UlyssesUlyssesGroup Member: Group Member:

Simon.Joseph.Lily.Leo.Simon.Joseph.Lily.Leo.Rebecca. SarahRebecca. Sarah

Voc.Voc. Dramatization of the poemDramatization of the poem ParaphraseParaphrase Introduction (Theme/Main idea)Introduction (Theme/Main idea) StructureStructure Contrast Contrast ConclusionConclusion

VocabularyVocabulary

Hearth (N) A hearth is the floor of a fireplace, which Hearth (N) A hearth is the floor of a fireplace, which sometimes extends into the room.sometimes extends into the room.

--It was winter and there was a huge fire roaring in the --It was winter and there was a huge fire roaring in the hearth.hearth.

  Mete (Verb) Mete (Verb) (formal) to give sb a punishment; to m(formal) to give sb a punishment; to make sb suffer bad treatment.ake sb suffer bad treatment.

-- Severe penalties were meted out by the court. -- Severe penalties were meted out by the court. Lee (N) the side or part of sth that provides shLee (N) the side or part of sth that provides sh

elter against the wind.elter against the wind. --We built the house in the lee of the hill.--We built the house in the lee of the hill.

Dole (Verb) to give out an amount of food, Dole (Verb) to give out an amount of food, money, etc. to a number of people in a group.money, etc. to a number of people in a group.

--The landlord doles his servant unequally.--The landlord doles his servant unequally. Hoard (Verb) to collect and keep large Hoard (Verb) to collect and keep large

amounts of food, money, etc., especially amounts of food, money, etc., especially secretly.secretly.

--The king hoards a lot of money for the war.--The king hoards a lot of money for the war. Thro’ = throughThro’ = through Scud (Verb) (literary) (of clouds) to move Scud (Verb) (literary) (of clouds) to move

quickly across the sky.quickly across the sky. --Puffy white clouds were scudding past.--Puffy white clouds were scudding past.

Drift (N) the movement of the sea or air.Drift (N) the movement of the sea or air. --The general direction of drift on the east coast --The general direction of drift on the east coast

is very unsteady.is very unsteady. Dim (Adj) where you cannot see well because Dim (Adj) where you cannot see well because

there is not much light.there is not much light. --It’s very dangerous to walk along a dim stree--It’s very dangerous to walk along a dim stree

t at night.t at night. Climates (N) a general attitude or feeling; an Climates (N) a general attitude or feeling; an

atmosphere or a situation which exists in a paratmosphere or a situation which exists in a particular place. ticular place.

--We need to create a climate in which --We need to create a climate in which business can prosper.business can prosper.

Council (N) (formal) (especially in the Council (N) (formal) (especially in the past) a formal meeting to discuss what past) a formal meeting to discuss what action to take in a particular situation.action to take in a particular situation.

--The King held a council at Nottingham --The King held a council at Nottingham from 14 to 19 October 1330.from 14 to 19 October 1330.

  Margin (N) the empty space at the side Margin (N) the empty space at the side of a written or printed page.of a written or printed page.

--Notes scribbled in the margin--Notes scribbled in the margin

Fade (Verb) to disappear gradually.Fade (Verb) to disappear gradually. --His voice faded to a whisper--His voice faded to a whisper Yearn (Verb) (literary) to want sth very much, especialYearn (Verb) (literary) to want sth very much, especial

ly when it is very difficult to get.ly when it is very difficult to get. --There was a yearning look in his eyes.--There was a yearning look in his eyes. Scepter (N) a decorated rod carried by a king or queeScepter (N) a decorated rod carried by a king or quee

n at ceremonies as a symbol of their power.n at ceremonies as a symbol of their power. --Scepter is a symbol of power that many people want t--Scepter is a symbol of power that many people want t

o get it.o get it.

Isle (N) used especially in poetry and names tIsle (N) used especially in poetry and names to mean ‘island’o mean ‘island’

--the Isle of Skye--the Isle of Skye Discern (Verb) to know, recognize or understaDiscern (Verb) to know, recognize or understa

nd sth, especially sth that is not obvious.nd sth, especially sth that is not obvious. --It is possible to discern a number of different t--It is possible to discern a number of different t

echniques in her work.echniques in her work.

