Promising Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Strategies for the Transportation Sector
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Transcript of Promising Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Strategies for the Transportation Sector
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Lewison Lem, Ph.D., M.P.A.
Principal Consultant
April 16, 2010
Portland State University
Center for Transportation Studies
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Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates 24/16/2010
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Source: Stern Review -3Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates4/16/2010
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The Contribution of the Transportation Sector to Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States
� The transportation sector (red) produces 28% of GHG emissions in the United States
4Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates4/16/2010
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Comparison of Transportation % Share of GHG Emissions at City, County, and State Level
Transport Sector
CommunityWide Inventory
Transport as % Share of Community
Year of Inventory
Inventory Community Total
City of Baltimore
2,254,410 9,226, 075 24.4% 2007
County of Baltimore
4,897,796 11,548,267 42.4% 2006
State of Maryland
32,500,000 99,200,000 32.8% 2005
4/16/2010 5Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates
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4/16/2010 6Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates
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US Forecast New LDV and Total LDV Fleet Fuel Efficiency with Obama 2009 CAFE
35
40
Mil
es
pe
r G
all
on
Ga
soli
ne
Eq
uiv
ale
nt
(MP
Ge
)
New LDV MPG with Obama 2009 CAFÉ
New LDV MPG
15
20
25
30
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Mil
es
pe
r G
all
on
Ga
soli
ne
Eq
uiv
ale
nt
(MP
Ge
)
New LDV MPG with EISA 2007 CAFE
Total LDV Fleet MPG with Obama 2009 CAFE
Total LDV Fleet MPG with EISA 2007 CAFE
7Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates4/16/2010
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Biofuels Show Net Costs, Not Savings, as a GHG Mitigation Measure
$120
$150
$97 / ton
$136 / ton
$72 / ton
4/16/2010 Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates 9
$0
$30
$60
$90
New Hampshire (lowest)
Wyoming (Highest) National Average
$72 / ton
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Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS)Offers More Versatile Policy Tool� LCFS allows for consideration of:
� Different Fuel Types
� Electric Vehicles, Hybrids. Hydrogen Fuel Cell. Natural Gas V. etc
� Technology/Fuel Combinations:� Technology/Fuel Combinations:
� Hybrid Biodiesel
� Plug-in Hybrid & Flex-Fuel Engine
� Synergies with Energy Supply Strategies
� Cleaner Electricity Increases GHG Reduction Potential
4/16/2010 Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates 10
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LCFS policy increasingly under consideration among the statesStates
� Oregon
� Washington
California
Multi-State Regions
� 11 Northeastern States and Mid-Atlantic States
� Minnesota
� Iowa
� New � California
� Montana
� Colorado
� New Jersey
� Massachusetts
4/16/2010 Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates 11
Atlantic States
� 10 StateMidwesternGovernor’s Association (MGA)
� New Hampshire
� Vermont
� Maryland
� South Carolina
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State of New Jersey LCFS Scenarios: Plug-in Hybrids and Electric Vehicles
$400
$500 $410 / ton
Conventional Electricity
Clean Electricity
4/16/2010 Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates 12
$0
$100
$200
$300
Plug-in Hybrids Electric Vehicles Biofuels
$157 / ton
$86 / ton
$237 / ton
$102 / ton
Clean Electricity
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4/16/2010 14Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates
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State of New Jersey VMT per capita historic trend
8000
8500
9000
Miles p
er
year
per
pers
on
VMT per Capita
Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates 15
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Miles p
er
year
per
pers
on
Data from NJDOT and U.S. Census
2008 data are
4/16/2010
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New Jersey VMT baseline forecast and feasibility-tested forecast� The baseline forecast of VMT in the absence of new technologies and
institution of certain “best practices” is based on VMT data provided by the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT).
� Based on historical trends, VMT are increasing at an annual rate of � Based on historical trends, VMT are increasing at an annual rate of 1.7% over the 2005 baseline value of 64.2 billion VMT and at that rate would reach 82.6 billion VMT in 2020.
� If instead VMT increases were held to 1% per year, the level would reach 74.5 billion VMT in 2020, or about 8.1 billion VMT/year less.
� GHG emissions associated with vehicle travel would decline accordingly.
Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates 164/16/2010
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Global Comparisons Show Gradient of Per Capita Transportation Energy Use in Urban Areas
17Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates4/16/2010
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4/16/2010 18Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates
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“Transit/Land Use Leverage”� The analysis of the potential for VMT efficiency and
associated GHG emissions reduction relies upon a body of research and policy analysis that incorporates the concept of ‘transit/land use leverage’. of ‘transit/land use leverage’.
