The Industrial Revolution: Changes and Challenges · THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: CHANGES AND...

The

Indu

stria

l Re

volu

tion:

Ch

ange

s an

d Ch

alle

nges

Timeli

ne Ca

rds

Subj

ect M

atte

r Exp

ert

J. Chri

s Arnd

t, PhD

, Dep

artme

nt of

Histor

y, Jam

es Ma

dison

Unive

rsity

Illus

trat

ion

and

Phot

o Cre

dits

Title

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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: CHANGES AND CHALLENGES

IntroductionGeorge III was the king of Britain at the time that tensions between Britain and its colonies in North America continued to grow.


Introduction

In 1776, the British colonists in North America declared their independence from Great Britain.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are

created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator

with certain unalienable rights, that among these are

life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.


IntroductionThe French Revolution, in which ordinary French citizens revolted against the monarchy and the nobility, took place several years after the American Revolution. The storming of the Bastille in July 1789 sparked violence in the streets of Paris and throughout France.


IntroductionBy 1810, much of Europe was under the control of French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. Russia and the Ottoman Empire remained outside of his control.

Europe in 1810

60°N

45°N

15°W

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Kingdom ofDenmark

andNorway

United Kingdomof

Great Britainand Ireland

Kingdomof Naples

Sardinia

Sicily

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ugal

FrenchEmpire

AustrianEmpire

RussianEmpirePrussia

OttomanEmpire

IllyrianProvinces

Paris

BarcelonaMadrid

Lisbon

Marseille

Brussels

PragueVienna

London

Versailles

Naples

Mediterranean Sea

Black Sea

Balti

c Sea

NorthSea

Aegean SeaATLANTIC

OCEAN Loir e River

Rhiu

e R

iverAmiens

Danube Riv er

Confederationof theRhine

Po River

60°N

0° 15°E

WarsawGrandDuchy ofWarsaw

Elbe

River

Berlin

Adriatic Sea

Milan

Rome

Kingdomof Italy

French EmpireCountries allied with NapoleonCountries controlled by NapoleonCountries at war with Napoleon

0 500 miles

N

SE

W

HelveticRepublic


CHAPTER 1: Effects of the Industrial RevolutionFactories became widespread throughout Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution.

Big Question: How would you describe working conditions in the early part of the Industrial Revolution?


CHAPTER 1: Effects of the Industrial RevolutionChild labor was common in coal mines and factories.

Big Question: How would you describe working conditions in the early part of the Industrial Revolution?


CHAPTER 2: Before the Industrial RevolutionTending to the fields, as well as planting and harvesting, were very important jobs for farmers.

Big Question: What was rural life like for ordinary people before the Industrial Revolution?


CHAPTER 2: Before the Industrial RevolutionHaving enough food to eat and staying warm and healthy were important concerns for poor farmers and villagers.

Big Question: What was rural life like for ordinary people before the Industrial Revolution?


CHAPTER 3: Moving Toward the Industrial AgeNew inventions and techniques, such as the use of energy from waterwheels to grind more flour, made food more abundant with less effort.

Big Question: In what ways did the inventions of the Industrial Revolution impact people’s lives?


CHAPTER 3: Moving Toward the Industrial AgeIn 1768, James Watts developed a more efficient steam engine to pump water out of coal mines, making it easier to dig for coal.



CHAPTER 3: Moving Toward the Industrial AgeWith the development of the first steam locomotive in 1804, both people and goods could be transported more easily and for longer distances.



CHAPTER 4: From Farms to Factories and Cities

In the mid-1700s, the invention of the spinning jenny and the mule dramatically changed how cloth was created. Work moved from people’s homes to large factories.

Big Question: What developments in the manufacturing of cloth caused mass migration to industrial towns and cities?


CHAPTER 4: From Farms to Factories and CitiesIn 1792, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, contributing to the growth of slavery in the American South and the growth of factories in England.



CHAPTER 4: From Farms to Factories and CitiesCities grew around new factories. Manchester, England, had ninety-nine cotton spinning mills by 1830.



CHAPTER 5: The Rise of CapitalismAccording to the mercantilist theory, a country could grow rich and powerful by controlling trade. If it could force rival nations to buy its goods, it could increase the amount of silver and gold it had.

Big Question: What was mercantilism?


CHAPTER 6: Adam SmithIn The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, Adam Smith supported capitalism, noting that the law of supply and demand provides a natural balance in the marketplace.

Big Question: What were Adam Smith’s basic economic beliefs?


CHAPTER 7: Living in the Industrial EraCharles Dickens’s novels led to greater awareness of the hard lives of the poor in England.

Big Question: What were the advantages and disadvantages of the industrial era?


CHAPTER 7: Living in the Industrial EraBenjamin Disraeli, prime minister under Queen Victoria, worked to pass laws benefiting the working classes.

Big Question: What were the advantages and disadvantages of the industrial era?


CHAPTER 8: Protesting Industrialization

Big Question: Why did workers begin to organize themselves into groups?

Modern unions trace their roots to the formation of workers’ associations that sought to protect workers’ rights.


CHAPTER 9: Robert OwenRobert Owen, an early believer in socialism, worked to improve living and working conditions for workers.

Big Question: What did Robert Owen do to achieve better living and working conditions for people?


CHAPTER 10: Looking for a New Economic OrderRevolutionary uprisings started in France and spread across Europe in 1848. People demanded better working conditions, freedom of the press, and more involvement in government.

Big Question: What factors within the capitalist system caused a degree of unpredictability in relation to the well-being of the workers?


CHAPTER 10: Looking for a New Economic OrderMarx and Engels published The Communist Manifesto in 1848, envisioning a proletarian revolution that would result in a new communist society.

Big Question: What factors within the capitalist system caused a degree of unpredictability in relation to the well-being of the workers?


CHAPTER 11: Karl MarxMarx believed that it was inevitable that the have-nots of the working class would join together to overthrow the haves, the capitalists and middle class of the bourgeoisie.

Big Question: What were the basic differences between the beliefs of Robert Owen and those of Karl Marx?


CHAPTER 12: In Our Time The second stage of the Industrial Revolution, which occurred during the 1860s–1960s, saw increasing numbers of inventions and advances in transportation and medicine.

Big Question: How would you describe the changes taking place in the Information Age in comparison to the first and second stages of the Industrial Revolution?


CHAPTER 12: In Our Time

Many historians believe that we have now entered the third stage of the Industrial Revolution, also known as the Information Age. This stage is characterized by new ways of communicating, including cell phones and social media.

Big Question: How would you describe the changes taking place in the Information Age in comparison to the first and second stages of the Industrial Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution: Changes and Challenges · THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: CHANGES AND...

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Transcript of The Industrial Revolution: Changes and Challenges · THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: CHANGES AND...