Giorgio Sirilli ISSiRFA - CNR. Giorgio Sirilli ISSiRFA - CNR.
STI trends in OECD countries Giorgio Sirilli Research Director.
-
Upload
maud-harrell -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
0
Transcript of STI trends in OECD countries Giorgio Sirilli Research Director.
STI trends in OECD countriesGiorgio SirilliResearch Director
2 22
Outline
The OECDTrends in science, technology and innovation in the OECD countriesSome reference to the Russian FederationUse of OECD reports:
STI Review, STI ScoreboardCountry Reviews
3 33
Located at La Muette in Paris
La Muette
4 44
La Muette
5 55
La Muette in the times of Louis XV Montgolfier - 21 November 1783
La Muette
6 66
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
7 77
The NESTI Group
8 88
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Established in 1961
Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States of America.
9 99
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Based in ParisFounded in 1961The OECD originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), to help administer the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II.MembershipThere are currently 34 members of the OECD. The list includes 21 of the 28 European Union member states, all except Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, and Romania.The European Commission participates in the work of the OECD alongside the EU Member States.Currently in accession talks: Russia, Colombia, LatviaLikely to open accession talks in 2015: Costa Rica, Lithuania
10 1010
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
The OECD’s core values
Objective: Our analyses and recommendations are independent and evidence-based.
Open: We encourage debate and a shared understanding of critical global issues.
Bold: We dare to challenge conventional wisdom starting with our own.
Pioneering: We identify and address emerging and long term challenges.
Ethical: Our credibility is built on trust, integrity and transparency.
11 1111
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
The mission of the OECD is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world.
The OECD: -provides a forum in which governments can work together to share experiences and seek solutions to common problems, - work with governments to understand what drives economic, social and environmental change, - measures productivity and global flows of trade and investment,- analyses and compare data to predict future trends,- set international standards on a wide range of things, from agriculture and tax to the safety of chemicals.
12 1212
The OECD role and operation
The OECD acts by peer pressure to improve policy and implement "soft law"—non-binding instruments that can occasionally lead to binding treaties. In this work, the OECD cooperates with businesses, with trade unions and with other representatives of civil society. Collaboration at the OECD regarding taxation, for example, has fostered the growth of a global web of bilateral tax treaties.
13 1313
The structure of OECD: The Directorates
Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local DevelopmentCentre for Tax Policy and AdministrationDevelopment Co-operation DirectorateDirectorate for EducationDirectorate for Employment, Labour, and Social AffairsDirectorate for Financial and Enterprise AffairsDirectorate for Science, Technology, and IndustryEconomics DepartmentEnvironment DirectoratePublic Governance and Territorial Development DirectorateStatistics DirectorateTrade and Agriculture DirectorateGeneral SecretariatExecutive DirectoratePublic Affairs and Communication Directorate
14 1414
The structure of the OECD
The OECD's structure consists of three main elements:- The OECD member countries, each represented by a delegation led by an ambassador. Together, they form the OECD Council. Member countries act collectively through Council (and its Standing Committees) to provide direction and guidance to the work of Organization.- The OECD Substantive Committees, one for each work area of the OECD, plus their variety of subsidiary bodies. Committee members are typically subject-matter experts from member and non-member governments. The Committees oversee all the work on each theme (publications, task forces, conferences, and so on). Committee members then relay the conclusions to their capitals.- The OECD Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General, provides support to Standing and Substantive Committees. It is organized into Directorates, which include about 2,500 staff.
15 1515
The OECD budget
The work of the secretariat is financed from the OECD's annual budget, currently around US$510 million (€342.9 million). The budget is funded by the member countries based on a formula related to the size of each member's gross national product. The largest contributor is the United States, which contributes about one quarter of the budget, followed by Japan with 16%, Germany with 9% and the UK and France with 7%. The OECD governing council sets the budget and scope of work on a two-yearly basis.
16 1616
The OECD statistics and publications
StatisticsThe OECD is known as a statistical agency, as it publishes comparable statistics on a wide number of subjects.OECD statistics are available in several forms:- as interactive databases on iLibrary together with key comparative and country tables,- as static files or dynamic database views on the OECD Statistics portal,-as StatLinks (in most OECD books, there is a URL that links to the underlying data).BooksThe OECD releases between 300 and 500 books each year.MagazineOECD Observer
17 1717
The OECD: a consensus organisation
18 1818
Criticisms to the OECD
The OECD has been criticised by several civil society groups and developing countries. The main criticism has been the narrowness of the OECD because of its limited membership to a select few rich nations. In 1997–1998 the draft Multilateral Agreement on Investment was heavily criticized by several non-governmental organisations and developing countries. Many critics argued that the agreement would threaten protection of human rights, labor and environmental standards, and the least developed countries. A particular concern was that the MAI would result in a 'race to the bottom' among countries willing to lower their labor and environmental standards to attract foreign investment. Also the OECD's actions against competitive tax practices has raised criticism. The primary objection is the sanctity of tax policy as a matter of sovereign entitlement.