Prudence (N) sensible and careful when you mPrudence (N) sensible and careful when you make judgements and decisionsake judgements and decisions

--Maybe you'll exercise a little more financial pru--Maybe you'll exercise a little more financial prudence next time.dence next time.

Subdue (Verb) to bring sb/sth under control, esSubdue (Verb) to bring sb/sth under control, especially by using forcepecially by using force

--Troops were called in to subdue the rebels.--Troops were called in to subdue the rebels. Sphere (N) an area of activity, influence or inteSphere (N) an area of activity, influence or inte

rest; a particular section of societyrest; a particular section of society --He and I moved in totally different social spher--He and I moved in totally different social spher

es.es.

Wrought = workWrought = work Toil (Verb) to work very hard and/or for a lonToil (Verb) to work very hard and/or for a lon

g timeg time --Hundreds of men toiled for years at building t--Hundreds of men toiled for years at building t

he pyramid.he pyramid. Hath = haveHath = have Smite (Verb) to have a great effect on sb, espeSmite (Verb) to have a great effect on sb, espe

cially an unpleasant or serious onecially an unpleasant or serious one ----Suddenly my conscience smote me.Suddenly my conscience smote me.

Furrow (N) a long narrow cut in the Furrow (N) a long narrow cut in the ground, especially one made by a ground, especially one made by a ploughplough for planting seeds in.for planting seeds in.

--Dark ploughed earth, with white chalk in --Dark ploughed earth, with white chalk in the furrows.the furrows.

Paraphrase-First StanzaParaphrase-First Stanza

The only advantage that an admirable king can have is The only advantage that an admirable king can have is standing beside a warm fireplace, and matched with astanding beside a warm fireplace, and matched with an aged wife. I punished the savage people with unequn aged wife. I punished the savage people with unequal laws, but the treasures, sleep, and feed are not minal laws, but the treasures, sleep, and feed are not mine, for I cannot rest from travel, or I will have nothing foe, for I cannot rest from travel, or I will have nothing for the rest of my life. I have greatly enjoyed and sufferer the rest of my life. I have greatly enjoyed and suffered all times with whom loved me alone when sailing qud all times with whom loved me alone when sailing quickly through the dim sea to Hyades Vext on shore. I bickly through the dim sea to Hyades Vext on shore. I became a name, for always roaming with a hungry hearecame a name, for always roaming with a hungry heart. I have seen and known much and was delight for tht. I have seen and known much and was delight for the battle with my peers about the cities of men, mannee battle with my peers about the cities of men, manners, climates, councils and governments, not least mysrs, climates, councils and governments, not least myself, and honored all of them., which were far on the plelf, and honored all of them., which were far on the plains of windy Troy.ains of windy Troy.

Paraphrase—First StanzaParaphrase—First Stanza I am not little, but they should be honored and enjoy the vicI am not little, but they should be honored and enjoy the vic

tory with my people. At the wide open filed of Troy, I havtory with my people. At the wide open filed of Troy, I have become a part of all that I have encountered. Experiencee become a part of all that I have encountered. Experiences are like beams that untravelled the world shining through s are like beams that untravelled the world shining through an arch on me whenever I move. It is a dull thing to pause,an arch on me whenever I move. It is a dull thing to pause, to make no use of the useless and rather to make the best to make no use of the useless and rather to make the best of the things good to use. It is great to breather life, but lifof the things good to use. It is great to breather life, but life is too little, especially mine. A bringer from the eternal se is too little, especially mine. A bringer from the eternal silence had brought something vile. I would like to store thilence had brought something vile. I would like to store the precious for myself, but the gray spirit was always yearnie precious for myself, but the gray spirit was always yearning in desire to follow the true knowledge, which is the utmng in desire to follow the true knowledge, which is the utmost of human knowledge, like a sinking star.ost of human knowledge, like a sinking star.

Second StanzaSecond Stanza

This is my own son Telemachus. The one I love. I left This is my own son Telemachus. The one I love. I left my scepter and the isle to him and he was discerning tmy scepter and the isle to him and he was discerning to fulfill this labor. He slowly and mildly conquered a o fulfill this labor. He slowly and mildly conquered a rugged people under prudence. Through the soft procrugged people under prudence. Through the soft process, he made them good and obeyed. He is nothing to ess, he made them good and obeyed. He is nothing to blame. He centered the power and executed the duties blame. He centered the power and executed the duties on the people. He couldn’t be failed in paying highly on the people. He couldn’t be failed in paying highly worship to my household gods and be tender to the peworship to my household gods and be tender to the people when I was gone. He did his jobs well, but I did ople when I was gone. He did his jobs well, but I did mine. mine.

