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THE EFFECT OF FORM AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION TO THE THERMAL

CONDITIONS OF THE HISTORICAL MOSQUES IN JAKARTA , INDONESIA

Muhammad Syarif Hidayat *1, Anggraeni Dyah*2,

*1Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering , Universitas Mercu Buana, Jakarta ,Indonesia

*2Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering , Universitas Budi Luhur, Jakarta ,Indonesia

ABSTRACT

There are quite many historical mosques in Jakarta. It is encouraging because it is always maintained and

preserved. These mosques also have attention from the local government. However, in terms of architectural,

this mosque has many alterations in terms of the form, space organization and material that affect the thermal

performance of the room. This study aims to investigate the effect of form and space organization on its thermal

performance. The study was conducted through observing the shape and space organization of the mosque and

measuring its thermal performance. The survey was carried out in five historical mosques in Jakarta namely, Al

Alam 1, Al Alam 2, Al Anwar, An Nawier, and Al Mansyur. The measurements were taken in hot five days. The

results shows that the thermal performance of the mosque is affected not only by its form and space

organization but also openings, ceiling height, air flow and materials. construction and environment. The air

temperature is fairly hot, where the average of temperature is 300C as same with surface temperature, which is

30.50C, while the humidity is 65%. The more simple building form the easier air to flow. The more annex space

the more difficult air to flow.

Keywords: Historical mosque, building form, spatial organization, thermal performance.

I. INTRODUCTION

According to Jumroni [2] the historical mosque can be defined as a mosque that has the historical value of the

building, its origin, the age of the building, its architectural style and compatibility. The building is said to be

historic when 50 years old. Thus the mosque could symbolize the progress of the Islamic world civilization in

the area [3] as well as being one of the media for communicating between the faith and the transcendental

world.

Although the form of the mosque is different, the mosque is the main place for Muslim prayers around the

world. Since the construction of the first mosque, by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), the function of the

mosque was not only for worship/ prayer but also for social functions. the multi-function nature of the mosque

remains unchanged [6]. Likewise with the function of the mosque now, the mosque in the community is not

only a prayer but also as a center for routine religious activities such as da'wah, Islamic discussion, and

education for children and adolescents [7].

In Indonesia, the mosque has its own distinctive style, a style that is different from the mosque's style in other

countries. Some of the prominent features are the shape of a square floor plan, not standing on a mast, a

pointed roof, consisting of two to five stories and shrinking upward; Fourth, on the West or Northwest side

there are prominent buildings for the mihrab; Fifth, at the front and sometimes on both sides there is an open

or closed porch; sixth, the courtyard around the mosque is surrounded by a wall with one or two gates [4]

In addition to the features above, the mosque's design is also influenced by its environment. According to

Ambary [5], a mosque is a product of design, with its construction, structure and layout adapted to the natural

environment and culture of the local community. That is why mosques in the archipelago use traditional local

designs.

Historical mosques, as a part of historical buildings, get attention from the government. This is seen from the

many regulations to preserve the historical building. There are many historical mosques in Jakarta, such as Al

Alam mosque in Marunda and in Cilincing [1]. However, many of these historical mosques have undergone

renovations or restorations such as the replacement of building roofs and the addition of rooms. These

improvements are undergone minor or major renovations. Though this mosque is a milestone in the past.


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Historical buildings are considered as monuments that connect the present with the past.

(designbuilding.co.uk).

The historical mosque faces have greatly changed into modern mosques, even their ancient features have

completely disappeared. [8]. Nevertheless, the mosque must still be comfortable for its worshipers. These

changes will certainly result in changes to the historical value of the mosque and also to the comfort of the

users of the mosque, especially the thermal comfort.

The objective of this study is to see the extent of the influence of various forms of mosques and spatial

organization on the thermal conditions of the mosque. The form of the mosque here includes the shape of the

roof and buildings, while the organization of space includes the arrangement of space in the mosque.

