Lincoln’s Union (?) March 4, 1861 – Lincoln’s Inauguration, 7 states seceded: TX, LA, MISS,...

Lincoln’s Union (?)Lincoln’s Union (?)

March 4, 1861 – Lincoln’s Inauguration, 7 states seceded: TX, LA, MISS, ALA, GA, FL, SC

Lincoln’s inaugural address: “Physically speaking, we cannot separate.”

Why?

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Charleston Harbor S.C.. Bombardment of Fort Sumter.

Ft. Sumter: Cause & Ft. Sumter: Cause & EffectsEffects

CAUSES:

Geography: Fort was in mouth of harbor of Charleston, SC

Time: Fort needed more provisions to hold on

What was Lincoln’s dilemma??

The War comes to The War comes to “Mobtown”“Mobtown”

Baltimore was nation’s 2nd largest city at the time

Baltimore was infamous in the US for its unruly mobs and riots

Gangs ruled the city: Plug-uglies, Red Necks, Gladiators, Black Snakes, Blood Tubs and Spartans…

The Know Nothings had utilized violence during the election year of 1855.

Only 9% of Maryland had voted for Lincoln or Douglas.

Lincoln traveled incognito through Baltimore on the way to his inauguration due to rumors of an assassination plot.

Trouble Brews…Trouble Brews… Marylanders were divided over both secession and Lincoln’s

handling of Ft. Sumter (attacked on April 12th).

Marylanders, like Virginians, found Lincoln’s April 14th call for volunteers to “suppress” the rebellion deeply troubling, even provocative. Sixth Massachusetts Regiment answers Lincoln’s call for 90 Day volunteer enlistment.

Five unarmed companies of Pennsylvania militiamen are set upon by mobs in Baltimore.

Many soldiers are hurt.

The mob focuses its attack on the one free black in uniform, slashing and stabbing him with knives

Baltimore officials urge Lincoln to send no more troops through the city.

http://www.citypaper.com/news/story.asp?id=3506

http://www.citypaper.com/news/story.asp?id=3506

““Another Lexington” Another Lexington” or another “Boston or another “Boston

Massacre”?Massacre”? 6th Mass. Leaves Boston on April 17th and arrives in

Baltimore April 19th.

An mob of approx. 5,000 Baltimoreans attack the militiamen. Many on both sides of fighting are wounded.

21 killed: (5soldiers). 100’s injured. Pvt. Luther Ladd, aged 17, hit in the head and shot

while on the ground – dies of his wounds. Corporal Needham, shot in the neck and stomped to death

by the mob.

Last company to march sustains 25% casualties.

Snipers fire at the train from Baltimore to Washington, DC

THESE ARE THE FIRST TROOPS KILLED IN THE CIVIL WAR.

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AFTER EFFECTSAFTER EFFECTS

On April 20th the Governor, Mayor of Baltimore, and Police Commissioner order all bridges leading into the city destroyed.

Lincoln censors all telegraph offices. Seizes transcript records.

Suspected “traitors” and secessionists are arrested.

September 1861: Lincoln suspends habeas corpus and orders the governor, mayor, chief of police, many prominent citizens, legislators, and newspapermen arrested.

Most arrested are held in Fort McHenry and other northern forts for years, without trial.

Baltimore is placed under martial law. Union troops occupy and fortify Federal Hill.

Union Artillery at Fort Federal Hill, Baltimore, 1862 Photographed by David Bachrach MHS Library, Special Collections Department

“After the riots of 1861, Baltimore illustrated the nation’s divided sympathies. If you were for the Confederacy, it was an occupied city. If you favored the Union, General Butler and his troops were protecting the city from the rebels. Legend reports that the fort’s troops enjoyed pointing out to nervous locals that the cannons were aimed at the Washington Monument, located in the center of the city, in case of insurrection.”

http://www.mdhs.org/library/MDF3.html#32

http://baltimore.about.com/od/neighborhoodstowns/ss/fellspoint_3.htm

Maryland, My Maryland I

The despot's heel is on thy shore,

Maryland!His torch is at thy temple door,

Maryland!Avenge the patriotic goreThat flecked the streets of Baltimore,And be the battle queen of yore,

Maryland! My Maryland!