Third StanzaThird Stanza The vessel puffs its sail in the port. The broad seas The vessel puffs its sail in the port. The broad seas

are dark and glooming. The mariners with me are are dark and glooming. The mariners with me are toiled. You and I are old and have yet got the honor toiled. You and I are old and have yet got the honor and toil. Although death I coming, some works of and toil. Although death I coming, some works of noble note should be done before the end of life. I am noble note should be done before the end of life. I am the man who strives with god. The day wanes and the the man who strives with god. The day wanes and the moon climbs, and there are so many deep voices moon climbs, and there are so many deep voices around me and encourages me that it was not too late around me and encourages me that it was not too late to seek a new world. Go away; I am ready to smite to seek a new world. Go away; I am ready to smite the surrounding furrows. I want to sail beyond the the surrounding furrows. I want to sail beyond the sunset and bath in all the western stars until I die. sunset and bath in all the western stars until I die. Maybe I will be wash down at the gulf or touch the Maybe I will be wash down at the gulf or touch the happy isle. Probably I can meet great Achilles. happy isle. Probably I can meet great Achilles. Although we do not own the strength in the old days, Although we do not own the strength in the old days, we are one equal temper of heroic hearts. Perhaps we we are one equal temper of heroic hearts. Perhaps we are weaker by the time and fate, but still will to strive, are weaker by the time and fate, but still will to strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. to seek, to find, and not to yield.

IntroductionIntroduction

Main idea:Main idea:

Ulysses want to continue a Ulysses want to continue a challenging and adventured life challenging and adventured life instead of staying stable to death.instead of staying stable to death.

Homer’s and Dante’s UlyssesHomer’s and Dante’s Ulysses In this poem, In this poem, TennysonTennyson reworks the figure of reworks the figure of UlyssesUlysses by by

drawing on the ancient hero of Homer's drawing on the ancient hero of Homer's OdysseyOdyssey and the and the medieval hero of Dante's medieval hero of Dante's Inferno.Inferno. Homer's Homer's UlyssesUlysses, learns , learns from a prophecy that he will take a final sea voyage after from a prophecy that he will take a final sea voyage after killing the suitors of his wife Penelope. The details of this killing the suitors of his wife Penelope. The details of this sea voyage are described by Dante in the sea voyage are described by Dante in the InfernoInferno: : UlyssesUlysses finds himself restless in Ithaca and driven by "the longing I finds himself restless in Ithaca and driven by "the longing I had to gain experience of the world." had to gain experience of the world."

Dante's Dante's UlyssesUlysses is a tragic figure who dies while sailing too is a tragic figure who dies while sailing too far in an insatiable thirst for knowledge. far in an insatiable thirst for knowledge. TennysonTennyson combines these two accounts by having combines these two accounts by having UlyssesUlysses make his make his speech shortly after returning to Ithaca and resuming his speech shortly after returning to Ithaca and resuming his administrative responsibilities, and shortly before administrative responsibilities, and shortly before embarking on his final voyage.embarking on his final voyage.

Structure--FormStructure--Form This poem is written as a dramatic monologue: the enThis poem is written as a dramatic monologue: the en

tire poem is spoken by a single character, whose identtire poem is spoken by a single character, whose identity is revealed by his own words. The lines are in blank ity is revealed by his own words. The lines are in blank verse, or unrhymed iambic pentameter, which serves tverse, or unrhymed iambic pentameter, which serves to impart a fluid and natural quality to speech. Many of o impart a fluid and natural quality to speech. Many of the lines are enjambed, which means that a thought dthe lines are enjambed, which means that a thought does not end with the line-break; the sentences often eoes not end with the line-break; the sentences often end in the middle, rather than the end, of the lines. The nd in the middle, rather than the end, of the lines. The use of enjambment is appropriate in a poem about puuse of enjambment is appropriate in a poem about pushing forward "beyond the utmost bound of human thshing forward "beyond the utmost bound of human thought." Finally, the poem is divided into four paragrapought." Finally, the poem is divided into four paragraph-like sections, each of which comprises a distinct theh-like sections, each of which comprises a distinct thematic unit of the poem.matic unit of the poem.