II. METHODOLOGY

Materials and Methods

The research locations are Al Alam 1 Marunda Mosque and Al Alam 2 Cilincing North Jakarta. Al Anwar Mosque

is in Angke sub-district, Al Anshor Pekojan sub-district and Al Mansyur mosque in Jembatan Lima sub-district

all in Tambora sub-district, West Jakarta. The details of the mosque are as follows:

Al Alam Mosque (in Marunda area)

Al Alam Mosque in Marunda is one of the old and historic mosques in Jakarta called Heuken [9]. This mosque is

located on Jalan Marunda No.1, Marunda, Cilincing, North Jakarta, or rather on the outskirts of Marunda Beach.

In 1975 the Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta established a mosque that had an important role in spreading

Islam in the Land of Java as a Cultural Heritage Building [10]

Al Alam 2 Mosque 2 (in Cilincing area)

Al Alam 2 Mosque is also an old and historic mosque located in Cilincing [1]. This mosque has a history that is

almost the same as the Al Alam Marunda mosque. Al Alam Mosque 2 is located on Jalan Cilincing, RT 02/02,

North Jakarta. Based on the historical version of the DKI Jakarta archaeological service, the mosque was built on

June 22, 1527, exactly the same as the Jakarta anniversary. Making it the oldest mosque in Jakarta along with

the Al-Alam Marunda mosque which was built in the same year and by the same people. It is located on the

north Jakarta Cilincing recreation road, precisely next to the Cilincing fish market or 18 Km from downtown

Jakarta.

Al Anwar Mosque (in Muara Angke area )

The Angke Mosque, or now known as Al Anwar Mosque, is one of the oldest mosques in DKI Jakarta. The

mosque, which is located in Angke Village, Tambora District, West Jakarta, is believed to have been built by a

group of Balinese people in Batavia in 1761. The Angke Mosque has been renovated several times; however,

this mosque does not lose its original characteristics. Between 1919 and 1936 the mosque was abandoned, but

was restored in 1951.

Al Anshor Mosque (in Pekojan area)

Al-Anshor Mosque is the oldest mosque in Jakarta that still stands today. Masjid al-Anshor stands on waqf land

of an Indian with certificate number: M.166 on 18-03-92 AIW / PPAIW: W3 / 011 / c / 4/1991 dated 8-5-1991.

Now, this mosque is also included as a cultural preservation protected by law under the supervision of the

Jakarta Museum and History Office. The status of this cultural heritage was determined through Governor's

Decree No. cb.11 / 1/12/72 on January 10, 1972 (published in Regional Gazette No. 60/1972).

Al Mansyur Mosque (in Kampung Sawah area)

According to the inscription on the mosque tower [11] the building was built in 1130 H (1717 AD). At that time

called Kampung Sawah Mosque, the shrine was built by Abdul Mihit (Abdul Mukhit, according to historian

Ridwan Saidi), the prince of Prince Cakrajaya of Mataram. The Mansur teacher, whose full name is Muhammad

Mansur bin Imam Abdul Hamid, is a follower of Abdul Mukhit who founded the Sawah Mosque. The teacher was

a nickname given by the Jamaican scholars to the scholars who recognized his expertise and depth of

knowledge, and therefore recognized his authority to issue a fatwa. In honor of Guru Mansur's contribution and

struggle, after his death in 1967 the mosque was renamed Al-Mansur Mosque. In 1980, the mosque was


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designated as one of the cultural centers in Jakarta.

