Matriks Definisi Accountability

MATRIKS DEFINISI AKUNTABILITAS 2012

nNo NamaPenulis/JudulJurnal DEFINISI Konsep Dimensi KesimpulanKelemahan

1 Friedrich, 1940 Accountability is responsibility

• Ensure Acc : Professionalism

• Their responsibilities based on profesional knowledge and norm conduct

• Responsive to public sentiment isn’t important

• Admresponsibilty is moral

PA not only following law and elected officials wants but also

using their expertise of your

profession2 Finer, 1941 Accountability is responsibility • Ensure acc :

external control

Community and political acc

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• Administrators should be subordinate to elected officials àcommunity

• These officials based on their interpretation of the public want’s

A political issues

3 Day & Klein, 1987 The relationship between individual, presuppose agreement both what constitutes performance

and language

Fashionable words

Effective democracy

Untukmendapatkan “better value for money”

Tujuan: untukmengklarifikasikankonsepdenganmengkajilebih

Politikakuntabilitas

- Kemampuan agent yangsedang berkuasauntukmenjawab alasan tindakan mereka

- Terhadap- masyarakat, (simple

maupunkompleks)Finansial

akuntabilitas

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dalampersepsidanpraktikakuntabilitas di sector public

Menggunakankonteks : British

Akuntabilitasadalahtentangtindakandankinerja

Menggunakannpendekatanekonomidan social

4 Dwivedi & Jabbra, 1989 Akuntabilitas—answerability Public perspective:organizational dan profesional behaviorElemen politik

Moralitas tindakan administrasi

Konteks: Public policy,administration5 elements :

1. Organization/administration

2. Legal3. Professional: sering

tidak sejalan antara kode etik profesi dengan public interest, sehingga harus ditentukan antara

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tanggungjawab profesi dan akuntabilitasPolitical

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The Chameleon of Accountability:Forms and Discourses

Sinclair, 1995

Accounting organization and society~. Vol 20, No.

2J3. pp. 219-237. 1995

accountability entails arelationship in which people are required toexplain and take responsibility for their actions:“the giving and demanding of reasons for

conduct” (Roberts &Scapens, 1985, p. 447).

semi-structured interviews with arepresentative sample of 15 heads of Victorianpublic sector agencies, from a total identifiedpopulation of 35.

Five forms of accountabilityidentifiedi n the interviewsare~o~:politi~public,mvllgaiaiprokssioruland~Twodiscoursesof~ountabilityuealso identifieda: structuraland a perwnaldisco&e.

6 What Is Accountability in Health Care?

Ezekiel J. Emanuel, MD, PhD; andLinda L. Emanuel, MD, PhD

January 15, 1996 vol. 124 no. 2 229-239

Accountability entails the procedures and processes by which one party justifies and takes responsibility for its activities.

•The concept of accountability consists three components1. The loci of

accountability (who) : Patients, MD, non MD, Hospital, professional association

2. The domain of

Three models of accountability

1. The professional model

2. The economical model

3. The Political model

A stratified model in which the professional model should guide the patient–physician interaction, the political model should guide managed care organizational structure, and the economic model has a role in interactions among organizations.

This stratified model of

a. Fokusnyapadadokterdanhanyatentang ethic

b. Akuntabilitasgrup lain :- Patientis- Insurance

Organisasiadopsiaccprofesi supported

content area

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accountability (what)

a. Professional competence

b. Legal and ethical conduct

c. Financial performance

d. Adequacy of access

e. Public health promotion

f. community benefit

3. The process of accountability (How)

accountability is an ideal version of accountability for health care that should guide our reform efforts

7 A Professional response to demand for accountability: Practical recommendation regarding ethical aspects of patient care

Accountability is mostly about setting and assessing standards and requiring justification and responsibility rather than about enforcing regulation

The ethical dimensions of medical care practices : -

1. Medical

decision making

Ethical dimensions Professional groups in medicine to provide standard setting recommendations in all domains of medical practice

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Linda L. Emanuel, MD, PhD

Ann Intern Med,1996;124:240-249

2. Confidentiality3. Fiduciary

obligation (including conflict interest)