� Statistical studies of cities around the world have shown that those with significant transit investments show a more energy-efficient use of the transportation system that is not fully accounted for simply by 'mode shift' from private automobiles to bus and rail transit.
Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates 194/16/2010
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USDOT/FTA and APTA both recognizeTransit/Land Use Leverage
� The American Public Transportation Association (APTA) and the United States Federal Transit Administration (FTA) have both recognized the role Administration (FTA) have both recognized the role and contribution of transit leverage and have provided information to assist transit agencies and policy analysts to consider the effects of transit leverage.
Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates 204/16/2010
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Philadelphia and New York Transit Agency Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories
4/16/2010 21Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates
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4/16/2010 22Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates
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The “Transit Paradox”: As Transit Agency Emissions Go Up,
Regional Emissions Go DownAgency Emissions
Regional
Agency Emissions
Regional Emissions Regional
Emissions
4/16/2010 23Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates
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APTA GHG Standards Guideline Recommendation
� National default multiplier of 1.9
� Used for sketch-planning applications
� Default considered a placeholder until specific studies � Default considered a placeholder until specific studies undertaken
� Recommend future additional work that is disaggregated by size and type of region and transit system
Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates 244/16/2010
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Overall Transit AgencyGHG Avoidance Multiplier
SEPTA
Overall Transit Multiplier: 3
NY MTA:
Overall Transit Multiplier: 8
Emissions Produced
Emissions Displaced
Net Emissions
Emissions Produced
Emissions Displaced
Net Emissions
4/16/2010 25Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates
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Goods Movement Produces 27% of Transportation Sector GHG Emissions
57%
2%2%
18%
Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates 27
57%
2%
5%
10%
5%Light Duty Vehicles Passenger (other)Commercial Light Trucks Freight TrucksFreight Rail ShippingAir Other
2008 DataSource: AEO 2010
4/16/2010
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A View of Port Related
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates 284/16/2010
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Port Categories of Transportation RelatedGHG Emissions
Ocean Going
Vessels
Harbor Craft
Heavy-Duty
Vehicles
Marine Ports
Cargo Handling
Equipment
Railroad
Agency Fleets
Vehicles
Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates 294/16/2010
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Port of New York and New Jersey 2008 Estimates of GHG Emissions
Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates 304/16/2010
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Summary of Port of NY/NJ Baseline Forecast and 3 Reduction Scenarios (JFA)
Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates 314/16/2010
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Potential Goods Movement GHG Reduction Estimates for Port of New York and New Jersey
Three Preliminary GHG
Emissions Reduction
Scenarios*
Total Emissions Reduction
Potential Estimate
(MMtCO2e in year 2030)
Conservative 0.72
Moderate 2.16
Aggressive 5.75
*Estimated Using JFA PORT VISION 1.0
4/16/2010 32Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates
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4/16/2010 33Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates
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4/16/2010 34Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates
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4/16/2010 35Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates
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Truck Anti-Idling: National Scenario Summary (2020 year, 2007$)*
1.7 bil
20.3MMtCO2e
$25
$50
$75
$100
$125
25
50
75
100
125
Anti-Idling Initiative
Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates
1.7 bilgallons
MMtCO2e
$ 2.2 bil
-$3.2 bil -$1.0 bil
-$100
-$75
-$50
-$25
$0
$25
-100
-75
-50
-25
0
25
Fuel Savings Emissions Reduction
Vehicle and Infra. Capital Costs
Fuel Costs Net Costs
Impacts
Costs
364/16/2010
*Estimated Using FREIGHT VISION 1.0
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Truck-to-Rail Shift: National Scenario Summary (2020 year, 2007$)*
3.0 bil
39.1MMtCO2e
$25
$50
$75
$100
$125
25
50
75
100
125
Mode Shift - Trucks to Rail
Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates
3.0 bilgallons $2.9 bil
-$10.5 bil -$7.6 bil
-$100
-$75
-$50
-$25
$0
$25
-100
-75
-50
-25
0
25
Fuel Savings Emissions Reduction
Vehicle Capital Costs
Fuel Costs Net Costs
Impacts
Costs
374/16/2010
*Estimated Using FREIGHT VISION 1.0
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Thank You for your interest:Lewison Lem, Ph.D.
Climate Change Practice Leader
Jack Faucett Associates (JFA)
http://www.jfaucett.com/
(415) 513-8040
38Lem -- Jack Faucett Associates4/16/2010