VIDear Mother! burst the tyrant's chain,

Maryland!Virginia should not call in vain,

Maryland!She meets her sisters on the plain-"Sic semper!" 'tis the proud refrainThat baffles minions back again,

Maryland!Arise in majesty again,

Maryland! My Maryland!

(Z24.432) Unveiling of Monument to Confederate Soldiers and Sailors

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Point Lookout, Md. View of Hammond Genl. Hospital & U.S. genl. depot for prisoners of war

Fort Sumter FlagFort Sumter FlagNote that there are 33 stars. Why is Note that there are 33 stars. Why is

that important?that important?

Ft. Sumter: Cause & Ft. Sumter: Cause & EffectsEffectsEFFECTS:

April 12, 1861: Confederates bombard Ft. Sumter

Federal garrison surrenders after 36 hours

NORTH: unifies and settles

in for a long fight volunteers enlist blockade begins

SOUTH: Becomes aggressor boosts

overconfidence

BORDER STATES: First blood drawn by

South - stay with the Union

Whose War? War for What?Whose War? War for What?

After Sumter: Who goes next?

ARK, TENN, NC, AND VA

Richmond, VA is capital of Confederacy

BORDER STATES:

MD, DEL, W.VA, KY, MO, Indian Territory

What about West Virginia?? Lincoln suspends habeas corpus in MD –

Baltimore is site of first blood spilt in war.

•Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers. •Why such a small number?

Lincoln’s Cause: Lincoln’s Cause: UNION, UNION, NOTNOT ABOLITION. WHY? ABOLITION. WHY?

Lincoln cannot lose Southern Ohio, Indiana, & Illinois NOR the Border States!

“I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri, nor, I think, Maryland. These all against us. And the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including surrender of this capital.”

Unionists of East Tennessee swearing by the flagLike the citizens in western Virginia, people in eastern Tennessee remained faithful to the Union. Men like those shown here swore allegiance to the United States flag and tried to split the state in two--one rebel and the other loyal--but Confederate troops put a stop to their efforts. (Library of Congress)

Unionists of East Tennessee swearing by the Unionists of East Tennessee swearing by the flagflag

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

http://www.sewanee.edu/faculty/Willis/Civil_War/tables/BorderPop1860.html

Balance of PowerBalance of PowerSOUTH

Defensive Strategy

Better officers

Military Culture

Limited transportation

Limited manufacturing

Limited population (slave revolution?)

NORTH

Offensive Strategy

Incompetent/Hesitant Officers

Urban culture

Extensive ports& transportation system

Extensive Manufacturing

Immigration/Population booming

WAR STRATEGIESWAR STRATEGIES

THE NORTH’S

“ANACONDA” PLAN

1. Naval blockade of Southern ports

2. Control the Mississippi and split Confederacy in two

3. Capture Richmond, the Confederate Capital

THE SOUTH’S PLAN

1. Fight a defensive war

2. Secure recognition and support from Europe

3. Negotiate an armistice

Scott's Great SnakeGeneral Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the Confederacy, and crush it. (Library of Congress)

Scott's Great SnakeScott's Great Snake


Bull Run (1Bull Run (1stst Manassas) Manassas) & 90 Day War & 90 Day War

Optimism runs high, on both sides……

Lincoln calls up militia for 90 days

Union outnumbers South….but…. Why does the South

win? HINT: Stonewall

Jackson

Humiliating retreat to DC…..

EFFECTS:

1. South overconfident invades MD and PA

2. Lincoln and North begin to consider emancipation.

3. Lincoln replaces McDowell and appoints…….

George McClellan commander.

Map: McClellan's CampaignMap: McClellan's Campaign

McClellan's CampaignThe water route chosen by McClellan to threaten Richmond during the peninsular campaign.


McClellan’s Peninsula McClellan’s Peninsula CampaignCampaign

1861: George B. McClellan given command of Army of the Potomac

***Good organizer and drillmaster – VERY CAUTIOUS

trained troops well, popular with them

Spring 1862: McClellan moves, finally, on Richmond

Union stalls at Richmond, routed in Lee’s counter-attack, the Seven Day’s Battles

HOW WOULD A VICTORY FOR McCLELLAN HAVE CHANGED THE WAR?

