Under the guidance ofDr. P.M. Munnoli

ProfessorDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PRESENTED BY:

DIBYAJYOTI SARMA 2SD11CV020

8th Semester B.E., Civil Academic Year: 2014-2015

1

MARINE POLLUTION

INTRODUCTION:• From a distance it’s very clear that our is a blue planet .But as

we move closer we see very quickly the surface of our oceans, seas , strewn with marine debris .

• Debris of all shapes ,sizes and colors widely distributed in the surface and around the coastal shores.

• Even penetrates our deepest ocean’s , hundreds and thousands of meter below to the ocean floor.

• Affecting the very nature of the planet by destroying its fundamental component that is “marine life”

• It covers almost 3/4th of our planet and we depend on it for our very life.

Definition:• The introduction by man, directly, or indirectly, of substances

or energy to the marine environment • Resulting in deleterious effects such as: hazards to human

health, hindrance to marine activities, impairment of the quality of seawater for various uses and reduction of amenities.

Literature Review• Selman mindy(2007) studied eutrophication ,water quality

trading and hypoxia and its effects on aquatic life.

• Janice Podsadam,(19th June ,2001)collected , studied and evaluated the effect of disposal of plastic debris .

• Andrew Farmar ,Routledge , (1997) Has analyses the nature of pollution on fresh water system and managing Radioactive substances. and its impact on the environment.

General Impacts:• Impacts on living resources• Hazards to human health• Hindrance to marine activities• Impairment of quality of seawater• Reduction of amenities• Loss of aesthetic beauty• Impacts on the sensitive habitats

Sources of pollution• Land Based sources 1: Agricultural Run-off 2: Municipal and Industrial waste .

Ocean Based sources 1: Oceanic Dumping 2: Oil spills by cargo ships 3: Deep Ocean Mining

Types of pollution:

Acidification: • Ocean are normally a carbon sink , absorbing carbon dioxide

from the atmosphere.• Because of the level of increasing in the carbon dioxide in the

atmosphere ,the ocean’s are becoming more acidic.• Rise in the ocean temperature and Due to acidification capacity of the ocean carbon sink is gradually started to get weaker and weaker day by day.

Island with the fringing reefsIn the Maldives .

Eutrophication:• Natural or human caused nitrates and phosphates enters the

system(such as untreated sewage and fertilizers from agriculture run-off) increased nutrients causes surface plant and algae growth.

• It can result in an increase in the ecosystem's primary productivity (excessive plant growth and decay), and further effects including lack of oxygen and severe reductions in water quality, fish, and other animal populations.

• Rapid growth of and decay consume oxygen , especially at the lower depths fish and shellfish die.

• Water becomes cloudy Lakes turn green, yellow or red in color.

PME Receiving body Water Quality Standards : From Red sea and Arabian sea Industrial Regions.

Source: Presidency of meteorology and environment(PME) Saudi Arabia(06-07)

Discharge Parameters (mean for 2006-2007)

Soucres: (PME) General Environmental Law and Rules for Implementation (2006-2007).

Plastic Debris:• 80 percent of marine debris consisting of plastic -The mass of

plastic in the oceans may be as high as one hundred million metric tons.

• Plastic which are not recycled accounted over 60 percent of the total marine debris are present in the ocean either in the form of micro or macro plastic.

• 76 percent of the wildlife present in the ocean encounters plastic either as a barrier or as a mislead for food material.

• Aquatic life is totally threatened through entanglement ,suffocation and ingestions.

• Plastic debris ,when bulky or tangled ,its difficult to pass and may become permanently lodged in the digestive tracts of these animals ,blocking the passage of food and causing death through starvation or infections.

• Toxic additives in the plastic leach out when exposed in water.• Waterborne hydrophobic pollutants collected and magnify on the

surface of the plastic debris. Thus making plastic much more dangerous in water then in land.

• Hydrophobic contaminants are also known to bio accumulate in fatty tissues ,biomagnifying up the food-chain and putting pressures on apex predators.

EFFECTS:

Oil Pollution:• Oil pollution is mostly used to describe marine oil spills, where

oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters.

• Oil spills are due to the following:• crude oil from tankers• offshore platforms• drilling rigs and wells• spills of refined petroleum products

(such as gasoline, diesel) • spill of any oily refuse or waste oil

Sources:

62%

1%

10%

7%

3%

15%2%

Industrial wasteRefineries/TerminalsNatural sourcesTanker operationsTanker accidentsOther shippingOffshore

Per year generation of Oil Pollution Around the world.