Structure--Dramatic MonologueStructure--Dramatic Monologue TennysonTennyson takes on the persona of an takes on the persona of an unhappy king that is not satisfied until he unhappy king that is not satisfied until he is once again traveling. He makes allusions is once again traveling. He makes allusions to Achilles assuming the reader already to Achilles assuming the reader already knows who he is. knows who he is.

TennysonTennyson wrote “Ulysses” in blank verse wrote “Ulysses” in blank verse to keep Ulysses speech more natural. to keep Ulysses speech more natural.

A dramatic monologue is used because A dramatic monologue is used because Ulysses is the only speaker throughout Ulysses is the only speaker throughout

the entire poem. the entire poem.

Structure--Detail analysisStructure--Detail analysis Speaker—OdysseysSpeaker—Odysseys Listener—Mariner (already died)Listener—Mariner (already died) Audience—Readers (now)Audience—Readers (now) Analysis on the poemAnalysis on the poem First stanza—soliloquy (a speech in a play, in which a First stanza—soliloquy (a speech in a play, in which a

character alone on the stage speaks his or her thoughts character alone on the stage speaks his or her thoughts aloud p.1772)aloud p.1772)

sentense1~5: mono syllabus, giving heavy feeling.sentense1~5: mono syllabus, giving heavy feeling. 6~21:recalling the journey he had with his 6~21:recalling the journey he had with his

mariners. His mariners. His glory, also inferred his greatness. glory, also inferred his greatness.

22~32: 22~32: His travels have exposed him to many different types of people His travels have exposed him to many different types of people

and ways of living. They have also exposed him to the "delight of and ways of living. They have also exposed him to the "delight of battle" while fighting the Trojan War with his men. His glory brinbattle" while fighting the Trojan War with his men. His glory brings him empty and hollowness, so he wants to go on for his glory.gs him empty and hollowness, so he wants to go on for his glory.

Second stanza Second stanza UlyssesUlysses now speaks to an unidentified audience concerning his now speaks to an unidentified audience concerning his

son Telemachus, who will act as his successor while the great herson Telemachus, who will act as his successor while the great hero resumes his travels: he says, "This is my son, mine own Telemao resumes his travels: he says, "This is my son, mine own Telemachus, to whom I leave the scepter and the isle." He speaks highly chus, to whom I leave the scepter and the isle." He speaks highly but also patronizingly of his son's capabilities as a ruler, praising but also patronizingly of his son's capabilities as a ruler, praising his prudence, dedication, and devotion to the gods. Telemachus his prudence, dedication, and devotion to the gods. Telemachus will do his work of governing the island while will do his work of governing the island while UlyssesUlysses will do his will do his work of traveling the seas: "He works his work, I mine."work of traveling the seas: "He works his work, I mine."

Third StanzaThird Stanza

Third stanzaIn the final stanza, Third stanzaIn the final stanza, UlyssesUlysses addresses the mariners with who addresses the mariners with whom he has worked, traveled, and weathered life's storms over many years.m he has worked, traveled, and weathered life's storms over many years. He declares that although he and they are old, they still have the potent He declares that although he and they are old, they still have the potential to do something noble and honorable before "the long day wanes." Hial to do something noble and honorable before "the long day wanes." He encourages them to make use of their old age because "'tis not too late encourages them to make use of their old age because "'tis not too late to seek a newer world." He declares that his goal is to sail onward "beye to seek a newer world." He declares that his goal is to sail onward "beyond the sunset" until his death. Perhaps, he suggests, they may even reaond the sunset" until his death. Perhaps, he suggests, they may even reach the "Happy Isles," or the paradise of perpetual summer described in ch the "Happy Isles," or the paradise of perpetual summer described in Greek mythology where great heroes like the warrior Achilles were belieGreek mythology where great heroes like the warrior Achilles were believed to have been taken after their deaths. Although ved to have been taken after their deaths. Although UlyssesUlysses and his mar and his mariners are not as strong as they were in youth, they are "strong in will" aniners are not as strong as they were in youth, they are "strong in will" and are sustained by their resolve to push onward relentlessly: "To strive, td are sustained by their resolve to push onward relentlessly: "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield."o seek, to find, and not to yield."