4. Responsibilities aries from patients vulnerability

5. Personal standard

6. Equity among patients

7. Cultural representation

Procedure for resolving dilemma

8 Dimensions Of Accountability For Not-For-Profit Hospitals and Health Systems

Gamm, L.D. 1996

Health Care Management Review 21(2) :74

Akuntabilitas adalah sebuah proses dimana pemimpin organisasi dalam mencapai tujuan efisiensi, kualitas dan akses untuk memenuhi harapan dan ketertarikan masyarakat (significant public)

1. Political acc2. Commercial acc3. Community accPatient acc(external acc)

a. Dimensiakuntabilitas yang dibuatbelumdiartikulasikandalambentuktujuandanimplementasistrategis

b. Petunjukterhadapstrategi organizational

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A central part of visionTidakadaorganisasiacc

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The Ethics of Accountability in Managed Care Reform

Daniels and Sabin

Health Affairs, 17 No. 5 (1998): 50-64

Accountability is the idea that information about performance and options must be made available to purchasers and enrollees in managed care plans so that they can effectively makechoices among plans, clinicians, and treatments

Acc& reasonable “fair-minded”??

- RationalCan agree a relevant to pursuing appropriate patient care under necessary resource constraint :

Requires the plan to be explicit about its commitments

1. Market acc :- Information

about performance(purchases, enrolled)

Ethical limit :

Market accountabilityAccountability for reasonables

- Sangatfokuspadaaccmasyarakat, padahalmasyarakatseringtidakobjektifmengertitentangkarakter&keunikanrumahsakit (asymetri information)- Akuntabelpad

apemerintahAkuntabelpadaorganisasi

10 The Rise of Governance and the Risk of Failure: The Case of Economic Development

Jessop, 1998

International Social

Accountability can cooperative pursuit of joint goals

1. a self-reflexive orientation to what will prove satisfactory in the case of failure,

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Science Journal 50 (155) : 29-45

2. a self-reflexive cultivation of a repertoire (requisite variety) of responses so that strategies and tactics can be combined to reduce the likelihood of failure and to alter their balance in the face of failure,

3. a self-reflexive ‘irony’ in the sense that participants must recognize the likelihood of failure but proceed as if success were possible

Schedler,1999 Answerability, the ability of public officials to inform about and to

1. answerability, the

Dapatkahrumahsakit di

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explain what they are doing and enforcement

political accountability carries two basic connotations: answerability, theobligation of public officials to inform about and explain what they are doing; andenforcement, the capacity of accounting agencies to impose sanctions onpowerholders who have violated their public duties

obligation of public officials to inform about and to explain what they are doing, and enforcement

the capacity of accounting agencies to impose sanctions on powerholders who have violated their public duties

justifikasiolehmasyarakatpadahaldisatusisiterjadiasimetri information,

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Governance Failure

Jessop, 2000

The New Politics of British Local Governance, (Macmillan) : 11-32

13 Accountability : An Ever Expanding Concept?

Mulgan 2000

The process of being control between citizens & publicity

To account to some authority for one’s actionsA feature of menkanisme

a. External : outside organizational social interaction exchangeDemocratic state :

Tidakmemberikankejelasan

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Pemerintah administration 78 (3) : 555-573

check & balance

Cek& balance (control)Pemerintahmemenuhiharapankebutuhanmasyarakat (responsiveness)Acc is “dialogue”Public discussion

relationship between citizens & public office

b. Internal :- Professional- Personal

- External- Internal :

a. Professionalb. Personalc. Inwardd. SubjectiveOfficial’s responsive

14 Taking Account of Accountability:A Conceptual Overview and Strategic OptionsDerick W. BrinkerhoffAbt Associates Inc.March 2001

= Schedler,1999 1. Political Accountability is Oversight of public officials and agencies in terms of their

responsiveness to political leadersand to citizens, and of fulfillment of the public trust1. Financial Accountability is examination of compliance ofofficials and

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agencies with laws,regulations, and procedures forthe transparent allocation,expenditure, and reporting of financial resources

2. Performance is scrutiny of the actions of officialsand agencies related to the production of outputs, delivery ofservices, accomplishment ofobjectives, and/or achievement of results and impacts

15 Newell & Shaula, 2002Memberikangambarantentangaplikasidanpenggunaanakuntabilitassecarapolitik

Political akuntabilitas

Managerial akuntabilitas

Proses akuntabilitas

Harusterdapathubunganantaracintizenship,partisipasidanakuntabilitas

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Doctor performance and public accountability

David C Lanier, Martin Roland, Helen Burstin, J Andre Knottnerus. The Lancet.

