Write the letter next to the correct word in the first list.

1. Fugitive

2. Regulate

3. Martyr

4. Rigid

5. Border Ruffian

6. Topic

7. Arsenal

8. Network

9. Secession

A. Storage site for weaponsB. SubjectC. A person who dies for a causeD. To controlE. Interconnected systemF. Runaway slaveG. A withdrawal of Southern states from the UnionH. FirmI. Armed Missourian who crossed into Kansas to vote for slavery

Ch. 16 Lesson 1: The Search for Compromise SS.8.A.1.2, SS.8.A.1.7, SS.8.A.4.1, SS.8.A.4.2, SS.8.A.4.8, SS.8.A.4.11, SS.8.A.5.1, SS.8.A.5.2, LAFS.68.RH.2.4

Read the following and answer the questions as you go along. Type or write your answers in the space provided.Terms to know:

Fugitive- a person who runs away from the law Secede- to leave Border ruffian- armed pro-slavery supporter who crossed the border from Missouri to vote in

Kansas Civil War- fighting between citizens of the same country

Political Conflict Over SlaveryThe debate over slavery between the Northern and Southern states was not going away. Leaders had managed to

make compromises in the past to settle disputes. For example, in 1820 Congress passed the Missouri Compromise. This balanced the number of free and slave states in the Senate.

As new territories were added, however, the debate erupted again. In 1845 Texas was admitted to the Union. Slavery was legal in Texas. When the United States and Mexico fought over the boundary between Texas and Mexico in the Mexican War, the United States also gained New Mexico and California

Differing ViewsIn Congress, Representative David Wilmot proposed the Wilmot Proviso to ban slavery on any lands acquired

from Mexico. Southerners protested. They wanted California and New Mexico to be slave states.

Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina proposed another idea. He said that neither the federal government nor territorial governments should be allowed to ban or regulate slavery in a territory. Neither of these bills passed in Congress.

In the 1848 election, both presidential candidates ignored the slavery issue. This made voters angry. Many Whigs and Democrats who were against slavery formed the Free-Soil Party. Its slogan was “Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men.” The Free-Soil candidate for president was Martin Van Buren. He did not win the election, but the new party did win several seats in Congress.

1. How was John C. Calhoun’s idea about slavery in the new territories different from the Wilmot Proviso?2. What groups formed the Free-Soil Party? Why?

A New CompromiseIn 1849 the slavery debate came up again when California applied to become a free state. If California entered

the Union as a free state, there would be more free states than slave states in Congress. Anti-slavery groups were also asking Congress to ban slavery in Washington, D.C.

Southerners were outraged. They talked about secession, which meant they were considering seceding from, or leaving, the Union. Many Southerners were also concerned about the growing number of abolitionists in the North. They wanted a strong national fugitive, or runaway, slave law. This law would force all states to return runaway slaves.

To find a compromise, Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky suggested that California become a free state. However, he said other new territories would have no limits on slavery. He also proposed that the slave trade, but not slavery itself, should be made illegal in Washington, D.C. In addition, he called for a stronger fugitive slave law.

Members of Congress debated the proposal. Senator Calhoun was against the plan. Senator Daniel Webster was in favor of it. Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois came up with a solution. He divided Clay’s plan into parts. Congress passed five separate bills. Together, they were called the Compromise of 1850.

Compromise of 1850 Major Ideas Senator Henry Clay had the ideas Senator Stephen A. Douglas had the plan Five separate laws were passed

1. Stronger Fugitive Slave Laws2. California would be a free state3. Other new territories could have slavery4. Slavery was LEGAL in Washington, D.C.5. Slave Trade was ILLEGAL in Washington, D.C.

3. Looking at the map above, which western state was a free state after the passage of the Compromise of 1850?4. Describe the plan the Compromise of 1850 put in place regarding slavery in the United States. What are some

potential problems you might see with this plan?

The Fugitive Slave ActThe Fugitive Slave Act was one of the five parts of the Compromise of 1850. It stated that anyone helping a

fugitive could be fined or jailed. Many Northerners ignored the new law. Some Northern juries would not convict people who broke the new law. Some people helped buy the freedom of enslaved people. Others were part of the Underground Railroad, which helped runaways escape.