The climate of research location

The air temperature in the Marunda region, Jakarta has an average temperature of 27.3 ° C, with the highest

temperature of 31 ° C during the daytime and the lowest temperature at night of 25 ° C. [Figure 1]

Figure 1. The air temperature in Marunda climatological station

(Source : BMKG)

Humidity in the Marunda region, Jakarta has an average humidity of 81.2%. The humidity rate in the Marunda

region is large because the ideal humidity figure is 45-55% [Figure 2]

Figure 2: The humidity in Marunda area

(Source: BMKG)

Wind speed in the Marunda region, Jakarta having an average wind speed of 11.8 kph which means wind gusts,

the highest of 20 kph which means moderate wind gusts [Figure 3]

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JAM KELEMBABANTime Humidity

Time Temperature


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Figure 3. The air wind velocity in Marunda area

(Source : BMKG)

Data Collection

The study was conducted by observation and field measurements to obtain data on the physical form of the

building, the arrangement of space and thermal conditions. The measured thermal conditions include air

temperature, humidity and surface temperature [12] in the main prayer room. This measurement is carried out

at 9 points in the main prayer room and 3 points at other prayer rooms such as terraces and corridors. The

measurement time is done on the hot day and the hottest hour, which is the noon prayer time. Measurements

were made in five consecutive days (16-21 October 2019).

The study will use the following data collection instruments: For taking the data above, this research used

several research tools, namely, 1. Thermometer (for measuring indoor and outdoor temperature); 2.

Hygrometer (for measuring indoor and outdoor air humidity) and 3. Surface thermometer (for measuring

surface temperature). The study used quantitative and qualitative analysis.: a. Quantitative analysis, which is to

make a table that contains averages, comparisons, maximum and minimum values of measurement data.

Descriptive analysis, which describes the shape of the building, the state of space, material and spatial patterns

and outlines / discusses the relationship between the shape of the room / building and the shape of the

building with termal condition.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Al Alam Mosque 1 (Marunda area)

In terms of the the roof form, the mosque has a two-roof pyramid-shaped roof made of tile. This building has

brick walls with white paint on the North, West, East and South sides. This mosque also has a porch in the South

and East. On the south porch it used to be a place for ablution. However, because of the need to accommodate

more worshipers, the porch was closed and used as an additional place for prayer. The eastern porch is used to

accommodate female worshipers. [Figure 4]

Figure-4 (1 and 2): The elevation and section building of Al Alam 1 mosque, Marunda, North Jakarta

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For the floor plan, the building is square in size 8 m x 8 m (Figure 2). Overall area from the main room to the

porch is 12 m x 12 m. [13] Ahmad Darmawan) The height of the ceiling from the floor is only 2.2 m. From the

entrance, you can see large but short columns supporting the building. These poles number four to form the

pillar of the teacher that supports the joglo roof. [Figure 5] [Figure 6].

Figure 5. The ground floor, measurement and fan point plan of Al Alam 1 mosque, Marunda, North Jakarta.

(Source: field measurement)

The walls of the mosque have a thickness of about 25 cm so it is possible to filter heat from outside. Also shown

in Figure 2 are measurement points for air temperature and humidity.

From the measurements during the daytime obtained an average temperature of 30.7 ° C. then the maximum

temperature obtained at point B is 31.8 ° C, while the minimum temperature at point F is 30.2 ° C. The highest

temperature is at point B which is located near the mihrab and under the roof top, while the lowest

temperature is at point F. The air temperature between the minimum and maximum temperatures are on the

left and right and in the corner of the mosque. The difference in air temperature is caused by the presence of air

flow as well as the influence of surface radiation from the floor, walls and ceiling. The average humidity at the

Al-Alam 1 Marunda mosque is 69%, and the maximum is located at point F at 73% located on the side of the

building, and at least located at point B by 64% [Table 1].

Table 1. The temperature and humidity data in the main prayer room [source: field measurement]

Points Air Temperature Humidity

A 30,3 ⁰ C 72%

B 31,8 ⁰ C 64%

C 30,6 ⁰ C 69%

D 30,5 ⁰ C 70%

E 31,3 ⁰ C 68%

F 30,2 ⁰ C 73%

G 30,6 ⁰ C 68%

H 30,6 ⁰ C 68%

I 30,3 ⁰ C 72%

On the other hand, surface temperature is higher than air temperature. The highest surface temperature comes

from the ceiling. From the wall, the door has a surface temperature that is higher than the air temperature. For

surface temperatures (Table 3) the average temperature is 31.2 ° C, then the maximum temperature is 31.7 ° C

and the minimum temperature is 30.8 ° C. For maximum temperatures, it is located in front of the mihrab room.