Fate• When oil is spilled on sea it spreads over the surface to form a

thin film – called oil slick.• Light oil spreads faster than heavy wax oil• Low molecular weight fractions evaporate• Water soluble components dissolve• Non-water soluble components emulsify and forms a viscous

mass – “chocolate mousse”• Heavy residue from tar balls.

TAR BALLS

Chocolate mousse

Impacts:• Effects – Impairment of marine life• Plankton, esp. neuston at highest risk – exposed to water

soluble components leaching from oil• Fixed vegetation –Sea grass beds– killed or flowering inhibited• In Mangroves – lenticels clogged with oil oxygen level in

sediments drops – death• Sea birds –buoyancy and thermal insulation lost.• Commercial damaged.• Mortality of fish eggs and reduction in catch.• Death of fish eggs and larvae.• Tourism – becomes nuisance – avoided by beach goers – loss

of revenue.• Loss of sensitive marine habitats – loss of flora and fauna.

Thermal PollutionThermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature Sources :• Industrial wastewater• Power plant discharges• Desalination plant discharges• Urban runoff

Thermal pollution

• Thermal Shock: Aquatic life adapted to a certain water temperature, and can go into a shock if the temperature changes.

• Oxygen dissolves in the water decreases• Increase in the rate of photosynthesis ,which means increase in

the rate of plant growth. • Increase in the metabolic rate of the fishes ,which increases

their need for oxygen.• Biotic Effects: Change in the environment may also results in

migration of birds and fishes and other organisms to more suitable environment. As a result one may has the problem of compromising the old food chain and new environment, hence it effects the Biodiversity of that area.

Effects :

Radioactive pollution• Radioactive wastes are usually by-products of nuclear power

generation and other applications of research and medicine. • Radioactive waste is hazardous to human health• Pollution due to radioactive wastes – Radioactive pollution

Sources:• Weapons testing – Testing of nuclear weapons – when

exploded underwater release fission products and isotopes• Liquid wastes – Discharge from the cooling water of nuclear

reactors• Solid wastes – Dumping of radioactive wastes in Sea (now no

longer practiced).

Radioactive Pollution

ImpactsHighly lethal - Even low doses causes fatal damage

Possibility of bioaccumulation – especially in algae and bivalveseg. Porphyra near a nuclear power plant location

had 10 times more caesium-137 than in the surrounding waters

Under –Water noise Pollution

• Marine life can be susceptible to noise or the sound pollution from sources such as passing ships, oil exploration seismic surveys, and naval low-frequency active sonar.

• Between 1950 and 1975, ambient noise in the ocean increased by abo, the noise from shipping, seismic surveys, and military activity is creating a totally different environment than existed even 50 years ago.

• That high level of noise is bound to have a hard, sweeping impact on life in the sea .

Under water production of noises due to surface vessels .

Solutions to marine pollution

There are two methods mainly:

1) Correction - Costly and time Intensive

2) Prevention –Requires attitude changes.

Since the damaged till now has been very viral and brutal and may be the damage is irreversible and everlasting. Still a lots of thing can be prevented and saved, because this is not the end.

How to protect marine life?

Solution to marine pollutionOil Spill Solution :Oil spills are mainly from land based (industrial wastewater) and from oil carrying cargo in the ocean.There are many types of cleaning methods used for spills, including:• Bioremediation: using microorganisms or biological agents to break down or remove oil• Dredging: some oils are actually denser than water, and would sink. These would require cleaning below the surface of the impacted water.• Skimming: can be effective areas where the water is calm.• Dispersion: materials such as some detergents can disperse oil into smaller clusters that may be easier to remove than larger areas. However, the detergents can sink deeper into the waterthan oil does, so it may cause harm deeper in the water while reducing negative environmental impact on the surface.• Burning: controlled burning can often eliminate a large proportion of oil in water, but of course requires great care to avoid having the fire spread. The burning oil can also cause air pollution.

Solution to marine PollutionPlastic Debris Solution:We dump 8 million tons of plastic into the ocean each year.

Solution to marine Pollution• The most effective way to stop plastic pollution in our oceans

is to make sure it never reaches the water in the first place.• Instead throwing them anywhere it can be managed into land

fills ,which occupies less spaces .• Recycling of plastic through environmentally sound manner: 1) Primary : recycling involves processing of a waste/scrap into a product with characteristics similar to those of original product.2) Secondary: recycling involves processing of waste/scrap plastics into materials that have characteristics different from those of original plastics product.3) Tertiary : recycling involves the production of basic chemicals and fuels from plastics waste/scrap as part of the municipal waste stream or as a segregated waste.4)Quaternary : Recycling by process of burning or incineration.