5. Describe two ways Northerners acted against the Fugitive Slave Act.

The Kansas-Nebraska ActIn 1854 Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed a bill to settle how slavery would be handled in the territories. It

divided the land west of Missouri into two territories. These two territories would be called Kansas and Nebraska. Because they were north of the line that limited slavery in the Missouri Compromise, he said they should be free states.

He suggested that Congress repeal the Missouri Compromise. Instead, he said that people who lived in those areas should vote on whether to allow slavery. He called this “popular sovereignty.” This is when people who live in an area—not the government—are allowed to make a decision. This is a key idea in the American system of government. It means that the people are the source of all government power.

Douglas’s plan was unpopular with Northerners. It meant that slavery would be allowed in areas that had once been free.

Most Southerners were in favor of the plan. They thought Kansas would be settled mainly by slaveholders from Missouri. Because slavery was legal in Missouri, those settlers would vote to make slavery legal in Kansas.

6. How did the North & South each view the Kansas-Nebraska Act? Why did each region feel that way?

Conflict in Kansas

After the Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in 1854, both pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups rushed to Kansas. Thousands of pro-slavery supporters crossed the border from Missouri, just to vote in Kansas. Many traveled in armed gangs, and were known as border ruffians. The pro-slavery group won the election and Kansas passed new laws in favor of slavery. People against slavery refused to accept the law and held their own election. They wrote their own constitution and banned slavery. As a result, in 1856 Kansas had two separate governments.

In 1856 slavery supporters attacked Lawrence, Kansas, which was occupied mostly by antislavery groups. The two groups fought. John Brown, an abolitionist, led an attack on a pro-slavery group and killed five people. Newspapers called the fight “Bleeding Kansas” and “the Civil War in Kansas.” A civil war is a conflict between people who are citizens of the same country. Federal troops were called in to stop the bloodshed.

Click Here to hear more about “Bleeding Kansas” (Video: Courtesy of History.com) (https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/bleeding-kansas-video)

7. What does the term “Bleeding Kansas” mean?8. What impact could the events in Kansas potentially have on the rest of the country and their views about

slavery?

Lesson 1 Review:1. How might adding a new state to the Union impact the conflict of slavery in the United States?2. Who were the “border ruffians” and what was their role in “bleeding Kansas”?

Ch. 16 Lesson 2: Challenges to Slavery (Wednesday) SS.8.A.1.2, SS.8.A.4.8, SS.8.A.5.2, LAFS.68.RH.2.4

Read the following and answer the questions as you go along. Type or write your answers in the space provided.Terms to know:

Arsenal- a place to store weapons Martyr- a person who dies for a cause

Birth of the Republican PartyThe Kansas-Nebraska Act not only caused a split in the North and South, it also caused divisions in some political

parties. Many Northerners left the Democratic Party. The issue of slavery also split up the Whig Party.

Many anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats joined the Free-Soilers. They called themselves the Republican Party. One goal of the new party was to ban slavery in new territories. Many Northerners agreed with the party’s goals. As a result, Republicans won control of the House of Representatives and several state governments in the 1854 election.

Many Democratic Party candidates lost in the 1854 election. In turn, Republicans received little support in Southern states. The Democratic Party became mostly a Southern Party

1. Who joined together to create the Republican party? What was their goal?

The Presidential Election of 1856This division of the parties played a large role in the presidential election of 1856. The Republican candidate was John

C. Frémont, a military officer and senator from California. Democrats nominated James Buchanan, a senator from Pennsylvania and former Secretary of State. He and the Democratic Party backed the idea of popular sovereignty.

The American, or Know-Nothing Party, nominated former president Millard Fillmore. Because the Whigs were divided over the issue of slavery, they did not offer a candidate.

The vote in 1856 was divided along sectional lines. Buchanan won all the Southern states, except Maryland, and became President. Frémont won 11 of the 16 free states but got no electoral votes from the South.