This happens because the space is small and there is no air in, while the location with a minimum surface

temperature is the right-hand corner. This is because of the openings on the left and behind [Table 2]


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Table 1. The temperature and humidity data in the main prayer room [source: field measurement] The room elements Surface temperature

Central ceiling 31,2 ⁰C Ceiling 31,6 ⁰C

Wall (B) Ruang Imam 31,7 ⁰C Wall (F) 31 ⁰C Wall (I) 30,8 ⁰C

Door (H) 31,2 ⁰C Door (D) 31,2 ⁰C

Al Alam Mosque 2 (Cilincing)

The architecture of the Al Alam Cilincing Mosque is the result of a mixture of architectural forms or

architectural acculturation, between traditional Javanese architectural forms. The form represented by the old

building and east porch, the Middle East architectural form, represented by the south, north and east porch

facades, and tower buildings, and Modern architectural forms. which is represented by a new building (porch)

south and north, namely on the roof [Figure 7].

Figure 7 and 8. Front elevation and section of Al Alam 2 mosque Cilincing, North Jakarta (Source: gpswisata

indonesia.info)

This mosque consists of two buildings, the old building is to the west of the new building. The old building is the

main building, the main prayer hall. The new building seems to be a kind of porch of the old building like in the

picture. Bordered by a wall fence with the main gate on the southwest side. The mosque faces east, with five

entrances. On the outside on the northeast side there is a room used for the Mosque Youth Association office,

next to it is a place of ablution and toilet.

The main room (now as the main prayer room) has an area of around 10 m x 10 m. The wall, one meter below is

a white ceramic wall. Al Alam Cilincing Mosque, the old building, has 5 entrances, 2 gates in the north and 2

gates in the south, while 1 door on the east side, from the foyer. Saka Guru Mosque Al Alam Cilincing

Construction, in the Old Building. Seen on the pamidhangan section is the construction of the board layout

which also covers the upper room. Dark brown color dominates the color of this Main Prayer Room [Figure

8][Figure 9].

Figure 9. Ground floor plan of Al Alam 2 mosque Cilincing, North Jakarta



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The upper wall is a bamboo slats painted brown. On this bamboo wall there are several wooden windows

measuring 50 cm x 100 cm (with ventilation). The window shades are 50 cm x 60 cm, and are painted dark

brown. The old building has a terrace as wide as 2 m on the east, north and south sides. The terrace on the east

side is supported by wooden poles measuring 15 cm x 15 cm with a height of 2 m painted in dark brown. Some

of these wooden poles are porous. While on the north and south sides of the terrace supported by modern

construction concrete pillars.

Room thermal conditions

Slightly different from Al Alam Marunda mosque, the average air temperature in the mosque is 30.1 ° C. While

the maximum air temperature is 30.3 ° C and the minimum air temperature is 29.7 ° C. The highest air

temperature is below the ceiling of the mosque's roof tops (points D and E) and part of the mosque's corner

(point G). The lowest temperature is near mihrab (point B). The temperature difference is not too significant.

Figure 6 shows a room plan and measurement point. The humidity at the Al-Alam Cilincing mosque averages

69%, while the highest humidity is at points B, C, D, G, and H at 70%, the lowest humidity at point E is 68%,

although that is the humidity at the mosque this is too high and causes a lack of comfort, because the ideal

humidity is 45-55% [Table 3]


Points Air Temperature Humidity

A 30,3 ⁰C 69%

B 29,7 ⁰C 70%

C 30,1 ⁰C 70%

D 30,3 ⁰C 70%

E 31,3 ⁰C 68%

F 30,0 ⁰C 69%

G 30,3 ⁰C 70%

H 30,0 ⁰C 70%

I 30,2 ⁰C 69%

The highest surface temperatures come from walls, front doors and side doors. For surface temperatures

(Table 6) the average temperature is 29.7 ° C, then the maximum temperature is 30 ° C and the minimum

temperature is 29 ° C. For maximum temperatures, it is located in front of the mihrab room. This happens

because the space is small and there is no air in. Whereas the location with the minimum surface temperature is

the ceiling. Here are the surface temperature measurement data on the part of the room [Table 4].