19 1919
Impact of the OECD
Reputation (a reliable organisation)Output under-exploitedLanguage
Economic outlookPISA
20 2020
A broad approach of innovation policy
Universities and public research
Business sector
Government
The actors: the knowledge triangle
21 2121
Universities and public research
Business sector
Government
InnovationSkills TechnologyScientific discovery
Social outcomeEnvironmental outcome
Economic Growth
Input/output and outcomes
A broad approach of innovation policy
22 2222
Universities and public research
Business sector
Government
InnovationSkills TechnologyScientific discovery
Social outcomeEnvironmental outcome
Economic Growth
Glo
balisatio
nco
nd
itio
ns
Fra
mew
ork
IPRs econom
ic
conditions
Macro
The context
Conceptual model
23 2323
Universities and public research
Business sector
Government
InnovationSkills TechnologyScientific discovery
Social outcomeEnvironmental outcome
Economic Growth
Glo
balisatio
nco
nd
itio
ns
Fra
mew
ork
IPRs econom
ic
conditions
Macro
A friendly guide through complexity…
Conceptual model
24 2424
The great challenges
Maintaining jobs and economic growth in open economies requires greater competitiveness (48 million people unemployed in the OECD)
The transition to a low-carbon economy and the preservation of natural resources is a major challenge
Ageing will dramatically increase pressure on economic performance, social and health care, and public finances
Income inequality has increased during the crisis. ICTs offer opportunities to support inclusive innovation. Education and training policies will be essential to avoid exclusion.
=> Calling for a “new deal” for innovationRaises the status of innovation in the policy portfolio, while seeking to
- leverage private funding for innovation and - increase the impact of public action
25 2525
OECD publications in the area of STI
26 2626
STI Scoreboard
27 2727
Thank you for attention
28 2828
The OECD publications? The Holy Bible?
29 2929
The use of indicators
A rhetoric device: a plethora of figures and graphs
“In the various studies on productivity and the New Economy the OECD constantly reminded the reader that the links between science, technology and productivity have not been demonstrated”.“A large series of graphs and figures could persuade the reader of the seriousness of the study. Although no statistics could be used to prove the emergence of the New Economy, graphs and figures nevertheless served the purpose of empiricism”.(Godin, 2004)
30 3030
The use of indicators
A rhetoric device: a plethora of figures and graphs
The rhetoric of numbers Policy prescriptions based on shaking statistical evidence (New Economy)The “umbrella” concept, slogans, buzzwords, which shape new ways to arrange old indicators
31 3131
R&D in the world
32 3232
Mega trends
33 3333
Tangible and intangible investment
34 3434
Tangible and intangible investment
35 3535
Citizens are confident in science and technology, but …
Surveys carried out across a large number of countries indicate that the public has a mainly positive view of the impact of science and technology on their personal well-being. However, the surveys do find that a significant fraction of the population has mixed or critical opinions as regards the balance of the beneficial and harmful effects of scientific research.They also suggest that non-European countries tend to have more positive views of science and technology.
36 3636
Citizens are confident in science and technology, but …
Surveys carried out across a large number of countries indicate that the public has a mainly positive view of the impact of science and technology on their personal well-being. However, the surveys do find that a significant fraction of the population has mixed or critical opinions as regards the balance of the beneficial and harmful effects of scientific research.They also suggest that non-European countries tend to have more positive views of science and technology.
37 3737
R&D intensity
38 3838
Performers of R&D
39 3939
R&D by type
40 4040
Innovation in the crisis
Annual growth rate of GDP and GERD, OECD, 1993-2013 and projections to 2014 and 2015
41 4141
Innovation in the crisis
42 4242
Diverging Europe: ambituous targets
National R&D spending targets and gap with current levels of GERD intensity, % of GDP, 2014
Source: OECD estimates based on OECD MSTI database, June 2014.
43 4343
The restructuring of the public R&D system
44 4444
Public research as a % of GDP
45 4545
Public budgets are levelling off or receiding
Public R&D budgets (GBAORD), as % of GDP, 2013 compared to 2011
Source: OECD estimates based on OECD MSTI database, June 2014.
46 4646
Knowledge-based capital
47 4747
Knowledge-based capital
48 4848
Innovative firms and modes of innovation
49 4949
Colaboration in innovation
50 5050
EU Innovation Index: four groups
51 5151
EU Regional Innovation Index: heterogeneity
52 5252
Public financing of firms
53 5353
Role of multinationals in national R%D
54 5454
Increasing international collaboration in science
55 5555
Scientific production
56 5656
International flow of scientific authors
57 5757
International flow of scientific authors: the US
58 5858
Patents by technology fields
Patents in ICT, health and biotechnologies account for the majority of patent applications worldwide, although their relative importance has decreased from almost 72% in 2000 to 54% in 2011. Patents in nanotechnologies and the environment in 2000 accounted for about 6% of all patents, show an increase to 10% in 2010
59 5959
Patents by technology fields
Patents in ICT, health and biotechnologies account for the majority of patent applications worldwide, although their relative importance has decreased from almost 72% in 2000 to 54% in 2011.Patents in nanotechnologies and the environment in 2000 accounted for about 6% of all patents, show an increase to 10% in 2010
60 6060
Government funding of business R&D
61 6161
Basic research in the public sector
62 6262
Industry financing of R&D of higher education and PROs
63 6363
Hot issues in the Russian Federation
- Reforming and improving the public research system (including the university research)- Improving returns and impact of science- Improving the education system- Encouraging innovation in firms and supporting entrepreneurship and SMEs
64 6464
Russian federation
65 6565
Russian Federation
66 6666
Russian Federation
67 6767
OECD et al.
Thank you for attention