1. The French RevolutionIt was the best of times, it wasthe worst of times A Tale of Two Cites

2. How did the Enlightenment impact the French Revolution? Directly challenged traditional -political models- challenged divine right absolutism - traditional Christian beliefs andinstitutions (Roman Catholic Churchand traditional Christian teaching andtheology)- deism - social order, status, and privilege - economic models - mercantilism- whichwas designed to serve the state 3. The PhilosophesVoltaire Extremely critical of religiousintolerance and violence Challenged traditionalChristianity- (deist) Embraced the moral and ethical teachings of Jesus but rejected the idea of the Incarnation and resurrection Challenged traditional socialmores and social convention Critical of the rising Frenchmiddle class (bourgeoisie) Supported some politicalreform but favored enlightenedabsolutism as the best model-did not trust the masses fearful of Rousseaus SocialContract- popular sovereignty 4. John Locke- England late 1600s Government based on natural rights life, liberty, property Government ruled with the consent of the people Popular sovereignty Government was responsible for protecting the rights and liberties of the people Lockes ideas influenced Englands Glorious Revolution and the move toward constitutional monarchy Second Treatise on Government 5. Baron d Montesquieu - French Admired the English system of constitutional monarchy Proposed that the powers of government needed to be separate and balanced This would provide a protection of liberties It would also guard against tyranny and despotism The Spirit of Laws 6. Jean Jacques Rousseau- Swiss(French) Believed that goodgovernment ruled with theconsent of the people (social contract) Government ruled bypopular sovereignty General will of thecitizens was absolute The Social Contract Also favored educationand social reform Associated with earlyRomantic Movement 7. Growing Tensions in 18 th CenturyFrench SocietyThe Three Estates 8. The First EstateClergy and Church LeadershipThe First Estate had strongties to the monarchy.The Church controlled alarge amount of land andcould exact taxes and tithesfrom the people.Religious violence andintolerance had led many inFrance to question theChurch authority andChristianity in general. 9. The Second EstateThe Aristocracy (nobility)The French nobilitymaintained degree ofpower and prestigewithin French society.They paid no royaltaxesThey controlled theland and collected localtaxes on theirproperties.The Second Estate hadvery little politicalpower under thesystem of absolutism.Many were eager toexpand their politicalpower. 10. The Third EstateCommoners: merchants and business people,craftsmen, professional people- doctors, lawyers,teachers, etc.- working class, farmers, peasants 11. French MonarchyLouis XVI (Bourbon) and MarieAntoinette (Austrian Habsburg) 12. Palace at Versailles- symbol of French Absolutism 13. Palace of Versailles -Hall of Mirrors 14. Problems on the eve of theFrench RevolutionDEBT brought on by years of war - France supported the American forcesagainst the British (American Revolution) The inability to raise sufficient taxes Peasants were overtaxed and the French nobility were exempt from royal taxes NO central bank or paper currency tobolster the economy and move it towardrecovery Bankrupt monarchy- tremendousextravagance, excess and spending Weak leadership and unprogressive policies Grain and bread shortages (food crisis) Inflation rising prices 15. Social and politicaltensionsA call for change. 16. Tensions between the three Estates 17. The Estates Revolt 1789 18. There was a call for politicalreform from many within theFrench nobility and the Third EstateThe Third Estate declared itself the new National Assembly- legislative body 19. Emmanuel Joseph SieyesWhat is the Third Estate? What is theThird Estate?Everything.What has it beenin the politicalorder to present?Nothing. Whatdoes it ask? Tobecomesomething. 20. The National AssemblyThe Oath of the Tennis Court June 1789 21. The Storming of the Bastille in Paris The Revolution Begins July 14, 1789 22. The Declaration of the Rights ofMan(August 1789) A French constitution Based on mans natural rights (Locke) It did not address the rights of women Men are born free and remain freeand equal in rights. Major ideas Liberty, property, security Resistance to oppression and tyranny Due process under the law- legal protections More fair and equitable taxation Freedom of religion 23. A New Government was established September 1789 France became a constitutionalmonarchy Power rested with the elected Assembly The Second Estate was abolished The Assembly seized Church lands A new currency (paper money) backed upby money gained from church lands wasissued as a way of dealing with national debtcrisis Many in France fled the country 24. Food shortages: Women of Paris marched on Versaillesdemanding that the king address their demands (bread shortages)-entered the palace and threatened to kill the queen (October 1789)-Louis and Marie Antoinette were forced to move to Paris. Theynever returned to Versailles. 