Elements of the room Surface temperature

Central ceiling 29,5 ⁰C

Roof ceiling 29 ⁰C

Wall 30,0 ⁰C

Front door 30 ⁰C

Side door 30 ⁰C

Al Anwar Mosque (Angke area)

Al Anwar mosque has an interesting style that is a blend of five styles of architecture, Javanese, Balinese,

European, Batavian, and Chinese Architecture. Javanese architecture can be seen from the square building plan,

the shape of the cone roof, and the saka guru structural system (Setiabudi, bambang). The building is a

combination of architectural forms, namely Javanese style, pyramid style on carpets. While the Chinese style

can be seen in the skur roof details of the building [Figure 10 and 11].


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Figure 10 and 11. Front elevation and cross section of Al Anwar mosque Angke district, West Jakarta (Source:

phinemo.com) (Source: field measurement)

The mosque is surrounded by a wall fence and an iron fence for the east side. Mosque yard area of ± 500 m

square. The main room has a rectangular landing, inside which is a pillar, mihrab and pulpit. The roof is in the

form of a pyramid-shaped overlapping roof. Javanese architectural styles can be traced from square building

plans, overlapping roof shapes, and saka guru structural systems. Following are the building plans and

measurement points for the Al Anwar mosque. [Figure 12].

Figure 12. The ground floor planof Al Anwar mosque (Muara Angke). (Source: field measurement)


From the results of measurements during the daytime results obtained an average temperature of 30.2 ° C. then

the maximum temperature is obtained at point A which is 30.4 ° C, while the minimum temperature is at point

D, E, F which is 30.1 ° C. The highest temperature is at point A which is near the entrance. While the lowest

temperature is at points D, E, F. Air temperatures between the minimum and maximum temperatures are on

the left and right and in the corner of the mosque. The difference in air temperature is caused by the presence /

absence of air flow / as well as the influence of surface radiation from the floor, walls and ceiling. The following

table [Table 5] are the data of air temperature and humidity at each measurement point.


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Points Temperatures Humidity

A 30,4 ⁰C 62%

B 30,3 ⁰C 65%

C 30,3 ⁰C 65%

D 30,1 ⁰C 62%

E 30,1 ⁰C 65%

F 30,1 ⁰C 62%

In relation to surface temperature, surface temperature is the same and there are lower temperatures

compared to room air. [Table 6].

Table 6. Data on the inner surface temperature of mosque buildings [source: field measurement]


Central ceiling 29,5 ⁰C

Roof ceiling 29 ⁰C

Wall 30,0 ⁰C

Front door (B) 30 ⁰C

Side door (A) 30 ⁰C

Al Anshor Mosque (Pekojan)

The al-Anshor Mosque is simple in shape, with four ornate beams. This part is still original and the oldest.

Previously, the mosque was surrounded by cemeteries; but now the grounds are exhausted and the mosque is

almost one with the surrounding houses [Figure 13]/


From the results of measurements during the daytime results obtained an average temperature of 31.6 ° C. then

the maximum temperature is obtained at point A which is 32.4 ° C, while the minimum temperature is at point

H which is 31.1 ° C. The highest temperature is at point A which is located near the side entrance which has a

window. While the lowest temperature is at point H. The air temperature between the minimum and maximum

temperatures is on the left and right and in the corner of the mosque. The difference in air temperature is

caused by the presence / absence of air flow / as well as the influence of surface radiation from the floor, walls

and ceiling. The following table [Table 7] are the data of air temperature and humidity at each measurement

point.