2. In the election of 1856, the vote was divided along rigid sectional lines. Which candidate captured most of the votes in the SOUTHERN states?

Dred Scott v. SanfordDred Scott was an enslaved African American. A doctor in Missouri, a slave

state, bought him. In the 1830s, the doctor and Scott moved to Illinois. Illinois was a free state. Then they moved to the Wisconsin Territory. Slavery was not allowed there. Later the doctor and Scott returned to Missouri. In 1846, Dred Scott went to court to get his freedom. He said he should be free. He said this because he had lived where slavery was not allowed.

The case finally came before the Supreme Court in 1857. The case gained a lot of attention. It gave the Court a chance to rule on the question of slavery itself. Justice Roger B. Taney was the head of the Supreme Court. He wrote the Court’s decision. This is what the Supreme Court decided:

• The fact that Scott had lived in areas where slavery was not allowed did not make Scott a free man.

• Dred Scott was not a citizen. Because of this he had no right to go to court.

• Enslaved people were property.

• The Missouri Compromise was not allowed, according to the United States Constitution.

• Popular sovereignty was not allowed, according to the United States Constitution.

• Neither Congress nor voters could ban slavery. That would be like taking away a person’s property.

The Court’s decision angered Northerners. Southerners believed that now nothing could stop the spread of slavery.

3. How did the idea of “property” affect the decision made by the Supreme Court in this case?4. Why did Dred Scott believe he should be free?

Lincoln-Douglas DebatesIn 1858 the Illinois Senate race was the center of attention throughout the country, because of the

candidates. Senator Stephen A. Douglas, a Democrat, was running against Abraham Lincoln, a Republican.

Douglas was popular. People thought he might run for president in 1860. Lincoln was not as well known. He challenged Douglas to debate him. A debate is a kind of argument. There are rules for how to state your point.

Lincoln and Douglas debated seven times. Slavery was the main topic each time. All the debates were in Illinois. Thousands of people came to watch. Many newspapers wrote articles about the debates.

Douglas supported popular sovereignty. He believed people could vote to limit slavery. People in the South did not like him after that. Lincoln said that African Americans had rights. He said that slavery was wrong.

Douglas won the election. Even though he lost, Lincoln became popular around the nation. People thought of him as a clear thinker who could state his ideas well.

5. Define popular sovereignty. How did Stephen A. Douglas apply popular sovereignty to the issue of slavery?6. Underline or highlight the text that shows what people liked about Abraham Lincoln,

John Brown and Harpers FerryThe election of 1858 made Southerners wary of Republicans. The tension grew even worse after a violent revolt.

The revolt was led by John Brown, an abolitionist. His target was an arsenal, or storage site for weapons, near Harpers Ferry, Virginia. His plan was to take weapons and arm enslaved African Americans. Then he would encourage them to revolt against slaveholders.

Brown did not succeed. He was stopped by local citizens and federal troops. He was later hanged for treason and murder. His death brought different reactions from Northerners. Some thought that he should not have used violence. Others saw him as a martyr, or a person who dies for a cause.

Abolitionists rallied after Brown’s death. The South saw this as a growing threat. As a result, the nation sat on the brink of disaster.

Click here and here for videos about John Brown’s raid on the Harpers Ferry Arsenal.

(If working on a paper copy, google John Brown’s Raid History.com and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UvrgMLnBLpo)

7. Why did Brown raid the arsenal?8. What were the Northern and Southern reactions to Brown’s raid?9. Why do you think the raid by just a few men was so threatening to Southerners?

Lesson 2 Review1. By the late 1850’s, the US was heading down a path toward civil war. Complete the chart below to show each of

these events led to even greater divisions between the North and South.

EVENT RESULTDred Scott Decision

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

John Brown’s Raid

2. Which of the three events in the chart above do you think caused the greatest divide between the North and South? Why?

Ch. 16 Lesson 3: Secession and War (Thursday) SS.8.A.1.2, SS.8.A.1.7, SS.8.A.5.1, SS.8.A.5.2, SS.8.A.5.3, SS.8.A.5.4, SS.8.A.5.6, SS.8.A.5.7

Read the following and answer the questions as you go along. Type or write your answers in the space provided.Terms to know:

Secession- withdrawal States’ Rights- the idea that states have the right to control their own affairs, and the federal government

does not.