Solution to Marine Pollution.The steps involving recycling : 1) Selection: The recyclers / reprocessors have to select the waste / scrap which are suitable for recycling /reprocessing.2) Segregation: The plastics waste shall be segregated as per the Codes 1-7 mentioned in the BIS guidelines (IS:14534:1998).3) Processing: After selection and segregation of the pre-consumer waste (factory waste) shall be directly recycled. The post consumer waste (used plastic waste) shall be washed, shredded, agglomerated, extruded and granulated .• Polymer coated Bitumen Road: The coating of plastics over

aggregate improves Impact, Los Angels Abrasion and Crushing Value with the increase in the percentage of plastics. The extracted bitumen showed the near value to the marshal stability thus the entire road was having good skid resistance and texture values and improves the binding strength.

Solution to marine Pollution• Plastic waste disposal using plasma pyrolysis.• Conservation of plastic waste into liquid fuels.

Solution To Marine Pollution

• Bio-degradable Plastic : The environmentally degradable polyolefin films are defined as those materials that contain degradation process of polyolefin article (bag/film/sheet) under conditions of composting.

•

Bio-degradable Plastic Bottles.

Solution to Marine Pollution.Radioactive Pollution: • The radioactive pollution can be controlled by number of

ways. It includes the stoppage of leakage from the radioactive materials including the nuclear reactors, industries and laboratories.

• The disposal of radioactive material must be safe and secure. They must be stored in the safe places and must be changed into harmless form.

• The wastes with a very low radiation must be put into the sewage.

• The nuclear power plants must follow all the safe instructions. The protective garments must be worn by the workers who work in the nuclear plants.

• The natural radiation must be at the permissible limits and they must not cross it.

Control Measures• Prevention of marine pollution from ships- Protocol 1978,

(MARPOL 73/78) regulations should be followed and familiar with the emergency procedure.

• Japan’s Marine Pollution ACT 1976 for marine Disaster. – Regulations must be applied to all kind of oils, hazardous liquid substances in bulk ,harmful substances in packaged form sewerage and water generated on ships. Regulations must be applied to the construction and equipment ships.

• Prevention of marine pollution by wastes: International conventions on oil pollution preparedness .,responses ,co-operations was adopted in 1990. which stated that protections of sea –birds and fishes and other sea living organisms ,sea should be cleaned and drifted.

Acts and regulations:

1. Marine Pollution Control Act,1974,1987,1994.2. Hazardous waste handling and management act,1989.3. Marpol 73/784. Japan’s Marine Pollution ,act1976 for marine Disaster.5. Prevention of marine pollution by wastes act,1990.6. Oil Pollution Act ,1990.7. Water Pollution Control Act And Litter Act,1977.

Present conditions :

ConclusionsCONCLUSION:Discussing ocean pollution brings up a diffuse, complex series of issues. Nevertheless, some pollution problems can and have been successfully addressed. Since the network of oceans on this planet is interconnected, the pollution issue will only truly be solved by consistent improvement in areas across the globe. Knowing that the growing human population has intensified the problem of ocean pollution, it is clear that we each need to get involved in contributing to the solution. It will require a high degree of participation and collaboration at the individual, family, community, industry, and government levels. Efforts at all of these levels become more effective with elevated public awareness about pollution sources and impacts. Just by reading about ocean pollution, you become better equipped to prevent it. Once you are aware of the problem, participation in local volunteer organization is a great way to start taking action. You can help communicate ocean pollution issues to your friends and family, and also encourage legislators to enact regulations that address ocean pollution. Continued public support is vital for research, monitoring, and further development of pollution reduction strategies and technologies.

References:• Podsadam, Janice (19 June 2001). "Lost Sea Cargo: Beach

Bounty or Junk?". National Geographic News. Retrieved 8 April 2008.

• Selman, Mindy (2007) Eutrophication: An Overview of Status, Trends, Policies, and Strategies. World Resources Institute .

• Farmer, Andrew (1997). Managing Environmental Pollution. Psychology Press. ISBN 0415145155.

• http://www.cmc-ocean.org• Wikipedia.org/wiki/marine_pollution.html

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