Figure 13. The ground floor planof Al Anshor mosque, Pekojan, West Jakarta. (Source: field measurement)

The following table [Table 7] is the temperature and humidity data in the main prayer room.


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Points Air temperature Humidity

A 32,4 ⁰C 62%

B 32,0 ⁰C 65%

C 31,6 ⁰C 67%

D 31,6 ⁰C 64%

E 31,7 ⁰C 65%

F 31,3 ⁰C 64%

G 31,3 ⁰C 67%

H 31,1 ⁰C 65%

The following table [Table 8] is the surface temperature of the elements in the interior mosque.

Table 8. Data on the inner surface temperature of mosque buildings [source: field measurement]


Central plafond 33,0 ⁰C

Roof plafond 33,6 ⁰C

Wall 32,1 ⁰C

Front door (B) 32,5 ⁰C

Side door (A) 32,7 ⁰C

Al Mansyur

According to inscriptions found in the mosque tower, the building was built in 1130 H (1717 AD). At that time

called Kampung Sawah Mosque, the shrine was built by Abdul Mihit (Abdul Mukhit, according to historian

Ridwan Saidi), the prince of Prince Cakrajaya of Mataram. The elevation of the Al Mansyur mosque show in

[Figure 14] [Figure 15].

Figure 14. and 15 The elevation and elongated section of the Al Mansyur mosque (Source: bujangmasjid.blog

spot. com)

The building shape and space pattern of the mosque's architecture is a blend of Javanese, Chinese, Arabic and

Betawi culture (Figure 12). Four large but short pillars are in the main hall of the mosque, reminiscent of

ancient mosques in Central Java. Likewise the shape of the roof, which is a pyramid of pyramid. The oldest part

of the mosque presumably is this main room which measures 12 × 14.40 m. The door has two leaves, with a

rounded upper sill decorated with carved gebyok. The windows were simple in shape, with rectangular sills

fitted with wooden bars on the ground, as in the Angke Mosque and Said Na'um Mosque. Now, walls, windows

and doors on all sides have been moved as far as 10 meters, to provide more space.


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The minarets, now essentially covered in a new room in front of the old mosque, are twelve meters high in

cylinders. In the fourth and fifth parts of the tower there is an iron fenced terrace. While the dome-shaped roof

of the tower. Such towers reflect the influence of the Arab Hadramaut. [Figure 16].

Figure 16. Ground floor plan of Al Mansyur mosque room thermal condition


From the measurements are obtained an average temperature of 31.6 ° C. then the maximum temperature

obtained at points F and H is 32.0 ° C, while the minimum temperature at points A and B is 31.3 ° C. The highest

temperatures are at points F and H which are located below the ceiling of the mosque's roof top. While the

lowest temperature is at points A and B. The air temperature between the minimum and maximum

temperatures are on the left and right and in the corner of the mosque. The difference in air temperature is

caused by the presence / absence of air flow / as well as the influence of surface radiation from the floor, walls

and ceiling. The following table [Table 9] are data on air temperature and humidity at each measurement point.

Table 9. Air and surface temperature on the interior surface of the mosque [source: field measurement]

Points Air temperature Humidity

A 31,3 ⁰C 67%

B 31,3 ⁰C 69%

C 31,5 ⁰C 67%

D 31,5 ⁰C 67%

E 31,7 ⁰C 69%

F 32,0 ⁰C 68%

G 31,5 ⁰C 66%

H 32,0 ⁰C 70%

I 31,4 ⁰C 68%

The surface temperature of the elements in the room is indicated as follows [Table 10].

Table 10. The surface temperature of the elements in the mosque [source: field measurement]


Central plafond 33,0 ⁰C

Roof plafond 33,6 ⁰C

Wall 32,1 ⁰C

Front door (B) 32,5 ⁰C

Side door (A) 32,7 ⁰C


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Discussion

The mosques studied in this study are generally quadrilateral, specifically for the main prayer room. This

prayer room is the original place of origin. In addition to the rectangular shape also has four main pillars (saka

guru). However, the transfer capacity for pilgrims was lacking, so the changes were made, either left, right or

backward.