The 1860 ElectionThe issue of slavery split the Democratic Party in the presidential election of 1860.

• Democrats in the North supported popular sovereignty. They chose Stephen A. Douglas as their candidate.

• Democrats in the South favored slavery. They chose John Breckinridge.

• Moderates in the North and South started the Constitutional Union Party. They chose John Bell. The party took no position on slavery.

• Republicans chose Abraham Lincoln. They wanted to leave slavery where it existed, but ban it in the territories. Lincoln’s name was not even on the ballot in most Southern states.

Lincoln won. He won every Northern state. Many Southerners believed the Republicans would try to end slavery wherever it existed. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina left the Union. Other Southern states debated secession, or withdrawing from the Union, too.

1. Name each political party and their candidates in the election in 1860.

2. How did the election of 1860 make it clear the Union was in trouble?

Looking for Compromise

Before Lincoln’s election, the Republicans said that they would allow slavery to continue in the South. After the election, Southerners feared Republicans would not keep their word. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina withdrew, or seceded, from the Union. Other Southern states gathered to also consider secession.

Congress worked hard to find a way to keep the Union together. Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky wanted to amend the Constitution. In the Crittenden Compromise, he suggested going back to

the boundaries set in the Missouri Compromise. This would allow slavery anywhere south of 36° 30’ latitude. Both Republicans and Southerners rejected the plan.

3. What did Congress do to try to keep the Southern states from seceding?

4. What was the first state to secede from the Union?

The Confederacy Is EstablishedBy February 1861, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia had seceded. Delegates from these

states met with South Carolina leaders. Together they formed the Confederate States of America. They chose Jefferson Davis as their president.

Southerners used the idea of states’ rights to explain their decision to secede. They argued that:

• each state had joined the Union voluntarily.

• the Constitution was a contract between the federal government and the states.

• the government broke the contract because it did not give Southern states equal rights in the territories.

• therefore, a state had the right to leave the Union. Not all Southerners believed in secession.

Some Northerners were glad to see Southern states leave the Union. Most Northerners, however, thought secession would be bad for the country.

In March 1861, Abraham Lincoln took office as president. He asked the seceding states to rejoin the Union. He pleaded for peace. He also warned that he would enforce federal law in the South.

5. Why did the South claim that the federal government had broken its contract with the states?6. What did the Southern states choose as the name of their new nation?

7. Based on the map, which slave states remained in the Union as the other Southern states seceded?

The Public Reacts to SecessionBoth Southerners and Northerners were divided over secession. Some Southerners celebrated the decision,

while others feared losing their ties to the rest of the states. Some Northerners approved of secession because of their strong feelings against the practice of slavery. Most however, including President Lincoln, felt that it was important that the Union be preserved at all costs.

8. Why do you think some Southerners feared losing their ties to the rest of the states?

Lincoln Takes OverWhen Lincoln took office, he asked the states that had seceded to rejoin the Union. He said he would not give up

federal property in the South, including forts and military facilities.

Fighting at Fort SumterThe day after Lincoln took office, he received a message. It came from Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort on an island in

Charlston Harbor, South Carolina. The fort’s commander warned that supplies were low. He said the Confederates were demanding that he surrender. Lincoln sent an unarmed group with supplies. He ordered Union troops at the fort not to fire unless they were fired upon.

Jefferson Davis made a historic choice. He ordered Confederate troops to attack Fort Sumter before the supplies arrived. On April 12, 1861, the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter.

Rough, high seas kept Union ships from coming to help. Two days later, Fort Sumter surrendered. The Civil War had begun.

Lincoln issued a call for troops. Volunteers quickly signed up. Meanwhile, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas joined the Confederacy.

9. Why do you think Lincoln decided not to send armed troops to Fort Sumter?10. What impact did fighting at Fort Sumter have on both the Union and Confederacy?

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