1. MARINE POLLUTION

• A PRESENTATIONBY ARVIND KRISHNAA J

CSE A II YEAR SSN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

2. WHAT IS POLLUTION??

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms

3. TYPES OF POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION

4. WATER POLLUTION 5. SOIL POLLUTION 6. MARINE POLLUTION 7. NOISE POLLUTION 8. THERMAL POLLUTION 9. WHAT IS MARINE POLLUTION??

Direct or indirect introduction of substances or energy into the marine environment ,resulting in harm to the livingresources , hazards to humanhealth ,hindrance to marineactivities, including fishing,impairment of the quality ofsea water and reduction ofamenities

10. MARINE POLLUTION 11. CAUSES OF MARINE POLLUTION

Most sources of marine pollution

areland based . The pollutionoften comes from nonpointsources such as agriculturalrunoff and wind blown debris.

12. SOURCES (contd)

Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere

13. to tiny particles which are then taken up by 14. plankton and benthos animals, most of 15. which are either deposit or filter feeders. 16. In this way, the toxins are concentrated 17. upward within ocean food chains. 18. Many particles combine chemically in a manner highly 19. depletive of oxygen, causing estuaries to become anoxic. 20. SOURCES (contd)

Pollution from ships

21. Ships can pollute waterways and oceans in many ways. Oil spills can have 22. devastating effects. While being toxic to marine life, polycyclic aromatic 23. hydrocarbons (PAHs), the components in crude oil, are very difficult to clean 24. up, and last for years in the sediment and marine environment. 25. SOURCES (contd)

Discharge of cargo residues from bulk carriers can pollute ports,

26. waterways and oceans. In many instances vessels intentionally 27. discharge illegal wastes despite foreign and domestic regulation 28. prohibiting such actions. Ships create noise pollution that disturbs 29. natural wildlife, and water from ballast tanks can spread harmful 30. algae and other invasive species 31. SOURCES (contd) A cargo ship pumps ballast water over the side Invasive speciescan take over once occupied areas, facilitate the spread of new diseases, introduce newgeneticmaterial, alter underwater seascapes and jeopardize the ability ofnative speciesto obtain food. 32. SOURCES (contd)

Plastic debris

33. Marine debris is mainly discarded human rubbish which floats on, or is suspended in the ocean. Eighty percent of marine debris is plastic - a component that has been rapidly accumulating since the end of World War II. The mass of plastic in the oceans may be as high as one hundred million metric tons 34. SOURCES (contd) Amute swanbuilds a nest using plastic garbage. Discardedplastic bags ,six pack ringsand other forms of plastic waste which finish up in the ocean present dangers to wildlife and fisheries.Aquatic life can be threatened through entanglement, suffocation, and ingestion.Fishing nets usually made of plastic, can be left or lost in the ocean by fishermen. Known asghost nets , these entanglefish ,dolphins ,sea turtles ,sharks ,dugongs ,crocodiles ,seabirds ,crabs , and other creatures, restricting movement, causing starvation, laceration and infection, and, in those that need to return to the surface to breathe, suffocation. 35. SOURCES (contd)

Many animals that live on or in the seaconsumeflotsam by mistake, as it often looks similar to their natural prey.Plastic debris, when bulky or tangled, is difficult to pass, and may become permanently lodged in the digestive tracts of these animals, blocking the passage of food and causing death through starvation or infection

36. Plastics accumulate because they don't biodegrade in the way many other substances do. They will photodegrade on exposure to the sun, but they do so properly only under dry conditions, and water inhibits this process. 37. SOURCES (contd)

In marine environments, photodegraded plastic disintegrates into ever smaller pieces while remaining polymers, even down to the molecular level. When floating plastic particles photodegrade down to zooplankton sizes, jellyfish attempt to consume them, and in this way the plastic enters the ocean food chain.

38. Many of these long-lasting pieces end up in the stomachs of marine birds and animals,including sea turtles, and black-footed albatross. 39. SOURCES (contd)

Plastic debris tends to accumulate at the centre of ocean gyres

40. Toxic additives used in the manufacture of plastic materials can leach out into their surroundings when exposed to water. Waterborne hydrophobic pollutants collect and magnify on the surface of plastic debris, thus making plastic far more deadly in the ocean than it would be on land 41. Hydrophobic contaminants are also 42. known to bioaccumulate in fatty tissues, 43. biomagnifying up the food chain and 44. putting pressure on apex predators 45. SOURCES (contd)

Toxins

46. Apart from plastics, there are particular problems with other toxins that do not disintegrate rapidly in the marine environment. Examples of persistent toxins are PCBs, DDT, pesticides, furans, dioxins and phenols. Heavy metals are metallic chemical elements that have a relatively high density and are toxic or poisonous at low concentrations. Examples are mercury, lead, nickel, arsenic and cadmium. 47. Such toxins can accumulate in the tissues of many species of aquatic life in a process called bioaccumulation. 48. EUTROPHICATION

Eutrophication

49. Eutrophicationis an increase in chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorus, in an ecosystem. It can result in an increase in the ecosystem's primary productivity (excessive plant growth and decay), and further effects including lack of oxygen and severe reductions in water quality, fish, and other animal populations. 50. EUTROPHICATION (contd)

The biggest culprit are rivers that empty into the ocean, and with it the many chemicals used as fertilizers in agriculture as well as waste from livestock and humans. An excess of oxygen depleting chemicals in the water can lead to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone.