In addition to the rectangular shape of the building, the shape of the roof also adjusts to the shape of the plan.

The roof is generally shaped pyramid. There are single pyramid and some collated. For additional space there is

a saddle shaped and some shields, depending on the shape of the plan.

In addition to the shape of the floor plan and roof, the walls of the building also have similarities, namely the

shape and position of the window in the same position. Usually these mosques have 8 windows and 3 doors. 2

windows each on the west, north, east and south sides. While the doors are on the north, east and south sides.

Mosque windows in the form of jalousie, grilled and doors in the form of wooden panels.

For the surrounding environment where the mosque is located, Al Alam 1 Mosque is in a tenuous

neighborhood. Whereas the Al Alam 2 mosque and other mosques are located in densely populated

neighborhoods. This affects the thermal performance of the room such as air temperature and air flow.

Regarding the thermal performance of the mosque's rooms, the five mosques in general the average

temperature of the room is 30.7 dn 31.6 C. with a difference of about 1 C. The highest average air temperature

is in Al-Anshor Mosque and Al-Mansyur Mosque at 31.6 ° C. While, the lowest average is found in Al-alam 2

Mosque at 30.7 ° C [Figure 17].

Figure 17. The comparison of the air temperatures Figure 18. The average, minimum, and maximum air

in five mosques temperature in the mosque (Source: author analysis)

The highest temperature in the mosque is usually located in the room below the roof of the mosque itself, the

highest temperature is in the al-anshor mosque which is 32.4 ° C and the lowest temperature in the mosque is

usually located in the corner of the room inside the mosque, the lowest temperature is in the Al Alam mosque 2

which is 29.7 ° C. [Figure 18].

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

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Masjid Al Alam 1 Marunda

Masjid Al Alam 2 Cilincing

Masjid Al Anwar Angke

Masjid Al Ansor Pekojan 28

29

30

31

32

33

Masjid AlAlam 1

Masjid AlAlam 2

Masjid AlAnwar

Masjid AlAnsor

Masjid AlMansyur

Average Maximum Minimum


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Figure 19 and 20 . The profile of the humidity in the five mosques (19) The averages, minimum and maximum

humidity in the mosque. (Source: author analysis).

Figure 21 and 22. The profile of surface temperature (21) The average, minimum and maximum surface

temperature inside the mosque. (22) (Source: author analysis)

IV. CONCLUSION

The historic mosque originally had a simple shape, which was square or rectangular, with an area of between

100 to 200 m2. With the increase in the number of inhabitants, refinement to buildings and environmental

changes, the mosque has also experienced changes in terms of area, shape and construction. In this study five

mosques were selected as case studies, namely Al Alam 1 mosque, in Marunda, Al Alam 2 in Cilincing, Al Anwar,

Al Ansor and Al Mansyur. Of the five mosques, there are those who still show the authenticity of the mosque,

while others have shown a change in their shape and construction

The results of the study show that the historical mosque has a square or square shape. In addition there is also

a square shape mosque with additional space, whether on the left, right and or front. There is only one truly

square shape, the Muara Angke mosque. While the mosques that were added were Al Alam 1, Al Alam 2, Al

Mansyur, Al Anwar and Al Ansor. The shape of the roof of the mosque building almost all have a roof top (joglo),

namely the pyramid stacking roof. However, this roof has an additional gable to the left, right or forward. In

terms of space (interior) also has almost the same quality of space, ie each main prayer room has a higher

ceiling on the roof top area (joglo). In other areas the lower ceiling follows the shape of the roof.