London: Oct 25, 2003. Vol. 362, Iss. 9393; pg. 1404

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18 Benzon, 2003C. Health partnerships bukan di rumahsakit

19 Dansky, Gamm, 2004

Relationship between accountability constructs & stakeholder M. Practice

20 Implications of Organizational Exchanges for Accountability Theory

relationships that individuals form in organizations influenceaccountability perceptions

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Erdogan and Sparrowe, 2004

Human Resource Management Review 14(1): 19-45

and subsequent outcomes

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From Autonomy to accountabilityThe role of clinical practice guidelines in professional power

Stefan Timmermans

Perspectives in biologi and medicineVol 48, 2005

Profession power

Professional jurisdiction

Profession behavior

External motives : quality and incentives

The success of CG depends on :

- The quality of guidelines

- Characteristics of helath professional

- Characteristics of of the practice setting

- Incentives

- RegulationPatients factor

22 Koppell, 2005 - Transparency : reveal performance

- Liability : consequences performance

- Controllability : what the principal

- Menjelaskanbahwakelimanyaakanmenimbulkan multiple disorder terhadap ICANN- Apakahhalinijugab

isaterhadappelayanankesehatan??

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desired- Responsibilty :

follow the ruleResponsiveness : fulfill substantive expected

23 O’Connell, 2005

Theory agency :Principle-agent theory :

- High qualitya. A lower cost

(finance)b. Fairness

(courteous manner)

Acc is the emergent result of complex interactions between multiple actors

Tidakmenjelaskandimensiakuntabilitassecaraexplisit

24 Power, Blame, and Accountability : Medicaid Managed Care for Mental Health Service In New Mexico

Willging, 2005

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Medicaid Anthropology Quarterly : 19 (1) : 84-102

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An Inquiry Into Good Hospital Governance : A New Zealand-Czech Comparison

Ditzel, Strach, et.al

Health Research Policy and Systems 2006, 4:2

Taylor’s nine principles of good governance

1. Some similarities were found between Czech Hospital’s and public hospital in New Zealand

2. ‘Ad Hoc’ hospital governance exist in Czech Hospitals and public hospital in New Zealand are governed in a ‘collegiate’ way by elected District Health Boards

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Pay-for-Performance and Accountability : Related Themes In Improving Health Care

Rowe 2006

Annals of Internal Medicine 145 (9) : 695-699

28 Accountability : The global ACC - Apakahrumahsa

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Lloyd &Blagescu, 2006

Transparancy

Participation

Evaluation’

Complaint

Response

Framework

- Transparency : Acc in for stakholder, organization procedicion structure

Participation

Internal &external stakeholder

Evaluation

Organizational performance key stakeholder

kitdapatmenerapkanpartisipasi?

- Indikatorpartisipasitidakdapatditerapkan di rumahsakit

- Consumer rumahsakit

a. Asymetriinformation

Keputusankebanyakantehnismedis

29 Analysing and Assessing Accountability : A Conceptual Framework

Bovens, 2007

European Law Journal 13(4) : 447

First a conceptual one: what exactly is meant by accountability?Second question is analytical: what types of accountability areinvolved?

Third question is

- Legal- Political- Financial

Administrative

Traditional accountability

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evaluative: how should weassess these accountability arrangements?

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Governance and Accountability-A Shift in Conceptualisation

Erkkila, T, 2007

Pemerintah Administration Quarterly 31(1-2):1

the shifting conceptualisation of accountability in light ofgovernance literature

theargument is made that instead of trying to identify new mechanismsof accountability more attention should be paid to thetransformations taking place among traditional mechanisms ofaccountability and their potential in the new institutional design.