DictionsDictions Compare between Home & AdventureCompare between Home & Adventure

Going HomeGoing Home The hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me.The hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me.

I cannot rest from travel; I will drinkI cannot rest from travel; I will drink

Life to the lees. All times I have enjoyed greatly.Life to the lees. All times I have enjoyed greatly.

How dult it is to pause, to make an end.How dult it is to pause, to make an end.

To rust unburished, not to shine in use!To rust unburished, not to shine in use!

And this gray sprint yearning in desireAnd this gray sprint yearning in desire

To follow knowledge like a sinking star,To follow knowledge like a sinking star,

Beyond the utmost bound of human thoughtBeyond the utmost bound of human thought..

Continuing the AdventureContinuing the Adventure

I. Deal with the age problemI. Deal with the age problem Free hearts, free foreheads, - you and I are old;Free hearts, free foreheads, - you and I are old; Old age hath yet his honor and his toil.Old age hath yet his honor and his toil. One equal temper of heroic hearts,One equal temper of heroic hearts, Made weak by time and fate, but strong in willMade weak by time and fate, but strong in will To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.

II. Convince that it is consider great to do soII. Convince that it is consider great to do so Death closes all; but something ere the end.Death closes all; but something ere the end. Some work of noble note, may be yet done.Some work of noble note, may be yet done.

Moans round with many voices. Come, my friends.Moans round with many voices. Come, my friends. ‘ ‘Tis not too late to seek a newer world.Tis not too late to seek a newer world.

III. III. No doubt at all in his mindNo doubt at all in his mind

To sail beyond the sunset, and the bathsTo sail beyond the sunset, and the baths

Of all western stars, until I die.Of all western stars, until I die.

It may be that the gulfs will wish us down;It may be that the gulfs will wish us down;

It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,

  Figurative language Figurative language 1.  Metaphor: “I will drink / Life to the lees”1.  Metaphor: “I will drink / Life to the lees” (6-7)  His is saying that he is  going to get (6-7)  His is saying that he is  going to get everything out of life that he can. everything out of life that he can.

2.  Metaphor- '"'From that eternal silence, 2.  Metaphor- '"'From that eternal silence, something more,'"' (27).  The eternal  something more,'"' (27).  The eternal  

    silence mentioned here is meaning death.     silence mentioned here is meaning death.

3. Metaphor- '"'There lies the port,'"' (44).  The port is a 3. Metaphor- '"'There lies the port,'"' (44).  The port is a metaphor for his life. They are sailing into metaphor for his life. They are sailing into the sunset of life. the sunset of life.

  Imagery used Imagery used 1.  Visual imagery: “And this gray spirit yearning in desire”(30).  1.  Visual imagery: “And this gray spirit yearning in desire”(30).   He is using the word '"'grey'"' to describe his old, aged spirit. He is using the word '"'grey'"' to describe his old, aged spirit.

2.  Visual imagery: “There gloom the dark, broad seas”(45).  2.  Visual imagery: “There gloom the dark, broad seas”(45).   Ulysses is describing the sea.  He is telling how broad it is and Ulysses is describing the sea.  He is telling how broad it is and the dark gloominess of it. the dark gloominess of it.

3.  Visual imagery: “To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths / Of 3.  Visual imagery: “To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths / Of all the western stars”(60-61).  In these two lines, the reader can all the western stars”(60-61).  In these two lines, the reader can

picture the black silhouette of a boat sailing into the sunset. picture the black silhouette of a boat sailing into the sunset.

 Then  Then late at night, the stars curtain the western sky. late at night, the stars curtain the western sky.