From the various forms of floor plans, the roof of the building and the room (interior of the building) will have

an impact on the thermal condition of the room. From the results it can be seen that the Al-Anshor Mosque and

Al-Mansyur Mosque have the highest average air temperature, which is 31.6 ° C, while the lowest average air

temperature is found in Al-Alam 2 Mosque by 30.7. ° C. The highest air temperature in the mosque is usually

located in a room under the roof of the mosque itself, the highest temperature is in the Al-Anshor mosque

which is 32.4 ° C and the lowest temperature in the mosque is usually located in the corner of the room inside

the mosque. The lowest air temperature is in Al Alam 2 mosque at 29.7 ° C. High temperatures in the mosques

56

58

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

A B C D E F G H I

Al Alam 1 Al Alam 2

Al Anwar Al Anshor

Al Mansyur56

58

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

Al Alam 1 Al Alam 2 Al Anwar Al Anshor Al Mansyur

Average Maximum

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

Ceiling Roofceiling

Wall Wall Wall Door Door

Al Alam 1 Al Alam 2

Al Anwar Al Anshor

Al Mansyur

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

Al Alam 1 Al Alam 2 Al Anwar Al Anshor Al Mansyur

Average Maximum

Minimum


[623]


are caused by heat entering from the roof tops. From the results of the study it was also seen that the Al Alam 1,

Al Alam 2 and Al Anwar Angke mosques had lower average temperatures compared to Al Ansor and Al Mansyur

mosques. This is due to the many windows associated with outside air.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to express appreciation to Mercu Buana University especially the research center that

provided research funding for this research for the 2019 2020 fiscal year.

V. REFERENCES

[1] Ashadi , Ashadi, Akulturasi arsitektur masjid masjid tua di Jakarta Buku, Universitas

Muhammadiyah Jakarta, 2019.

[2] Jumroni, Magazine Al Turas, Vol 12, No. 2, Mei 2006

[3] Abu Bakar Atjeh, "Sejarah Masjid dan Amal ibadah di Dalamnya",Jakarta: Adil & Co, 1955

[4] Pijper, Menara di Pulau Jawa, dalam Tujimah (penerjemah) "Penelitian Tentang Agama Islam di

Indonesia". 1930-1950, Jakarta: UI Press, 1992.

[5] Ambary, Hasan Muarif, "Menemukan Peradaban Arkeologi dan Islam di Indonesia". Jakarta: Pusat

Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional:Logos. Wacana Ilmu. 1998.

[6] Abdou, A., Omoud, A. L., & Udaiwi, B,. "Mosque Energy Performance , Part I : Energy Audit and Use

Trends Based on the Analysis of Utility Billing Data", 16(1), 165–184. 2005

[7] Ritva, Amirani and Eka Widiyananto, Thermal Performance in Worship Space of Old Mosque - Sang Cipta Rasa, Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia, Proceedings of International Conference on Architecture 2017 (ICRP-AVAN), Unsyiah (Banda Aceh) and UiTM (Perak), October 18-19, 2017, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

[8] Wuri Handoko. Karakteristik Arsitektur Masjid Kuno dan perkembangan Islam di Maluku. 2013

[9] Heuken, SJ, Adolf , Mesjid-Mesjid Tua di Jakarta, Jakarta: Yayasan Cipta, Loka Caraka, 2003

[10] Detik, Cultural Heritage Building, 2012

[11] Jakartapedia: Masjid Jami al-Mansyur. Accessed on 31 Agustus 2017

[12] Al-ajmi, Farraj F, “Thermal comfort in air-conditioned mosques in the dry desert climate”, Building and

Environment, 45 (11). 2010.

[13] Ahmad Darmawan, Penelusuran Warisan Budaya Jakarta melalui Heritage Bangunan Masjid Al-Alam Marunda, Seminar Ikatan Peneliti Lingkungan Binaan Indonesia (IPLBI), 2017, 1, A 435-440 https://doi.org/10.32315/sem.1.a435
http://jakartapedia.bpadjakarta.net/index.php/Masjid_Jami_al-Mansyurhttps://doi.org/10.32315/sem.1.a435

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