25. The English writer, Edmund Burkespoke out against the Revolution Reflections on theRevolution - 1790 Challenged theambitions and goals ofthe Revolution with itsfocus on democracyand equality Believed it would onlylead to chaos andtyranny 26. British political cartoon criticizing the Revolution.French liberty compared to British slavery 27. A call for womens rights A Vindication ofthe Rights ofWomen MaryWollstonecraft-English Called for womensrights andprotections 28. I love man as myfellow; but his scepter,real, or usurped,extends not to me,unless the reason of anindividual demandsmy homage; and eventhen the submission isto reason, and not toman. 29. The king and his family attempted to fleeFrance but were intercepted June 1791 30. The King and Queen were arrested and returned to Paris 31. France remained fairly calmuntil the summer of 1792 32. The Second Phase of the Revolution1792-1795 33. The Establishment of the French Republic- 1792 Liberty, equality, brotherhood 34. The new government:The Commune - 1792 Ruling political factions struggled forcontrol of the government The Girondists- moderate politicalgroup The Jacobins- political radicals Declared a War against tyranny. Sought to create a new popular culture- The monarchy was abolished- No Church- No aristocracy 35. Louis XVI wasforced to wear thered hat of theRevolution Louis and hisfamily wereimprisoned inParis- August 1792 36. Louis XVI was executed January 1793 37. Several months later, Marie Antoinette was triedfor treason and executed 38. Jack and Jill The roots of the story, or poem, ofJack and Jill is French. Jack and Jillreferred to King Louis XVI - Jack -whowas beheaded (lost his crown) followedby his Queen Marie Antoinette - Jill -(who came tumbling after). The wordsand lyrics to the Jack and Jill poemwere made more acceptable as a storyfor children by providing a happyending! 39. A new religion was established.The Cult of the Supreme Being 40. A new national calendar was put in place. Namesof the months were changed to reflect revolutionaryvalues. 41. France at war with Europe February 1793 France declared war on Britain, Holland, andSpain Attempted to create a greater sense of nationalpride and unity within France to draw thepeople together The draft was instituted France created the largest fighting force inEurope French nationalism and patriotic loyalty grew A young Napoleon Bonaparte began to make aname for himself as a military commander 42. The Committee of Public SafetyRobespierre 1793 43. The Committee of PublicSafety: policies Government controlled and planned theeconomy Price controls Rationing of food Quality controls Government control of smallmanufacturing (nationalization of small industry) Control the requisitioning of rawmaterials 44. The Reign of Terror Paris and the Provinces1793-1794 Thousands wereaccused of beingenemies of theRepublic and wereexecuted Attempt byRobespierre toeliminate anyopposition to hispower and visionfor France 45. The Thermidorian Reaction1794 Robespierres tactics and policieswere called into question A group of political moderatesplotted his death Robespierre attempted to commitsuicide but failed Executed in July 1794 46. 1794-1795 Economic controls collapsed Revolts and riots broke out Many in France called for a returnto traditional Christianity and theChurch 47. The Directory 1795-1799 A new government New government was established Five leaders were elected by electors War efforts were expanded in Europe Growing discontent with governmentpolicies Economic hardships continued aseconomic controls were abolished Move back toward a more conservativegovernment 48. The End of the Directory1799-1804 The Directory failedto restore order andcalm to France A consulate of leaderswas establishedNapoleon was electedfirst consul He began to repealcivil liberties andbuild a powerfulFrench empire 49. The Legacy of the French Revolution Political liberalism continued to grow inEurope and the west. Nationalism continued to increase throughoutEurope and would dominate the 19th and 20thcentury Unification movements- Italy and Germany (1800s) Two world wars would dominate the 20th century European society continued its move towardsecularism Religion would become much less important andinfluential in European life. The emerging middle class would come todominate European politics and society