31 Accountability in The Shadow of Hierarchy

Schillemans 2008

Proses dimana agent yang dinilaimenjelaskantindakannyasebagailangkahuntukmenjelaskanakibtadaritindakannyatersebut

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Pemerintah Organiz Rev. 8 : 175-194

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Health Professional’s Enactment of Their Accountability Obligations : Doing The Best They Can

Freeman, McWilliam et al, 2009

Social Science & Medicine 69(7): 1063-1071

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Health Care Regulation As a tool For Pemerintah Accountability

Nunes, Rego, et al 2009

Med Health Care and Philos 12 : 257-264

theory ofaccountability for reasonableness and try to determine ifnew regulatory models—namely independent agencies—could perform better with regard to the public disclosure ofthe reasons and rationales of healthcare rationing.

36 Petty Corruption in Various Forms Is On The Rise In State Hospitals In Colombo Districs

Fazlulhaq, 2009

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SundayTimes. http : //sundaytimes.lk/091025/News/nws10.html

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Strategies for Assessing and Measuring Agency Accountability

Jan Biela and Yannis PapadopoulosPaper for the 32nd EGPA Annual Conference 2010, 7-10 September 2010, Toulouse

qualitative case studies ofseveral accountability regimes

Vertikal

Horisontal :peers and equal

Diagonala : (boven) forum has direct access to information, but has to rely on a third party to implement sanctions (an audit office that reports to the parliament)

better separate accountabilityfrom non-accountability relationships and assess the level of accountability in eachaccountability relationship through the amount of information that a forum can process andthrough the effective power of sanctioning measures. The total of the accountabilityrelationships of an agency implicated for all aspects of its conduct forms the accountability

How can

the differences between regimes (across countries or sectors) be explained? Is there a

match/mismatch between the regime by design, the regime as it operates in reality, andperceptions of accountability constraints by agency members?

39 Two Concepts of accountability

Bovens 2010

West European Politics

Accountability is a relationship between an actor and a forum, in which the actor hasan obligation to explain and to justify his or her conduct, the forum can pose questions

1. Org acc : supervisor :Adv& political

Strong hierarchi

Tidakadadimensiakuntabilitasmasyarakat

Traditional accountability

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33 (5) : 946-767 and pass judgment, and the actor may face consequences. (Bovens 2007: 450)

Not yet public accInternal acc(pentingmeskiacc lain ada)2. Political acc :- Can be very important- Difficult to handleCriteria political judgementContestable : dispute3. Legal acc : CourtGrowingFormalising of social relationsLegal standardsPrescribed byAdministrative statuta4. Administra : auditors, inspections, controllersa. Resuler

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financialb. Administrative controlc. JCI-akreditasiProfessional :

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Public sector reforms and financial transparency: experiences from Indonesia

Stein Kristiansen, AgusDwiyanto, AgusPramusinto, ErwanAgusPutranto

qualitative methodology

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Accountable Agents: Federal PerformanceMeasurement and Third-Party Government

Melvin J. DubnickUniversity of New HampshireH. George FredericksonUniversity of KansasJPART 20:i143–i159

A-P : theory(social mechanism)

43Profesionalism, Regulation, and The

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Market : Impact on Accountability for Quality of Care

Pawlson and O’Kane

Health Affairs Volume 21 No. 3

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Accountability and Health Systems : Toward Conceptual Clarity and Policy Relevance

Brinkerhoff

Health Policy and Planning 19 (6) : 371-379

elaborates a definition of accountability in terms of answerability and sanctions, and distinguishesthree types of accountability

Literature review

The analytic framework presented here represents an initialeffort to consider accountability from a systemic perspective,with the intent to respond to calls for attention to ‘how bestto regulate, supervise and monitor both public and privatesector providers and how best to encourage them to act inthe broader public interest’

45 Romzek And Dubnick [Accountability is a] relationship in which an individual or agency is held to answerfor performance that involves

Professional accountability

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some delegation of authority to act. (Romzek andDubnick 1998: 6)

MULGAN

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Matriks Definisi Accountability

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