51. EUTROPHICATION (PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION) 52. Acidification

The oceans are normally a natural carbon sink, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Because the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are increasing, the oceans are becoming more acidic. The potential consequences of ocean acidification are not fully understood, but there are concerns that structures made of calcium carbonate may become vulnerable to dissolution, affecting corals and the ability of shellfish to form shells

53. SUMMARY

• • SUMMARY OF CAUSE AND EFFECT
  • DISCUSSED SO FAR
• 54. NOT DISCUSSED SO FAR

55. TYPE PRIMARY SOURCE/CAUSE EFFECT

NUTRIENTS

SEWAGE RUNOFF FROM FORESTRY FARMING AND OTHER LAND USE. ALSO AIRBORNE NITROGEN OXIDES FROM POWER PLANTS,CARS .... CAUSES ALGAL BLOOM IN COASTAL AREAS WATERS. DECOMPOSING ALGAE DEPLETES WATER OF OXYGEN,KILLING OTHER MARINE LIFE.CAN CAUSE ALGAL BLOOM THAT KILLS MARINE LIFE

SEDIMENTS

EROSION FROM MINING,FORESTRY,FARMING,AND OTHER LAND USE;COASTAL DREDGING AND MINING Cloudy water,mpedes photosynthesis below surface waters. Clog gills of fish. Smother and bury coastal ecosystem. Carry toxins and excess nutrients. 56. TYPE PRIMARY SOURCE/CAUSE EFFECT

PATHOGENS

Sewage,lifestock Carry toxins and excess nutrients. Contaminate coastal areas and seafood,causing cholera and typhoid.

PERSISTENT TOXINS

Industrial discharge wastewater discharge from cities, pesticides from farms forests,home use etc.,seepage from landfills Poison or cause disease in coastal marine life especially inear major cities or industry. Contaminate seafood. Fat-soluble toxins bio-magnify in predators and cause complications 57. TYPE PRIMARY SOURCE/CAUSE EFFECT

RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES

Discarded nuclear submarines and military waste ; atmospheric fallout and industrial wastes Hotspots of radioactivity. Can enter food chain and cause disease in marine life. Concentrate in top predators and shellfish, wjich are eaten by people. ` THERMAL Cooling water from power plants and industrial sites Kills coral and other temperature sensitive sedentary species. Displace other marine life 58. CORAL REEFS arearagonitestructures produced by living organisms, found in marine waters containing few nutrients.In most reefs, the predominant organisms are stonycorals , colonialcnidariansthat secrete anexoskeletonofcalcium carbonate . The accumulation of skeletal material, broken and piled up by wave action andbioeroders , produces a calcareous formation that supports the living corals and a great variety of other animal and plant life. 59. BENEFITS OF CORAL REEFS 1. Makes shore zones safe from waves by making them and breaking them up, and creates quiet water marine habitats for a variety of species.2. High rates of CaCO 3production play an important role in global carbon cycle3.Biodiversity : One quarter of species in ocean live in and around reefs (also see 1 above). This makes them underwater tropical rainforests. Are they in the same state of decline?4. Medicinal value of reef dwelling biota: some produce compounds active against asthma, heart disease, leukemia, tumors, HIV. Chemicals produced by sea slugs and sponges to repel fish are useful as insecticides.5. Coral skeletons are being investigated as substrate for bone grafts.6.Source of food : 10% of global fish catch7. Economies of tropical countries built on tourism and fishing8. Fossil reefs on land are a source of building stone, cement 60. ENDANGERMENT AND DECLINE OF CORAL REEFS 1.Extent of the problem: we are presiding over a major collapsea. Less than 10% of reefs in Indonesia, the Phillipines, Jamaica, among others, are healthyb. In 50 years, 75% of all reefs could be done in2.Population growth, development of tropical coastlinea. Three billion people live in coastal regions this will double by 2050b. Development, deforestation of inland areas1. brings sediment-laden stream waters to coastal ocean2. brings nutrient-rich waters to coastal ocean: algal blooms can suffocate reefs and lead to proliferation of starfish and urchins that can decimate reefs. 1 and 2 are cause of major declines in reefs in Jamaica, Barbados, Belize3.Warming of tropical waters: El Nino, global warmingTemperature, salinity balance upset led to coral "bleaching" events during 1980s. Corals expel their zooxanthallae leading to their tissues being transparent instead of colored, leaving their white aragonite (CaCO 3 ) skeletons showing through. Corals can bounce back from these events, but not in the face of other environmental stresses such as poison and sediment and nutrient-rich runoff. 61. ENDANGERMENT AND DECLINE OF CORAL REEFS (CONTD...) 4.Overfishing of reefsa. Ecosystems thrown off balance: Fish that graze algae growing on reefs are wiped out, algae flourishes and suffocates reefb. Nefarious fishing methods: cyanide, bleach, crowbars, explosive charges. Fishing for food, and exotic aquarius sale more "normal" overfishing with nets, traps, and spearguns.5.Carbon di oxide increae global warming, and sea level rise potentialNote dependence of reefs on temperature, light, which are water depth dependent, and response of reefs to sea level. Note also dependence of reefs on CO 2levels in the ocean. 6.Accumulated environmental stress Coral polyps deal with sediment, pollution stresses by secreting more mucous protein that coats their outer tissues, which depletes the organisms metabolic reserves, increasing opportunity for infections. 62. 63. Marine pollution is part of the problem of too muchpollutionby humans in general.There are only two ways to remedy this: either the human population is reduced, or the ecological footprintleft behind by the average human is reduced. If we do not follow the second way, then the first way may be imposed upon us, as worldecosystemsfalter and cease to support us. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75.