Map: McClellan's CampaignMap: McClellan's Campaign

McClellan's CampaignThe water route chosen by McClellan to threaten Richmond during the peninsular campaign.


Robert E. Lee

Lee takes command of Confederate forces after Johnson is wounded at Richmond during the Peninsular Campaign. Responsible for aggressive Southern strategy during Seven Days Battles.

Both General Grant and General Lee were West Point graduates and had served in the U.S. Army during the War with Mexico. Their bloody battles against each other in 1864 stirred northern revulsion to the war even as they brought its end in sight. (National Archives)

Robert E. Robert E. LeeLee


EFFECTS OF PENINSULAR EFFECTS OF PENINSULAR CAMPAIGNCAMPAIGN

McClellan removed from command

Hardens North’s resolve

Move toward total war

Embrace Anaconda Plan and Emancipation as strategies (vs. moral decisions)

Invade Mississippi and Ohio rivers, spreading war to the west and deep south

War in the WestWar in the West

Ulysses S. Grant surprises all, seizing control of western rivers with gunboats, securing Tennessee and Kentucky

Shiloh, hotly contested battle for West, brings Grant national attention

Admiral David G. Farragut captures New Orleans for North, moves up Mississippi.

Anaconda Plan is beginning to work!

Map: The Anaconda Plan and the Battle of Map: The Anaconda Plan and the Battle of AntietamAntietam


Second Bull Run (2Second Bull Run (2ndnd Manassas)Manassas)

After Richmond defeat McClellan replaced by Gen. Pope as commander of Army of the Potomac

Lee moves north toward Washington, DC

Gen. Pope engages Lee at Second Bull Run, August 29-30, 1862, and is crushed.

Lee and Army of Northern Virginia move into MD, hoping to stir rebellion.

MD stays neutral

Armies meet at Antietam Creek, Maryland on Sept. 17, 1862

Map: The War in the East, 1861-1862Map: The War in the East, 1861-1862

The War in the East, 1861-1862Union advances on Richmond were turned back at Fredericksburg and the Seven Days' Battles, and the Confederacy's invasion of Union territory was stopped at Antietam. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Antietam, September 17, Antietam, September 17, 18621862

McClellan returned to command

Lee swings north and crosses the Potomac

Lee’s battle plans are discovered, showing his division of forces; McClellan does not act on info for 18 hours!

It is the bloodiest day of the war: 23,000

(2x the number of dead and wounded on D-Day)

Is it McClellan’s greatest blunder? Could have ended war?

AntietamIn the photograph of Antietam, dead rebel gunners lie next to the wreckage of their battery. (Library of Congress)

AntietamAntietam


Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burialThis photograph of corpses awaiting burial was one of ninety-five taken by Mathew Brady and his assistants of the Antietam battlefield, the bloodiest single day of the war. It was the first time Americans had seen war depicted so realistically. When Brady's photographs went on display in New York in 1862, throngs of people waited in line to see them. (Library of Congress)

Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burialAntietam dead, Confederates lined for burial


THEME: The North effectively THEME: The North effectively brought to bear its long term brought to bear its long term advantages of industrial might advantages of industrial might and human resources to wage a and human resources to wage a devastating total war against devastating total war against the South. The war helped the South. The war helped organize and modernize northern organize and modernize northern society, while the South, society, while the South, despite heroic efforts, was despite heroic efforts, was economically and socially economically and socially crushed.crushed.

TERMSTERMS Fort Sumter

Anaconda Plan

Bull Run

Stonewall Jackson

George McClellan

Ulysses S. Grant

Shiloh

David F. Farragut

Robert E. Lee

Antietam

A. What were the North’s and the South’s strategies to win the war?

B. What were some of the reasons that the war was longer and deadlier than people predicted?

Lincoln’s Union (?) March 4, 1861 – Lincoln’s Inauguration, 7 states seceded: TX, LA, MISS,...

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