Victorian characterVictorian character the sustaining idea was the idea of progress--the sustaining idea was the idea of progress--

growth of industry and trade; social progress in growth of industry and trade; social progress in concern for the poor; progress toward democratic concern for the poor; progress toward democratic government; scientific progress; discoveries of government; scientific progress; discoveries of Charles Darwin about the facts of creation and Charles Darwin about the facts of creation and evolution; moral progress in terms of the ideals of evolution; moral progress in terms of the ideals of purity and of family life and domesticity. This purity and of family life and domesticity. This ceaseless activity is captured in a few lines from ceaseless activity is captured in a few lines from his poem "Ulysses": his poem "Ulysses":

One equal temper of heroic hearts,One equal temper of heroic hearts,Made weak by time and fate, but strong in willMade weak by time and fate, but strong in willTo strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield (68-70)To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield (68-70)

Alfred, Lord Tennyson Alfred, Lord Tennyson

Alfred Tennyson was born August 6th, 1809 and died oAlfred Tennyson was born August 6th, 1809 and died on October 6, 1892, at the age of 83. Tennyson worries n October 6, 1892, at the age of 83. Tennyson worries about money all his life. He also had a lifelong fear of about money all his life. He also had a lifelong fear of mental illness. In 1827 Tennyson escaped the troublemental illness. In 1827 Tennyson escaped the troubled atmosphere of his home to Cambridge, and became d atmosphere of his home to Cambridge, and became famous there. He joined the Apostles In 1829, and met famous there. He joined the Apostles In 1829, and met his best friend Arthur Hallam's there. The success of hihis best friend Arthur Hallam's there. The success of his 1842 Poems made Tennyson a popular poet, and in s 1842 Poems made Tennyson a popular poet, and in 1845 he received a Civil List pension. The success of "T1845 he received a Civil List pension. The success of "The Princess" and In Memoriam and his appointment in he Princess" and In Memoriam and his appointment in 1850 as Poet Laureate finally established him as the m1850 as Poet Laureate finally established him as the most popular poet of the Victorian era.ost popular poet of the Victorian era.

As a child, Tennyson was influenced profoundly by the poetry of BAs a child, Tennyson was influenced profoundly by the poetry of Byron and Scott, and his earliest poems reflect the lyric intensity ayron and Scott, and his earliest poems reflect the lyric intensity and meditative expressiveness of his Romantic forebears. Howevend meditative expressiveness of his Romantic forebears. However, unlike the Romantics, whose nature poems present a scene thar, unlike the Romantics, whose nature poems present a scene that raises an emotional or psychological problem; Tennyson uses nt raises an emotional or psychological problem; Tennyson uses nature as a psychological category. Not only is Tennyson a poet of ature as a psychological category. Not only is Tennyson a poet of the natural and psychological landscape, he also attends frequethe natural and psychological landscape, he also attends frequently to the past, and historical events. In addition to treating the ntly to the past, and historical events. In addition to treating the history of his nation, Tennyson also explores the mythological pahistory of his nation, Tennyson also explores the mythological past, as articulated in classical works of Homer, Virgil, and Dante. Hist, as articulated in classical works of Homer, Virgil, and Dante. His s Ulysses Ulysses draws upon actual incidents in Homer's Odyssey. Tenndraws upon actual incidents in Homer's Odyssey. Tennyson thus looked both to historical and mythological pasts as repyson thus looked both to historical and mythological pasts as repositories for his poetry.ositories for his poetry.

ConclusionConclusion ln dramatic monologues, the character of the speaker ln dramatic monologues, the character of the speaker

emerges almost unintentionally from his own words. emerges almost unintentionally from his own words. UlyssesUlysses' incompetence as a ruler is evidenced by his p' incompetence as a ruler is evidenced by his preference for potential quests rather than his present rreference for potential quests rather than his present responsibilities. esponsibilities.

He devotes a full 26 lines to his own egotistical proclaHe devotes a full 26 lines to his own egotistical proclamation of his zeal for the wandering life, and another mation of his zeal for the wandering life, and another 26 lines to the exhortation of his mariners to roam the 26 lines to the exhortation of his mariners to roam the seas with him. However, he offers only 11 lines of lukeseas with him. However, he offers only 11 lines of lukewarm praise to his son concerning the governance of twarm praise to his son concerning the governance of the kingdom in his absence, and a mere two words abohe kingdom in his absence, and a mere two words about his "aged wife" Penelope. Thus, the speaker's own ut his "aged wife" Penelope. Thus, the speaker's own words betray his abdication of responsibility and his swords betray his abdication of responsibility and his specificity of purpose.pecificity of purpose.

Work CitedWork Cited

http://www.sparknotes.com/http://www.sparknotes.com/ http://www.eng.fju.edu.tw/internet_chttp://www.eng.fju.edu.tw/internet_c

ourse.htmourse.htm